CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Career is an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person’s life and with
opportunities for progress. Career has many different choices that students have but they still need to
decide to the best career they can pursue. According to Sharf (2002)”Career decision making as a
process that describes or explains the choices that a person makes when selecting a particular career”. It
also helps to identify different factors involved in a person’s career decision making and provides an
understanding of the way these factors have an impaction to their career decision and choices. On the
other hand career choices is defined as an interdisciplinary curriculum that engages students and
teachers in an interactive learning process, helping them develop the knowledge ,skills, and attitudes
needed to successfully examines their own lives explore and evaluate a wide range of education and
career options and make reasoned and researched goals for their future. But still there are factors that
you need to consider in choosing your career.

According to Khare (2015) that role models influence adolescents career choice. ”If a student
have a good teacher who makes an impression or a family member who is a pharmacist or a carpenter
she took up to, she may decide on the same career” and such factors relate positively to desirable
career development outcomes such as career decision. Duffy and Dick(2009), as cited by (2011) and
Perronet. Al (2001) added, as cited by Quinter (2011) that career decisiveness of college students is
influenced by the role model supportiveness and the qualities of relationship they have. John L. Holland,
as cited by Staunt (2015), claimed that both people work environment can be categorized and then
matched to each other. Holland’s theory aims to categorized people according to what type of work
they are most interested in and then categorized occupation under the same scheme to measure their
congruence. In Holland’s words”…people tend to act on their dominant interest and seek occupations in
which their interest can be expressed.

Leong (2002:282) gets at the heart of the matter with existing theories in his paper on cultural
accommodations and Asia which looks at universal elements which will be applicable across cultures
such as job satisfaction. ”I am assuming the every human being seeks satisfaction from his or her work;
it is correlates, their meaning and sources of satisfaction, that are likely to vary across cultures. “It is:
“based on the underlying premise that career choice is an expression of one’s personalities and similar
histories.”

(Swanson & Fraud 1999:64) Choosing the right career is becoming more and more important for
young students today (Fizer,2013) and preference of the student on the career to take in the futu re is
affected by other factors other than skills and personalities they have (Pascual,2014).According to
McQuiad and Bond, as cited by Quinter (2011) that students perception of being suitable for particular
jobs also has been found to be influenced by a number of factors including ethnic background, year in
school, the level of achievement, choice of science subjects, attitudes and differences in job
characteristics. And Quinter (2011) concluded that the availability of advancement opportunities and
learning experiences are the most influential factors affecting career choices. Furthermore, he
contended that the learning experiences and career flexibility influenced most males in their career
choice while for the females are the availability of advancement opportunities and opportunity to apply
skills.

There are different factors that affect students choice of course in college: 'One of this is family
related factors. Studies revealed that Filipino immigrants and non-immigrants rely heavily on their
family's decision making. Students cope by following their parents' advice. They also have to cope with
an expectation of financially supporting the family upon completing their education. Studies from other
Asian countries also show parents impact in decision making of students when it comes to students'
course preference. Furthermore, it is reported that parents are deeply involved and influential to their
high-achieving children's college choices. The report also found open houses, dialogue with college
friends, alumni.. and admitted-student programs are extremely influential to students. The report
claimed these sources are not well known, but very powerful to student's decision making for their
college. study also found 26% of sampled students paid a specialist or advisor during the college decision
process. The studies presented are important to the present study since the studies explain the
importance of taking parents advice and permission in choosing a college course.

Family and friends are considered to be and influential part of student’s career choice. Family
role models have more of an influential on what students major in (Wildman and Torres, 2002). Most of
the time, parents and friends play a large role but coaches and teachers can also have huge impact on a
students’ life (Wildman and Torres,2002).
 Three main traits characterize the current concept of career development interventions in the
post-modern era. First career interventions are conceived as being applied over the life (Super,1980).
Second career development process is viewed a including all the transitions that an individual
experiences :school, job, and personal (Schlossberg,1984).