IP ADDRESSES AND

THE DOMAIN NAME

SYSTEM
Network Address
• It is also known as the Internet Protocol
• It serves as a unique identifier assigned to each node on a
network.
• A series of four sets of numbers called octets that identifies
any network device.
• Assigned to a client, host or a gateway (a node that
serves as the access point on a network).
Network Address

Internet Protocol Address

Decimal 192 168 1 1
Binary 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001

octet octet octet octet

Network Address

Class Start End

A 1.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 240.0.0.0 254.255.255.255
Classifying IP Addresses
• For easy searching through different networks

• For effective management of host in a particular

network
Reserved IP Addresses

Class Start End

A 10.0.0.1 10.255.255.254
B 172.0.0.1 172.31.255.254
C 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254
Allocations of IP Address per Class

Class No. of IP Address per Max. No. of Host

Class
A 126 16777214
B 16384 65534
C 2097152 254
Subnet Mask
• It is used to set or assign a logical network within a network.

Default Subnet Mask

Class A - 255.0. 0.0

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class B - 255.255. 0.0

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Class C - 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Domain Name System
A hierarchical translation system that allows
humans to search the internet using our language
comfortable with.

It translates the human friendly domain name to

the IP Address which the computers need to
communicate with one another.
 Top Level Domain

Second Level Domain

Third Level Domain

Domain Name Servers
The Root Name Server
It contains the information that makes up the
root zone, which is the global list of top-level
domains (TLD and country code).
Domain Name Servers
The Top - Level Domain Name Server
Contains registry of the highest level of
domain names in the root zone of the DNS.
Domain Name Servers
The Authoritative Domain Name Server
Returns the complete IP address of the
website you are visiting.
 Domain Name Servers
Root Name Server

Top Level
Domain Name Server
DNS Client Resolving Name
Server

Authoritative
Name Server
How does Domain Name
System work?
 www.jru.edu?
(Fully Qualified Domain Name)) The DNS client sends a recursive
query to its Resolving Name
Server asking for IP address of
Resolving Name
the website.
DNS Client
Server
 Root Server

www.jru.edu?

Resolving Name
The Resolving Name
DNS Client
Server
Server send query to a
Root Name Server.
 Root Name Server
“.”

154.54.89.102
.edu

The Root Name Server will

DNS Client Resolving Name
Server
reply with the IP address
of a Top Domain Name
Server for .edu.
 Root Name Server

Top Level Domain

154.54.89.102 = .edu
Server

DNS Client Resolving Name

Server

The Resolving Name Server sends an iterative query to

Top Level Domain Name Server (.edu).
 Root Name Server

Top Level Domain Server

“.edu”
38.104.120.218
www.jru.edu
DNS Client Resolving Name
Server

The Top Level Domain Name Server will reply with the IP
address of a Local Name Server for jru.edu.
 Root Name Server

Top Level
Domain Server
38.104.120.218
www.jru.edu
DNS Client Resolving Name
Server
Local Name Server

The Resolving Name Server sends queries to the Local

Name Server (www.jru.edu ).
 Root Name Server

Top Level
Domain Server

DNS Client Resolving Name

Server Local Name Server
“www.jru.edu”
216.92.24.250

The Local Name Server will look up its zone file to

exactly locate the fully qualified domain name
 Root Name Server

Top Level
Domain Server

DNS Client Resolving Name

Server Local Name Server
“www.jru.edu”
216.92.24.250

The Local Name Server Replies with the IP address corresponding

to FQDN www.jru.edu to the Resolving Name Server.
 Root Name Server

www.jru.edu
216.92.24.250

Top Level
Domain Server

DNS Client Resolving Name

Server
Local Name Server

The Resolving Name Server sends to DNS client the IP

address of the local name server (www.jru.edu).
Why is DNS important?

Users do not need to memorize

the IP addresses of the
websites they would like to
visit.
REFERENCES
3G E-learning. (2018). Computer Systems Servicing: Intermediate 2nd Edition. 3G E-learning LLC.

Lowe, D. (2018). Networking all-in-One for dummies. John Wiley & Sons.

Martinković, A., Piestun, D., Fouda, H., Killings, F., & Hajj, S. (2018). Theory, Practice and Techniques
in Computer Networking Management. 3G E-learning.