CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Environmental sanitation should be greatly improved \while embarking on health education
programmes as a component of all water and sanitation programmes, improving sector institutional
capacity, and ensuring sustainable predictable and adequate financing to the sector. Ensuring efficient
management of water resources also requires pursuing trans-boundary water resources strategies and
co-operation in the sub-region vis-a-vis enhanced legislation developed and implemented lor efficient
water resources management. (Carlo, 1998) Furthermore, climate change adaptation should be
factored into water resource management mechanisms and measures to support encourage and
promote rainwater harvesting.
With respect to the provision of safe water in rural and urban areas, there is the need to provide
investments for the construction of new and rehabilitation and expansion of existing water facilities
and also strengthen public-private and NGO partnerships in water provision as well as improve
community-owned and managed water supply systems. Other strategic include facilitating the
extension of distribution networks, especially to law income consumers, intensifying hygiene
education in water service delivery and encouraging public-private partnerships in water services
delivery. (Cipolia, 1998) Strategies aimed at improving environmental sanitation should include
promoting the construction and use of appropriate and affordable domestic latrines, integrating
hygiene education into water and sanitation delivery, supporting public-private-partnerships in solid
and .quid waste management, promoting cost-effective and innovative technologies for waste
management and also developing disability-friendly sanitation facilities. (Burnett, 2000)
In realizing the objective of implementing health education as a component of all water and sanitation
programmes, the major strategy That should be employed is the incorporation of hygiene education in
all water and sanitation programmes.
An equally important strategy will be the promotion of change behaviour in relation to
ensuring open defecation-free communities. Other strategies should include the promotion of hand
washing with soap at critical times, promoting hygienic use of water at the household level and !x*
promotion of hygienic excreta disposal methods, (Georgej 2002} The policy objective to improve
sector coordination would be achieved through the adoption of a sector-wide approach to planning,
.mplemcntation, monitoring and evaluation of sector activities. The Water Directorate and the
Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Directorate should be strengthened with adequately trained
number of personnel and other resources to enable them take ownership and lead roles in the sector,
(George, 2002)

1
Sector agencies and community management structures should be given the needed capacity to enable
them to manage water resources and environmental sanitation facilities better at the various levels of
the communities. To ensure a sustainable, predictable and adequate financing, economic water charges
should be maintained. A Sanitation and Water for All (SWA] compact project should be implemented
and timely releases of approved recurrent budget to the sector should be pursued. Other non-traditional
sources of funding should also be identified and pursued white capacity building should be provided
as a continuous process, (William, 2002)
Degradation of natural resources and the environment on a global scale primarily a result
of unsustainable development models, the production and consumption patterns of the
industrialized First World, and the population growth of the Third World. The processes of
Colonization and imperialism over the past 500 years have resulted in a state of affairs whereby the
now-industrialized countries have accumulated wealth, essentially through the exploitation of cheap
labor and practically free natural resources. One of many possible examples is the recent exploitation
of bananas, cotton, and cattle for export in Central America, The consequences of environmental
degradation and ecosystem disruption arc nearly irreversible in some- cases. Fifty percent of the
Central American population will be living in poverty by the end of the present century. (Robinson,
2002)
Inadequate environmental management, including water resource management, is a result of
economic, cultural, and technological factors. The efforts of national and international organizations to
preserve the protected areas of PetEn (the region where the case study site is located) have done little
to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants to date. However, a development plan recently put into
effect in Per En by the Secretary General of Development and Planning (SEGEPLAN), with support
from the US Agency for International Development, offers hope of reversing the marginalization of
agriculture by implementing a sustainable development process in the region. (WHO, 2002|
Population growth in the region is more than five percent annually, principally due to migrations from
the rest of the country. In purely numerical terms, there is a sufficient amount of rainfall to support the
human population (more than 1,200 millimeters (mm) per year], yet the supply of rainwater is
inadequate in terms of quality and quantity for reasons related to harvesting methods and economics.
In the vast, highly porous Karst region the bodies of water have suffered a series of biological
accidents, limiting the desired level of availability of water, The agricultural soil limitations
characteristic of the region can be attributed to these factors. (WHO, 2002)
Increased access to potable water, improved environmental sanitation and hygiene education are
critical components of ensuring a good slate of health of a people.
A healthy population facilitates sustained poverty reduction and socio-economic growth.
Access to potable water has been found to contribute to improved health status. It saves time for other

2
productive activities, especially among women, and also enhances school attendance. Improved
environmental sanitation contributes significantly To the reduction and prevention of water and
sanitation-related problems such as malaria, typhoid and dysentery. The implementation of appropriate
health and hygiene promotion activities in the communities lead to reduction in communicable
diseases. (Robinson, 2002]
Critical sector policies have focused mainly on the management of water resources,
accelerating the provision of safe water and improved environmental sanitation facilities as well as
hygiene education. Although several investments in potable water and environmental sanitation
provisions have been implemented under various strategies in Ghana, most rivers which serve as
sources of potable water supply are drying up.
Most households in both urban and rural areas continue to rely on natural sources of water
(unprotected wells, lakes and rivers). Women and girls in rural areas spend a lot of time and effort to
access and provide water for their households. (Carlo, 1998)
The key issues confronting the sector include weak water resources management, inadequate access tu
quality and affordable water, inadequate access to environmental sanitation facilities, poor hygiene
practices and inadequate funding.
Addressing the above issues and challenges require that policy objectives should be pursued
within the medium-term by ensuring efficient management of water resources, accelerating the
provision of potable and affordable water.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of this research work is to investigate the impact on monthly environmental
sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment in Ijebu Ode. Lack of adequate sanitary facilities
and poor hygienic practices are common throughout the developing countries; the lowest levels of
service coverage are to be found in Asia and Africa where more than half of the rural populations are
excluded from any measurable progress in this area. Globally, 2.4 billion people, most of them in
developing countries, do not have access to improved sanitation facilities. Data collected over ten
years show that little progress has been made in reducing this number.
In general environmental sanitation covers arrangements for drainage of rainwater and
effluents, collection and disposal of garbage and removal of human excreta. The World Health
organization (WHO) defines environmental sanitation as "the control of all those factors in man's
physical environment, which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical
development, health and survival." The Millennium Development Goals [MDO] is also insuring the
environmental ,sustainability. Important indicators of the Millennium Development Goals are to

3
reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and to
achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The word environment commands a very broad meaning. It includes: air, land
and water; plant and animal life including human life; the social, economic,
recreational, cultural and aesthetic conditions and factors that influence the lives of human beings
and their communities; buildings, structures, machines or other devices made by man; any solids,
liquids, gases, odour, heat, sound, vibration or radiation resulting directly or indirectly from the
activities of man; and any part or combination of the foregoing and the inter-relationships between two
or more of them. There is a clear cause-and-effect relationship between poverty and environmental
degradation- Environmental degradation leads to widespread poverty; equally, poverty is an
habitual cause of environmental degradation as it undermines people's capacity to manage
resources wisely. Problems of underdevelopment such as poverty, ill health and others that
plague the majority of Tanzanians are as much environmental as they are developmental.
Environmental protection is therefore a social and economic necessity. It is an integral
component of sustainable development. Correspondingly, sustainable development must be the
central concept in environmental policy

1.3 BROAD OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this research work is to examine the impact on monthly environmental
sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment in Ijebu Ode
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• To identify the monuments available in Ijebu-ode,
• To determine the maintenance level of the infrastructures present in Ijebu-ode,
• To assess the sanitation culture of the public and other agencies on the infrastructures

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

* Could availability of monument have impact on the monthly environmental sanitation on
the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun State?
* Would maintenance level of infrastructure have impact on the monthly environmental
sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun
State?

4
* Could sanitation culture of the public and other agencies have impact on the monthly
environmental sanitation on ihe aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun
State?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

* That availability of monument will significantly have impact on the monthly environmental
sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun State.
* That maintenance level of infrastructure will significantly have impact on the monthly
environmental sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun
State.
* That sanitation culture of the public and other agencies will significantly have impact on have
impact on the monthly environmental sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu
Ode Metropolis, Ogun State.

1.7 DELIMITATION/SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is delimited to Ijebu ode metropolis, Area of Ogun State, This study will be
descriptive study and it will also make use of validated questionnaire which will be approved by
supervisor before final distribution.
More so, some areas under Ijebu ode metropolis will also be make use of luring the process of
the research work.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There are practical and theoretical significance for conducting this study. The fruitful outcome
of this research work will go along way in enhancing the extension of recommendations that can be
employed by health personnel (Environmental health officer). The study might also generate new
implementation strategies for further capabilities. It is also assumed that this study will attract the
interest of policy makers, ministries of Health and Education and would go along way in helping
researchers in the fields of health.

5
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Environmental Sanitation: Is a set of actions geared towards improving the quality of the
environment and reducing the amount of diseases.
Environment: its refers to the physical and biological factors along with their chemical.
Aesthetic: Is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty and taste with the creation
and appreciation.
Aesthetic Environment: is a relatively new sub-field of physiological aesthetics.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Environment (from the French word: to circle or surround) can defined as the circumstances and
conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or the social and cultural conditions that
affect an individual or community (Curringham, 2002). The concept of .Environment, is an all-
embracing term describing the terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric systems of the world. In its widest
use, it refers to all the biophysical features, organic and inorganic resources and all bio-diversity
disposable to humankind.
Barrow (1995) defines environment as the sum total of conditions within which organisms live. It is
the result of interaction between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic] parameters-According to
Schaefer and Stephens (2002), In relation to human health, the "environment" includes not only the
physical and biological elements of nature, but also human-based systems - cultural, economic,
political, Technological, spiritual and relational that make up the setting in which people live.
(ReNED, 2006).
The concept of environment encompasses all the natural resources which interlink in a
complex global ecosystem embodying many sub-systems. Disruption in such systems, which is as a
result of cumulative indiscriminate degradation which takes place in localised environments such as
villages, towns and cities, distort the delicate ecological balance and have dire consequences for
mankind, and thus provide a compelling justification for (he preservation of the environment.
This chapter looks at the relationship between economic inequality and urban environmental quality.
The cases of water and sanitation services have been chosen since they are significant determinants of
environmental quality in urban areas. Moreover, by examining water and sanitation provision, the
close relationship between access to environmental goods i.e, clean water for drinking, cooking and
bathing) and exposure to environmental bads (i.e various water pollutants, solid waste, and even
airborne faecal dust) can be explored. However, many of the conceptual issues addressed here will
also be true of other important determinants of urban environmental quality, such as the provision of
transport infrastructure and household/industrial solid waste collection ,and disposal
The case of water and sanitation also illustrates the bias which presently exists in respect to the
provision and financing of environment-related infrastructure in many of the urban areas within
developing countries. In a large number of cities "dual" systems have developed, in which a proportion
of the city's residents are served by subsidised "town" sewage collection and treatment facilities and
potable water systems, whilst another section of the city is not incorporated into the "town" system and

7
has instead developed a variety of "ensile" collective, or individual strategies through their own
efforts.
The paper is not primarily concerned with the relative "unfairness" of such a system find the
extent to which service access varies with relative economic wealth, While important, considerable
work has been already been devoted to this question, as well as the more general issues related to
relative income levels and exposure to environmental hazards. (MeuserT and Szasz 1996 )
Instead, this paper is concerned with the effect that economic inequality has on the overall
level of service provision (and thus urban environmental quality) and the effect that unequal service
provision has on the efficiency of the system as a whole.
The arguments presented in the paper have a number of policy implications. Firstly, it is
argued that poorer households are generally more adversely affected by low levels of provision and
that standard project evaluation techniques tend to perpetuate this bias.

2.1 SANITATION
The concept of sanitation has been defined in a number of ways, Mensah (2002) define
sanitation as the state of cleanliness of a place, community or people particularly relating to those
aspects of human health including the quality of life determined by physical, biological, social and
psychological factors in the environment.
Schertenleib et al (2002), define sanitation as interventions to reduce peoples exposure to
diseases by providing a clean environment in which to live and with measures to break the cycle of
disease. This usually includes hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse and
wastewater, the control of disease vectors and the provision of washing facilities for personal and
domestic hygiene. It also involves both behaviours and facilities which work together to form a
hygienic environment (World Bank, 2002).
Nyamwaya (1994) also defines sanitation as the proper disposal of human waste, i,e.
faeces and urine. It includes keeping the human environment free of harmful substances which can
cause diseases.
Wherever humans gather, their waste also accumulates. Progress in sanitation and improved
hygiene has greatly improved health, but many people stil] have no adequate means of appropriately
disposing of their waste. This is a growing nuisance for heavily populated areas, carrying the risk of
infectious disease, particularly to vulnerable groups such as the very young, the elderly and people
suffering from diseases that lower their resistance. Poorly controlled waste also means daily exposure
to an unpleasant environment.

8
Sanitation is therefore a concept explaining activities to ensure safe disposal of excreta, solid waste
and other liquid waste and the prevention of disease vectors to ensure a hygienic environment. Taking
these factors into account, the following text is offered as the working definition of sanitation.

2.1.1`SANITATION SYSTEM
Bracken, (2005) define a sanitation system as comprising the users of the system, the
infrastructure, the collection, transportation, treatment, and management of end products (human
excreta, solid waste, grey water, storm water and industrial wastewater). A sanitation system considers
all components required for the adequate management of wastes produced by humans including the
users of the system.

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

The concept of environmental sanitation refers to activities aimed at improving or maintaining
the standard of basic environmental conditions affecting the welt being of people. These conditions
include clean and safe water supply, clean and safe ambient air, efficient and safe animal, human, and
industrial waste disposal, protection of food from biological and chemical contaminants, and adequate
housing in clean and safe surroundings. Sanitation is also referred to hygiene (Business Dictionary,
2010).
According to the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) (1999).
Environmental sanitation refers to efforts or activities aimed at developing and maintaining a clean,
safe and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements. It comprises a number of
Complementary activities, including the construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, the
provision of services, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.
Environmental sanitation therefore involves controlling the aspects of waste that may lead to the
transmission of diseases. Included in the term waste management are water, solid waste and industrial
waste. According to the International Water and Sanitation Centre, the term ^environmental sanitation,
is used to cover the wide concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may
have an impact on human health and well-being (IRC, 2006. p.7). In developing countries,
environmental sanitation normally includes drains, solid waste management, and vector control, in
addition to the activities covered by sanitation (DFID, 1998].

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Environmental Management has been described as the process of allocating natural and
artificial resources in order to make optimum use of the environment in satisfying human needs at the

9
minimum and if possible, for an indefinite future. The United Nations Environmental
Programme also defines environmental management as the control of all human activities which
have a significant impact on the environment. (UNEP 2005)
MitcheE (2002) defines environmental management as the actual decisions and action concerning
policy and practices regarding how resources and the environment are appraised, protected, allocated,
developed, used, rehabilitated, remediated and restored, monitored and evaluated.
To be efficient in managing the environment, institutions have to have a good environmental
management system to provide a framework for managing environmental responsibilities in a way that
is integrated into overall operations.
Environmental Management System (CMS) refers to the management ul an organisation's
environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner. It includes
the organizational structure, planning and resources for developing, implementing and maintaining
policy for environmental protection.

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION MANAGEMENT (ESM)

Considering all the components of environment, sanitation and management, one can
deduce a definition of ESM as the process of allocating resources to ensure a hygienic environment
through service and infrastructure provision and proper disposal of waste.

2.5.1 Sustainable Development

Sustain ability has become a central theme of environmental studies and of human development and
resource use. Although the idea of sustainability has many facets, the central idea is that we should use
resources in ways that do not diminish them.
Resource and natural amenities, including wildlife, natural beauty and open spaces, should be
preserved so that future generations can have lifestyles at least as healthy and happy as ours - or
perhaps better. One of the most important questions in environmental studies is how we can continue
improvements in human welfare within the limits of the earth natural resources. A possible
solution to this dilemma is sustainable development, a term popularized in a 1987 report of the
World Commission on Environment and Development called Our Common Future. It defines
sustainable development as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Mitchel, 2002 .p74)r The concept of sustainable
development does imply limits - not absolute limits but limitations imposed by the present state of
social organization on environmental resources and by the ability of the biosphere to absorb the effect
of human activities.

10
2.6 THE NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION MANAGEMENT
Poor sanitation gives many infections the ideal opportunity to spread: plenty of waste and filth for
the flies to breed on, and unsafe water to drink, wash with or swim in.
Among human parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis (sometimes called bilharziasis) ranks second
behind malaria in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical
areas. The disease is endemic in 74 developing countries, infecting more than 200 million people, Of
these, 20 million suffer severe consequences from the disease (WHO and UNICEF, 2008). Sound
environmental sanitation management ensures that appropriate intervention are introduced and
implemented to promote behaviour change.
Poor environmental sanitation or hygiene also has tremendous economic costs. The health
impact of inadequate environmental sanitation leads to a number of financial and economic costs
including direct medical costs associated with treating sanitation related illnesses and lost income
through reduced or lost productivity and the government costs of providing health services.
Additionally, poor sanitation also leads to reduced income from tourism (due to high risk of
contamination and disease) and clean up costs, A World Bank country environmental analysis
conducted in Ghana has shown that health cost resulting from poor water, sanitation and hygiene is
equivalent to 2,1% of Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP], (UNICEF, 2008]
The significant economic benefits of good environmental sanitation are not well known; the
media often emphasise on health benefits, but the time savings and opportunity cost are equally
important stories. Environmental sanitation management ensures that there is prudent allocation of
limited resources tailored to the needs of the people to ensure economic sustainability. On the one
hand, a healthy people produce more and miss fewer days and on the other hand, a healthy community
is often a more lucrative market for goods, services and investment. livery dollar spent on improving
sanitation generates economic benefits (about nine times) that far exceed the required sanitation
investments. The cost of inaction is enormous. Achieving the MDG for sanitation would result in $66
billion gained through time, productivity, averted illness and death. It is estimated that a 10 year
increase in average life expectancy at birth translates into a rise of 0.3-0.4 per cent in economic growth
per year (WHO, 2008).
Poor environmental sanitation practices also affect the environment in diverse ways.
In regions where a large proportion of the population are not served with adequate water supply and
sanitation, sewage flows directly into streams, rivers, lakes and wetlands, affecting coastal and marine
ecosystems, fouling the environment and exposing millions of children to disease. Particularly in the
context of urbanization, indiscriminate littering, domestic wastewater, sewage and solid waste
improperly discharged presents a variety of concerns as these promote the breeding of communicable
disease vectors as a result of air, water and soil pollution.

11
Poor waste management also contribute to a loss of valuable biodiversity. In the case of coral reefs,
urban and industrial waste and sewage dumped directly into the ocean or carried by river systems from
sources upstream, increase the level of nitrogen in seawater. Increased nitrogen causes overgrowths of
algae, which in turn, smother reefs by cutting off their sunlight.
Improved environmental sanitation management reduces environmental burdens^ increases
sustainability of environmental resources and allows for a healthier, more secure future for the
population.
2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY AND GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONS
Environmental sanitation management necessarily requires the assignment of responsibilities to
specialized institutions involved in overseeing the use of natural resources. As such, a number of
institutions have been established to guide and coordinate all activities involving the appropriation of
natural resources.
Benneh (2007) argues that, the successful management of environmental resources in any
country depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the institutional arrangements put in place
by government for their management. These institutional arrangements refer to the types of
organizational units involved, such as ministries, agencies, and committees, and to the
responsibilities and authorities of these units, and the relationships between them. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
The Environmental Protection Agency is the leading public body responsible for protecting
and improving the environment in Ghana, Us job is to make sure that air, land and water are looked
after by everyone in today's society, so that tomorrow's generations inherit a cleaner and healthier
world.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) se^ks lo ensure environmentally sound and
efficient use of both renewable and non-renewable resources, to prevent, reduce, and as far as possible,
eliminate pollution and actions that lower the quality of life; and to apply the legal processes in a fair,
equitable manner to ensure responsible environmental behaviour in the country. According to
Vodounhessi (2006), the Environmental Protection Agency is very collaboration-oriented, which
weakens its regulatory abilities, There is also, a need to update enforcement procedures for sanitation
bye-laws. Some fines are "ridiculously low" and still listed in British currency (Amoaning, 2006). 2.7

2.7 POVERTY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

An examination of the relationship between economic inequality and the provision of water
and sanitation services needs to be understood in the broader context of the relationship between
poverty and the environment.

12
 There is a considerable body of literature concerned with the relationship between poverty and
environmental quality.2 The most widely-held view is that expressed in the Bruntland Report [WCED
1987), which asserts that poverty tends to generate various forms of environmental degradation:
"Those who are poor and hungry will often destroy their immediate environment in order to survive:
They will cut down forests; their livestock will overgraze grasslands; they will overuse marginal land;
and in growing numbers they will crowd into congested cities." (WCED 1987, p. 28)
This view was also expressed in the Human Development Report (1990} which describes poverty as
"one of the greatest threats to the environment." (UNDP 1990, p7).
Within this framework it is also further argued that causality runs in both directions, with
environmental degradation contributing to poverty. Since livelihoods are (directly and indirectly)
based upon the use and management of environmental resources, their degradation will lead to
poverty- by undermining the basis of the economy. As such, the goals of economic development and
environmental conservation are held to be largely complementary, mitigating the likelihood of falling
into a downward spiral of economic underdevelopment and environmental degradation. (See Durning
1989.] On the one hand, by allowing individuals, households and communities to look beyond the
immediate future, economic development will tend to relieve pressures on the environment. Whilst on
the other hand, the preservation of environmental quality and natural resource endowments will
improve prospects for long-term economic development.
At a conceptual level the poverty-environmental degradation hypothesis has come under
criticism. it is argued that while in particular contexts and for particular resources there may be a
causal relationship between poverty and environmental degradation this is by no means universally
true. Indeed, in some cases the poor may be effective guardians of the environmental resources which
are the basis of their livelihood. (Broad 1994,)
Moreover, poverty itself may act as a brake on the use of environmental resources since in
many cases degradation arises from the consumption and use of the very economic assets which define
wealth, (See Leach and Mearns 1995.) In this vein, a distinction has been made between the ''merely
poor" and the "very poor." with Ihe latter having fewer disincentives to degrade the environment in a
desperate effort to secure their own survival, while the former are more likely to be in a position to
avoid having to do so.
It is beyond the scope of this paper to review the case study evidence of the relationship
between poverty and the environment- However, at the aggregate level the empirical evidence on the
relationship between various indicators of environmental quality and income is ambiguous, although
the posited positive relationship seems to be more evident at relatively higher levels of income rather
than at very low income levels. |Sec Lucas et al 1992,. Shafik 1994, Grossman and Krueger 1995,
Holtz-Eakin and Selden 1995 and Selden and Song 1994.( 3 More specifically, the studies have tended

13
to find that a sub-set of indicators of environmental quality deteriorate with growth at lower levels of
income, but after a certain point begin to improve. Thus, although there may be a positive relationship
between some indicators of environmental quality and economic development, this does not appear to
be true at very low levels of economic development.
Moreover, it is significant that the results vary widely across measures of environmental
quality, with those effects which are most localised and immediate (ie, local air and water pollution)
tending to exhibit the most evident inverted-U relationship, and others with effects which are more
diffuse and distant in time (ie, global pollution) not exhibiting such a relationship at all. Thus, the
positive effects of income levels on environmental quality tend to be weaker the more "public" is the
environmental good. Conversely, some of the most important sources of environmental degradation at
the urban level [i.e suspended particulate matter, faecal coliform concentrations, etc.,..) do appear to
decline beyond a certain level of income. Indeed, those indicators which are most pertinent to this
study [ie, dissolved oxygen levels in water courses, lack of access to sanitation facilities, lack of
access to drinking water, etc.-.) decline monotonically with income levels.
As noted above, rather than further contribute to the general body of literature related to the
poverty-environment relationship, this paper will instead focus upon two particular aspects of the
relationship which have been disregarded to a great extent. The first is related to the paper's locus on
urban environmental degradation. Indeed, an examination of recent surveys on the poverty-
environment relationship (ie, Dasgupta and Maler 1994 and Duraiappah 1996), reveals the almost
exclusive focus on rural issues in the economics literature. This is significant, since there is good
reason to believe, that the role of poverty in encouraging environmental degradation is even weaker in
the urban context.
2.9 EQUITY AND EFFICIENCY IN THE PROVISION OF URBAN
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
This section will examine the relationship between equity and efficiency in the provision of urban
environmental services. In the first instance the "public" nature of urban water and sanitation provision
will be discussed. Following this the relative in come-in elasticity of demand for urban environment-
related services will be explored. And finally, the consequences that these characteristics have for the
relationship between equity and efficiency will be examined.
The Public Nature of Urban Environmental Quality
The urban environment is "public" in the sense that residents of an urban area share, to one extent or
another, the same environmental system. As such, residents will be exposed to some of the
same environmental "bads," For instance, although there is likely to be some (and in many cases
considerable) differentiation between levels of pollution in different parts of the same urban area,
it is generally true ihat residents will tend to share exposure to the same environmental bads. Thus,

14
while uncollected and/or untreated sewage effluent may result in pollution concentrations which
differ, depending upon the location of neighbourhoods, air flow patterns, and the course of surface
waters and groundwaters, residents in one area of a city are likely to be affected by degradation in
other areas to some extent. Analogously, the environment is "public in the sense that all residents share
the benefits from the preservation of its quality. This follows directly from the previous point since
access to some environmental goods (ie, clean surface waters, ground waters and air sheds) is merely
the absence of exposure to environmental bads i.e, solid waste and air and water pollution].
Thus, the externalities arising from inadequate water and sanitation facilities include a
variety of adverse health effects. (Cairncross 1990 for an excellent discussion.) The
estimated potential reductions in morbidity from diseases such as cholera (80-100%), typhoid
(80-100%), conjunctivitis (60%-70%)( amoebic dysentery (40%- 50%), and diarrhocal diseases
(4Q%-50%( due Lu improvements in water supply and sanitation arc considerable. (WHO 1992(. To
the extent that the community at large benefits from improved health of individuals [ie, reduced
exposure to communicable diseases, increased economic productivity, satisfaction of "moral" values,
etc...,), some of these benefits are external.
Thus, the level of provision of sewage systems in one part of the city will to some extent
determine the level of exposure to environmental bads and the degree of access to environmental
goods in other pans of the city. Even if all households are connected to a centralised drinking water
distribution system, the quality of water provided (or the costs of its provision] will depend upon the
degree of collection and treatment of household sewage.
Access to safe drinking water - whether from the public distribution system, private wells or
surface waters - is a function of the quality of the public environment. As such, while water and
sanitation services are not "pure" public goods in the sense that a large proportion of the benefits are
internal to the household, they do possess characteristic which distinguish them from private goods,

2.10 ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND THE UNEQUAL PROVISION, QUALITY AND

FINANCING OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
While the preceding section has been concerned with the effect of economic inequality on the demand
for urban environmental quality and public environmental services, this section is concerned with the
relationship between unequal provision of those services which are necessary for the preservation of
urban environmental quality (both in terms of access to services and in terms of their financing) and
the consequences that this has for urban environmental quality.

15
Economics of Scale and Increasing Treatment Costs in Urban Environmental Services
In addition to the "public" nature of urban environmental quality, the provision of water and
sanitation services possess other characteristics which distinguish it from private goods.
Most importantly their provision usually involves a collective response and not strictly a response at
the level of the individual or household. This arises from the high fixed costs and significant
economies of scale
Which exist in the provision of urban environmental infrastructure. In their purest form such
goods are natural monopolies since the marginal costs of their provision by one firm will exceed
average costs at the level of provision which is optimal. (Tirole 1988 for a general discussion of the
technological determinants of market power,) The presence of sufficient economies of scale in a
particular sector fie, such as water and sanitation services] implies that the market level of provision
will be much lower than that which is optimal.
Once again is an, approximation, but in. general it appears that there are sufficient economies
of scale in environment-related infrastructure for there to be potential for considerable market power.
For example, in the case of wastewater treatment costs Fraas and Munley (1984) find scale elasticity’s
of 0.89 with respect to investment costs and 0.79 with respect to operating costs. McConnell et al
(1988) finds overall scale elasticities of 0,7, Although these studies are derived from plants in OECD
countries it is quite likely that scale elasticities are comparable in mtiiw LDC countries, since plant
specifications are often similar and the proportion of labour costs (which are likely to differ more
widely than other factor inputs) quite low.
In addition to the existence of economies of scale in the level of provision of water and
sanitation services there is evidence to support the view that there are increasing costs with respect to
the quality of service provision for wastewater treatment. For instance, if the losts of treatment rise
more than proportionately with the level of treatment (iet it is progressively more expensive to increase
the percentage of poutanvs removed before discharge into receiving waters),n then for a given level of
expenditure average urban environmental quality and public health may be best served by standardized
-rather than differentiated-levels of treatment.
Financing of Urban Environmental Services
Environmental service provision is not only unequal in terms of access and quality, but it also tends to
be unequal in terms of its metms of financing. Reviewing a number of World Bank financed water and
sanitation projects, Serageldin (1994) found that "internal cash generation" financed 10% of costs in
1991 - a decline from 34% just three years earlier.
Anderson and Cavendish (1993) report that average tariffs for water projects represented 53% of
incremental costs between 1966 and 1981, rising to 58% for projects between 1987-1990. Overall in
developing countries, WRI (1996) estimated that consumers pay 35% of the costs of water provision.

16
Effectively, the figures imply that those residents who do have access to drinking water and sewer
connections are not paying the full costs of its provision-Conversely, neighbourhoods which are not
served by the integrated "town" system are likely to pay for the full costs of the provision of whatever
"on-sitc" system is used. From the perspective of the household these costs can be significant. Table 1
gives data on the ratio of costs per unit of consumption for users who obtain their water from vendors
and other sources relative to users of the "public" system with private connections.
Access to Environmental Services and Economic Inequality
Given these cost differences it is clear that access to water and sanitation services is not only
determined in part by relative household economic welfare, but is itself an important contributor to a
household's relative economic wealth. Indeed, in their study Leach and Mearns (1995) point out that
measures of poverty should include indicators of access to public goods. Choguiii and Choguill (1996)
point out that investment in infrastructure can be one of the most important means of raising standards
of living. Thus, connection potentially represents one of the most important economic assets
that a poor household can possess, and non-connection represents one of the most important
determinants of its lower disposable income for other goods and services. For instance, WRI (I996|
estimates that poor unconnected households can pay up to 30% of their income on water, while
connected rich households pay generally less than 2%. (Okun 1988)
Whittington et al (1991) find that poorer households (58% of the sample) spent an average of
18% of their income on water, while upper income households (classification not given) spent 2-3% of
their income. Bahl and Linn (1992) cite the case of Kingston, Jamaica where the poorest 30% of the
population spend twice as much on water as the richest 10%. Other studies find that the poor (defined
variously) can spend as much as 55% (Khartoum, Sudan; Cairncross and Kinnear 1992), 20% (Port-au
Prince, Haiti; Pass 1988), and 9% (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bahl and Linn 1992) of their income on
water.
Moreover, the relative significance of these discrepancies is even greater when it is recognised
that costs per unit are usually higher for unconnected users and/or quality of service provision usually
lower. Even ignoring external costs and benefits [iet health and environmental), the distributive impact
of access to water and sanitation services will not be reflected in either aggregate income or aggregate
expenditures. Purrher incorporating the adverse environmental and health effects of non-connection
makes the distributive impact of selective access even greater.

17
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter serves to introduce the methodology that was employed in the research study. The
research work "prospects and problems of inadequate environmental sanitation as a means
to aesthetic environment" was carried out under the following sub-headings; -
 Research Design
 Population of the Study
 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
 Instrument Design
 Validity of the Instrument
 Pilot Study
 Method Of Data Collection
 Method Of Data Analysis

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design used was descriptive survey. This method was chosen because it permits to
carefully describe and explains the variables that exist in the study, based on the data collected. Gay
and Razaria (2003) see descriptive survey as a modern of research which allowed the researcher to
interrogate with the respondents and give adequate report as it existence in the study area. Hence, this
research study is designed to take a critical look into the " impact on monthly environmental sanitation
on the aesthetic value of the environment". In attempt to find solution to this, through the results of
information gather during the course of study,

3 .2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of this study basically consists of the inhabitant of Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun State,
Some areas were selected for the purpose of this research work:-
Mobalufon
Adefisan
Molipa
Ayegbami
Fidipote

18
3.3 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The study was descriptive survey. Making use of stratified sampling techniques & simple
random sample drew the sample for the study, With the aids of simple random sampling, two
hundred and fifty respondents were randomly drawn from five areas in Ijebu Ode
Metropolis. Ogun Slate,
Thereafter, a total of (250) Two Hundred and Fifty respondents constitute the sample size for the
study.

3.4 INSTRUMENTATION
The study was descriptive survey. The instrument used for gathering information was
questionnaire which contains (18) eighteen questions related into section "A" and "B", Section "A'
contains question related to demographic.: information about the respondent while "B" is meant to
extract information on the variable understudy. It is closed type designed in line with like scale of
strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed and strongly disagreed modified rating with weight allotted to
enable respondents indicate there extent of their understanding with the statement supplied.

3.5 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

The draft of the self structured questionnaire was subjected to the approval of the project
supervisor, scholar in the Department of Environmental Health Technology and entire academicians in
the field of research methodology in other to give an approval for the questions itemized on the
questionnaire.

3.6 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

Ten (10) respondents out of the two hundred and fifty (250) were randomly selected. And ten
questionnaires were distributed to them in other to clarify the question items on the questionnaire after
the approval from the supervisor and the department. The questionnaire was pretested and re-tested by
the 10 respondents before final distribution to the total population of the respondents for clarification
on questions items to the respondents.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The researcher administered the questionnaire with her two other assistance to the respondent by
hand in their respective areas. The questionnaire was retrieved immediately in completion,
clarification on question items.

19
3.8 PROCEDURE OF DATA ANALYSIS
The questionnaires administered were collected, and codedly using both statistical count of Chi-
square method. Represented with formula, Test of hypothesis chi- square X2 =[Q-E12
E

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF DATA INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretations of the primary data gathered for
the sake of this research project, The survey was carried out in Ijebu Ode Metropolis area of Ogun
State. Two Hundred and Fifty (250) duly filled copies of a structured questionnaire were used in this
project. In the analysis of the primary data, the researcher adopted the use of tables, simple
percentage method.

4.1 ANALYSIS OF BIO - DATA OF RESPONDENTS SAMPLED (SECTION A)

TABLE 1: RESPONDENT ACCORDING TO SEX
SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Male 165 66

Female 85 34

Total 250 100

Source: Field Study, 2013

From the above table 1, it shows that 165(66%) of the respondent were male while 85(34%) of the
respondent were female.
It was shown that majority of the respondent was male, representing 66%.

21
TABLE 2: RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO AGE RANGE
AGE RANGE(Yrs) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
20-25 20 8
26-30 45 18
31-35 25 10
36-40 125 50
41 and above 35 14
Total 250 100

Source: Field survey, 2013

Table 2 above shows (hat 125(50%) of the respondent were within age group of 36-40years, 20(8%)
were within 20-25years, 45(18%) were within 26-30, 25(10%) were within 31-35ycars while 35(14%}
were within 41 and above.
It was found out that majority of the respondents were within the ages of 36-4UyearsP representing
50%.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

School Leaving Cert. 0 0

N.C.E. 70 28

HND 47 18.8

B.Sc 109 43,6

B.A 14 5.6

M.Sc 7 2.8

Others 3 1 2

Total 250 100

TABLE 3: EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

Source: Field survey, 2013

Table 3 above shows that the respondents with School Leaving Certificate education scored no
percentage, while N.C.E scored 28%; HND had 18.8%, B.Sc had 43.6%, B.A(ed) scored 5.6%, M.sc
had 2.8% and those with other qualification scored 1.2% respectively. However, respondent with
B.Sc dominated the respondents studied.
TABLE 4: MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS
MARITAL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

22
Single 40 16

Married 180 72

Widow 25 10

Widower 5 2

Total 250 1OO

Source; Field survey, 2013

Table 4 and its accompanying histogram above showed that 16% of the respondents were single while
72% were married, furthermore, the tables shows that 10% were widows an only 2% were widowers,
this reveals that most of the respondents surveyed were married and followed by single.

4.2 TESTING OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS ONE

Thai availability of monument will significantly have impact on monthly environmental sanitation on
the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun State.

According to the following questions on the research questionnaire 1-6 on the questionnaire were
used. Table 5:

23
Good environment improves Respondents Percentage %
healthful living of the people in the
community.
Agree 170 68

Disagreed 80 32

Total 250 100

Practicing sanitation every day or Respondents Percentage %

monthly leads to good
environment..
Agree 170 68

Disagree 80 32

Total 250 100

Sanitation involves interventions to Respondents Percentage %

reduce people's exposure to
diseases by providing a clean
environment.
Agree 130 52

Disagree 120 48

Total 250 100

Improper waste disposal will leads Respondents Percentage %

to poor environmental sanitation
causing unsightliness
Agre 130 52

Disagree 120 48

Total 250 100

Indiscriminate dumping of waste Respondents Percentage %

into public drains result into
flooding
destroying property and
monument
Agree 130 52

Disagree 120 48

Total 250 100

Indiscriminate disposal of solid 110 44

waste will encourage disease
vector breeding in the premises
Disagree 140 46
24
Total 250 100
Source: Field survey, 2013
It was clearly shown on the table 5 above that most of the respondents agreed that there is availability
of monument which will significantly have impact on monthly environmental sanitation on the
aesthetic value of the environment, representing 68%, 68%, 52%, 52% and 52% respectively. And
statement on "Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste will encourage disease vector breeding in the
premises1' were disagreed to accept- Therefore, based on these findings, hypothesis one was accepted.

HYPOTHESIS TWO
That maintenance level of infrastructure will significantly have impact on monthly environmental
sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun State.
According to questions on the research questionnaire 7, 8, 9 find 10 on the questionnaire was used.

Table 6:
Maintenance of Available infrastructure Respondents Percentage %
improves and solves the problem of
inadequate sanitation like the environmental
sanitation days helps to promote the beauty
of the environment

25
Agree 140 56
Disagreed 110 44
Total 250 100
Maintenance of Infrastructure improves Respondents Percentage %
and solve the problem of inadequate
sanitation and brings about beautification of
the environment
Agree 107 42.8
Disagree 143 57.2
Total 250 100
Maintaining the available infrastructure
such as clearing the drainages, clearing/
repanting our monument leads to
beautification of the environment
Agree 130 52
Disagree 120 48
Total 250 100
Non-governmental agencies should Respondents Percentage %
encourage beautification of
environment with their activities.
Agree 130 52
Disagree 120 48
Total 250 100
Planting of flowers and trees at Respondents Percentage %
public places improves the view
of the environment
Agree 130 52

Disagree 120 48

Total 250 100

Indiscriminate disposal of solid Respondents Percentage %

waste will encourage disease vector
breeding in the premises.
Agree 110 44

Disagree 140 46

Total 250 100

26
Source; Field survey, 2013
It was clearly shown on the table 6 above that most of the respondents agreed that there is maintenance
level of infrastructure which will significantly have impact on monthly environmental sanitation on the
aesthetic value of the environment, representing 56%, 42.8%. 52%, 52% and 52% respectively. And
statements on "Maintenance of available infrastructure improves and solves the problem of inadequate
sanitation and brings about beautification of the environment and Planting of flowers and trees at
public places improves the view of the environment" were disagreed. Therefore, based on these
findings, hypothesis two was accepted.

HYPOTHESIS THREE
That sanitation culture of the public and other agencies will significantly have impact on monthly
environmental sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun
State.

To lest this hypothesis, statement 11 and 12 on the questionnaire was used.

Table 7:
Public enlightenment improves Respondents Percentage %
environmental sanitation
Agree 131 52.4
Disagreed 69 27.6
Total 250 100
Awareness of Respondents Percentage %
environmental sanitation by the
community leads to the beauty of
the environment.
Agree 183 73.2
Disagree 67 26.8
Total 250 100
Are you aware that cleaning of the Respondents Percentage %
cleaning of the environment improves

27
 the environmental state in the
community
Agree 130 52
Disagree 120 48
Total 250 100
The attitude of the people either Respondents Percentage %
positive or negative could affect the
value of our monuments within the
community.
Agree 143 57.2
Disagree 107 42.8
Total 250 100

Source: Field survey, 2013

It was clearly shown on the table 7 above that most of the respondents agreed that there is sanitation
culture of the public and other agencies which will significantly have impact on appraisal of
environmental sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, representing 52.4%, 73.2%, 52%,
57.5% respectively. It was also clearly shown that the attitude of the people will negatively affects the
environment immensely. Therefore, based on these findings, hypothesis three WHS accepted.
DISCUSSION
The data collected shows chat 165 male and 85 female age group of from 20 - 41 and above arc used
for the study. The age range of 36 - 40 years dominated the study, while educational status of
respondents with Bsc,(ed) is the frequency that dominated the study. The data collected, however,
shows that 72% of the respondents were married, indicating the highest frequency of respondents in
the research study. The research study also shows that all the tested hypotheses under this study were
accepted and therefore indicated that all the hypotheses stated will have significant effect on
availability of monument which will significantly have impact on the monthly environmental
sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment, using Ijebu Ode Metropolis, Ogun Slate.
From the responses and information gathered through the questionnaire, effective availabilitv of
infrastructure and sanitation practices should be done to beautify the environment. Both male and
female respondents are aware that educating the inhabitant either in mass or individually on the
practices and cleaning of the environment will reduce and avert the poor environmental sanitation.

28
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is the concluding chapter of this project and therefore, it presents the summary of
findings, conclusion of the study, as well as recommendations of the researcher.

5.1 SUMMARY
The major findings of this study focused on the knowledge and attitude usage of integrated treated net
among people of Ijebu Ode metropolis Area of Ogun State. Three hypotheses were formulated and
tested using chi - square method of data analysis. The study was discussed under five chapters.
Chapter one was based on the introduction, statement of the problem, research questions and
hypotheses, delimitation of study, limitation of study, significance of the study and the definition of
operational terms used in the project work.
Chapter two of the study dealt with review of the literature carried out in series of opinion on
monthly environmental sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment
Three consisted of the method and procedure used in the collection and analysis of data. The
chapter also includes the research design, population of the study, sample and sampling
techniques, procedure for data collection and procedure for data analysis. However, the descriptive
survey design was used for the study and well-structured questionnaire was used to sample 250
29
respondents. The descriptive statistics of mean frequency and percentage were used to analyze the data
collected while chi - square statistical formula was used to test the null hypotheses at U.05 aplha (ct)
level of significance.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS
This research work has afforded by me the opportunity to have a critical look on the impact on
monthly environmental sanitation on the aesthetic value of the environment using the Ijebu Ode
metropolis. Since Ijebu ode is the study area and from responses got from questionnaire sent across the
community, if people can change and focus on positive healthful living by putting an end to poor
environmental sanitation and poor living habit, not living in over-crowded and dirty environment,
making adequate use of health facilities i.e. spraying of insecticide, planting of flowers to
beautify the environment and also maintaining adequate infrastructure to sustain the environment
within Ijebu Ode Area of Ogun State, there is possibility of total neatness and beautification of the
environment within the community, normally it is opined that this research will not be useful for Ijebu
ode community alone but for the Local Government, State Government and to the country as a whole.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the finding form the research study, the following recommendation were
drawn
 Inform citizens about source separation and recycling, and the needs of waste workers,
 Promote recycling industries and enterprises.
 Advocate key area for waste reduction at the manufacturing level
 Waste generation and waste reduction reflect many complex economic and social factors- No
city or town can adopt recommendation in a vacuum waste and the potential for extending
waste reduction; there are many possible ways to implement the general dictum that waste
reduction should be the firm principle of solid waste management..

30
 REFERENCES

Burnett White, Natural History of Infectious Diseases

Carlo M Cipolla, (2000) Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000-1700,
W.W, Norton and Company, London (1980) ISBN 0-393-951 15-4

Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water And WasTewater Application, edited by Z.

Ujang, IWA Proceedings, Malaysia (2003)

Ehlers, Victor (2001}- Municipal and rural sanitation. New York; McGraw-Hill book company, inc.

Heller, Leo, and Jose Esteban Castro (2009), Water And Sanitation Services : Public Policy And
Management, n.p.: Earthscan. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 14 Nov. 2012.

George. Rose (2008), The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable Worts of Human Waste and
Why it Matters, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henrey Holt and Company.

George Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith (2002), Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw
Hill

Amy; and Tim Gray (2009). Governance Of Water And Sanitation In Africa : Achieving
Sustainable Development Through

31
Partnerships, n.p.: I.E. Tauris, 2009, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 14 Nov. 2012. '
www. victorianweb.org/ history/ chadwick2.html

WHO and UNICEF (2012), Types Of Improved Drinking-Water Source On The Jmp Website, WHO,
Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on June 10,

WHO and UNICEF (2012) Progress on Drinking-water and Sanitation: 2012 Update, WHO, Geneva
and UNICEF, New York.

WHO and UNICEF Progress on Drinking-water and Sanitation: (2012) Update, WHO. Geneva and
UNICEF, New York, page 2
WHO and UNICEF Progress on Drinking-water and Sanitation; 2012 Update, WHO, Geneva and
UNICEF, New York, page 5

World Health Organization and UNICEF. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus
on Sanitation.

WilUam D. Robinson (1986). The Solid WasteHandbook A Practical Guide, John Wiley and sons

QUESTIONNAIRE ON IMPACT ON MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ON

THE AESTHETIC VALUE OF THE
ENVIRONMENT IN IJEBU ODE METROPOLIS

Instruction: Please the confirmation will be treated in confidence so your co-operation will be highly
appreciated, please supply answers to these questions by putting a tick in the appropriate boxes

SECTION A (BIO - DATA)

Sex: Male Female

Age: 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41 and above

Educational status school leaving certificate N.C.E

HND holder B.Sc (ed) B.A (ed)

M.Ed. Others

Marital status: Single Married widows

Widower

32
SECTION B

Please indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statement,
SA - Strongly Agree, A - Agree, D - Disagree, U -Undecided SD -Strongly

S/ Variables A SA D SD
N
1. Good environment improve healthful living of the people in the
community.
2 Practicing sanitation every day or monthly leads to good
environment.
3 Sanitation involves interventions to reduce people's exposure to
diseases by providing a clean environment.
4 Improper waste disposal leads to poor environmental sanitation
causing un sightlines
5 Indiscriminate dumping of waste into public drains result into
flooding destroying property and monument
6 Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste will encourages disease
vector breeding in the premises.
7 Government policy on environmental sanitation like the
environmental sanitation days helps to promote the beauty of the
33
 environment
8 Maintenance of available infrastructure improves and solves the
problem of inadequate sanitation and brings about
beautification of the environment.
9 Public enlightenment improves environmental sanitation
10 Awareness of environmental sanitation by the people living within
the community leads to the beauty of the environment
11 Are you aware that cleaning of the environment.
will improve the environmental state in the community?
12 Improper waste disposal will leads to poor environment which
could breeds vectors.
13 Maintaining the available infrastructure such as clearing the
drainages and cleaning/repainting our monuments leads to
beautification of the environment
14 Non- governmental agencies should encourage beautification of
environment with their industry citation.
15 The attitude of the people either positive or negative could affects
the value of our environment within the community
16 Planting of flowers and trees at public places improves the view of
the environment

34
35