OP-AMP 3

ELECTRONICS
7th MEETING
ADI ABIMANYU, M.Eng
• Students can explain how comparator works and
describe the importance of the reference point

• Student can explain integrators and differentiators

• If we want to compare one voltage with another
voltage to know, which is the bigger. What should we
do?

• We need a component to compare it, this component

we call it comparator.

• Comparator have 2 input (inverting and non inverting)

and 1 output.

• But the output have 2 stage either low and high

stage.

• So comparator is to interface with analog to digital

circuit
1. What is comparator?

2. What is the similarity between comparator and op amp?

3. What is the difference between comparator and op amp?

The basic idea to build comparator is to connect an op
amp without feed back resistor.

Its called Zero Crossing detector.

Because the output voltage ideally

switches from low to high or vise
versa whenever the input voltage
crosses zero
The minimum input voltage that produces saturation is:

if voltage open loop gain = 100.000 and Vsat = 14 volt then

What is it mean?
An input voltage more positive than +0.014 mV drives the
comparator into positive saturation and an input voltage
more negative than -0,014 mV drives into negative
saturation.
By looking the output, what we can tell about the input?
Inverting Comparator

Comparator with non inverting input connected to ground.

What is the
function of
diode and
how its
work?

The input signal drives the inverting input of the comparator.

• A slightly positive input voltage produces a maximum
negative output.
• A slightly negative input voltage produces a maximum
positive output
Sine waves to square waves

• If sine wave is the input to an

comparator with a threshold
of 0 volt, the output will be
square wave.

What is type
• The output of a zero crossing
of the
comparator? detector switches states
Explain your each time the input voltage
answer!
crosses the zero threshold.
Linier Region

• Zero crossing detector, if the

sensitivity of the oscilloscope
channel is not to small
(10mV/div) the transition
appears to be vertical

• If the sensitivity is changed

to 200uV/div the transition is
not vertical.

• It take approximately -100 to

+100 uV ➔ linier region of
comparator
Bounded Output

• The output swing of zero

crossing detector may be too
large in some application.
• We can bound the output
using:
1. Zener diode
Zener voltage 4,3 volt
Voltage across diode ± 5V, if
the input sine wave with
2. Rectifier diode peak 25mV, then the output
The output diode will clip will be an inverted square
off the negative half cycle wave with peak voltage 5V,
of the output voltage. vise versa.
Home work

1. What does the circuit do?

3. What does the circuit

do?

2. What does the circuit do?

 Voltage divider produces the
Moving the trip point following reference voltage for
inverting input as:

When Vin > Vref, the differential

input voltage is positif then the
output voltage high

Bypass Capacitor on inverting When Vin < Vref,

input use for reduce amount of
ripple from power supply and
noise.
To be effective cut off
frequency << ripple frequency
Single supply comparator

• We can run with single polarity supply (-Vee pin grounding)

• The output voltage have only one polarity.
• The output will have positive polarity.
If we have Vcc = 15 Volt so
high level equal to +13,5 volt
low level equal to +1,5 volt
HOME WORK
The input voltage is sinus
wave with a peak value 10V.
1. What is the trip point from
this circuit?
2. What is the cut off
frequency of by pass
circuit?
3. Draw the input and
output signal!
HOME WORK (on power point file)
4. Please make some explanation about
Comparator with hysteresis!
a. Noise
i. Noise triggering
ii. Schmitt trigger
b. Hysteresis
i. UTP
ii. LTP
5. Please make some explanation about window
comparator!
a. Definition
b. Low output between limit
c. High oupuut between limit
The Integrator
Definition:
A circuit that performs a mathematical operation is
called integration.

Popular application:
Produce ramp of output voltage, liniearly increasing or
decreasing voltage.

Miller integrator
Basic circuit
• Feed back using capacitor
instead of resistor
• Input square wave with the width
equal to T
Low pulse, Vin=0
High pulse, Vin=Vin
• Vin applied left from the R, so
input current as

Basic circuit
• The magnitude of the voltage is:
• All the current input
goes to capacitor. The
capacitor is charge.
• For the positive input
voltage the output will
increase negatively.
• Constant current flow
to the capacitor, the
charge Q increase
linearly with the time.
• Equivalent with
linearly negative ramp
of output voltage
Basic circuit

Because of the Miller Effect, feedback capacitor split into 2

equivalent capacitor.
The closed loop time constant for the input bypass circuit
is:
Basic circuit

Because of the Miller Effect, feedback capacitor split into 2

equivalent capacitor.
The closed loop time constant for the input bypass circuit
is:
Eliminating output offset

Need modification to make

practice.
Because a capacitor is open to dc
signals, there is no negative
feedback at zero frequency. So
the circuit treat any input voltage
as valid input voltage.
Home work

What is the output voltage at the end of the input pulse? If 741C
has an open loop voltage gain 100.000, what is the closed loop
time constant of the integrator?
The Differentiator

Definition:
A circuit that performs a mathematical operation is
called differentiation.

Popular application:
Detect the leading and trailing edge of rectangular pulse
or produce rectangular pulse from ramp input.
RC Differentiator

What is the input?

How about the output?
What is the function of the output signal?
RC Differentiator

1. When input voltage change from 0 to +V, capacitor begin to

charge exponentially.
2. The voltage across resistor is
3. Vc is initially zero, the output voltage jump from 0 to V and then
decay exponentially. (Leading edge of the rectangular pulse
produce positive spikes)
4. The trailing edge of the rectangular pulse produce negative
spikes.
5. To produce narrow spike so