Eng. Thermodynamics - CH - 02, by Dr. Hardi Siwaily

University of Salahaddin- Hawler - College of Engineering
Chemical and Petrochemical Department
ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS-I
CHAPTER-TWO
Lec_2 : Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
By: Hardi A. Siwaily

M.Sc. Mechanical Engineering- Thermal Power. Contact: hardi.m.rasul@su.edu.krd
LEARNING OUTCOMES
When you complete your study of this chapter, you will be able to...
 explain key concepts related to energy, Zeroth Law and the first law of Thermodynamics (Next Lecture)
including:
• internal, kinetic, and potential energy,
• work and power, heat transfer and heat transfer modes, heat transfer rate, power cycle, refrigeration cycle, and heat
pump cycle (Next Lecture).
 analyze closed systems.
 conduct energy analyses of systems undergoing thermodynamic cycles.
Salahaddin University- Hawler/ College of Engineering. Engineering Thermodynamics By: Hardi A. Siwaily 1
Work and Kinetic Energy
 The curved line in the following Fig. represents the path of a body of mass m (a closed system) moving
relative to the x–y coordinate frame shown.
 Let us consider the body as it moves from 𝑠 = 𝑠1, where the

magnitude of its velocity is 𝑉1, to 𝑠 = 𝑠2, where its velocity is 𝑉2.
 Using the chain rule, this can be written as
 where 𝑉 = 𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑡 . Rearranging above Eq. and integrating from Forces acting on a moving system.
𝑠1 𝑡𝑜 𝑠2 gives
Work and Kinetic Energy
 The integral on the left of Eq. is evaluated as follows
𝟏
 The quantity 𝒎 𝑽𝟐 is the kinetic energy, KE, of the body. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity. The change in kinetic
𝟐
energy, ∆𝐾𝐸, of the body is
* The symbol ∆ always means “final value minus initial value.”

Potential Energy
 Refer to the following Fig., which shows a body of mass 𝑚 that moves vertically
from an elevation 𝑧1 to an elevation 𝑧2 relative to the surface of Earth.
 Two forces are shown acting on the system: a downward force due to gravity with
magnitude 𝑚𝑔 and a vertical force with magnitude 𝑅 representing the resultant of
all other forces acting on the system.
 the total work equals the change in kinetic energy. That is,
Integrate
 The quantity 𝑚𝑔𝑧 is the gravitational potential energy, PE. The change in gravitational potential energy, ∆𝑃𝐸, is
Units for Energy
 The units of kinetic energy and potential energy are the same as for work.
 In SI, the energy unit is the newton-meter, 𝑁 . 𝑚, called the 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒, 𝐽.
 English units for work, kinetic energy, and potential energy are the foot-pound force, 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏𝑓, and the
British thermal unit, 𝐵𝑡𝑢.
Units for Energy
Example: consider a system having a mass of 1 𝑘𝑔 whose velocity increases from 15 𝑚/𝑠 to 30 𝑚/𝑠 while its
elevation decreases by 10 m at a location where 𝑔 = 9.7 𝑚/𝑠2. Then find KE and PE:
Conservation of Energy in Mechanics
The conservation of energy principle can be reinforced by considering the special case of a body on which the
only force acting is that due to gravity, for then the right side of the equation vanishes and the equation reduces to
Work
 The work W done by, or on, a system evaluated in terms of macroscopically observable forces and
displacements is
 This relationship is important in thermodynamics and is used later in the present section to evaluate the work
done in the compression or expansion of gas (or liquid)
 Engineering thermodynamics is frequently concerned with devices such as internal combustion engines and
turbines whose purpose is to do work. Hence, in contrast to the approach generally taken in mechanics, it is
often convenient to consider such work as positive. That is,
Work
 The differential of work, W, is said to be inexact because, in general, the following integral cannot be
evaluated without specifying the details of the process
Thermodynamic approach of work

 The work which accompanies a change in volume of a fluid is often encountered in thermodynamics.
 A common example is the compression or expansion of a fluid in a cylinder resulting from the movement of a
piston.
 The force exerted by the piston on the fluid is equal to the product of the piston area and the pressure of the
fluid. The displacement of the piston is equal to the total volume change of the fluid divided by the area of the
piston. Equation of work. therefore becomes:
Thermodynamic approach of work
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛,

𝑝 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
(𝑝 – 𝑑𝑝) 𝐴 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = (𝑝𝐴) × 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉
2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = න 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
1
Power
 The rate of energy transfer by work is called power and is denoted by 𝑊ሶ
 When a work interaction involves a macroscopically observable force, the rate of energy transfer by
work is equal to the product of the force and the velocity at the point of application of the force
 In SI, the unit for power is 𝐽/𝑠, called the 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡.
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE
PROCESS
A REVERSIBLE PROCESS (QUASI-STATIC OR QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM) IS DEFINED AS A PROCESS THAT CAN BE REVERSED
WITHOUT LEAVING ANY TRACE ON THE SURROUNDINGS (FIGURES). THAT IS, BOTH THE SYSTEM AND THE SURROUNDINGS
ARE RETURNED TO THEIR INITIAL STATES AT THE END OF THE REVERSE PROCESS.
PROCESSES THAT ARE NOT REVERSIBLE ARE CALLED IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES.
AS EXPLAINED IN THE FOLLOWING FIGURES:
Reversible and Irreversible Process
 As shown in the figure, the gas pressure is
maintained uniform throughout by a number of
small masses resting on the freely moving piston.
 Imagine that one of the masses is removed,
allowing the piston to move upward as the gas
expands slightly.
 During such an expansion, the state of the gas
reversible process Irreversible process
would depart only slightly from equilibrium. The
system would eventually come to a new
equilibrium state, where the pressure and all
other intensive properties would again be
uniform in value.
Reversible and Irreversible Process
Generic types of irreversibility are due to;
(i) Friction,
(ii) Electrical resistance,
(iii) Inelastic solid deformations,
(iv) Free expansion
(v) Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference,
(vi) Non equilibrium during the process, etc.
THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Consider three thermodynamic systems, A, B, and C. If system A is in thermal equilibrium with (i.e., is the
same temperature as) system C and system B is in thermal equilibrium with system C, then system A is in
thermal equilibrium with system B.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Transfer by Heat
 Heat Transfer Modes
Conduction
 Energy transfer by conduction can take place in solids, liquids, and gases.
Conduction, can be thought of as the transfer of energy from the more energetic
particles of a substance to adjacent particles that are less energetic due to
interactions between particles.
Fourier’s law
 where the proportionality constant k is a property called the thermal conductivity.

 The minus sign is a consequence of energy transfer in the direction of decreasing temperature.
Radiation
 Thermal radiation is emitted by matter as a result of changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules within it.
Stefan–Boltzmann law
 The emissivity, 𝜀, is a property of the surface that indicates how effectively the surface radiates (0 ≤ 𝜀 1.0)
 𝜎 is the Stefan– Boltzmann constant:
Convection
 Energy transfer between a solid surface at a temperature 𝑇𝑏 and an adjacent gas or liquid at another
temperature 𝑇𝑓 plays a prominent role in the performance of many devices of practical interest.
Newton’s law of cooling
Examples
1/An artificial satellite revolves round the earth with a relative velocity of 800 𝑚/𝑠. If acceleration due to
gravity is 9 𝑚/𝑠2 and gravitational force is 3600 𝑁, calculate its kinetic energy.
 Knowns:
Relatively velocity of satellite, 𝑉 = 800 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔 = 9 𝑚/𝑠2
Gravitational force = 3600 𝑁
 Find:  Solution
Kinetic Energy K.E 𝟏

𝟐
𝒎 𝑽𝟐 is the kinetic energy
Examples
2/ The properties of a closed system change following the relation between pressure and volume as 𝑝𝑉 = 3.0
where 𝑝 is in bar 𝑉 is in 𝑚3. Calculate the work done when the pressure increases from 1.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 to 7.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟.
 Solution
 Knowns:
The work done during the process is given by
Initial pressure, 𝑝1 = 1.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Final pressure, 𝑝2 = 7.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Relation between 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉, 𝑝𝑉 = 3.0
 Find:
Work done (W)
W =……..KJ
Home Works
1/ A car having a mass of 1235 kg is traveling at 75 m/ s. What is its kinetic energy in kJ? How much
work must be done to bring it to a stop?
2/ The water turbine are fed by water falling from a 52-m height. Assuming that the efficiency of
changing the potential to electrical energy is 92% , and 8% loss of the resulting power in transmission,
what is the mass flowrate of water required to power a 200 W light bulb?
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES AND CALCULATION OF WORK
1st law of Thermodynamics
 Let us consider a system consisting of a tank filled with water and

fitted with a stirrer at room temperature, Fig.. Work can be transferred
to the system by the stirrer and the temperature of water shall rise.
When stirring stops, the system shall cool down till it reaches to the
room temperature. Thus, the process is cyclic as the initial and final
states are identical.
𝒅𝑾 = 𝑭 · 𝒅𝒙
Cyclic process Joule Experiment
 For the gas pressure being p, the force may be given by 𝐹 = 𝑝 · 𝐴. Substituting for 𝐹,
𝒅𝑾 = 𝒑 · 𝑨 · 𝒅𝒙
𝒐𝒓, 𝒅𝑾 = 𝒑 · 𝒅𝑽
Thermodynamic Processes
 Thus first law of thermodynamics states that “for any cycle of a closed system the net heat transfer equals the net work”.
 Mathematical expression for the first law of thermodynamics can be rearranged and it shall be,
ර(𝛿𝑞 – 𝛿𝑊) = 0
For non-cyclic process:
Figure. shows the non-cyclic process occurring between states 1 and 2.
Therefore, between states 1–2 one can write energy balance as,
Non cyclic process
𝑄1– 2 – 𝑊1– 2 = 𝑈1– 2
General expression based on above can be given as follows : or, for elemental interactions;
𝑑𝑄 – 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
Thus, the first law of thermodynamics for non-cyclic

processes can be given by: ∫ 𝑑𝑄 = ∫ 𝑑𝑈 + ∫ 𝑑𝑊
i. Constant pressure process or isobaric process:
It refers to the thermodynamic process in which there is no change in pressure during the process.
Such type of processes are also known as isobaric processes.
P1 = P2
Isobaric process
The work involved in the raising of piston shall be given by,
Mathematically from the first law of thermodynamics, it can be given that,

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
Substituting for 𝐶𝑣 , i.e.

𝐶𝑝
Where 𝛾 =
𝐶𝑣
ii. Constant volume process or isochoric process:
When a fluid undergoes a thermodynamic process in a fixed enclosed space such that the process occurs at constant
volume, then the process is called constant volume process or isochoric process.
From first law of thermodynamics,
Fig. 3 Isochoric process
iii. Constant temperature process or isothermal process:
Thermodynamic process in which the temperature remains constant is called constant
temperature or isothermal process.
For a perfect gas during isothermal process;
so work involved,
iv. Adiabatic process:
An adiabatic process is the thermodynamic process in which there is no heat interaction during the process, i.e.
during the process, Q = 0.
Fig. 5 Adiabatic expansion
v. Polytropic process:
Polytropic process is the most commonly used process in

practice. In this, the thermodynamic process is said to be
governed by the law 𝑃𝑉𝑛 = constant where n is the index which
can vary from – ∞ to + ∞.
Fig. 6 Polytropic process
where 𝑃1𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑃2𝑉2𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , Solving the above, we get
vi. Hyperbolic process:
Hyperbolic process is the one in which product of pressure and volume remains constant during the process.
For a perfect gas 𝑃𝑉/𝑇 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, if T is also constant then it means that for a perfect gas
the hyperbolic process shall also be isothermal process.
Fig.7 Hyperbolic expansion
vii. Free Expansion
Free expansion, as the name implies refers to the unrestrained expansion of a gas.
During free expansion no work shall be done by the gas or on the gas due to no
boundary displacement in the system.
𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
Also in the above there shall be no heat interaction as tank is insulated. From first law of thermodynamics,
or, UA + B = UA, i.e. initial and final internal energies are same, which means for a perfect gas initial and final temperatures of
gas are same.
INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY
INTERNAL ENERGY
 Difference of heat and work interactions yield the stored energy as given below; 𝐸 = 𝑄 – 𝑊.
 If the energy at macroscopic level as discussed above could be separated from the total stored energy E, then the
amount of energy left shall be called internal energy.
 Mathematically,
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝑈 = 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 – 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 – 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 – 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 –
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 – 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 – (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦).
For the situation when magnetic, electric, surface tension, solid distortion effects are negligible, the stored energy shall be;
or, on unit mass basis;
Enthalpy (H) of a substance at any point is quantification of energy content in it, which could be given by
summation of internal energy and flow energy.
On unit mass basis, the specific enthalpy could be given as,
From the definition of enthalpy;

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣
𝑜𝑟 𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝 · 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 · 𝑑𝑝.
For a constant pressure process, 𝑑𝑝 = 0.
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟 𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑞𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (From first law of thermodynamics)
SPECIFIC HEATS
H.W: Prove them
EXAMPLES
1. Figure shows a system comprising of gas in cylinder at pressure of 689 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Fluid expands from a volume of 0.04 m3 to 0.045 m3 while pressure remains constant.
Paddle wheel in the system does a work of 4.88 kJ on the system. Determine (a) work
done by system on the piston (b) the net amount of work done on or by the system.
Solution:
(a) It is a closed system. If the pressure on face of piston is uniform, then the work done on piston can be obtained as,
(b) Paddle work done on the system = – 4.88 kJ
Work done on system = 1.435 kJ Ans.
EXAMPLES
2. A gas at 65 kPa, 200°C is heated in a closed, rigid vessel till it reaches to 400°C. Determine the amount of
heat required for 0.5 kg of this gas if internal energy at 200°C and 400°C are 26.6 kJ/kg and 37.8 kJ/kg
respectively.
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑚 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔 , 𝑢1 = 26.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 = 37.8
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
As the vessel is rigid therefore work done shall be zero. ∴ 𝑊 = 0

From first law of thermodynamics;
STEADY FLOW SYSTEMS AND THEIR ANALYSIS
The energy balance when applied to open system results in Above equation is known as steady flow energy
equation (S.F.E.E.). If the mass flow rates at inlet
and exit are same, i.e. 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚
or, on unit mass basis the S.F.E.E. shall be;
For perfectly insulated type, Q = 0
FIRST LAW APPLIED TO ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
(a) Turbine: high temperature and high pressure fluid is expanded to low temperature and pressure
resulting in generation of positive work at turbine shaft.
Assumptions:
1. adiabatic Process
2. change in kinetic energy, potential energy to be negligible
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚(ℎ1 – ℎ2) = 𝑚 𝑐𝑝(𝑇1 – 𝑇2)
Where m is mass flow rate and T1, T2 are temperatures at inlet and outlet
FIRST LAW APPLIED TO ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
(b) Compressor: Compressor is a work absorbing device used for increasing the pressure of a fluid.
Applying steady flow energy equation in modified form:
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚(ℎ2 – ℎ1) = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 – 𝑇1)
(c) Pump:
In case of pump the following assumptions can be made for using S.F.E.E.
(i) Heat transfer is zero, Q = 0
(ii) Change in internal energy is zero, ΔU = 0, Therefore
(d) Boiler:
Boiler may be assumed similar to a closed vessel having no work interaction, no change in kinetic
energy, no change in potential energy.
i.e. 𝑊 = 0, Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0.
Applying steady flow energy equation
(e) Condenser:
Steady flow energy equation can be applied with the following assumptions :
(i) No work interaction, 𝑊 = 0
(ii) No change in kinetic energy, Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0
(iii) No change in potential energy, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0
Heat lost by steam,
𝑄 = 𝑚 (ℎ1 – ℎ2)
( f ) Nozzle: Nozzle is the engineering device in which expansion of fluid takes place and pressure drops
simultaneously.
Flow through the nozzle may be analyzed with following assumptions:
(i) No heat interaction, i.e. Q = 0, during passage through duct.
(ii) No work interaction, i.e. W = 0, during passage through duct.
(iii) No change in elevation from 1 to 2, i.e. ΔPE = 0.
In case, the velocity at inlet to nozzle is very small, then C1 may be

neglected and velocity at nozzle exit shall be:
(g) Combustion chamber: Combustion chambers are commonly used in gas turbine installations
Assumptions:
Mass balance yields:
ΔKE = 0,
𝑚2 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑓
ΔPE = 0,
And 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
W=0
or 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝐶𝑉
(i) Adiabatic mixing: Adiabatic mixing refers to mixing of two or more streams of same or different
fluids under adiabatic conditions.
Let us consider two streams of same fluid with mass flow rates m1 and m2 to get mixed together
adiabatically.
Assumptions for applying S.F.E.E shall be;
(i) No heat interaction, 𝑄 = 0
(ii) No work interaction, 𝑊 = 0
(iii) No change in kinetic energy, Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0
(iv) No change in potential energy, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0.
𝑚1 · ℎ1 + 𝑚2 · ℎ2 = 𝑚3 · ℎ3.
or 𝑚1 · 𝑐𝑝 · 𝑇1 + 𝑚2 · 𝑐𝑝 · 𝑇2 = 𝑚3 · 𝑐𝑝 · 𝑇3 By mass balance, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
Examples
1. Carbon dioxide passing through a heat exchanger at a rate of 50 kg/hr is to be cooled down from 800°C to 50°C.
Determine the rate of heat removal assuming flow of gas to be of steady and constant pressure type. Take cp = 1.08 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
Given, 𝑚 = 50 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
Writing down the steady flow energy equation.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 𝑊 = 0, Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0.
Examples
2.In a nozzle air at 627°C and twice atmospheric pressure enters with negligible velocity and leaves at a temperature of 27°C.
Determine velocity of air at exit, assuming no heat loss and nozzle being horizontal. Take 𝐶𝑃 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 for air.
Solution: Applying steady flow energy equation with inlet and exit states as 1, 2 with no heat and work interaction and
no change in potential energy.
Given that, C1 ≈ 0, negligible inlet velocity
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟖. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔. 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

3. An air compressor requires work of 200 kJ/kg of work to compress air, which causes increase in enthalpy by 100
kJ/kg. Cooling water required for cooling the compressor picks up heat of 90 kJ/kg of air. Determine the heat
transferred from compressor to atmosphere.
Solution:
Work interaction, W = – 200 kJ/kg of air
Increase in enthalpy of air = 100 kJ/kg of air
Total heat interaction, Q = Heat transferred to water + Heat transferred to atmosphere.
Writing steady flow energy equation on compressor, for unit mass of air entering at 1 and leaving at 2.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0.
𝑄 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑊. → 𝑄 = 100 + −200 = −100 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔.
→ 𝑄 = −100 = Heat transferred to water + Heat transferred to atmosphere.
𝑘𝐽
→ 𝑄 = −100 = −90 + Heat transferred to atmosphere. → Heat transferred to atmosphere = −10
𝑘𝑔
Home Works
1. An air compressor with pressure ratio of 5, compresses air to ¼ th of the initial volume. For inlet temperature to be
27°C determine temperature at exit and increase in internal energy per kg of air.
2. A pump is used for pumping water from lake at height of 100 m consuming power of 60 kW. Inlet pipe and exit pipe
diameters are 150 mm and 180 mm respectively. The atmospheric temperature is 293 K. Determine the temperature of
water at exit of pipe. Take specific heat of water as 4.18 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
End of lecture

Eng. Thermodynamics - CH - 02, by Dr. Hardi Siwaily

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University of Salahaddin- Hawler - College of Engineering

Chemical and Petrochemical Department

By: Hardi A. Siwaily

• internal, kinetic, and potential energy,

 analyze closed systems.

 conduct energy analyses of systems undergoing thermodynamic cycles.

 Let us consider the body as it moves from 𝑠 = 𝑠1, where the

 Using the chain rule, this can be written as

energy, ∆𝐾𝐸, of the body is

* The symbol ∆ always means “final value minus initial value.”

 In SI, the energy unit is the newton-meter, 𝑁 . 𝑚, called the 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒, 𝐽.

Thermodynamic approach of work

𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛,

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = (𝑝𝐴) × 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉

 In SI, the unit for power is 𝐽/𝑠, called the 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡.

PROCESSES THAT ARE NOT REVERSIBLE ARE CALLED IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES.

AS EXPLAINED IN THE FOLLOWING FIGURES:

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

 where the proportionality constant k is a property called the thermal conductivity.

 𝜎 is the Stefan– Boltzmann constant:

Newton’s law of cooling

Kinetic Energy K.E 𝟏

 Let us consider a system consisting of a tank filled with water and

Thus, the first law of thermodynamics for non-cyclic

Mathematically from the first law of thermodynamics, it can be given that,

Substituting for 𝐶𝑣 , i.e.

From first law of thermodynamics,

Fig. 3 Isochoric process

Fig. 5 Adiabatic expansion

Polytropic process is the most commonly used process in

Fig. 6 Polytropic process

where 𝑃1𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑃2𝑉2𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , Solving the above, we get

Fig.7 Hyperbolic expansion

or, on unit mass basis;

On unit mass basis, the specific enthalpy could be given as,

From the definition of enthalpy;

H.W: Prove them

(b) Paddle work done on the system = – 4.88 kJ

Work done on system = 1.435 kJ Ans.

As the vessel is rigid therefore work done shall be zero. ∴ 𝑊 = 0

or, on unit mass basis the S.F.E.E. shall be;

For perfectly insulated type, Q = 0

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚(ℎ1 – ℎ2) = 𝑚 𝑐𝑝(𝑇1 – 𝑇2)

Applying steady flow energy equation in modified form:

𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚(ℎ2 – ℎ1) = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 – 𝑇1)

Applying steady flow energy equation

In case, the velocity at inlet to nozzle is very small, then C1 may be

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 𝑊 = 0, Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0.

Given that, C1 ≈ 0, negligible inlet velocity

𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟖. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔. 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0, Δ𝑃𝐸 = 0.

𝑄 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑊. → 𝑄 = 100 + −200 = −100 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔.

→ 𝑄 = −100 = Heat transferred to water + Heat transferred to atmosphere.

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