Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
1
Steps in Problem Solving and
Decision Making
Choose One
Implement Develop
Alternative
the Alternative
Solution
Decision Solutions
2
Influences on Decision
Making
n Intuition (experience helps)
n Personality: “Big five” dimensions
+ Conscientiousness: The degree to which someone is hard
working, organized, dependable as opposed to lazy, disorganized, and
unreliable.
+ Extraversion – introversion: The degree to which someone is
sociable (extraverted), as opposed to reserved, quiet (introverted)
+ Agreeableness: The degree to which someone is
cooperative, warm, as opposed to belligerent and cold
+ Emotional stability: The degree to which someone is
insecure, anxious and depressed, as opposed to secure, calm
+ Openness to experience: someone is creative, curious, as
opposed to practical, and having narrow interests. 3
Influences on Decision
Making
n EQ (Emotional Intelligence) – clusters of skills related
to the emotional aspects of life
4
Influences on Decision
Making, continued
n Quality and accessibility of information
n Political considerations
n Degree of certainty (certainty, risk, uncertainty)
5
Nominal Group
Technique
1. Gather the group.
2. Leader presents a specific question.
3. Members write down ideas alone.
4. Each participant presents one idea to
the group on computer or flip-chart.
5. Group clarifies, evaluates alternatives.
6. Alternatives are rated independently
and votes tallied to choose best one.
6
Nominal Group
Technique
1. ISHIKAWA Diagram
2. Six hat thinking
3. ….
7
Techniques
1. ISHIKAWA Diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called
fishbone diagrams, herringbone
diagrams, cause-and-effect
diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal
diagrams
8
Nominal Group
Technique
9
Technique
2. Six hat thinking
* White hat: focus on data available
• Red hat: Look at problems using tuition and emotion
• Yellow hat: It is the optimistic viewpoint.
• Black hat: Judgment and caution (negative hat)
• Green hat: Stands for creativity, alternatives
• Blue hat: Stands for process control (management,
summary…)
10
Technique
2. Six hat thinking
11
The Creative
Personality
n Emotionally open and flexible
n Breaks the rules, (McDonal with C
grade)
n Emphasizes lateral rather than vertical
thinking. The more solutions, the better
n Willing to support unusual idea world is
not ready to accept
n Game with the head of a pen.
12
Conditions Necessary
for Creativity
n Expertise (knowledge to put facts
together)
n Creative-thinking skills and internal
motivation
n Environmental need plus conflict and
tension
n Encouragement from others
13
Organizational Programs
for Improving Creativity
n Creativity training
n Brainstorming
14
Creativity-Building Suggestions