9

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 7:
Forms and Graphs of Quadratic
Functions
Mathematics– Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Title: Forms of Quadratic Functions
First Edition, 2020

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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Editors: Sharon L. Gondales
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teachers are also
provided to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
Read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the quadratic functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Transforming Quadratic Function in General Form 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +
𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 to Vertex Form 𝒚 = 𝒂( 𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 and vice versa.
• Lesson 2 – Graphs of Quadratic Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. transform quadratic function in General Form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 to Vertex

Form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 by completing the square ;

2. transform quadratic function in General Form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 to Vertex

Form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 using the derived formula for the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘 ) ;

3. transform quadratic function in Vertex Form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 to General

Form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ;

4. graph quadratic functions and identify its: (a) domain; (b) range; (c)
intercepts; (d) axis of symmetry; (e) vertex; (f) direction of the opening of the
parabola ; and

5. analyze the effects of changing the values of 𝑎, ℎ, and 𝑘 in the equation

y = 𝑎(𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘 of a quadratic function on its graph.
 What I Know

Pre-Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter that you think is the correct answer to each question to find
out how much you already know about this module. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answer.

1. Which of the following represents a perfect square trinomial?

A. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 C. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
B. 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 49 D. 16𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25
2. The following are perfect square trinomials EXCEPT _____.
A. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 16 C. 25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1
B. 𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49
2 D. 9𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 25
3. The expression of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑥 becomes a perfect square trinomial
when a constant term is added to it. How do we find that constant term?
𝑎
A. − B. −
𝑏 𝑎 2 𝑏 2
2𝑏 2𝑎 C. (± ) D. (± )
2𝑏 2𝑎
4. What must be added to the expression 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + ______, to make it a perfect square
trinomial?
A. 6 B. 9 C.
3
D.
9
2 4
5. Which of the following quadratic functions is in the vertex form?
A. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 B. C. 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑘 C. D. 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘
D.
For item numbers 6 and 7, consider the given graph at the right.
6. Which of the following is the vertex of
the given graph located?
A. (1, 2) C. (2, 1)
B. (−1, −2) D. (−2, −1)

7. What is the equation of the axis

of symmetry of the graph?
A. = 1 C. 𝑥 = −1
B. = 2 D. 𝑥 = −2

For item numbers 8 – 10, refer to the quadratic function (𝑥) = 3𝑥2 + 5.

8. Where is the vertex of the function located?

A. (0, 5) B. (5, 0) C. (3, 5) D. (5, 3)
9. What is the equation of the axis of symmetry?
A. x = 0 B. 𝑥 = 5 C. 𝑦 = 0 D. 𝑦 = 5
10. What is the y-intercept?
A. 0 B. 3 C. 5 D. 15
 Lesson Transforming Quadratic Function in General Form

1 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 to Vertex Form 𝒚 = 𝒂( 𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌

and vice versa.

What’s In

Let’s recall. Answer the following items: It Looks Perfect!

1. Which of the following are perfect square trinomials?
a. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 f. 4𝑦 2 − 18𝑦 + 91
b. 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49 g. 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 1
c. 2
𝑥 − 18𝑥 − 81 h. 49𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 4
d. 2
𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 16 i. 100𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 + 3
e. 2
𝑦 − 12𝑥 + 121 j. 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 16
2. What must be added to the following expressions to make it a perfect square
trinomial?
a. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + __________ d. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + _____________
b. 𝑥 + 9𝑥 + __________
2 e. 𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + ____________
c. 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + ____________
3. Write the perfect square trinomials of item 2 above as a square of a binomial.
4. Expand the following expressions.
a. (𝑥 − 5)2 d. (𝑥 + 6)2
1 2
b. (2𝑥 + 7)2 e. (𝑥 + 2)
c. (3𝑥 − 1)2

What’s New

Activity 1
Follow Me Closely!
Following the steps below, fill in the blanks to express 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 in the form 𝑦 =
𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 and give the values of h and k.

Solution:
Equation in 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
Steps
 a. Give the values of a, b and c 𝑎 = _______ ; 𝑏 = _______ ; 𝑐 = _______
b. Group the terms containing with x by 𝑦 = (___________) + 8
putting it inside the parenthesis.
c. Factor out 𝑎. Here 𝑎 = 3 𝑦 = ______(_____________) + 8
d. By completing the square, create a perfect
square trinomial of the expression inside
the parentheses.
Take half the coefficient of the x–term, 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + ______) + 8 − 3(______)
square it, and add it to the first blank and
subtract the same value from the constant
term and multiply it by the value of 𝑎.
e. Simplify and express the perfect square 𝑦 = 3(__________)2 + _______
trinomial as a square of a binomial
f. Give the value of h ℎ = ___________
g. Give the value of k 𝑘 = ___________
Questions:
1. What do you call this form of quadratic function ax 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐? How about 𝑦 =
𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘?
2. In step d above, why do we need to subtract the same value from the constant
term and multiply it by the value of a?
3. What do the values of h and k represent in the quadratic function?

Activity 2
The Other Way!
Express 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 in the vertex form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.

a. Give the values of a, b and c in the quadratic

function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8.
−𝑏
b. Solve for h using the formula: ℎ =
2𝑎
c. Solve for k using the formula:
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝑘=
4𝑎
d. Substitute the values of h and k in the vertex
form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

Questions:
1. What have noticed with your answers in activity 1 and 2 in terms of the quadratic
functions formed?
2. In which activity you find easier in transforming the quadratic function?

Activity 3
Let’s take the reverse!
Express 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 5 into the general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

a. Expand (𝑥 − 1)2
b. Multiply it by 3
c. Add 5
d. Write the quadratic function in the
general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
 What is It

How do we transform 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘? This can be done

using the process “completing the square”.

❖ In activity 1 above in “What’s New”, the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 is in general form.

Let’s study the solution below on transforming it into vertex form.

What are the values of a, b and c ? 𝑎 = 3; 𝑏 = −6; 𝑐 = 8

Group the terms containing 𝑥 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) + 8
Factor out 𝑎 means divide the terms with 3𝑥 2 6𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 by the value of 𝑎. 𝑦 = 3( − )+8
3 3
2
𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 2𝑥)+8

How do we express (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)as a perfect square 1 2

[( ) (−2)] = (−1)2 = 1
trinomial? You will do completing the square. 2

Subtract also the same value from 𝒄 and

multiply it by 𝒂. By doing this, the function 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 8 − 3
remains the same.

3(1) = 3

Simplify 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 5
Express the perfect square trinomial as a 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 5
square of a binomial
From the vertex form of the function 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, so ℎ = 2 and 𝑘 = 5 and the
vertex of the parabola is at (2, 5).

Illustrative Example 1.1

Express 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 by completing the square and using
the derived formula for h and k, and give the values of h and k.

Solution 1:
Equation in 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3

a. Identify the a, b and c 𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = −5; 𝑐 = 3

b. Group the terms containing in x 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥) + 3
c. Factor out 𝑎. Here 𝑎 = 1, you do not 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥) + 3
need to write it outside the parenthesis
d. Complete the expression in the 1 2 5 2 25
[( ) (−5)] = (− ) =
parenthesis to make it a perfect square 2 2 4
1 2
trinomial by adding [ (𝑏)] and by
2
subtracting the same value from c. Why 25 25
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + )+3−
do we need to subtract the same value 4 4
from c? By doing this, the function still
remains the same. Here you do not
need to multiply by a since 𝑎 = 1.
 25 12 − 25 13
3− = =−
4 4 4
e. Simplify 25 13
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + )−
4 4
f. Express the perfect square trinomial as
5 2 13
a square of a binomial 𝑦 = (𝑥 − ) −
2 4
g. Give the value of h 5
ℎ=
2
h. Give the value of k 13
𝑘=−
4

❖ In activity 2 above in “What’s New”, the formula for h and k are used to express a
quadratic function into the vertex form. Let’s take a look at the derivation of the
formula for h and k below.

Transform 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 and give the values of h and k. by
following the given steps below.

Combine the terms containing x. 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐

Factor out 𝑎. Here 𝑎 = 1. 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎

Complete the expression in the parenthesis to make 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏2

it a perfect square trinomial by adding one half the 𝑦= 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐 −
𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
coefficient of x, then square it, which is,
1 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑏2
[( ) ( )] = ( ) = 2
2 𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎
and subtracting the same value from the constant
𝑏2 𝑏2
term after multiplying it by a. a ( ) =
4𝑎2 4𝑎
𝑏2 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2 𝑏 𝑏2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
Simplify 𝑐 − = 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 ) +
4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎

Express the perfect square trinomial as a square of 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2

a binomial. 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + ) +
2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2 −𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
Hence, the vertex form is 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + ) + . Thus, ℎ = and 𝑘 = .
2𝑎 4𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎

Using the derived formula above for h and k, transform 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 in the vertex form
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.

a. Give the values of a, b and c in the 𝑎 = 3; 𝑏 = −6; 𝑐=8

quadratic function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8.

Substitute the values of a, b, and c to

the formula for h and k below.
 −𝑏 −(−6) 6
b. Solve for h using the formula: ℎ= ℎ= = =1
2𝑎
2(3) 6

c. Solve for k using the formula: 4(3)(8) − (−6)2

4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑘=
4(3)
𝑘=
4𝑎
96 − 36 60
𝑘= = =5
12 12
d. Substitute the values of h and k in the
𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 5
vertex form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

Illustrative Example 2.1.

Transform 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 38 into the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 using the formula for h and
k.
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 form of the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 38

What are the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐? The values of 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −20, and 𝑐 = 38

Find the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) −𝑏 −(−20) 20

−𝑏 ℎ= = = =5
2𝑎 2(2) 4
ℎ=
2𝑎

4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4(2)(38) − (−20)𝟐

𝑘= 𝑘= =
4𝑎 4𝑎 4(2)
304 − 400 −96
= = = −12
8 8

Write the vertex form. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)2 − 12

Illustrative Example 2.2.

Transform 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 into the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 form of the 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2
equation

What are the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐? The values of 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, and 𝑐 = −2

Find the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) −𝑏 −(−4) 4

−𝑏 ℎ= = = =2
2𝑎 2(1) 2
ℎ=
2𝑎

4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4(1)(−2) − (−4)2

𝑘= 𝑘= =
4𝑎 4𝑎 4(1)
−8 − 16 −24
= = = −6
4 4
Write the vertex form. 2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2) − 6

❖ Activity 3 above in “What’s New” is writing back the vertex form into the general form.
You just simply reverse the steps.
Transform 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 5 into the general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

a. Expand (𝑥 − 1)2 Using the pattern in squaring a binomial

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(−1) + (−1)2
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
b. Multiply it by 3 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3
c. Add 5 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 + 5
d. Simplify 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
e. Write the quadratic function in the
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

Illustrative Example 3.1.

Transform the equation 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 4)2 − 7 in the general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

a. Expand (𝑥 + 4)2 Using the pattern in squaring a binomial

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(4) + (4)2
= 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16

b. Multiply it by 3 3(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16) = 3𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 48

c. Subtract 7 3𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 48 − 7
d. Simplify 3𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 41
e. Write the quadratic function in the
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 624𝑥 + 41
general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

Illustrative Example 3.2.

Transform the equation 𝑦 = −2(5𝑥 − 1)2 + 3𝑥, which is not in the vertex form into the
general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Solution.
a. Expand (5𝑥 − 1)2 Using the pattern in squaring a binomial
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (5𝑥)2 + 2(5𝑥)(−1) + (−1)2
= 25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1
b. Multiply the perfect square trinomial −2(25𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 1) = −50𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 2
2

by – 2
c. Add 3x −50𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 2 + 3𝑥
d. Simplify −50𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 2
e. Write the quadratic function in the
𝑦 = −50𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 2
general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

What’s More

A. Direction: Arrange the lines of the poem inside the cloud callouts below entitled
Quadratic Poem by SkyeDalBirn. To arrange it, transform the following quadratic
functions in general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 into vertex form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 and vice.

➢ For numbers 1 – 3, transform the quadratic functions into vertex form 𝑦 =

𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 by using completing the square,
 ➢ For numbers 4 – 7, transform the quadratic functions into vertex form 𝑦 =
𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 by using the derived formula for h and k, and
➢ For number 8 – 13, transform the quadratic functions into general form 𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

Show your complete solution.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 1
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −
5
2 2
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 8. 𝑦 =
1
(𝑥 + 4)2 − 5
4
3. 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 11 9. 𝑦 = −4(𝑥 − 3)2 + 20
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −
11 10. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 7)2 + 1
4
5. 𝑦 =
1 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3 11. 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)2 − 6
2
6. 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 +
31 12. 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 5)2 − 36
2
3
13. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 8)2 − 38
4
Plus or minus
1 Soon you’ll know
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 −
2 1 2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − ) − 3
2

Take it slow
𝑦 = −3(𝑥 − 2)2 + 1
This is the formula you
know today
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10
Remember this rhyme,
turn that frown around
3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 10
4 But if you just relax
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 5

It’s just a negative b

1 3
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 − Quadratic formula may
2 2 seem complex
5 2 9
𝑦 = (𝑥 − ) −
2 4
So when quadratics
gets you down
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 14 Draw a line below
𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 16

The square root of b Take all that

squared minus 4ac 1
1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 3 4
2

And under that place

2a
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 50
B. Give the coordinates of the vertices of the quadratic functions in Part A of “What’s
More”.

What I Have Learned

A. Fill in the blanks to complete the steps in rewriting the quadratic function in
general form to vertex form.
1. Identify the values of __________________ in the given quadratic function.
2. Combine the terms that have __________________.
3. Factor out ______________.
4. Complete the expression in the parenthesis to make it a perfect square
trinomial by adding _________________ and subtracting ______________ from
c.
5. Express the perfect square trinomial as a _______________________.
6. Write the quadratic function in vertex form _____________________.

B. What are the formulas for solving the values of h and k?

C. How would you rewrite the quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) 2 + 𝑘 to the general
form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐? Arrange the following steps by writing numbers 1 – 4
in the box.

Multiply the perfect square trinomial by the value of a

Add k
Expand (𝑥 − ℎ)2
Simplify by adding like terms.

What I Can Do

Try this! Solve the following problems by showing the complete solution.
1. What are the two positive real numbers with a sum of 26 and a product that is as
great as possible?

2. Marcelo is tasked by his father to fence their rectangular garden. He is given 60 m

of fencing materials. What are the dimensions of such a rectangular garden if the
area is maximum? Explain your solution. Why are the dimensions of the area
maximum?
 Lesson
Graphs of Quadratic
2 Functions
This lesson provides you with exercises, discussions, and examples in learning
terminologies and properties of graphs of quadratic functions which will prepare you
for the next lesson.

What’s In

Activity 1: FIND ME!

Hey! I am happy that you are done with your pretest. Now, you are ready for the
next task. This is just a review of the lesson from your previous module. Read the
directions carefully to get things done.

Directions: Observe the following graphs. Make a “happy face” in the given circle
below each graph if it represents a quadratic function and a “sad face”
if it does not.
1 2 3

4 5 6

Complete the given statement below for your observation.

MY OBSERVATION!

I observed that the graph of the quadratic functions .

 What’s New

I am excited to show you this time the part of this module where you can find the
different activities.
Activity 2: FOLLOW MY PATHS (Mathematics 9: Learner’s Manual)

Direction: Graph the following function by following the given map. I have already
answered the first map, if ever you need an example, just feel free to refer
to my map. Now, it is your turn to show them that WE CAN DO THIS!
MAP 1: y = x𝟐 – 𝟐𝒙 – 𝟑
Transform y = x2 – 2𝑥 – 3 into the Complete the table of
form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘. values.

𝑦 = 𝒙𝟐 – 2𝑥 – 3
𝑦 = (𝒙𝟐 – 2𝑥 + 1) – 3 – 1 x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 1)2 – 3 – 1
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 1)2 – 4 y 5 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5

(-2, 5) (4, 5)

(-1,0) (3,0) Plot the points and

sketch the graph.

(0,-3) (2,-3)
(1,-4)

MAP 2: y = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 – 𝟏

Transform y = −𝒙𝟐 + 4𝑥 – 1 2 Complete the table of

1
into the form 𝑦 = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝑘. values.

3 Plot the points and sketch the x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

graph.
y
 What is It

DOMAIN AND RANGE

The domain of a quadratic function The range of a quadratic function is the set of y-
is the set of x-values determined by values determined by the graph.
the graph.

The range depends on whether the parabola

The domain of a opens upward or downward.
quadratic function is If it opens upward, the range is the set {y : y ≥ k};
the set of all real if it opens downward, then the range is the set
numbers. {y : y ≤ k} where k is the y-value of the vertex.

Note: To know more about the vertex, see next pages.

Example: What is the domain and range of the given function y = x2?

x -2 -1 0 1 2

y 4 1 0 1 4

Using the table of values to graph the

function, we can see that:
Domain: {x: x is an element of real numbers}
Range: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}

Example: What is the domain and range of the given function y = (𝑥 – 4)2 + 2?
Based on the given graph:
Domain: The domain is the set of all real
numbers.
Range: Since it opens upward and the y-
value of the vertex at (4 , 2) is 2, then the
range is {𝒚 ∶ 𝒚 ≥ 𝟐}.
 Vertex
Axis of (maximum point)
symmetry

A parabola is the graph of the a> 0

quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in
general form and 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘 in
standard form.
a< 0
A parabola may open upward or
downward. If the value of a is positive, Vertex
Axis of
symmetry
the parabola opens upward and if the (minimum point)
value of a is negative, the parabola
opens downward.
A parabola has a turning point called the vertex which is either the minimum
point (lowest point) or the maximum point (highest point) of the graph. A vertex is at
its minimum point if the graph opens upward. It is at its maximum point if the graph
opens downward. The vertex of a quadratic function can also be determined through
the vertex form of a quadratic function. The vertex of a quadratic function in general
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is at (ℎ, 𝑘) where ℎ = , and 𝑘 = . The vertex of a quadratic function in
2𝑎 4𝑎
standard form y = (𝑥 – ℎ )2 + 𝑘 is at (ℎ , 𝑘).

The axis of symmetry is a line which divides the graph of a quadratic function
into two equal parts. It is also a vertical line that passes through the vertex. The
equation of the line can be determined by the x-coordinate of the vertex.
Note: To easily determine the equation of the line just find the value of ℎ.
The x-intercept/s is/are point/s that lie/s on the 𝑥-axis of the Cartesian Plane.
To get the 𝑥-intercept(s) from the equation, let 𝑦 = 0 then solve for 𝑥. The y-intercept is a
point that lies on the 𝑦-axis of the Cartesian plane. To get the 𝑦-intercept from the
equation, let x = 0 then solve for y.

Example 1: Describe the graph of y = −3(𝑥 – 2)2 + 4 and determine its vertex and
axis of symmetry.

✓ The graph of y = −3(𝑥 – 2)2 + 4

opens downward because 𝑎 = −3.
✓ Since the equation is in standard form
y = a (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, the vertex will be at
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( 2 , 4 ).
✓ Since ℎ = 2 from the given equation,
then the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 2.

y = −3(𝑥 – 2)2 + 4
Example 2: Describe the graph of y = 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3 and determine its vertex and axis
of symmetry.
✓ The graph of y = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 opens upward because 𝑎 = 1.
✓ Since the equation is in the general form y = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, then we will
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
use ℎ = ,𝑘= ,where (ℎ, 𝑘) is the vertex.
2𝑎 4𝑎
 Solution: y = 1𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3
1. Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐. 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
2. Substitute the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and h=
−𝑏
=
−4
= −2
−b 2𝑎 2(1)
to h = .
2a

3. Substitute the value of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 4ac − b2 4(1)(3) − (4)2

4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
k= =
𝑐 to k = 4a 4(1)
4𝑎 12−16
k =
4
−4
k = = −1
4
4. Vertex = (h, k) h=
−𝑏
= −2, k =
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
= −1
2𝑎 4𝑎

Vertex = (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−2, −1)

✓ Since ℎ = −2 from the given equation, then the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = −2.

Example 3: What is/are the 𝑥-intercept/s of y = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 3?

Let y = 0, then solve for 𝑥.

0 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 3
0 = (𝑥 – 1)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥– 1 = 0 𝑥 + 3 = 0
x= 1 𝑥 = −3

The 𝑥-intercepts of the function are at

x = 1 and 𝑥 = −3.

Example 4: What is the 𝑦-intercept of y = 2𝑥2 – 3𝑥 – 4?

Let x be equal to zero then solve

for 𝑦:

y = 2𝑥2 – 3𝑥 – 4
y = 2(0)2 – 3(0) – 4
y= 0– 0 − 4
y = −4
The 𝑦-intercept is -4.
GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION

In the graph of quadratic function y = (𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘, the larger the value

of |𝑎| (the absolute value of 𝑎) is, the narrower is the graph and the smaller the
value of |𝑎|is, the wider is the graph. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward but
if a < 0, the parabola opens downward.

Example 1:

Which of the following functions has a wider graph?

a. y = 5𝑥2 b. y = 8𝑥2
Answer: The value of |𝑎| of y = 5𝑥2 is |𝑎| = |5| = 5. The value of |𝑎| of
Y = 8𝑥2 is |𝑎| = |8| = 8. |𝑎| = 5 is less than |𝑎| =8. Therefore, the function
that has a wider graph is y = 5𝑥2. The graph opens upward.

To graph 𝑦 = a (𝑥 – ℎ)2, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by ℎ units horizontally

or along the 𝑥-axis. If ℎ is positive number, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by ℎ units to
the right. If ℎ is negative number, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by ℎ units to the left.
The graph has vertex (ℎ, 0) and the equation of its axis of symmetry is x = ℎ.

Example 2: Draw the graph of the function y = (𝑥 – 5)2.

Start with the graph of y = 𝑥2.

The value of h in the function
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 5)2 is ℎ = 5.

Since ℎ = 5, and greater than 0, slide

the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by 5 units to the y = (𝑥 − 5)2
right. y = (𝑥)2
ℎ = 5
ℎ = 0
The vertex is at (5 , 0) and the axis of
symmetry is 𝑥 = 5.
5 units

Example 3:
Find the equation, vertex, and axis of symmetry of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 when
shifted 8 units to the right of the origin.

Answer: Since it is shifted 8 units to the right, then ℎ = 8. The new equation will
be:
y = a (𝑥 – ℎ )2
y = (𝑥 – 8)2
The vertex is at (8, 0) and the axis of symmetry is x = 8.
 To graph 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑘, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by 𝑘 units vertically or
along the 𝑦-axis. If 𝑘 is a positive number, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by 𝑘 units
upward. If k is a negative number, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by 𝑘 units
downward. The graph has vertex (0, 𝑘) and the equation of its axis of symmetry
is x = 0 (y-axis).

Example 4: Draw the graph of the function y = 𝑥 2 + 4.

Start with the graph of y = 𝑥2.

The value of in the function

y = 𝑥2 + 4 is 𝑘 = 4.

Since 𝑘 = 4, and greater than 0, slide

the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 by 4 units y = x2 + 4

4 units
y = x2 k=4
upward. k=0

The vertex is at (0, 4) and the axis of

symmetry is x = 0.
Z

Example 5:
Find the equation, vertex, and axis of symmetry of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 which
is shifted 7 units downward.

Answer: Since it is shifted 7 units downward, then 𝑘 = −7. The new equation will
be: y= 2 + 𝑘
y = 2 + (−7)
y = 2– 7
The vertex is at (0, −7) and the axis of symmetry is x = 0.

To graph 𝑦 = (𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘, slide the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by ℎ units horizontally and by 𝑘

units vertically. The graph has vertex at (ℎ, 𝑘) and its axis of symmetry is the line x = ℎ.

Example 6:
Find the equation, vertex, and axis of symmetry when the graph of y = 2𝑥2
is shifted 3 units to the left and 1 unit downward?
Answer: The graph is shifted 3 units to the left and 1 unit downward then ℎ = −3
and 𝑘 = −1. The new equation will be:
y = (𝑥 – ℎ )2 + 𝑘
y = 2[𝑥 – (−3)]2 + (−1)
y = 2(𝑥 + 3)2 – 1
The vertex should be at (−3, −1) and the axis of symmetry is x = −3.
Example 7:
Draw the graph of the function y = (𝑥 – 3)2 + 1.

Start with the graph of y = 𝑥2.

The value of ℎ in the function

y = (𝑥 – 3)2 + 1 is ℎ = 3.

The value of in the function

y = (𝑥 – 3)2 + 1 is 𝑘 = 1.
y = x2 y = (x – 3)2+1
k=0 h=3 k=1
Since ℎ = 3, and greater than 0 and

1u
𝑘 = 1, greater than 0, then slide the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 by 3 units to the right and 1 unit 3 units
upward.

The vertex is at (3, 1) and the axis of symmetry is x = 3.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: COMPLETE ME!

Directions: This time, it your chance to show how much you learn in our lesson
about graphing quadratic function. In each item below, fill in the blanks
with the correct answer.

The turning point of the graph of the quadratic

1 function is the .

The turning point can be a minimum point or

a maximum point. It is the minimum point if
and it is the maximum 2
point if .

The vertical line that divides the graph into two parts is
called and we can
determine the equation of this line by

.
This line also passes through the vertex.
 The point/s of intersection of the graph and
𝑥-axis is/are called .

The point of intersection of the graph and

𝑦-axis is called .

What I Can Do

Activity 4: “GRAPH ME”

Find the following information given the function 𝑦 = 𝑥2 – 12𝑥 + 36 and graph
the function using this information.

x 8 7 6 5 4

1. Domain:
2. Range:
3. Opening of the Graph:
4. Vertex:
5. Axis of Symmetry:
6. x-intercept/s:
7. y-intercept:
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which expression is a perfect square trinomial?
A. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 C. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
B. 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
2 2 D. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
2. The following are perfect square trinomials EXCEPT
A. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 C. 25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 1
B. 𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 100
2 D. 49𝑥 2 + 42𝑥 + 9
3. The expression of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑥 becomes a perfect square trinomial
when a constant term is added to it. How do we find that constant term?
𝑎
A. B.
𝑏 𝑎 2 𝑏 2
2𝑏 2𝑎 C. (± ) D. (± )
2𝑏 2𝑎
4. What must be added to the expression 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + ______, to make it a perfect square
trinomial?
−2 −7 4 49
A. B. C. D.
7 2 49 4

5. Complete the expression to make it a perfect square trinomial: 𝑥2 − 40𝑥 + _________

A. 20 B. 400 C.
5
D.
25
2 4

6. Which of the following shows the graph of y = 2(𝑥 – 1)2 – 3?

A. C.

B. D.

7. What is the maximum point of the graph of the quadratic function y =

−3𝑥2+6𝑥+6?

A. (−3, 6) B. (3, −6) C. (1, −9) D. (1, 9)

8. What is the vertex of the graph of the quadratic function y = (𝑥 + 10)2 – 15?

A. (10, −15) B. (−10, 15) C. (10, 15) D. (−10, −15)

9. If the minimum point of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 10 + 9 is (−5, −16), what is the

equation of its axis of symmetry?
 A. y = −5 B. y = −16 C. 𝑥 = −5 D. 𝑥 = −16

10. Which of the following is the graph of (𝑥) = 7(𝑥 + 1)2– 3?

A. C.

B. D.

Additional Activities

Activity 5: “MISSILE RADAR SYSTEM”

An anti-missile battery through its radar system must quickly

identify the quadratic equation of the invading enemy missile so that it can
trace its path and detonate it on air through sending an opposing missile.
As a programmer, determine the quadratic equation of the enemy missile
by knowing the opening of its graph, vertex, axis of symmetry, 𝑥-intercepts,
and 𝑦-intercept through the graph provided by the radar system of your
anti-missile battery. Show your solution.
Mathematics Learner’s Module 9 pp. 140 – 142
Corporation.
Soledad, J.-D. E., & Bernabe, J. G. (2001). Integrated Mathematics Textbook for Third Year. JTW
Learner 9. DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
Matias, C. J., Malvas, J. M., Calawod, J. C., & Molave, E. T. (2015). Mathematics for the 21st Century
https://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/parabola/real-world- application.php
%20Convert%20Standard%20and%20Vertex.pdf
https://www.appohigh.org/ourpages/auto/2014/5/7/49758713/Notes%20-
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/Quadratics/QDVertexForm.html
pages 107 – 108.
e-MathWorktext in Mathematics 9, Revised Edition 2019. Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O. Mendoza,
Learner’s Material for Mathematics Grade 9, pp. 129 – 132, 134 – 136, 138 – 139
References
What I Know Lesson 2: What’s In
1. C 6. C 1. SAD 4. HAPPY
2. A 7. B What’s More 2. HAPPY 5. SAD
3. D 8. A 3. SAD 6. SAD
4. D 9. A 1. Quadratic Poem What’s New
5. D 10. C Quadratic formula may
Lesson 1 seem complex
What’s In But if you just relax
1. a, b, g, h and j Take it slow
81 Soon you’ll know
2. a. 1 b. 4 c. 25
9 It’s just a negative b
d. 4 e. 225 Plus or minus
3. a. (𝑥 − 1)2 The square root of b
9 2 squared – 4ac
b. (𝑥 + 2)
Take all that
c. (𝑥 + 5)2 Draw a line below
3 2
d. (𝑥 − 2) And under that place 2a
e. (𝑥 + 15)2 This is the formula you What I have Learned
4. a. 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 know today
b. 4x 2 + 28𝑥 + 49 So when quadratics gets
c. 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 you down
d. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 36 Remember this rhyme,
1 turn that frown around.
e. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4
What I Have Learned 5 9
2. (2 , − 4)
A. 1. a, b, and c
2. x-terms (1, 5)
3. a (2, 1)
1 2 1 2 1
( , −3)
4. [2 (𝑏)] , 𝑎 [2 (𝑏)] 2
5. square of a binomial 3
(3, − )
6. 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 2
𝑏 1
B. ℎ = − 2𝑎 (4, − )
2
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 (1, −3)
𝑘=
4𝑎 (−4, −5) Additional Activities
C. 2 (3, 20)
3 y = -(x-3) + 8
(7, 1)
1 (2, −6)
Solution may vary.
4 Assessment
(−5, −36)
1. C 6. B
(8, −38)
What I Can Do 2. C 7. D
Additional Activities
1. 13 and 13 3. D 8. D
Varied answers
2. 15 meters by 15 4. D 9. C
meters 5. B 10. A
Answer Key
 DISCLAIMER

This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN

with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)
Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal
Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph