N Type Text Social Function Generic Structure Language Features

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1. Narrative To amuse, entertain 1)Orientation Using the simple past
Text and to deal with Sets the scene: where and tense, past perfect, past
actual or vicarious when the story happened continous, past perfect
experience in and introduces the continous & past future
different ways; continous.
participants of the story:
narrative deals with
who and what is involved
problematic events
which lead to a in the story.
crisis or turning 2)Complication
point of some kind, Tells the beginning of the
which in turn finds problems which leads to
a resolution the crisis (climax) of the
main participants.
3)Resolution
The problem (the crisis) is
resolved, either in a happy
ending or in a sad (tragic)
ending.
4) Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to
the story and it is optional.
It consist of a moral
lesson, advice or teaching
from the writer.

2. Descriptive To describe a 1. Identification: contains  -. The use of adjectives

Text particular person, the identification of
place, or thing matter / a will be
described.
2. Description: contains
the explanation /
description of the thing /
person to mention a few
properties.
3. Recount To tell the readers 1. Orientation ( who were
Text what happened in involved, when and where
the past through a was it happened)
sequence of events. 2.  Events ( tell what
happened in a
chronological order)
3. Re-orientation
( optional – closure of
and compound
adjectives.
– Using the simple
present tense.
1.Use of pronouns and
nouns ( David, he, she)
2.Use of action verbs in
past (went, studied)
3.Use of past tense
( We went for a trip to
the zoo)
4.Use of adverbial
 events) phrases
5.Use of adjectives
4. Report To describe the way 1. General classification: • Introducing group or
Text things are (for Stating classification of general aspect
example: a man general aspect of thing; • Using conditional
-made thing, animal, public place, logical connection;
animals, plants). plant, etc which will be when, so, etc
The things must be discussed in general • Using simple present
a representative of 2. Description: Describing tense
their class. the thing which will be
discussed in detail; part
per part , customs or deed
for living creature and
usage for materials
5. Procedure To help us do a task 1. Goal (purpose or goal) • Use of imperatives
Text or make something. 2. Material Needed (cut, don’t mix)
They can be a set of (material / equipment / • Use of action Verbs
instructions or materials required) (turn, put, mix)
directions. 3. Methods or Steps • Use of connectives
(Method / steps) Note: (first, then, finally)
In the procedure text in • Use of adverbial
the form of How-to phrases (for five
(“Anyway titled minutes, 2 centimeters
howto”), sometimes from the top)
the material needed
(materials needed) not
included
6. Biography to report on a 1. The opening paragraph 1.    Use of names of
personal's life in an
informative and gives the reader the specific people.
entertaining manner background information 2.    Mainly written in
as to why this person is simple past tense
important and should have (the final paragraph
a biography written about could also include
them. The opening the present tense).
paragraph should briefly 3.    Use of connectives
answer the questions: to do with time (last
who, what, where, when year, then, at the
and how. same time, next, on
2. The recount then Tuesday 24 May,
unfolds in paragraphs that later, before,
retell a series of events, meanwhile).
usually told in 4.     Use of action verbs
 chronological order. (painted, wrote,
3. The final paragraph is a invented,
conclusion with a discovered).
comment on the
contribution this person
has made or a summary
and evaluation of the
person's achievements.

7. Analytical To persuade the 1. Thesis (usually a. Emotive words such

Exposition readers or the includes a preview as : alarmed,
listeners that argument. It introduces worried.
something in the topics and indicates b. Words that qualify
case, to analyze or the writer’s position) statements such as:
to explain. 2. Arguments (consists of usual probably
a point and elaboration c. Words that link
sequence. The number arguments such as:
of points may vary, but firstly, however, on
each must be the other hand,
supported by therefore.
discussion and d. Usually present
evidence) tense
3. Reiteration (restates e. Compound and
the position more complex sentence
forcefully in the light
of the arguments
presented)
8.  Hortatory To persuade the 1. Thesis ( stating an 1. Emotive words:
Exposition readers or the issue of concern) alarmed, worried
listeners that 2. Arguments ( giving 2. Words that qualify
something should or reasons for concern, statements: usual
should not be the leading probably
case. recommendation) 3. Words that link
3. Recommendation arguments: firstly,
(stating what ought or however, on the
ought not to happen) other hand, therefore
4. Usually present
tense
5. Compound and
complex sentences
6. Modal auxiliary:
can, may, should,
must
9. Letter To tell about 1. Place and date (address 1. Using past or present
something from of the sender): Place and tense
writer. date production of the 2. Including
letter. information for reader
2. Opening 3. Always send in the
greeting: Greeting mail with stamp
opening of the letter.
3. Opening Pargraph:
Opening of the letter.
4. Contain: Content of the
letter.
5. Closing: Closing of the
letter.
6. Closing greeting:
Greeting closing of the
letter.
7. Sign: Signature of the
sender.
8. Name of sender: Name
who writes the letter.

10. News Item to inform the 1. Main event 1. Short, telegraphic

Text readers about information
newsworthy or 2. Elaboration about story captured
important events of (background, participant, in headline
the day time, place) 2. Focusing on
circumstances
3. Using action verbs
3. Resource of 4. Using saying verbs
information 5. Using adverbs :
time, place and
manner.