Chapter 5 Digital Filter Design

5.1 Preliminary concepts

Filter design: steps

Ideal filters

Generalized linear phase (GLP) filters

Fractional delay

5.2 GLP-FIR Filter Design using windowing

Windowing techniques

Effect of windowing on the frequency response

Design with rectangular window

Using non-rectangular windows

Kaiser window method

Filter design beyond LPF.

Optimum filters: Parks-McClellan method

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

Behavioral
Frequency response: H(ejω)
- Tolerance or MSE
Specification
- Flatness, linear phase,
compensation
Selective filter Compensation

Obtain H(z) that meets the

specification
B(z )
H (z ) = H ( z) = B ( z)
Approximation A(z )
Usually leads to rational H(z)
(realizable with: ⊕ ⊗ memory Options: IIR and FIR
blocks)

Algorithm: computing y[n] from Realization with: ⊕ ⊗ and memory

Realization x[n] and initial conditions blocks (discrete values)

Digital HW + D/A, A/D

Construction HW/SW executing the algorithm
Processor (+ SW program)

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

• Goal: Let pass/reject some frequency bands

• Ideal system: No distortion.

Distortion-free
System

• Measuring phase linearity: group delay

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

• The only ideal system (distortion-free) is an all-pass system

• A frequency-selective ideal system only avoids distortion in the pass-band.
Ideal (frequency selective)

amplitude K amplitude K

pass-band

reject-band reject-band

linear phase
linear phase

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

• Phase discontinuities do not introduce distortion

• We can admit such systems as ideal

• The requisite of Linear Phase is relaxed into Generalized Linear Phase

Linear Phase (LP):

Generalized Linear Phase (FLG):

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

• Example.

real · linear

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

• Example

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

Sufficient condition for a system to have GLP

• Impulse response real and symmetric:
Even symmetry: h [n ] = h [2α − n]

Odd symmetry: h [n ] = − h [2α − n ]

2α odd
2α even
4 different cases: α +1/2 integer
α integer

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Filter design: steps

• FIR Filters are categorized using these specific cases:

h [n ] M = 2α

M even M odd
1
α integer α + integer
0 α M 2

Even
h [n] = h [M − n]

Symmetry

Odd
h [n ] = − h [M − n]

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

Universidad de Málaga. Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones PDS-Ch. 5. Digital Filter Design 10

 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

We use time shifting by α (integer) samples

Phase is still linear

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

what if α is not an integer?

Phase is still linear

Universidad de Málaga. Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones PDS-Ch. 5. Digital Filter Design 12

 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

what if α is not an integer?

Universidad de Málaga. Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones PDS-Ch. 5. Digital Filter Design 13

 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

what if α is not an integer?

Universidad de Málaga. Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones PDS-Ch. 5. Digital Filter Design 14

 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

what if α is not an integer?

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

Keeps linear phase

Keeps symmetry

Keeps linear phase

Keeps symmetry

fractional
delay
Keeps linear phase
DOES NOT KEEP symmetry

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 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

Universidad de Málaga. Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones PDS-Ch. 5. Digital Filter Design 17

 5.1 Preliminary concepts. Fractional delay.

Fractional delay filter

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