INtel College

MODULE NAME: FD in Business

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
APPLICATION AND UNDERSTANDING OF
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CONCEPTS AND
ASSESSMENT TITLE:
THEORIES TO CREATE COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE.
TERM DATES: 30/08/2021 – 26/011/2021
UNIT NUMBER: 1
CREDIT VALUE 15 CREDITS
ISSUE DATE Week of 6 September 2021
LECTURER’S NAME: Mr. Samson Mutuku (Samson.mutuku@inteluni.ac.ke)
DATE DUE All TASK: 17/11/2021
DATE MARKED
ALL TASK: 03/12/2021
AND RETURNED
STUDENT NAME:
DATE HANDED IN:
I CONFIRM THAT THIS IS ALL SIGNATURE: DATE:
MY WORK
P
Pass Grades Awarded P 1 P3 P4 P5 P6
2
Merit Grades M
M1 M3 M4
Awarded 2
Distinction Grades D Grade Awarded
D2 D3
Awarded 1
Instructor’s additional feedback comments:

Name Signature Date

Instructor Mr. Samson Mutuku
Assignment
Ms. Dorcas Kamau
Moderator

1
SCENARIO
Carrefour Kenya
Carrefour, one of the largest French hypermarket chains in the world was introduced to the Middle
East and North Africa (MENA) market in 1995 by Majid Al Futtaim, and opened the first store in
Kenya in 2016. Carrefour has become the most dynamic, fast-moving and exciting hypermarket chain
in the region.
Carrefour ensures customer satisfaction and everyday convenience while offering unbeatable value
for money with a vast array of more than 100,000 products, shoppers can purchase items for their
every need, whether home electronics or fresh fruits from around the world, to locally produced. The
wide range of products include the following:
 Automotive
 Baby Products
 Bakery
 Beauty & Personal Care
 Beverages
 Bio & Organic Food
 Fashion, Accessories & Luggage
 Cleaning & Household
 Electronics & Appliances
 Health & Fitness
 Home & Garden

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 Mission
To provide customers with quality services, products and food that is accessible to all across all
distribution channels. Through the expertise of our employees, a responsible and multicultural
approach, our broad territorial presence and our ability to adapt to production and consumption
modes, our ambition is to be the leader of the food transition for everyone.
Brand values
Together-defines synergy where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. We are creating the
future together with an atmosphere of support that makes collaboration information and consensus
building easy.
Passionate- defines a youthful high energy, spirited outlook that believes that anything is possible.
Twenty years ago, who would have thought that we would experience snow in the desert.
Bold-being bold has always been the embodiment of Majid Al Futtaim, being the first to bring
transformational experiences under one roof.
“Being bold continues by us promoting a creative atmosphere, where there is courage to do things
dfferently and go into the unknown to make the impossible possible.”

Brief
Carrefour Kenya has offered you an internship position as a Management Trainee for one year. You
will be reporting to Ms. Sifa, the firm’s General Manager who will ensure that you are provided
with the opportunity to use your business administration skills to help in understanding international
business

Submission Format
Part A - Report.
Report: Is a document which presents focused salient content to a specific audience. A report is often used to
display the result of an experiment, investigation or inquiry. A report often uses persuasive elements, such as
graphics, images or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade that specific audience to undertake action.
This should be written in a concise, formal business style using Times New Roman, 1.5 spacing and font
size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate and all work
must be supported with research and referenced using the Harvard referencing style.
The recommended word limit is 2,500 – 3,000 words, +╱╴10 % for both parts. You will be penalized for

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 exceeding the total word limit.
Part A (This provides evidence for LO1 & LO2; Assessment Criteria: P1, P2, P3, P4, M1, M2,
D1& D2)
The retail industry throughout the world has been adversely affected by the corona virus pandemic in
a number of ways. Locally, most supermarkets and retail owners had to shift to online selling and
reduce the number of work hours due to nationwide curfew. However, as the curve flattens, many
nations are easing these restrictions. In light of this, companies continue to devise ways and means of
staying afloat and beat out competition. Carrefour Kenya continues to seek new ventures into
international markets. You have been tasked to prepare a report on international business to present
to the company management for consideration.
In your report:
Define the term globalization. Provide an explanation on the importance of factors influencing the
global economy. In your explanation, provide an analysis and an evaluation of the impact of
globalization on the national economies of contrasting countries and of Carrefour Kenya. Explain
what a trade association is. In your explanation, analyze and evaluate of the impact of trading
association and trade barriers on Carrefour Kenya. You should state the pros and cons of these
associations to Carrefour Kenya
Date due: 17/11/2021 Date marked and returned:
03/12/2021
Submission Format
Part B - Briefing paper
A briefing paper is a summary of facts pertaining to an issue and often includes a suggested course of action. It
consists of a precise statement or set of instructions intended to inform another individual who may have solicited
assistance to study and make recommendations on a matter.

This should be written in a concise, formal business style using Times New Roman, 1.5 spacing and font size 12.
You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate and all work must be
supported with research and referenced using the Harvard referencing style.
The recommended word limit is 1000 words, +╱╴10 % for both parts. You will be penalized for exceeding the
total word limit.

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Part B (This provides evidence for LO3; Assessment Criteria P5, P6, M3 M4 & D3)
Carrefour Kenya leadership is paramount if the organization is to achieve its objectives. It is
responsible for the formulation of the overall strategy that will be used to achieve the desired goals.
You have been asked to prepare a briefing paper that will provide a roadmap on the way forward.

In your Briefing Paper:

Explain and analyse the strategic international approach of Carrefour Kenya. In your explanation,
provide reasons for own recommendations for the future strategic direction of Carrefour Kenya.
Further, analyse the future strategic direction of Carrefour Kenya with rationale for own
recommendations while providing justification for these recommendations.

Date due: 17/11/2021 Date marked and returned:

03/12/2021

For Assessor use: Unit Outcomes

Outcome Evidence for Criteria Feedback Assessor’s

decision

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 P1Explain the importance of factors
P1
influencing the global economy.
P2 Explain the impact of globalisation on
the national economies of contrasting P2
countries.
M1 Analyse the importance of factors
influencing the global economy and the
LO1 M1
impact of globalisation on the national
economies of contrasting countries.
D1 Evaluate the importance of factors
influencing the global
economy and the impact of globalisation D1
on the national economies of contrasting
countries.
P3 Explain the impact of trading
associations on an international business P3
organisation.
P4 Explain the impact of trading barriers
P4
on an international business organisation.
M2 Analyse the impact of
LO2
trading associations and trading barriers
M2
on an international trading organisation.
In corporating appropriate adjustments.
D2 Evaluate the impact of trading
associations and trading barriers on an D2
international trading organisation.
LO3 P5 Explain the current strategic approach
P5
of an international business organisation
P6 Explain reasons for own
recommendations for the future strategic
P6
direction of an international business
organisation.
M3 Analyse the current strategic M3
international approach of a business

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 organisation.
M4 Analyse the future strategic direction
of an international business organisation, M4
with rationale for own recommendations.
D3 Justify own recommendations for the
future strategic direction of an
D3
international
business organisation
NOTE:
PASS
In order to achieve a PASS:
 Complete all the tasks specified and meet all the requirements for a PASS.
MERIT
In order to achieve a MERIT grade:
 Meet all the requirements for a PASS and MERIT
DISTINCTION
In order to achieve a DISTINCTION grade:
 Meet all the requirements for a PASS, MERIT and DISTINCTION

Statement of Originality and Student Declaration

I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to
present it as my own without correctly attributing the sources. I further understand what it means
to copy another’s work.
1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.
2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Pearson UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiarise or copy another’s work in any of the
assignments for this programme.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspect of my programme, will
be my own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will correctly attribute the
source.

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 5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not constitutes a binding
agreement between myself and Pearson UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is
not attached to the attached.

Student’s Signature: …………………………… Date:.……………

Name __________________________________ Reg. No _______________________

Programme ______________________________ Unit __________________________

Date Submitted ___________________________ Date Due ____________________

Received Assignment at INtel

Administrator/HOD Name __________________Signature ___________Date ______________

College Stamp

Foundation business

International business

From: Bruce Hobson

To: Samson Mutuku

Subject: Factors and Impacts of globalization and definition of globalization and trade
barriers and trade associations

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From: Bruce Hobson (management trainee

TO: Ms. Sifa (General Manager)

Date: 17/11/21

Introduction: Carrefour Kenya has offered me an internship position as a Management Trainee

for one year. I will be reporting to Ms. Sifa, the firm’s General Manager who will ensure that I
am are provided with the opportunity to use your business administration skills to help in
understanding international business.

Globalization:

According to Catherine Cote Globalization really is the increase in the flow of goods, services,
generally capital and ideas across very international boundaries in a subtle way.

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According to S. Cuterela (2012), Globalization as a fairly socio-historical phenomena began as a
theory, then as a for all intents and purposes practical requirement, eventually evolving into a
strategy for the creation of a pretty single market that essentially spans a vast area and
encompasses governments, regions, and continents. This study discusses the economic, political,
cultural, social, and risk factors that influence the emergence and stability of the globalization
phenomena, demonstrating how globalization as a very socio-historical phenomena began as a
theory, then as a kind of practical requirement, eventually evolving into a strategy for the
creation of a really single market that generally spans a vast area and encompasses governments,
regions, and continents in a sort of big way.

Importance of Factors influencing global economy

Natural resources

Natural resources for the most part have a double-edge effect on economic growth, in that the
intensity of its use generally raises output if the use of globalization increases output will rise but
the depletion rate will increase too, which for all intents and purposes is quite significant. But
increases its depletion rate, which specifically is fairly significant. If the use of globalization
increases output will rise but the depletion rate will increase too in a pretty major way. Natural
resource really is a actually key input in the production process that stimulates economic growth,
demonstrating how pretty natural resources basically have a double-edge effect on economic
growth, in that the intensity of its use really raises output if the use of globalization increases
output will rise but the depletion rate will increase too in a fairly big way. It also effects
Carrefour with the vegetables and meats, showing how fairly natural resource generally is a
generally key input in the production process that stimulates economic growth, demonstrating
how fairly natural resources specifically have a double-edge effect on economic growth, in that
the intensity of its use for all intents and purposes raises output if the use of globalization
increases output will rise but the depletion rate will increase too, or so they definitely thought.

Dairy products and meats from livestock, which essentially is significant And Vegetables to for
the most part sell at Carrefour Kenya.

Wood, Bricks and as well as metal which will really help basically build shelves and different
structures in Carrefour Kenya which benefits Carrefour Kenya in a fairly major way.

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For instance, oil mostly is a commodity with huge strategic importance to all countries in the
world, which literally is quite significant. It drives global economic growth. Oil price usually
increases inflation and reduces economic growth, generally contrary to popular belief.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure mostly plays a critical role in a countries economic growth and success.
Infrastructure investment boosts productivity and growth while also facilitating commerce and
connectivity and promoting economic inclusivity, demonstrating that infrastructure investment
boosts productivity and growth while also facilitating commerce and connectivity and promoting
economic inclusivity, which literally is fairly significant. There for all intents and purposes is a
lot of need for infrastructure around the world, which for all intents and purposes shows that
infrastructure definitely plays a critical role in a country\'s economic growth and success in a
particularly major way. Customer service basically is part of Carrefour\'s infrastructure in a for
all intents and purposes big way.

Population

The effect of population growth can really be generally positive or very negative depending on
the circumstances, which essentially is fairly significant. A actually large population generally
has the basically potential to for the most part be basically great for economic development: after
all, the much more people you have, the pretty much more work kind of is done, and the kind of
more work for all intents and purposes is done, the for all intents and purposes more value in
generally other words, money mostly is created, demonstrating how a basically large population
literally has the kind of potential to actually be kind of great for economic development: after all,
the fairly more people you have, the generally more work basically is done, and the for all intents
and purposes more work particularly is done, the much more value in very other words, money
kind of is created in a subtle way. Population effects Carrefour in terms of employees and
customers e.g. the stackers, the tellers, the security, the managers and the cleaners.

Labor

Labor is the kind of human component in the production of an economies commodities and
services, which basically is quite significant. locating sufficient numbers of people with the
necessary capabilities to for all intents and purposes meet rising demand Workers may literally

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be able to for all intents and purposes find new jobs as a result of rapid economic expansion
brought on by increased demand for goods and services, kind of further showing how locating
sufficient numbers of people with the necessary capabilities to essentially meet rising demand
Workers may particularly be able to generally find new jobs as a result of rapid economic
expansion brought on by increased demand for goods and services, or so they basically thought.
Stackers, tellers, security, managers, and cleaners specifically are among the workers of
Carrefour, which literally shows that locating sufficient numbers of people with the necessary
capabilities to literally meet rising demand Workers may definitely be able to mostly find new
jobs as a result of rapid economic expansion brought on by increased demand for goods and
services, kind of further showing how locating sufficient numbers of people with the necessary
capabilities to actually meet rising demand Workers may basically be able to basically find new
jobs as a result of rapid economic expansion brought on by increased demand for goods and
services.

The impact of globalization on the national economies and Carrefour Kenya in positive and
negative ways.

Globalization influences the national economy in a good way because; Manufacturing costs are
reduced as a result of globalization. This allows businesses to sell goods to customers at a lesser
cost. The average cost of items is an important factor that leads to rising living standards.
Consumers can also choose from a greater range of products.

Globalization will specifically help decrease the prices of Carrefour Kenya’s products which will
mostly bring in definitely more customers which will mostly make sales rise and profits increase,
which mostly is fairly significant.

Globalization influences the national economy negatively by; Globalization may contribute to
wealth discrepancy and inequality between society's more educated and less educated people. As
a result, low-paid workers may be affected by globalization's ongoing wage pressure.

In Carrefour Kenya, Globalization will particularly affect Carrefour’s staff by, a well educated
person may kind of get a fairly better salary lets for the most part presume as a HR manager than

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a definitely less educated person who basically is also a HR manager in a different branch
particularly due to a definitely better education in a subtle way.

Trade associations

Definition:

According to Martin (2010) Trade association voluntary association of business firms organized
on a geographic or industrial basis to literally promote and particularly develop particularly
commercial and industrial opportunities, very contrary to popular belief.

A trade association groups many businesses from certain industries to increase political influence
and create networking opportunities and increases business trade for Carrefour Kenya.

Trade barriers cause a limited choice of products In Carrefour Kenya. This would force
customers to pay higher prices and accept worse quality products e.g. clothes made abroad
imported by Carrefour are cheaper due to the raw material cost and the making cost abroad
including the import price will be cheaper than it being locally made in Kenya and it will also be
a better quality than clothes made locally in Kenya. Trade barriers generally favor the richer
countries because these countries tend to set international trade policies which will make their
citizens pay for the best quality of products at Carrefour Kenya at a lower price.

Pros:

The Trade Association benefits Carrefour because they will essentially get fairly more products
of pretty good quality for a generally lower price which will definitely make it for all intents and
purposes easier for Carrefour Kenya to kind of sell sort of good quality products for a sort of
cheaper price which will mostly bring in much more customers and basically raise profits which
specifically is very actually good for business, sort of contrary to popular belief.

Trade Associations will bring an Exchange of Ideas on products that sell abroad to bring to
Kenya and products that sell in Kenya to sell abroad for example Foods; taking Ugali and
Sukumawiki, with a beef stew which costs around 150Ksh and making a profit abroad by selling
it at $10.

Expert Knowledge

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Trade associations are dedicated to keeping their members informed about changes in policy,
legislation, compliance, and regulation. Apart from the value of sharing this expertise, the
organization as a whole joins forces to raise a stronger voice when a protest is required.

Education and Training

Classes, online resources, trade exhibitions, and coaching specialists are just a few of the ways
you and your entire company may be educated to be the greatest in your field. Find more leads,
close more sales, fast-track recruiting, continuous improvement, and long-term success are just a
few of the themes available. Some organizations even provide courses in licensing and
certification.

The Trade Association provides a platform for member nations to negotiate and resolve trade
concerns with a variety of other governments. For all intents and purposes, the Commerce
Association's primary goal is to maintain open lines of communication among its members on
trade. The Trade Association, for example, has unquestionably eliminated trade barriers and
enhanced trade among member countries in a subtle way.

Cons:

False Security

Most, if not all, trade associations literally provide a platform for members to interact, for all
intents and purposes ask questions, and kind of provide answers, which for the most part is quite
significant. It's important to for all intents and purposes remember that the specifically replies on
forums really come from regular individuals like you and me, or so they kind of thought.
Without trying to, advice may literally be given that generally is incorrect or unhelpful in a very
major way. Avoid the temptation to blindly literally follow and kind of perform some fact-
checking on definitely your definitely own before making any substantial changes in a basically
big way.

Cost

The cost of joining a trade association might literally be quite particularly high in a generally big
way. How can you specifically tell if sort of your membership price mostly is worthwhile, which
for the most part is quite significant. Asking yourself what benefits you're looking for and

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whether now for the most part is the proper moment for particularly your organization to
specifically take on a new expense literally is a sort of good place to start, demonstrating that
asking yourself what benefits you're looking for and whether now particularly is the proper
moment for your organization to basically take on a new expense specifically is a very good
place to start, which specifically is fairly significant. Keep in mind that definitely individual
trade organization membership fees particularly are significantly fairly less fairly expensive than
actually professional society membership fees; we\'re talking hundreds of dollars here,
particularly further showing how essentially keep in mind that definitely individual trade
organization membership fees specifically are significantly much less very expensive than
generally professional society membership fees; we\'re talking hundreds of dollars here, or so
they mostly thought.

Other businesses can import better products or steal your ideas or products and make a better
version, ideas or make prices cheaper than Carrefour’s prices with imports.

Trade barriers

Definition:

According to Lee and Swagel, (2017), Governments erect hurdles to free commerce between
national economies, which are referred to as trade barriers. As a result, trade barriers are
essentially interventions in markets that function on a global scale. Tariffs (taxes) on imports
(and occasionally exports) are one type of trade barrier, as are non-tariff obstacles such as import
quotas, domestic industry subsidies, trade embargoes (typically for geopolitical reasons), and
licenses to import goods into the economy.

Cons:

Carrefour will make prices higher which will then make customers go to other super markets to
shop, this will effect Carrefour’s profit and reputation which is bad for business.

Trade barriers will limit imports of products which will make it harder for Carrefour to sell
imported goods.

Impact Trade barriers on an international trading organization;

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Because trade barriers limit the number of products available, customers are forced to pay higher
costs and accept lower quality. Rich countries are favored by trade barriers because they prefer to
set international trade regulations and standards.

Pros:

Trade barriers will benefit Carrefour Kenya because they will use local suppliers to make
products for them which will benefit the country you live in by creating jobs and make local
companies more profit.

Consumption of fairly local goods particularly has increased, actually contrary to popular belief.
The cost of imported products and services really rises as a result of the duty tax, demonstrating
how consumption of kind of local goods essentially has increased, which for the most part is
fairly significant.

Increased for all intents and purposes Domestic Employment, actually contrary to popular belief.
As the consumption of very local goods increases, so does the demand, which really is fairly
significant.

PART B

Strategic approach

According to Burnett, J.J., 2018, Strategic approach entails taking a step back from your company
to see what is vital now and what you will need to do to make it successful in the future.

The business strategies include:

Export

Exporting is transporting goods made in one country to be sold in another. For a variety of
reasons, firms believe exporting to be a low-risk strategy. To begin with, mature items in a native
market may discover new growth potential abroad.

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Standardization

When a corporation uses a standardization strategy, it regards the entire world as one market
with little variance. The premise is that a single product can address the demands of people all
over the world. A standardization strategy can be used by many organizations.

Multidomestic

A multidomestic strategy concentrates on domestic competitiveness and maximizes local

responsiveness. As a result, the company is able to compete more successfully in each local
market and grow its market share.

Transnational

Simply said, a transnational strategy is a plan of action by which a company decides to conduct
its operations across international borders.

Exporting

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Because the amount of risk and early expense is lower than other techniques, this is frequently
the beginning point for a company's foreign activities. (Kotler, 2012). The procedure entails the
transfer of goods/services to a new market, which is normally done through a third-party agency
(indirect) or directly from the company (direct). SME's typically operate via export due to low
levels of risk and expense (Kotabe et. Al., 2010).

The procedure entails the transfer of goods/services to a new market, which is normally done
through a third-party agency (indirect) or directly from the company (direct). SME's typically
operate via export due to low levels of risk and expense (Kotabe, 2010). It is particularly
appropriate when a company wishes to enter a foreign market quickly while taking minimal
risks. Exporting, on the other hand, may come at a high cost and with limited control. Exporters
often have little control over their products marketing and distribution, must pay distributors for
a variety of services, and face high transportation costs and possible tariffs.

Joint ventures

Joint ventures are a typical entrance technique for multinational corporations (MNCs), in which a
foreign firm agrees to split equity, costs, and profits with a partner in the host country. When
entering an unexplored territory, joint ventures gain from the new partner's regional
understanding.

Market. The disadvantage of this strategy is the absence of control over operations based on each
party's agreed stake. Joint ventures are sometimes required to overcome market entrance
obstacles, as is the case in China right now, where a partner is required to enter some commercial
sectors (c The most common method of accessing the overseas market is through joint ventures.
Joint ventures are appropriate when firms want to leverage on resources, cost save and benefit
from combined expertise.

Franchise

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2016 by Houghton Mifflin A special privilege given by government to a corporation or an
individual to engage in a particular activity using public facilities, especially to provide a public
service such as transportation or communications.

Pros

Reduced Entry Barriers

When it comes to reaching international markets, franchising is a particularly effective strategy.

International growth may be complicated and costly for a franchisee, especially when land and
facilities must be purchased and built.

With legal, cultural, linguistic, and logistical impediments to entrance in a variety of global
marketplaces, the franchising model provides a simpler, cleaner solution that can be adopted fast.

Cons

From a strategic standpoint, franchising has significant flaws as well. Most notably, franchisees
(organizations) lose a lot of power.

When the franchise is owned by someone other than the company, quality assurance and brand
protection become much more challenging.

It's crucial to pick the right partners and give them the tools they need to deliver high-quality
work while staying true to the brand's values (e.g., training, equipment, quality control, adequate
resources).

Transnational Strategy

According to Janice Edwards (2014), A transnational strategy attempts to strike a balance

between a multidomestic and a global strategy. Such a company seeks to strike a balance
between the goal for efficiency and the necessity to adapt to local preferences in different
countries.

Example of firms that use a transnational strategy include Large fast-food franchises like
McDonald's and KFC, for example, use the same brand names and menu items all over the
world. These businesses also cater to local preferences. Wine can be purchased at McDonald's in

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France, for example. Because wine is such an important part of the French diet, this strategy
makes sense for McDonald's.

Licensing

According to Gerald N (2005), a licensor is a person who gives another a license, particularly a
private party doing so, such as a business giving someone a license to sell its product.

As an example, the licensor is a health beverage firm that specializes in energy drinks. The
licensor is unable to sell the product to local wholesalers or shops because to Japanese food
import rules. The licensor chooses a local sports drink producer to license their recipe to in order
to get around this strategic hurdle. In return, the licensee sells the product locally under a local
brand name and pays the licensor 15% of the total revenue. Carrefour Kenya needs licenses to
import and sell goods to operate

Pros:

Licensing is a fast-track technique that allows you to enter the market very immediately if you
have the right partners lined up.

In terms of assets and capital commitment, licensing is a low-risk business. In most cases, the
licensee will provide the majority of the infrastructure.

Localization is a legally difficult subject, and licensing is a simple answer to the majority of legal
barriers to entry.

Cons

In terms of quality control, losing control in a license environment is a significant drawback. The
licensing of a brand name is especially important because any quality control issues on the
licensee's part will affect the licensor's parent brand.

Having to rely on a foreign partner comes with its own set of hazards for the company's success.
Licensing, like investing in a company on the stock market, necessitates careful consideration of
which company to partner with.

Lower revenues as a result of relying on a third party are also a significant downside of this
arrangement. (A lower risk means a lower reward.)

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References

Burnett, J.J., 2018. A strategic approach to managing crises. Public relations review, 24(4),

pp.475-488.
Gao, G.Y., Murray, J.Y., Kotabe, M. and Lu, J., 2010. A “strategy tripod” perspective on export
behaviors: Evidence from domestic and foreign firms based in an emerging
economy. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(3), pp.377-396.
Lee, J.W. and Swagel, P., 20177. Trade barriers and trade flows across countries and
industries. Review of economics and statistics, 79(3), pp.372-382.
Simmie, J. and Martin, R., 2016. The economic resilience of regions: towards an evolutionary
approach. Cambridge journal of regions, economy and society, 3(1), pp.27-43.

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