LST

BARQUSTI
ONS&ANSWERS

COHORT ….
D.Jr
.
12/
16/
2019

“iti
snoteverymanwhohast heabil
it
ytodefendhimselfonhisown…Hemaybet ongue
ti
edornervous,confusedorwantinginintel
li
gence…Weseei tev
eryday.AMagi strate
saystoaman“ youcanaskanyquestionyoulike”Wher
euponthemanimmedi at
elystarts
tomakespeech.Ifjusti
ceist
obedone,heoughtt ohavehelpofsomeonetospeakf or
him”LordDenning,
M. RinPet
tvs.GreyhoundRacingAssoci
ati
onLtd[
1969]1QB125
 Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
Not
abl
eofcont
ent
sentr
iesf
ound.
 1

Quest
ion:Whati
sther
elat
ionshi
pofabankerandCust
omer
?

Therel
ati
onshi
pofaBankerandCustomeri
sthatofcredi
tor
anddebtor
.SeeShel
don’
sPract
iceandLawofBanking,pp
186-
187.

Quest
ion:
Def
inet
heGar
nisheeOr
der
.

TheGar ni
sheeor deri sorderoft heCour t, Obtainedby
j
udgmentcr editorat tachi
ngf undsi nt hehandoft hi
r dpar ty
whoowest hej udgmentcr edi tormoney ,war ningt het hi rd
par t
yt hegar nisheenott oreleaset hemoneyat t achedunt i
l
directedbyt hecour tt odoso.SeeShel don’ sPr act i
ceand
LawofBanki ng, page195.( Simpl y:Gar nisheeOr deri st he
OrderofCour tser vedonaGar nisheeat tachingadebti nhi s
hands.Gar ni sheei saper sonwhohasbeenwar nedbya
Cour tt opayadebtt oat hi
rdpar tyr at hert hant ot heowner )
.
Not es: BankerandCust omer–dut yofsecr ecy .Thegui di
ng
caseont hissubj ecti sTouni erv s.Nat ional Prov incial Bank
(1923)i nt hiscaset hecour thel dt hatt hebanker ’
sobl i
gat i
on
secr ecyr egar dinghi sCust omer ’saf f airswasal egalone
arisingoutofcont racti mpliedi nther el
at i
onofBankerand
cust omer ,butt hatt hedut yofsecr ecyi snotabsol utebuti s
qual i
fied.TheCour tci t
edthef ol
lowi ngqual if
icat i
onsas
exampl es: a).wher ethe
disclosur eisundercompul sionbyl aw; b).
wher etherei sadut yt opubl i
ct odi scl ose;
c).wher ether ei sint erestoft heBankr equi r
edi sclosur e;and
d).wher ediscl osur ei smadebyexpr essori mpl iedconsent
 of
cust
omer
.
Questi
on:Whati
saComposi
ti
onofHi
ghCour
twhent
ryi
ng
t
reasontr
ial
?

-
Thecompositi
onofaHi ghCourtwhentr
yingatr
easontri
al
i
sasingl
eJudgesi t
ti
ngwi t
h2assessor
s.SeeSalum A.
Ki
nongi
levs.Republ
ic[1992]TLR349pg.351.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sthecomposi
ti
onofCommer
cial
Cour
t?

-Thecomposit
ionofcommer cialCourti
ssingl
eJudge
sit
ti
ngwith2assessors.Howev er
,assessorsdositwi
tht
he
j
udgeatoptionoftheparti
es.N.B.suchassessorsmust
havetheknowledgei
nar eawhosemat t
erisbef
oretheCour
t.
Quest
ion:
WhatLawdoesest
abl
i
shCommer
cial
Cour
t?

-
Commer ci
alCourtwasestabli
shedbyt
heHighCour
t
Regist
ry(Amendment )Rul
esof1999.
N.B.HighCourtRegist
ryRules,
1984est
abl
i
shesHighCour
t
Regist
ry.

Quest
ion:
Ment
ionf
ivet
ypesofcasest
ri
edbyCommer
cial
Cour
t.

-
Commer ci
al Courtt
riescasesconcer
ning
1.Banking,
2.Admiralt
y,
3.TradeMar ks,
4.I
nsurance; and
5.Commer cialContracts.

2
Quest
ion:WhatistheComposit
ionofHi
ghCour
twhent
ryi
ng
HomicideCasesinTanzani
a?

Thecomposit
ionofHi
ghCourtwhentr
yingHomici
deCases
i
nTanzaniai
ssingl
eJudgesit
ti
ngatl
eastwit
h2assessors.
SeeSect
ion265ofCri
minalPr
ocedur
eActCap.20of[R.
E
2002]
.

Quest
ion:Whati
saComposi t
ionofHighCour
twhenhear
ing
def
amat i
oncaseunderNewspaperAct.

Thecompositi
onofHi ghCour
twhenhearingadefamati
on
caseunderNewspaperActisasingleJudgesit
ti
ngwit
hat
l
east2assessors.CheckNewspaperActAct.1976Cap229
[R.
E2002].Par
tVIsect i
on38t
o47

Quest
ion:
Whati
saccel
erat
edt
ri
al?

Anaccel er
atedt r
iali
spr ovidedundersection192oft he
CriminalProcedureAct .185Cap. 20[R.
E2002] .Ithassome
meani ngaspr eli
minaryhear i
ngbydef i
nit
ion;accel
erated
tr
ialmeansapr ocedurei ncriminal
casesinwhi chthecourt
determinesmat terswhi charenotindisputeasbet weenthe
parti
es. N. B.Thepurposeofaccel er
atedtri
al
i
st ospeedupt hecri
mi nal t
ri
als.

Quest
ion:
Whatar
ecaseswher
etheCour
tssi
twi
thassessor
s?

- Pr
imaryCourt
s–Magi st
ratesi
nPrimaryCourt.Cour
tin
Ci
vi
landCriminal
Cases,t
hatis,
PrimaryCourtMagist
rate
i
srequi
redi
nLawt ositwit
hassessorsinal
lcivi
land

3
 cr
iminal
casesseesect
ion7ofMagi
str
ateCour
tAct1984
Cap.11[R.
E2002.

Hi
ghCour
t:hi
ghcourtj
udgesar
erequi
redt
osi
twi
thassessor
sin
t
hefol
l
owingcases;

I
) Homi
cide

I
I) Tr
eason

I
II
) Def
amat
ion

I
V) Economi
ccr
imecases

Commer
cial
Cour
t:

Thecommer ci
alCour
tJudgedoessi twit
hassessor s.
Howev er,parti
esmayagr eet
hej udgetosital onesince
si
t t
ingwithassessorsdependonwhet herpart i
esdoconsent
ornot. N.Banswerisnotexhaust i
veseef ur
ther
discussi
onr egardi
ngRM’ sCourtandDi st
rictCour t
.The
ResidentMagi str
atewit
hextendedj uri
sdi
ct i
ont otrycri
minal
casest r
iabl
ebyt heHighCourt.

Questi
on:Namedi
ffer
entsent
encest
hatcanbegi
vent
oaper
son
convi
ctedofcr
imi
naloff
ence.

Generall
yspeaking,t
hetypeofpunishment/sentencetobe
gi
vent oaper sonconvi
ctedofcri
minalof
fencei nanycase
i
sdetermi nedbypenalt
yprovi
sionsExample:Penal Code
Cap.16.Asf arastheSubordi
nateCourtareconcer ned
pr
ovidesthef oll
owi
ngtypeofpunishment/sentences

4
 *Deat
h;RM wi
thext
endedj
uri
sdi
cti
on
*
impri
sonment
;
*
Corporal
puni
shment;

*Fine;
*Forfei
tur
e;
*PaymentofCompensat ion;
*Orderoffindi
ngsecuri
tytokeeppeaceandbegoodof
behav i
or; *Probat
ion;
*Costsaspersect i
on345ofCr i
minalProcedur
eAct
.Cap20;
*Poli
cesuper v
isi
on

Notes:-Thecour
tmayimposesentenceot hert
hanthat
provi
dedby stat
uteseesecti
on27(3)ofthePenalCode
Cap16t hati
sapersonli
abletoi
mprisonmentmaybe
summonedt opayfi
neinsteadofi
mpr i
sonment.

ThecourtsPowert osent
enceisprov
idedbysection170of
TheCr i
minalProcedur
eActCap.20.
Also,t
heCour t
’spowertoimposeCorpor
al puni
shmentis
l
imitedbyprovisi
onsoftheCorpor
alPunishmentAct,Cap17.

Quest
ion:HowResi
dent
sMagi
str
ates’
Cour
thear
stheOr
gani
zed
Cri
meOf f
ences?

General
lyof
fencesundertheEconomicandOrganizedCr i
me
Control
Act,1984Cap200ar etri
edbytheHi
ghCour tafter
theDPPConsent stobetr
ied.HoweverCour
tssubordinate
totheHighCourtmayhearOr gani
zedCri
meoffencesiftwo
thi
ngsaredone;thus:

i
).DPPl
i
kei
ntheHi
ghCour
tmustgi
veconsentf
or
5
pr
osecut
ionoforgani
zedcr
imecasepersect
ion26ofAct
No.13of1984.

i
i).DPPmusti ssuecer tifi
cateconf err
ingj urisdict i
ont oRMs’
Cour ttot ryOr ganizedCr i
mescaseaspersect ion12( 3A)of
ActNo.13of1984asamended. N.BGener all
ythe
j
ur i
sdictiont ohearanddet ermineeconomi ccr imecasesi s
vestedi nhi ghCour tofTanzani a.Seesect ion3( 1)ofActNo.
13of1984.Thecour tsi tsasEconomi cCr imesCour tper
section3( 2)oft hesameAct .Theconst i
t utionoft he
Economi cCr imesCour tisjudgeoft heHi ghCour tandt wo
l
aymember s.Seesect i
on4oft heAct .
Not i
ce:sect ion26oft heEconomi candor gani zedCr ime
Cont rolAct ,1984pr ov idesf ortherequirement sofDPP
consentbef or einst i
tutingcr iminaltr
ialsi nr espectof
criminal offences.Sect ion26( 2)ofthesameActempower s
DPPbyNOTI CEpubl ishedi nt heGazettet odel egat esome
ofhispower sint hisr efer r
edt oStateAt tor neybyspeci fyi
ng
Economi cof fenceswhi chr equirehisper sonal consentand
thoset hatcanbeconsent edbysomeSt ateAt torney .By
Gov ernmentNot iceNo.191/ 1984theDPPr eser v edt ohi s
ownconsentt hepr osecut ionofof f
encesspeci fiedi nPar t1
oftheSchedul et ot heNot iceanddel egat edt oSt ate
Attorneyi n-chargeoft heZoneorRegi oni nwhi cht he
Organi zedof fencet ookpl ace.Thepowert oconsentt o
prosecut ionofof fencesspeci fi
edunderPar t11oft he
Schedul et ot heNot ice.Exampl esareof fencesunderThe
Wi l
dlifeConser vationActdof al
lundert heSchedul et o
Gov ernmentNot iceNo.191/ 1984.

6
Questi
on:WhatCour twi
lldoundert
hef ol
l
owi ngcircumst
ances;
a)
.witnesstakeoat
hbutrefusestogiv
eev i
dence.
b)
.Accusedr ef
usestopl
ea.
C).Accusedret
ract
sorrepudiat
eshisconfession.

Thewi tnesswhot akesoat hsbutr efusest ogiveev idencei s

knownasr ef r
act orywi tness.I fawi tnesshav i
ngbeenswor n
oraffir
medr efusest oansweranyquest ionsputonhi mt he
courtwi l
ladjour n’thecasef oraper iodofnotmor et han
ei
ghtday s, andmayi nmeant i
mecommi tsuchper sont o
pri
son, unlesshesoonconsent st odowhathei sr equi reof
him seesect ion199( 1)ofCr iminal Procedur eActCap20.Be
i
tnot edthat ,t
hecour twi lldosoi fthewi tnessoffersno
suffi
cientexcuse.Agai nstifaf teradj our nment ,thewi tness
continuoust or efuset oanswerquest ionsputt ohi mt he
casewi llbeadj ournedf oraper iodnotexceedi ngei ghtday s
andt hewi tnesswi llbecommi ttedt opr isonaspersect i
on
199(2)oft heCPA.Al ternativelyt hecour tmaycommi tsuch
witnessforcont emptofcour tundersect ion114( b)ofPenal
Codeandbel iableonconv ictiont oi mpr isonmentf orsi x
mont hsoraf inenotexceedi ng( 500/ =)fiv ehundredshi ll
ings.

Fur
therdi
scussi
on:-Ot
herci
rcumst
ancesf
all
ingunderr
efr
act
ory
wit
nessareinsect
ion199oftheCPAandtheseare:

i
).Whereawi
tnessr
efusestobeswor
noraffi
rmed;or
i
i)
.Whereawit
nessref
usesornegl
ect
stoproduceany
document
sorthi
ngswhichheisr
equi
redt
oproduce,or

i
ii
).Wher
ewit
nessrefusest
osignhi
sdeposit
ions.
Astowhatwr
itcoul
dbeappliedi
n(i
)to(
ii
i)above,r
efert
he
7
 abovediscussi
oni
.e.secti
on199(
1)oftheCPAandsect i
on
199(2)ofthesamewillappl
yoralt
ernat
ivel
ysect
ion114(b)
ofthePenalCodemayappl y.

(b).Ift hewi t
nessr efusest hepl easect ion228( 4)CPA, 1985
willappl y.Thesect ionpr ovidest hati ftheaccusedper son
refusest oplead, thecour tisrequi redt oent erapl eaofno
guilt
y .Howev er, bef oreent eri
ngapl eaofwhatgui ltyunder
section228( 4)ofCPAt heCour tisr equiredt ohol dani nquir
y
i
nt oaccused’ sr efusal t
opl eaormut enessi nor dert osat isf
y
i
tselfwhet hert heaccusedst andsmut eoutofmal i
ceor
throught hev i
sitat ionofGod.I fitisf oundt hatt heaccused
standsmut eoutofmal iceorr efuset opl ea,theMagi strate
willent erapl eaofnotgui lt
y’andpr oceedt ot r
yt hechar ge.
Butwher etheaccuseddoesnotpl eat oachar georst ands
mut ebyt hev isitationofGod, say ,ifhei sdeafanddumbor
i
ssuf feri
ngf rom somedeceaseoft hemi ndori ssodeaf
thathecannothearwhent hechar gei sr eadov ertohi m
suchanaccusedper soncan, ifhei ssane, betriedi fhecan
readorwr i
teori fi ntell
igencecanbeconv eyedt ohi m by
signsorsy mbol s.SeeAMagi stratesManual byJust ice
Chipet a,page32. (
C).i ftheaccusedr etract sor
repudi ateshi sconf essiont hecour ti srequi redt oascer tain
i
tsr eliabil
it
yand, orseekcor r
obor at ion.;thecour tofAppeal
ofTanzani ai nShi hobeSeni &Anot herv s.Republ ic[ 1992]
TLR330sai dthatwher econf essionsar er epudi atedt hen
therei saneedf orascer tainthei rreliabili
t yandorseek
corrobor ation.

Buthowascer
tai
ningr
eli
abi
l
ityofr
epudi
atedorr
etr
act
ed
8
confessioncanbedone?Itmaybedonebyholdi
ngani
nqui
ryf
or
subordinat
eandtri
alwit
hintr
ial
forhi
ghcour
t.

Andhowcanevi
dencecor
robor
ati
ngr
epudi
atedorr
etr
act
ed
conf
essi
oncanbesought
?

*TheCour tmayseekt heevidencecorroborati

ngrepudi
ated
orretract
ingconfessi
onbyor der
ingt
hepr osecut
iontocall
witnesscorrobor
atingrepudiatedorr
etractedconfessi
on.

Quest
ion:Whoar
eexcl
udedwhenHi
ghCour
tconductt
ri
alwi
thi
n
t
ri
al?

Whent
heHighCourtconduct
str
ial
wit
hinat
ri
alassessor
s
ar
e excl
uded.

(
ii
).Whyassessor
sar
eexcl
udedwhent
heHi
ghcour
tconduct
s
t
ri
alwit
hintr
ial
?

Tri
alwithintri
alinv
olvesonl
ymat tersonpointofmat t
erof
Law.Itdoesnoti nvol
vemat t
ersonpoi ntoffactthati
swhy
assessorsar eexcl
udedwhenHi ghCour tconductstri
al
withi
ntrial
.Itwouldappealal
sot hatassessorsareexcluded
whenHi ghCour tconductst
ri
al wit
hintri
albecausethesame
mayi nf
luenceassessors’opi
nionatt heincl
usionofhearing
themaincase.

Quest
ion:WhatCour
tshoul
ddowhent
heconv
ictofmur
deri
s
pr
egnantwoman?

Secti
on197ofthePenalCodeCap16prov i
deforthe
puni
shmentofmurderthati
s,deat
hsentence.Theprov
iso
tosecti
on26(
1)ofPenalCodeexoner
atesthepregnant

9
 womanwhoi saconv ictofmurderf r
om deat hsent ence.The
Provi
siontotheprov i
sotosection26( 1)inthePenal Code
prov
idesthat,wheretheCour ti
ssat i
sfiedthatthewoman
convi
ctedofanof fencepunishablewi t
hdeat hi
spr egnant
suchcourtshallpassonherasent enceofimpr isonmentf or
l
ifei
nsteadofasent enceofdeat h.

Questi
on:Explai
nthefoll
owi
ng:
(
a).Suspendedsentence
(
b).Omnibussentence

a).Suspendedsent enceaspersect i
on25( g)oft
hePenal
Codei st hatmodeofpuni shmentt hatresemblesthatof
condi t
ionaldischarge.Itari
sesinacasewher eanaccused
personi sconv ict
edofanof f
enceot herthanthatspeci
fiedin
Schedul eVIi ntheMi ni
mum Sent encesAct ,1972andno
previousconv i
cti
onispr ovedagainstsuchconv i
ctedper son.
Iftheset woci r
cumst ancesexist
, t
heCour tmaypassa
sentenceofi mprisonmentbutor derthatthewholeorany
partofi tsuspendedf oraper i
odnotexceedi ng3y ear
son
suchcondi t
ions,suchascost sorcompensat i
onbepai dby
theof f
enderorot herwi
seast hecour tmayspecifyinsuch
order.

b).Omnibussentenceisasi ngl
esentenceforallof
fencesof
whichanaccusedper sonhasbeenf oundguilti
nasi ngl
e
tr
ial
. Note:AccordingtoJusti
ceChipetain
Magist
rate’
sManual pages140t o141, i
tiswrongtopass
Omnibussentencewher etheaccusedper soninconvict
ed
ontwoormor ecountsi ntri
albecausethesentencemustbe

10
 passedoneachcountsepar
atel
y.

Quest
ion:Whoar
eexempt
edf
rom deat
hPenal
ty?

*
thef
oll
owi
ngconv
ict
sar
eexempt
edf
rom deat
hpenal
ty:

(i
).Pr
egnantwoman.Seeprov i
sotosecti
on26(1)Penal
Code.
(i
i
).Apersonwhoi ntheopi
nionoftheCourti
sunder
ei
ghteenyearsofageasperprovi
sionofsect
ion26(2)
ofthePenalCodeCap.16

Whati
stheCer
ti
fi
cat
eofdel
ay?

*TheCertif
icateofdel
ayisthecertif
icat
eofassuranceof
completenessofrecordofproceedingissuedbyregistr
arof
HighCourtundert heprov
isotorule.Secti
on3(1)ofCour t
AppealRulestoapar tywhowant stoappealagainstthe
deci
sionofHi ghCourttoCourtofAppeal ofTanzania.

Quest
ion:Whatremedyisav
ail
abl
ewhenpar
tyi
saggr
iev
edby
t
heawar dofAr
bitr
ator
?

*Arbi
trat
ionisgovernedby2ndScheduletoCivilProcedure
Code,Cap33.1966andt heArbit
rat
ionOrdinance,Cap15
R1( )of2ndSchedul
i etoCPCpr ovi
desparti
est oanysui t
i
ntervi
ewedmayagr eethatanymatterindif
ferencebetween
them ref
erredt
oAr bit
rat
ion.Theparti
esundert hi
ssubr ul
e
arerequi
redtoapplytoCour tf
ororderofrefer
encebef ore

11
 pr
onouncementofj
udgment
.

Wher etheagreementt oreferthemattertoArbit

rati
onshoul
dbe
fi
led?
Rule1(1)and17( 1)of2ndScheduleofCPCar et otheeff
ectt
hat
theapplicat
ionreferthemat t
erindi
fferencebetweenthepar
ties
bef i
l
edi ncourthavingjur
isdi
ctioni
nthemat tertowhich
agreementr el
ated.

Correctanswer:
thedecisi
onofanAr bi
tr
atori
sfi
naland
bindsont hepar
ti
esandper sonscl
aimi
ngunderthem
respecti
vely
.SeetheArbit
rati
onOrdi
nanceCap15.

WhoappointArbit
rator?Rul
eIIof2ndSchedul
etoCi v
ilPr
ocedur
e
Codecap.33requiresarbi
tr
atortobeappointedinsuchmanner
asmaybeagr eeduponbyt heparti
es.Howev er
,theCourt
,has
powertoappointArbit
rat
orincert
aincasesfall
i
ngofunderr.5(1)
nd
(a)
-(
c)of2 Schedul etoCivi
lProcedureCode.

Whatar egroundsforsetti
ngasidetheawardofar bit
rator?
*Generall
y,t
heawar dbecomesv oidift
hear bi
tr
atortheUmpi r
e
fai
l
st oconsideri
tafterhavi
ngbeenr emitt
edtoeitheroft hetwo.
Buttheawar dwil
lonlybesetasideont hefoll
owinggr ounds
fal
l
ingunderr .
15(1)(a)-
(c)of2ndScheduletoCPC, namel y:

a).Wherethear bi
tratororUmpi r
ebecomescor r
uptor
misconductsofhimsel f;
b).Whereeit
herpar tytoar bi
tr
ati
onf raudulent
lyconceal
s
anymat t
erwhi chisrequiredtobedi sclosedtoarbit
rat
oror
Umpireoreitherpar t
ywi l
l
full
ymi sl
eadsordecei vesthe
Arbi
trat
ororUmpi re;and

12
 c).I
ftheawardismadeaf tertheCourti
ssuedtheorder
supersedi
ngArbi
trat
ionandpr oceededwit
hthesuitori
fthe
awardismadeaf t
ertheexpirati
onoftheperi
odall
owedby
theCourtorbei
ngotherwiseinvali
d.

Whathappenswher
eanawar
dbecomesv
oidori
ssetasi
de?

r.15( 2)ofthe2ndSchedul et oCi v i

l Procedur eCodeCap. 33
providest hatwhent heawar dbecomesv oidori ssetaside
theCour ti
sobl i
gedt omaket heor dersuper sedingt he
arbit
rationandt opr oceedwi ththesui t.Deci si
onofan
arbit
ratorist oawar dandbi ndi ngnoonl ytopar tiesbutto
personscl aimingundert hem r espect ively.
Andasr egar dstothequest i
onont her emedyav ai
labl
efora
partyaggr ievedbyt heawar dofar bitr
at i
ont heCi vi
l
Procedur eCodei ssilent.Sincet hedeci si
onoft heawar dof
arbit
ratorisunderr .21( 1)pr onouncedbyt heCour twhich
madet heor derofref erencet oar bitr
at i
ont of ol
lowt her
efore
thatthepar t
yaggr i
ev edbyawar dofar bit
ratormaypr ef
er
appeal tot heHighCour t.Howev eraf terthej udgmenti n
respectofawar dispr onouncedbyt heCour tnoappeal will
beent ertainedfrom t hedecr eeexceptwher esuchdecr eeis
anexcessofornoti naccor dancewi t
ht heawar d.Seesub
nd
rule(2)ofr ule21oft he2 Schedul etoCi vilProcedureAct
Cap.33.Al soreadsect i
on74ofCPC

Quest
ion:Whati
spr
obat
ion?

Probati
onorder
saregov er
nedbythePr
obationofOff
enders
Act,Cap247oftheRevisedLawandProvi
sionsofsect
ion
337oftheCriminal
ProcedureAct
,Cap20.Probat
ionorder
13
 i
sdef i
nedbysect i
on2ofCap.247t omeanpr obat ionorder
madeundert hepr ov i
si onsoft heOr dinancepl acingt he
peopl eundert hesuper vi
sionofapr obat i
onof fi
cer .
Not es:Pr obationof f
iceri sdefinedundersect ion2ofCap
247t omeanpr obat i
onof fi
cerappoi ntedundert he
prov i
sionsofsect i
on15oft heCap.247.Sect ion3oft he
Cap247pr ov i
dest hatwher eaCour tafterconv ictinga
personofanof fenceot herthant heof fencespeci fiedunder
theschedul et ot heMi nimum Sent encesAct ,1972, anditis
oftheopi niont hathav ingregar dtoy outhchar act er,
antecedent ,homesur roundings, heal thorment al condi t
ion
oftheof fender, orthenat ureoft heof fence,orany
extenuat ingci r
cumst ancesi nwhi cht heof fencewas
commi tted, i
tisexpedi entt oreleaset heof f
enderon
probat i
on, suchCour tmaymakepr obat i
onor derati ts
discretion. Sect ion4(1)of
Cap247pr ov i
dest hatPr obat i
onOr dermustbef oraper iod
ofnotl esst hanoney earandnotmor ethanthr eey ears.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sappr
ovedSchool
Order
?

ApprovedSchool Orderisanordercommi tt
ingt
heoffender
toanAppr ovedSchool ,
thi
smodeofpuni shmentisonly
avai
lablet
oChi l
drenandYoungPer sons.
Note:secti
on2ofChi l
drenandYoungPer sonsAct
,Cap13
ofRevisedLawsdef inesApprovalSchool
.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sPr
eli
minar
yObj
ect
ion?

I
tisanObj
ecti
onrai
sedbypartyt
oacaseoranappli
cat
ion
onmatt
ersofLaworprocedur
ebefor
ethehear
ingor
14
 det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hemai
ncaseort
heappl
i
cat
ion.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sObj
ect
ionPr
oceedi
ngs?

*Obj ecti
onpr oceedingsar egov ernedbyO. XXI,r.57ofthe
CivilProcedur eCode, Cap.33.Obj ectionpr oceedingsisa
proceedi ngsf i
ledbyaper sonwhoi snotapar tytoasuitor
notj udgmentdebt oropposi ngt heat tachmentofhi s
proper tyforthepur poseofsat isfyingt hedecr ee.
Not e: Wheret heObj ecti
onpr oceedi nghasbeenan
unnecessar i
lyordesi gnedlydel ayedt heCour tcannotmake
i
nv est i
gati
onr egardingobj ectionpr oceedi ng.Seet he
prov isotoO.XXI .Rul e 57of
theCPC.I fafterthei nvest
igationoft heobj ection
proceedi ngst hecour tissatisfiedt hatt hepr oper t
ywas
wrongl yat t
ached, i
tmaymaket heor derr eleasingt he
proper tywhol l
yort osuchext entasi tthinksf itfrom
attachmentasperr ule59, OXXIofCPC.

Quest
ion:
Tellt
heCounci
lthr
eemodesorMet
hodsofExecut
ing
Moneydecree.

Threemet hodsormodesofexecut i
ngmoneydecr eeare
provi
dedforunderO. XXI,
Rule28ofCPCandt hesear
e:
i
).Detenti
onofjudgmentdebt orasCiv
ilpri
soner;
i
i)
.Attachmentofj udgmentdebtor
’sproper
ty;and
i
ii
).Saleofhisproperty
.

Questi
on:Whatdoy ouunder
standbyt
hef ol
l
owi ngt
erms:
i
).Condit
ionaldi
scharge
i
i)
.ConcurrentSentenceandConsecut
iveSentence.

15
Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
wo.

Conditional dischar gei sgov ernedbypr ovi

si onsofsect ion
38(1)ofPenal CodeCap16.I tisadi schargeofper son
convictedofanof fencebyt heor deroftheCour tsubj ectt o
thecondi ti
ont hathecommi t snoof fencedur ingsuchper i
od,
notexceedi ngt wel v emont hsoft heOr der.Itisor der edby
theCour tifi tisoft heopi niont hathavingr egar dt ot he
cir
cumst ancesi ncludi ngnat ur eoft heof f
enceandt he
characteroft heof fenderi tisi nexpedi enttoi nf l
ict
punishmentandt hataPr obat ionOr derisnotappr opr iate.
Note: Simpl y,itist heOr deroft heCour tdischar ginga
personconv i
ctedofanof fencesubj ectt othecondi t
iont hat
hecommi tsnoof fencedur ingsuchper i
od, notexceedi ng12
mont hsoft heor der .Absol utedi schargei sal sopr ov ided
undersect ion38( 1)oft hePenal Code.I tisOr deredwher e
theper sonconv ictedofanof fenceisdi schar gedbycour t
orderabsol ut elyi swi thoutat t
achi ngcondi t
ion, thathe
commi tsnoof fencedur ingsuchper i
odnoexceedi ngt wel ve
mont hsoft heOr der .

ConcurrentSentencemeanssent encesOr deredbyt heCour t

tobeser vedtogether
.Thatissentencesaf tertheother .
Concurrentsentenceisorder
edbyt heCour twhenof fences
arecommi t
tedincourseofthesamet ransaction.Seewor ds
ofLove,J.,i
nRepubl i
cvs.Kassongos/ oLuhogwa, 2TLR( R))
47. Not e:Sentencesoff ine
mustnotbeor der
edtor unconcurrentl
y .Theymustal way s
runconsecut i
vel
y. (i
i)
.
Sentenceofi mpri
sonmentindefaul tofpay mentoff ine
16
 mustalwaysbeorder
edtor
unconsecuti
vel
yandnot
concur
rent
ly.SeeChi
pet
aJ.i
nMagistr
ate’
sManual
,page
143.

Consecutiv
eSentencesmeanssent encesor der
edbyt he
Courttorunoneaftert
heot her
.Consecutiv
eSent enceis
order
edwher eoff
encescommi t
teddonotf orm partofthe
samet r
ansacti
on.Notealso:Thediff
erencebetween
concurr
entconsecuti
vesentencesarediscussedinEl i
as
Joakimvs.Republi
c1992TLR20pg.226.
Questi
on:
(i)
.Whatdoy ouunder
standbyt
het
erm ADR?
(
ii
).Whatadvant
agesarether
einADR?
(
ii
i)
.IsADRpartofourLaworpracti
ce?

(i
).Thet erm ADRmeansAl t
ernativ
eDi sputeResol ut
ion.Iti
s
conduct edaf t
ertheCi vilSuithasbeeni nsti
tutedinCour tbut
bef orecommencementofhear ing.Itai
msatr esolvi
ngthe
disput easbet weent hepar t
iestoCiv i
lSuitbeforehearing
par ti
esandt heirwitness.
i
i).Adv antagesofADRar e:
i
tser v escost soflit
igation;
i
tsav est hetimei.e.itislesst i
meconsumi ng; and
i
tpr omot esfri
endlinessasbet weent heparties.
i
ii).ADRi scurrentl
ypar tofourl awbecausei tismandat ory
undert heCi v
ilProcedur eCode.
(asamendmentoft hefirstSchedule)Rule,1999
Quest
ion:
Whati
sref
ract
orywi
tness?

*
Ref
ract
orywi
tnessi
sgov
ernedbypr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion

17
 199( 1)ofCr i
minal Pr
ocedur eAct .
-Ref r
actorywitnessist hewitnesswhof al
lsundert he
followingcases, namel y:
i
) .Awi tnesswhowi t
houtsuf fi
cientexcuserefusest obe
swor noraffi
rmed; or
i
i).Awi t
nesswhohav ingbeenswor noraff
ir
medr efusest
o
answeranyquest i
onputt ohim; or
i
ii).Aper sonwhowi t
houtsuf fi
cientexcuserefusesor
negl ectstoproduceanydocumentort hi
ngwhi chhei s
requi r
edbycour ttopr oduce,or
IV).Aper sonwhowi thoutsuf f
icientexcuserefusest osi
gn
hisdeposi ti
ons.

I
MPORTANTNOTI
CES:

VOIRDI REEXAMI NATI ON:Itisconductedbyt hecour twher e

i
tisoft heopi ni
ont hatachi ldoftenderyearsisincapabl e
understandi ngt henat ureandobl i
gati
onofoat h.Thet erm
VoirDireExami nat i
onmeanst heexami nati
onconduct edby
courtinor dert otestacapaci t
yofachi l
doft endery ear sto
understandquest ionsputt ohi m orherandtogi v erati
onal
answer s.Al soexami nat i
onisconduct edtotestt hecapaci ty
ofachi ldoft endery ear stounderstandthedifference
betweent r uthandf alsehood.
Courtinterv enti
oni ntrialgeneral
ly,i
tadutyofpar ti
esor
thei
radv ocat est oconductt heirowncasesi nt heirownway
andtot hebestoft heirabil
it
y.Howev er,t
hecour thast he
dutytoi ntervenei nordert odiscoverorobtai
npr operpr oof
ofrelevantf acts.Seesect i
on176oft heLawofEv idenceAct ,
1967as[ R.E2002] .
18
BI
LLOFEXCHANGE:
-

Bil
lofexchangemeansanuncondi ti
onalorderinwrit
ing,
addressedbyoneper sontoanothersi gnedbyoneper sonto
another,signedbyper songi v
ingit,requi
ringthepersont o
whom i tisaddressedt opayondemandorataf ixedor
determinablefuturetime,asum cer t
aininmoneyt oort he
orderaspeci fi
edper son,ortobear erpersection3(1)ofBi l
l
ofExchangeOr dinance,Cap.215.
Check: I
tisabi l
l ofexchangedrawnonabankerandpay abl
e
ondemandseesect i
on73ofBi llofExchangeOr di
nance.
Banker :i
tisdefinedinsection2ofBi l
lofExchange
Ordinancet oincludeabodyofper sonswhet her
i
ncor poratedornotwhocar rybusinessofbanki ng.

AMI
CUSCURI
AE:

I
saLat inMaxim meaningaf ri
endofthecourt.I
saper son
whoi snotapart
yt oalawsuitbutwhopetit
ionstheCour tor
i
sr equestedbyt
heCour ttofil
eabriefi
ntheactionbecause
thatpersonhasstrongint
erestint
hesubjectmat t
er.See
Black’
sLawDi ct
ionary7thEdi
, t
ion.

Quest
ion:
Whatar
efi
vepr
esumpt
ionsofLaw?

Fi
vepresumpt i
onsofLawar e;
1)
.PresumptionofinnocenceseesArt
icl
e13(6)(
b)of
Const
itut
ionoftheUnitedRepubli
cofTanzani
a.
2)
.Presumptionofsanityseesect
ion12ofPenalCodeCap
20[R.
E2002]
19
 3).Presumpt
ionofmarr
iageaspersecti
on160ofLawof
Mar r
iageAct
,1971.
4).Presumpt
ionastopropert
yacquir
edduri
ngmarr
iage
secti
on60LawofMar ri
ageAct ,
1971.
5).Presumpt
ionastogi
ftbetweenhusbandandwif
esee
secti
on61ofLawofMar r
iageAct,
1971.
6).Presumpt
ionofdeat
haspersect i
on161ofLawof
Mar r
iageAct
,1971.

Ot
her
sincl
ude:

*Presumptionofval
idit
yofregister
edmarriageasper
secti
on259ofLawofMar r
iage,1971.
*Presumptionthati
tisfort
hegoodofani nfantbel
ow7
yearstobewi t
hhisorhermot her.
*Presumptionofamal epersonundertheageof12y ear
st o
beincapableofhavi
ngsexual int
ercour
se.Seesection15of
Penal CodeCap20asamendedbySexual Of f
encesSpecial
Provisi
onAct,1998(SOSPA) .

Quest
ion:
(i)Whati
sHost
il
ewi t
ness?
(
ii
)Whatistheval
ueofEv
idenceofHost
il
ewi
tness?

i
).Ahost i
l
ewi t
nessistheonewhobyhi st est
imony,
conducts,at
ti
tudeordemeanorappearst obebiasedagainst
thepart
ycalli
nghim orisunwil
l
ingtotell
thetrut
h.
Ahostil
ewi t
nessistheonewhot el
lsli
esaboutwhathe
obvi
ouslyknows,orwhodel i
berat
elychangeshisearl
ier
20
 storyandf r
om hisdemeanorandbear ingheiscl earl
ybiased
agai nstthepartycalli
nghim.
i
i).Whenawi t
nesshasbeent reatedashost il
e,theev i
dence
oft hatwi t
nessishar dlywort
hyofcr edit.Thereasonf or
treatingtheev i
denceofahost ilewitnessasbei ngwor thof
nocr edi
tisthat,suchwi t
nessisunr el
iable.I
nAl owov s.
Republ i
c[1972]E.A.324theCour tofAppeal f
orEastAf ri
ca
saidt hatthebasi sofleavetotreatawi tnessashost il
eis
thatt heconfli
ctbetweent heev i
dencewhi chthewi t
nessis
givingandsomeear li
erstat
ement sshowshi m orhert obe
unrel i
ableandthismakeshi sorherev idencenegl i
gibl
e.

Question:(
i)
.Whatist heProcedureforsuingtheGovernment
?
(i
i
).Cany ouatt
achGov er
nmentpr opert
y?
(i
i
i).CanyousueTRC.
(i
i
i).Canthepropert
iesofTRCbeat tachedinciv
ilsui
t?
Theprocedureforsuingthegov er
nmenti sasfoll
ows:

(a)
.Onemustgivethenoti
ceofint
enti
ontosuethe
gover
nmentof90day s.
(b)
.Onemustproceedtosuethesameaf tert
heexpi
ri
ngof
90daysbyj
oini
ngtheAt t
orneyGener
altheret
oasaparty

(
ii
).TheGov ernmentpr oper
tycannotbeattachedf
orsat
isf
ying
thedecree.Iti
stheRegistrarofTr
easurywhopayscost
sof
suitt
odecr eeholderwherethegovernmentisj
udgment
debtor
.

(
ii
i)
.Tanzani
aRail
wayCorpor
ati
onisaCorporat
eBodyunder
TRCAct
,1977;TRCcansueorbesuedinit
sownname.

21
(
iv)
.Accor di
ngt osection88ofTanzaniaRail
wayCor porat
ionAct,
decreeholdercannotat t
achTRCPropert
iesexceptthe
Dir
ectorGeneralshallcausetobepai
doutoft herevenueof
theCorporati
onsuchamountasmayber equi
redtosat i
sfy
executi
onofdecr ee.
N.Bseecasesi nvolvi
ngTanzaniaHarbor
sAuthor i
tyand
Univer
sit
yofDaressal aam.
Quest
ion:
Whati
sDebent
ure?

Thedebentureisasecur i
tyorthedocumentof feredbythe
companyt ot
hel enderofmoneye. g.theBankf orthe
purposeofsecuringtheloan.
Note:Debent
ur eisaninstrumentnormallyundersealof
CompanyorPubl icBodyi ssuedbysameasev i
denceofdebt
orasasecurityforloanofcer t
ainsum ofmoneyati nter
est
.
DEFENCESI
NCRI
MINALOFFENCES

Bonaf i
declai
m ofRight–sect i
on9ofPenal Code.I
tari
ses
wher etheActdoneoromi tt
edtobedonebyaper sonin
respectofpropert
ywasdonei nexerci
seofanhonestclai
m
ofrightandwithouti
ntentiontodefr
aud.I
fthedefensei
s
pleadedsuccessful
lytheaccusedisnotcri
mi nal
l
y
responsibl
e.He/Shewi l
lbeacquitt
ed.SeeHanneNdologa
vs.SengulaChisonel
a[ 1992]TLR1.

Mi
stakeofFact:Sect
ion11ofPenalCode.Thesanct i
onistothe
eff
ectt
hatapersonisnotcrimi
nall
yr esponsi
bleforactor
omissi
ontoanygreaterext
entthaniftherealstat
eofthings
hadbeensuchashebel i
evedtoexist.

22
 Except
ion:
seepr
ovi
sot
osect
ion11oft
hePenal
Code.

COMPULSION: Sect
ion17ofPenal Code.Itisadef enseof
cri
minalli
abil
it
y.I
tisinvokedwhenaper soniscompel l
edt o
dooromi ttodotheactbyt hreatsont hepar toftheother
off
enderorof f
enderswhoi nstantl
ywantt okil
lhim ordo
hi
m gr i
evousbadlyharmi fherefuses.Inor derfort
he
defensetosucceed,thethreatmustnotbeoff utur
einjur
y.

SELFDEFENCE:

I
sadef enseofanot herandpr operty–sect i
on18oft he
Penal Code.I ftheyar epleadedsuccessf ul
ly,
aper sonwi l
l
notbecr i
mi nallyli
able.
Not e:sect ion18B( 1)oft hePenal Coder equiresonet ouse
forcei nsel fdef ense,defenseofanot herorpropertywhichis
reasonabl e.Excessi veforceispuni shableundersect i
on18B
(2)ofPenal Code.
I
fexcessi vef orcei nselfdefensecausesdeat hofanot her,
theper sonwhohascausedsuchdeat hwil
lbegui l
tyof
mansl aught er.Seesect i
on18B( 3).Selfdense;defenseof
proper tyordef enseofper soncausi ngdeat hwhichi snot
puni shablei nlawi spr ovi
dedundersect ion18C( 1)(a)-
(c)of
thePenal Code.

KI
LLI
NGONPROVOCATI
ON:
sect
ion201oft
hePenal
Code.

Thepr
ovi
si
onofsect
ion201oft
hePenal
Codear
etot
he

23
 effectthatifaper soncausest hedeat hofanot heri nthe
heatofpassi oncausedbysuddenpr ovocationbef oresuch
passioni sgui l
tyofmanslaught er.Thus,i
faper sonpleadsit
successf ull
yinof f
enceofmur der,hewillbef oundgui lt
yof
mansl aught er.Fur
theri
ngr avepr ovocati
onon, such
provocationi sami ti
gati
ngf actorinmansl aught ercasesand
thecour tshoul dexerci
seleniency .SeeValerianSai lvs.
Republ i
c[ 1990]TLR87

I
NTOXI
CATI
ON:
Sect
ion14oft
hePenal
Code.

Gener all
y ,
itisnotadef enset oanycr i
mi nal char
ge.Howev er
theaccusedper soncanpl eadsuccessf ull
yt hedefenseof
i
nt oxicat i
onundert hef ol l
owi ngci r
cumst ances:
i
).Wher ethest ateofi nt oxicationwascausedwi t
houthi s
consentbymal iciousornegl ectactofanot herperson.I n
theseci rcumst ances, theaccusedwi llbedi scharged.See
section14( 3)Penal Code.
i
i).Wher et heper sonchar gedwasbyr easonofi ntoxicati
on,
i
nsane, t
empor aril
yorot herwi sedur i
ngt hecommi ssionof
anactoromi ssion.Int hi scircumst ancet hepr ovi
sionsof
Penal CodeandCr i
mi nal Procedur eActr elatingtoinsanity
shall appl yi.
et heCour twi llber equir
edt omakespeci al
fi
ndi ngt ot heef fectthatt heaccuseddi dtheactormadet he
omi ssi onchar gedbutr easonofhi sinsanityi snotguiltyof
theof f ense.i.especi alf i
ndi ngofgui l
tybuti nsane.

I
NSANI
TY:
–Sect
ion13Penal
Code.

24
 Thisdefenseexoner atestheaccusedf rom criminalli
abil
it
y.
Inordertobepl eadedsuccessf ull
yi tmustbeshownt hatthe
accuseddi dt heactoromi ssi ont hroughanydi sease
aff
ectinghi smi ndtot heext entofbei ngi ncapableof
understandingwhathi sisdoi ngofknowi ngt hatheought
nottodot heactormaket heomi ssion.Ifthecour ti
s
sati
sfiedont heev idenceonr ecordt hattheaccuseddi dthe
actoromi ssionwhi l
elaboringunderi nsanity,i
tisunder
secti
on219( 2)ofCr i
mi nalPr ocedur eActmayl eadtomake
specialfi
ndingt otheef fectt hattheaccuseddi dtheactor
omissionchar gedbutbyr easonofhi sinsanityisnotguil
ty
oftheof f
ence.i .especialfindi ngofgui ltybutinsanewhat
courtwilldot hen–seesect ion220( 3).
Note:thedef enseofi nsanitymustber aisedatt hetime
whent heper soni scalledupont opl ead.seesect ion219(1)
ofCriminalPr ocedureAct .
ALI
BI:
-sect
ion194(
4),
(5)and(
6)ofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
eAct
.
Itr
eferstotheev idencethatprovesthatanaccusedper son
wasinanot herplaceatthet i
meofcommi ssi
onofan
off
enceandsocoul dnothavecommi t
tedit
.Inthecaseof
Charl
esSamsonv s.Republi
c[1990]TLR39, theCourtof
Appeal ofTanzaniaheldthatwher etheCourtdoesnott ake
cognizancewhat soeverofali
bi,bothinsummi nguptot he
assessorsandi nt hej
udgment ,i
tamount st
omi str
ialanda
consequentialmiscarri
ageofjustice.

NOTE:
Procedur
ebef
oreaccusedr
eli
esonal
i
bii
nhi
sdef
ense:

i
).heorshemustgi
veanot
icet
ocour
tandpr
osecut
ionof
25
 i
nt enti
ontorel yondefenseofalibibef
oreheari
ngoft he
case.Seesect i
on194(4)ofCr i
minalProcedur
eAct .
i
i).Wher enoticebeforeheari
ngoft hecaseoftheintention
tor el
yonalibi i
snotgiven,t
hent heaccusedisrequiredto
furnishtheprosecutionwit
ht heparti
cular
sofalibiatany
ti
mebef or
et hecloseofprosecutioncase.

Quest
ion:
i).Whati
sdy
ingdecl
arat
ion?

Isthest
atementmadebyt hepersonwhoisdeadst
ati
ngthe
causeandcir
cumstancesortransact
ionl
eadi
ngtohi
sdeath.
Iti
smadeatat i
met hedeceasedlosesal
lhopeofr
ecover
.

i
i
).Howdoesdy
ingdecl
arat
iondi
ff
erf
rom ev
idence?

Dyingdeclarati
onisundersect i
on34( a)oftheEvidenceAct
admi ssi
blewhereashear sayevidenceisinadmissibl
e
becausedoesnotconf ormt osection61and62oft he
EvidenceAct.Discussingtheev i
dential
l
yv al
ueofdy ing
declarati
ontheCour tofAppeal ofTanzaniainDami an
FerdinandKiula&Char lesvs.Republic[
1992]TLR16sai d
thatdy i
ngdeclarat
ioncanber eliedupontosuppor t
conv i
cti
onifiti
sv eryauthenti
c.

Quest
ion:
Whati
s/ar
eCondi
ti
onf
ori
nvoki
ngpr
ovocat
ion?

TheCour tofAppealofTanzaniainDamianKiula&Charl
es
vs.Republi
c[1992]TLR16hel dthatf
orthedefenseof
provocati
ontosti
ck,itmustpassobject
ivestestofwhet
her
anor di
narymaninthecommuni t
ytowhichtheaccused

26
 bel
ongswouldhav ebeenpr
ov okedi
ntheci
rcumstances.
TheCourtsai
dfurthert
hatt
hebestjudgestodet
erminethe
questi
onofwhetheranordi
narymaninthecommuni t
ycould
beprovokedar
eassessorsfortheyar
etheordi
narypersons
ofthecommunitytowhicht
heaccusedbelongs.

Questi
on:
Doest
heOpi
nionofAssessor
sbi
ndj
udgesi
nmur
der
cases?

i
).Theopi ni
onofassessorsdoesnotbi ndthejudge.The
j
udgecandi sagreewit
htheunani mousv i
ewsoft he
assessors.However,t
het r
ial
judgei
sr equir
edtogivereason
forsodisagreei
ng.SeeviewsofjudgesofCour tofAppealof
Tanzaniain*AbdalahBazamiye&ot hersvs.Republi
c[1990]
TLR42pg45.

i
i)
.Whathappensifassessor
sar
enotgi
venoppor
tuni
tyt
oput
quest
ionst
owitness:

*Assessors’
full
involvementinthetr
ial
isanessenti
alpar
t
oftheprocess,i
tsomi ssioni
sfatal
,andrender
sthetri
al
annull
it
yasperLor dships’vi
ewsinAbdall
ahBazamiye&
Othersvs.Republi
c[1990]TLR42

i
ii
).Whythetr
ial
isrender
edanulli
tyI
ftheassessor
sar
enot
gi
venopport
unit
ytoputquest
ions?

Thedutyofassessor
sistoaidthetri
alj
udgeinaccordance
wit
hsecti
on265ofCr i
minalProcedureActandsect
ion177
oftheEvi
denceActall
owstheassessorstoputquestions.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenr
epudi
atedand

27
r
etr
act
edConf
essi
on?

*Repudiat
edisadeni edconf essi
oni.eaccuseddeni esto
havemadet heconf essionatal l.
Retract
edconfessionist heonei nwhi chaccusedav oidsto
havemadecer tai
nst atementi .eaccusedal l
egesthatwhat
i
ssai dbytheprosecutioni snotexactlywhathesai dor
meantoristheonei nwhi chaccusedagr eestohavemade
i
nt hestat
ementbutsay st hathemadei tbyinducement,
thr
eatorpromise.

i
i
).Whati
sev
ident
ial
l
yval
ueofr
epudi
atedorr
etr
act
edconf
essi
on?

Repudiatedorr etr
actedconf essi onmaysuppor tconv i
ction
i
ft hecourti
sf ull
ysatisf
iedi nall ci
rcumstancesoft hecase
thateit
herofthet woi strue.SeeTuwamoi vs.Uganda[ 1967]
E.Aatpg91.Howev erasamat terofprudenceconv iction
foundedonr epudiatedorr etractedconf essi
onisrequi redto
becor r
oborated.Seet hedeci sionofCour tofAppeal of
TanzaniainJ.Mwakat okav s.Republ ic[1990]TLR17andAl i
SaleheMsut av s.Republi
c[ 1980]TLR1.

Quest
ion:Whatisasubmissi
onofnocaset
oanswer
?
Whateffectdoesi
thavewhenrai
sedi
nacri
minal
cases?

(i
).Asubmi ssionofnocaset oansweri
sthesubmi ssi
on
madebyt hedefendingpart
ytoacasethattheplaintif
f’
sor
presentati
on’scasehasnotbeenmadeoutsuf fi
cient l
yto
requirehim maket hedef
ense.Theeff
ectofrai
singi ti
n
cri
mi nalcaseisthat,t
hecourtmustmakear ul
i
ngoni tand
i
ft hecourtfi
ndst hatt
herei
snocaset oanswer,thecase

28
 wi
llbedi
smissedandaccusedacqui
tt
ed.Butwher
eitis
f
oundthatt
hereisacasetoanswer,
theaccusedwi
llbe
r
equir
edtomaket hedef
ense.

(
ii
).
Cant
heaccusedappeal
ont
her
uli
ngf
oracaset
oanswer
?

Yes,
ther
uli
ngf
orcaset
oansweri
ssubj
ectt
oappeal
.

(i
i
i).Whati
stheeff
ectoftheaccusedper
sonr
efusest
omake
defensewhenpr
imaaf aci
ecasehasbeenest
abli
shedagai
nst
hi
m?

Secti
on231(1)ofCriminalPr ocedureActpr ovi
desthatthe
Courtisenti
tl
edtodrawanadv ersei
nferenceagainstt
he
accusedpersonwhor efusest omakedef ensewhenapr ima
faci
ecasehasbeenest ablishedagai nsthim.Thesection
alsorequi
restheCourtaswel lastheprosecuti
ont o
commentont hef
ail
urebyt heaccusedt ogiveevi
dence.

(
iv)
.Canaf
indi
ngofnocaset
oanswerber
aisedi
naci
vi
lcase?

Yes,afindingofnocaset oanswercanberaisedinaciv
il
case.SeecaseVy evs.Vye[1969]12ALL.E.R.29whereJ.
Bakersaid; t
hesubmissi
onofnocaset oanswerbemadeat
closeofcompl ai
nant
’scase.AlsoseeRamsdenv s.
Ramsden[ 1954]2ALLE. R.625whereLordMer r
imansaid
thatiti
sproperthesubmissionofnocasetoanswertobe
madeaf terheari
ngbothsidesespeci
all
yinmat r
imoni
al
cases.

QUESTION:CanaCour
tfoundconv
ict
ionsol
elyonci
rcumst
ant
ial
ev
idence?

29
 YesaCour tcanfoundconv ict
ionsolel
yrel
yingon
cir
cumstanti
alevidenceifsuchev i
denceisclear
lygood
enoughandr el
i
abl e.Seethedecisi
onofthecourtofAppeal
ofTanzaniainProtasJohnKi t
ongole&Anot hervs.Republ
i
c
[1992]TLR51.

QUESTION:Whatremedyisavai
l
abl
eofapartyaggr
iev
edwi
th
deci
sionofsi
ngl
ejudgeoftheCour
tofAppeal
?

Thepartyaggri
evedwi thadecisi
onofasinglejudgeofthe
CourtofAppealisrequiredt
otaket hematt
eronr ef
erence
bef
orethesamecour tofAppeal.Thecompositi
onoft he
Courtonrefer
enceist hreej
usti
cesofappeal.SeeArti
cle
123oftheConstituti
onofUnitedRepubli
cofTanzania.

QUESTION:
Out
li
net
hepr
ocedur
eforappl
yi
ngf
orpr
erogat
ive
or
ders?

Thepr ocedur ef
orapply
ingprer
ogativeorder
sare:
i
).Tomakeappl i
cat
ionforl
eavetoapplyforprerogati
ve
ordersint heHighCourt
.
Why ?Thi senablest
hecourttodeterminewhetherornota
pri
maf aciecasehasbeenmadeoutf ort
heintended
appli
cat i
on. i
i
).Ifl
eav
e
i
sgr antedt henappl
icat
ionf
orprerogati
veordersismade.

Note:Pr
erogat
iveor
der
sar egovernedbyThel awReform
(Fat
alAcci
dentsandMiscel
laneousProvi
sions)Or
dinance
Cap.360asamendedbyActNo.55/ 1968andActNo.
27/199.

Pr
erogat
iveor
der
sar
edi
scr
eti
onar
yremedy
,Thati
sCour
t
30
 wil
lref
usetoi ssuetheordersifther
eisanotherconveni
ent
andfeasibl
eremedywi thi
nther eachofappli
cant.See
Abadiovs.Dowki Ltd[
1990]TLR113&Mor ri
sOny angovs.
TheSeniorInvesti
gati
ngOf f
icerCustom Depart
mentMbey a
Cr.Appl
icati
onNo.25/ 1981.

QUESTION:WhatdoCour
tsdoi
fthepl
aintdoesnotdi
scl
ose
causeofact
ion?

Thecourt
shavethealternat
ives,namel
y:
i
).Toorderamendmentoft heplaint
;or
i
i)
.Tostri
ketheplai
nt.SeeJ.BShi ri
ma&others:
Expr
ess
BusServi
cesvs.Humphr eyMeenat /aComf
ortBusServ
ice
[
1992]TLR290.

QUESTI
ON:
Whatar
econdi
ti
onsf
orgr
antofPet
it
ionf
orpr
obat
e?

Underapeti
ti
onforgrantofpr
obatetosucceedt
her
emust
beawill
.Seesecti
on24(1)oftheProbat
eand
Admini
str
ati
onAct,Cap,352provi
desthat;

24(1)“Probat emaybegr antedonlytoanexecut orappoi nted

bythewi ll”and
Rule33oft hePr obateRulesrequir
es,interal
iathat;
a).Thelastwi l
loft hedeceasedandal l codi
cil
st heretoshall
accompanyt hepet it
ionforgrantofprobate.Discussingt he
twoprov isionst heCour tofAppeal ofTanzaniainHansund
Ghikasv s.Ludi umaG.Ghi kas[1992]TLR288sai datpg259
thus; “thereadingofbot hprov i
sions
makesi tabundant l
yclearthatthepeti
tionfor,andgr antof
31
 probat
epresupposetheexi
stenceofawill
”
Note:Theterm codi
ci
lsmeansinst
ruct
ionthati
saddedl
ater
toawill
,usual
lytochangepartofi
t.

Qst:
(i).Cany
ounarratet
heprocedur
eforappeal
from t
he
deci
sionofHighCourtonit
sOrigi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
ontotheCour
tof
Appeal?

(
ii
).I
snot
icet
other
espondentt
obedonei
nspeci
fi
cti
me?

(i
i
i).Whendoest hel
ett
erf
ornot
icet
oappeal
tot
heCour
tof
Appealnotnecessar
y?

(
iv)
.Whati
stheessenceoft
hesai
dlet
ter
?

(v)
.Doesthatlet
terbecopi
edtoanyanybodyandwhati
sthe
consequencesonthefai
lur
etocopythelet
tert
other
espondent
?

(vi
).I
sther
eanydi f
fer
encebetweentheprocedureonappeal i
ng
totheCourtofAppealwhentheHighCourtisexerci
singit
s
ori
ginal
jur
isdi
cti
onandwhenexer ci
singi
tsappell
atejuri
sdict
ion?

(
i) Theprocedureofappeal i
ngf rom t
hedeci si
onofHi gh
Courtonit
sor i
ginalj
urisdicti
ontotheCour tofAppeal
i
s: (a).Tol odgenot i
ceofappeal
wit
hin14day stotheHi ghCour tandser vecopi esof
suchnoti
ceonal lpart
ieswhoseem t obedi rect l
y
aff
ectedbytheappeal bef oreorwithi
nsev enday s.As
perRule77(1)oftheCour tAppeal Rules. (b).Toappl y
bythelet
terforrecor
dofpr oceedi
ngst otheHi ghcour t
wit
hin30day softhedeci sionagainstwhichi tis
desi
redtoappeal andtoser vecopyoft hatlettert o

32
 thosedi r
ectl
yaffect
edbyappeal .AsperRul e83(
2)of
theCour tofAppealRules.
(c).Lastl
y,i
st oi
nsti
tut
et heappeal byl
odginginthe
regist
rywi t
hin60daysaf t
eranot i
ceofappeal a
memor andum ofappeal,therecor
dofappeal ,
the
prescri
bedf eesandsecur it
yforcostsoftheappeal
.
PerRul e83(1)oftheCour tofAppealRules.

(
ii
) Yes,t
henot i
ceofi
ntent
iont
oappealort
henoticeof
appealshoul
dbeservedupont
herespondent
(s)bef
ore
orwithi
nsevendays.

(
ii
i) Thelett
erfornoti
cetoappeal totheCour tofAppeali
s
notnecessarywhenaf t
errightsofparti
eshav ebeen
pronouncedinthecourseofdel i
veri
ngthejudgment
andordersmadet hereof
, t
heaggr i
evedpartyorhis
counselexpr
essesintenti
ont oappealandt hesameis
recor
dedbyt hecourtinthejudgment .

(
iv) Theessenceoft helet
terfornoti
ceofappealisto
enabletheper sononwhom i tisserv
ed,atanytime,
eit
herbef oreoraftert
heinstit
uti
onoftheappeal,apply
totheCour ttostri
keoutt henoti
ceorappealont he
groundt hatnoappeal l
iesorthatsomeessentialstep
i
npr oceedinghasnotbeent akenorhasnotbeent aken
withi
npr escri
bedtime.SeeRul e82oftheCourtof
Appeal Rules,1979.

(
v) Fail
uretoser
vecopyofthenoti
ceofappeal t
otheot her
i
sf ai
lur
etotakeanessent
ial
stepint
hepr oceedingsas
requi
redbyRule77(
1)ofCourtofAppealRules,1979,
33
 thusnoti
ceofappeal isrequi
redt obestruckout.
Note:Fail
urebyt heappl i
canttoservetoot heracopyof
l
etterinwhichheappl iedforcopyofpr oceedingsas
requi
redbyRul e.83(2)ofCour tofAppealRul es,
1979,
denyapplicantri
ghtt obecov eredbytheexcept i
onin
Rule83(2)oftheCour tofAppealRules1979.Thatis,
ti
meconsumedf orpreparati
onanddel i
veryofcopyof
proceedi
ngst oapplicantwon’tbeexcluded.
(
vi) Thedef erenceofpr ocedur eonappeal ingt ot heCour t
ofAppeal iswhent heHi ghCour ti sexercisingi torigi
nal
j
urisdict
ionandwhenexer cisingit sappellate
j
urisdict
ionisthat;whent hemat ter/
caseor iginates
fr
om pr i
mar yCourt, t
heHi ghCour tmusti ssuea
certi
fi
cateshowi ngt hatthemat terdoesi nv olveapoi nt
oflaw.Suchcer tif
icateisgi venonappl icationbyt he
partywishingtoappeal .Andwhent hemat ter/case
ori
ginatesforDistrictorRM’ sCour t,t
hepar tywho
want stoappealshoul dappl yf orleaveofHi ghCour tto
appeal t
oCour tofAppeal .

QUESTI
ON:
Whatar
eof
fencest
hatar
enotbai
l
abl
einl
aw?

Of fencesthatarenotbailabl
einlawarecover
edunder
sect i
on148( 5)
(a)oftheCr i
minalPr
ocedureAct,
Cap20
[R.E2002]andt heseoffencesare:
(i)Mur der(i
i)
Tr eason
(ii
i)Armedr obbery,
(iv)Defil
ement

34
 (v
)I l
li
cit
lytraffi
cki
ngi ndrugsagainsttheDrugsand
PreventionofI l
li
citTraff
ici
nDr ugAct,1995.Undert
heAct
unbailableoffencesar enotall
.Seeexcepti
on-wherethe
offencewi t
hwhi cht hepersoninchargedinvol
vesactual
moneyorpr opertywhosev al
ueexceedstenmi l
li
onshil
li
ngs.
Seeexcept ion.

QUESTION:(
i)
.Whatdoy ouunder
standby
:-
(
a).Li
bel
(
b).Sl
ender
(
ii
)Whataredefensesavai
l
ablei
ndefamati
on?
(
ii
i)
.Whatsl
enderisacti
onabl
eparse?

(
i) (a).Libelr
efersdef amat orystatementt hatarepubli
shed
i
nper manentf ormi .
e.Inwr iti
ngorprintedwor dsor
pictures.I
tisact i
onabl ewithoutprovesofspeci aldamage.
Isalsocr i
me. (b).Slenderreferstodefamator
y
statement sthatarenoti nper manentf orm e.gspoken
wor dsorgest ures.Itisator tandnotacr ime.Itisnot
actionablewithoutpr oveofspeci aldamage.

(
ii
) .thedef encesav ail
ablefordef
amationare:-
Faircomment
N.B.Wor dsmusthav ebeenacomment ,
Wor dsmustbef air,
Wor dsmustr el
atetopubl i
cint
erest
.
Justif
ication:
NB.Def amat orystatementmustbet rue;noneedtoprov
e
thatstatementwer eli
ter
aril
ytr
ue.SeecaseHoar evs.
Jessol [
1965]E. A.C.A218.

35
 Priv
il
ege:
NB.AbsolutePrivi
legeisacompl etedefenceandno
proceedi
ngscanbef oundi nstat
ementabsolutely
pri
vil
eged.Quali
fi
edPr i
vil
ege:
I
sapar ti
aldefense.Def endantmustshowt hatheenjoy
ed
quali
fi
edprivi
l
ege, e.g.Fairandaccur
atereport.Publ
i
shed
i
nnewspaper sorbr oadcast ed.

(
ii
i) Whatsl
enderi
sact
ionabl
epar
se?

Slenderisact ionablepar sei nanyoft hef ollowi ng

circumstances:
(a).wheret her eisani mput ationofcr imi nal offence
publ i
shablebyi mpr i
sonment ;or
(b).wher ether eisi mput ati
onofi nfectiousdeceasesand
thepeopl est artdeassoci atingwi thaper sondef amed; or
(c).Wher et her eisimput ati
onofadul tery,Lesbi ani sm or
unchast ityofawomanorgi rl,and
(d).wher ether eisi mput ati
onofunf i
tness, dishonestor
i
ncompet encei nanyof fi
ce, profession, Sealing, tradeor
businesshel dorcar riedonbyt hePl aintiff
.
N.B.Thesef ourexcept i
onst ot hegener alrulet hatsl ender
i
sact ionablepar sewer ediscussedbySamat a,J,.in
Rudol fChav ul avs.MohamedAt humani [1982]TLR. 100
andLugaki ngi raAg.J, .i
nLeanar dSenar ev s.Ny aki [
1976]
LRTn. 21wher ehesai dt hat, defamat or yimput at i
onone’ s
professional call
ing,howev erhumbl ear eact ionabl epar se
andspeci al damagesneednotbepr ov ed.

QUESTI
ON:
Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenLi
bel
andSl
ender
:

36
 Diff
erences:
(i
).Libelisadef amatorystatement sinper manentf orm e.
g
writ
ingpr i
ntedwor dsorpictureswhi leSlenderar e
defamat orystatementnoti npermanentf orm e.g.spoken
wordsorgest ures. (ii
).Libel
is
acti
onabl eparsei .
e.t
hereisnoneedt oprovedamages
whileSlenderi snotacti
onabl eparse.
(i
ii
).Libelisacr i
meandt ortwhi l
eSl enderisnotcr imeitis
tort
. (i
v).I
nLibelthereisnoneedt opr ovespecial
damagewhi leinSlenderthereisneedt oprovespeci al
damage.

N.
BWhomaysuei
ndef
amat
ion?

Usuall
ynat
uralper
sondosueindefamation.Howev
er
part
nersi
nfir
m maysueonbehalfofthefir
m whenitsuf
fer
s
damagefoll
owingdef
amati
on.Alsotr
adingcompanymay
sue.

QUESTI
ON:
WhatCour
thasj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odet
ermi
neapet
it
ionf
or
di
vor
ce?

Juri
sdict
ionofCour tsi nmatri
moni al
proceedingsi
s
governedbysect i
on76oft heLawofMar ri
ageAct,1971
vest
sconcur r
entOr iginalj
uri
sdicti
ontodetermine
matri
moni al
pr oceedingintheHi ghCourts,RM’sCourt
sand
Pri
mar yCourts.

QUESTI
ON:
(
i)
.Menti
on3r
elat
ionshi
pswhi
char
eter
medt
obepr
ohi
bit
ed.
37
 Prohibi
tedrelati
onshi psareprov idedi nsect
ion14ofLaw
ofMar r
iageAct ,1971.Thesear e:
1).Whenaper sonmar ri
eshis/hergr andpar ent,
parent,
chil
dorgr andchild,si
sterorbrot her,greatuncleoraunt,
auntoruncl e,ni
eceornephew.Persect ion14(1).
2).Whenaper sonmar ri
esgrandpar ent,par
ent,childor
grandchil
dorhi s/herspouseaspr ovidedinsection14(2)
oftheLawofMar ri
ageAct ,1971.
3).Whenaper sonmar ri
esformerspouseofhi s/her
grandparent,parent,chil
dorgrandchi ldpersecti
on14( 3)
.
N.B.whenaper sonmar ri
esaper sonwhom heorshe
adoptedorbywhom orshewasadopt edpersect i
on14(4).

(
ii
).Whatistheef
fectoft
hemar
ri
ageunderpr
ohi
bit
ed
r
elat
ionshi
p?

Theeffectofmarri
ageundertheprohi
bit
edrel
ationshipis
provi
dedforundersecti
on38(1)(
b)ofLawofMar riageAct,
1971,saysthatmarri
agecontr
actedunderpr
ohibited
rel
ati
onshipisvoi
d.Iti
snull
i
ty.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenv
oidandv
oidabl
emar
ri
age?

Thediff
erencebetweenv oidandv oidablemarri
ageisas
fol
l
ows: Voidmar r
iageismar r
iagewhi chisnul
li
tye.g.onein
whichparti
estheretoarewithi
npr ohibi
tedrel
ati
onships
whereasvoidabl
emar ri
agei sthatmar ri
agewhichisv al
id
unti
landunlessitisannull
edbyadecr eeoftheCour te.g.
whereatthetimeofmar r
iageeitherpartytot
hemar riageis

38
 i
ncapabl
eofconsummati
ngi
t.Seesect
ion39(
a)(
i)ofLaw
ofMarri
ageAct
,1971.

QUESTI
ON:
Howcanamar
ri
agecomet
oanend?

Themar ri
agecomestoanendwhenadecr eeofdivorcei
s
grantedbycour
taft
erbeensat
isf
iedt
hatthemar r
iagehas
brokendownirr
epar
ably,
seesect
ion110(
1)(a)ofLawof
Mar r
iageAct
,1971.

QUESTI
ON:Whatfact
orsdoest
heCourtt
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
on
whet
hertodi
ssol
veamarri
ageornot
?

Factorst akeni ntoconsi der ationbyt hecour ttodi ssolvethe

mar ri
ageornotar egov ernedbysect ion107oft heLaw
Mar ri
ageAct ,1971, section107( i
)ofLawofMar r
iageAct
requiretheCour ttohav er egar dtot heconductand
cir
cumst anceoft hepar t
iesespeci al l
y (
a).
Pet i
ti
oner sownwr ongdoi ng, i
fany .Her epet i
ti
onf ordivor
ce
cannotsucceedsav eforspeci alreason.
(b).Customsofcommuni tyt owhi chpar ti
esbel ong.
Otherf actorstobeconsi der edar e;
(c).Adultery,especi allywhencommi ttedmor et hanonceor
adulterousassoci ationi scont inueddespi tepr otest .
(d).Sexual perv asiononpar toft her espondent ,
(e).Cruelty,ment al orphy sical infl
ict edbyr espondenton
petiti
onerort hechi ldren,ifanyofmar ri
age.
(d).Willf
ul neglectont hepar tofr espondent ,
(e).Willf
ul deser t
ionbyr espondentofatl eastt hreey ears,
(f)
.Vol untarysepar ati
onorsepar at i
onbyadecr eeofCour t,
wher eithascont inuedf oratl eastt hr eey ears.
39
 (g).impr isonmentofr espondentf orl
ifeorforat i
menotl ess
thanf ivey earsregardbeenl engthandnat ureofof f
encef or
whi chitwasi mposed,
(h).Ment ali
ll
nessoft herespondentwher eatleasttwo
factors, oneofwhi chisqual i
fi
edori sexperiencedby
psy chiatryhav ecert
ifi
edthatt heyentert
ainednohopeof
cureorr ecovery, (
i)
.
Changeofr el
igionbyt herespondentwher ebot hparties
foll
owedt hesamef ait
hatt het i
meofmar ri
ageandwher e
accor dingt othelawsoft hatfaithchangeofr eli
giona
groundf ordissolut
ionofmar r
iageordissolvesmar riageis.

QUESTI
ON: Whatfact
orsdoest
heCour
ttakei
ntoconsi
der
ati
oni
n
cust
odyofchi
ldr
en?

Thef actorsconsideredbyt hecour tbeforemaki ngorderfor

custodyofchi ldr
enar eprovidedf orundersection125( 2)of
theLawofMar ri
ageAct ,
1971, andtheseare:
(a)
.Wel fareofeachi ndependenti nfantchil
d,courtisnot
boundt opl aceorallchil
drenincust odyofoneper son,and
(b)
.Wi shesoft hepar ent
s/child,and
(c)
.Wi shesoft heinfant/
childwher ehe/ sheisofaget o
expressi ndependentopinion,and
(d)
.Cust omsoft hecommuni t
yt owhi chparti
esbel ong.

QUESTION:Whatfact
orsdoest
heCour
ttakei
ntoconsi
der
ati
oni
n
maint
enanceofspouses?

Factorstakenint
oconsider
ati
onbytheCour
tin
maintenanceofspousesaregover
nedbyprovi
sionof
sect
ion115( i
)(a)to(
f)ofLawofMarri
ageAct,
1971,t
hus
40
 (a).Wher et hemanr efusesornegl ect st opr ovidef orhi s
wifeorhi sf ormerwi f
easr equiredsect ion63ofLawof
Mar riageAct , (b) .Wher eahusband
deser t
shi swi fesol ongandt hedeser ti
oni scont i
nui ng,
(c).Wher et hereismat r
imoni alproceedi ng,
(d).Whent hecour ti
sgr antingorsubsequentt ogr anta
decr eeorsepar ati
onordi v
or ce,
(e).Wheni ncaseofpar t
iesmar ri
agei nI slamicf orm, the
womani si ncust omar yper iodofaddatf ollowingt hedat eon
whi chdi v orcet akesori sdeemedt ohav et akenef fect ,
(f)
.I fafteradecr eedecl ari
ngawi fepr esumedt obedead
shei sf oundt obeal ive.
Not e: Theabov ef actorsinmai ntenanceofspousear e
consi der edwhent hehusbandhasmeanst oear nl i
v elihood
byr easonofgoodheal t
h, ment alorphy sicalfit
ness; thus
wher ethehusbandi sincapaci t
atedwhol lyorpar ti
al l
yf r
om
earni ngal iveli
hoodbyr easonofment alorphy sicali nj uryor
i
llheal th, thecour tshallordert hewomanaf t
erhav ingr egard
tohermeanst omai ntainherhusbandaspersect ion115( 2)
ofLawofMar ri
ageAct ,1971.Agai ni twi llbenot edt hat ;the
cour tcannotmaket heor derf ormai ntenanceofspouses
wher ethemar riagei sdissolv edunl esst hecour tforspeci al
reasonsodi r
ect.Seepr ov i
si onofsect ion115( i)oft heLaw
ofMar riageAct ,1971.
QUESTI
ON:
(i)
.Whatar
ethepr
ohi
bit
edr
elat
ioni
nLaw?

Prohi
bit
edr el
ati
oninl
awar eprov
idedforundersecti
on14(
1)
to(4)oftheLawofMar r
iageAct,1971,
theyarerel
ati
ons
whichtheparti
esther
etoarenotall
owedtomar ry.
41
(
ii
).Canyoutel
ltheCounci
ltheprocedur
efordi
ssol
vi
ngt
he
marri
ageundert
heLawofMar r
iageAct,
1971?

Thepr ocedurei ndi ssol vi

ngthemar ri
ageundert heLawof
Mar r
iageAct ,19971i sasf ol
lows:
*Thespousesar er equiredundersection101oft heLawof
Mar r
iageAct ,tor efert hedisputetotheConcili
atoryBoar d
saveinci r
cumst ancesf all
i
ngundersect i
on101( a)to( f
).
*IftheBoar df ai
lst or esolvethedisputetothesat i
sfacti
on
ofthepar t
iesitisr equiredundersection104( 5)toissue
certi
fi
cateset t
ingouti tsfi
ndings.
*Af t
erthecer tif
icat ebyt heBoar disi
ssued,petit
ionf or
decreeofdi vorceaccompani edbyt hecerti
fi
cateissued
mor ethan6mont hsmustbef i
ledi
nt heCourtofcompet ent
j
urisdict
ion.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbypr
esumpt
ionofmar
ri
age?

Presumpti
onofmar r
iagei sgovernedbysect i
on160oft he
LawofMar ri
ageAct ,1971.Itisinv okedwher eamananda
womanhav eliv
edt ogetherf ort
woy earsorupwar dsinsuch
ci
rcumstanceshast ohav eacqui r
edt hereputati
onofbeena
husbandandwi f
e.Not e:JohnKi rakwev s.IddiSi
ko[1989]
TLR215di scussesel ement sofpr esumptionofmar ri
age
andHarubushi Safev s.Ami naRaj abu[1986]TLR221
di
scussest heeffectofr ebutti
ngpr esumptionofmar ri
age
al
soseesect i
on160( 2)oftheLawofMar ri
ageAct .

(i
v).Tel
ltheCounci
lwhatdounder
standi
nrespectofcust
odyof
chi
ldrenaft
erthedi
ssol
uti
onofmarri
age?

42
 Custodyofchi ldr
enafterdi
ssolutionofmar ri
ager eferstoa
sit
uati
onwher ebythechil
drenori ssuesofmar ri
agear eby
courtorderplacedincustodyoft heirmotherorf atheror
whereitisundesi r
abletoplacethem incustodyofei t
her
parenttheinf
antbeent rust
edt oei t
herparent,ofanyot her
rel
ati
veoft heinfantorofanyassoci ati
ontheobj ectsof
whichincludechildwelfar
e.

Questi
on:
Whatfact
orsar
etakenbyCour
tint
oconsi
der
ati
oni
n
di
visi
onofMat
ri
monialpr
opert
ies?

Fact or stakeni ntoconsi derat i

onindivisi
onofmat ri
moni al
proper t
iesar eprov i
dedf orinsection114(2)oftheLawof
Mar riageAct ,1997.Inexer cisi
ngi t
spowerofor deringthe
divisionofmat ri
moni al assets/propert
ies,t
heCour tis
requi redt ohav eregar dt o;
(a).Cust omsoft hecommuni t
ytowhi chparti
esbelong.
(b).Ext entoft hecont ributionmadebyeachpar tyinmoney ,
proper t
yorwor kt owar dsacqui ri
ngoft heassets/propert
ies,
(c).Anydebt sowni ngbyei therpartywhichwer econtracted
fort heirjointbenef i
t,and
(d).Theneedsoft hei nfantchi l
drenifanyofthemar r
iage.

Quest
ion:Whatisthedi
ff
erencebet
weenat
tempt
edr
apeand
i
ndecentassaul
t?

Attempt
edrapeisgov
ernedbypr
ovi
sionofsecti
on132of
thePenalCodeAct
,asamendedbySexualOff
encesSpeci
al
43
 Prov i
sionAct ,
1998, wheretheIndecentassaul tisgoverned
bypr ovisionofsect i
on135oft hePenal Codeasamended
byt hesame.
Attempt edr aper eferstoanat t
emptaccompani edwithan
i
ntent i
ont opr ocurepr ohibi
tedsexualintercoursewithagirl
orawomanwher easI ndecentAssaultreferstosexual
att
ackaccompani edbyact sofindecency .Indecentassaul
t
undert hePenal CodeasamendedbySOSPAmaybe
commi ttedbywor dsorsounds, gesturesorexhi bit
s.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sthepuni
shmentf
ort
heof
fenceofr
ape?

Thepuni shmentf ortheoff

enceofrapeisprov i
dedunderthe
Penal CodeasamendedbySOSPA.Thesamel awprovi
des
thatthepuni shmentfortheoff
enceofrapeisl i
fe
i
mpr i
sonmentori mpr i
sonmentforater
m notl esst
han30
yearswithcor poralpuni
shment,paymentoffineand
compensat ion. N.B.compensationis
paidtoav ictim ofr
ape.
(i
i
)Whati sPuni
shmentf
ort
her
apewhenof
fenderi
s18y
ear
sol
d
orunder18year
s?

Thepuni shmenti spr ovi

dedf orundersecti
on131( 2)ofthe
Penal CodeasamendedbySOSPA.Thepuni shmentf orthe
off
enceofr apewhent heoffenderis18y ear
sol dorunder
18y earsisasf oll
ows:
(a)
.Whent heconv ictofrapei sthefi
rstoff
enderhewi l
lbe
giv
encor por al
punishment .
(b)
.Whent heconv ictofrapei ssecondtimeof fender,
hewi l
l
besent encedf or12mont hswi t
hcorporalpunishment ;
and
44
 (c)
.Whentheconvictofrapeisa3rdti
meandher eci
div
ist
off
enderhewi
llsentencedforli
fe.(
Lif
eimpr
isonment)

(
ii
i)
.Ift
heoff
encei
scommi
tt
edt
oagi
rlundert
eny
ear
s,whati
s
t
hepunishment
?

Sect
ion131(3)ofthePenalCodeasamendedbySOSPA
whoevercommi t
sanof f
encetoagirlundert
heageof10
year
sshouldonconv i
cti
onbesentencedtoli
fe
i
mprisonment.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Whatdoyouunder
standbySexual
Off
encesSpeci
al
Prov
isi
onsAct.(
SOSPA)

SOSPAi sthelawenactedbyt hePar l

iamentoft heUnited
Republi
cofTanzaniaforthepur poseofamendi ngsev eral
writ
tenlawsinmakingspeci al pr ov
isi
onsi ntheselawsi n
regardtosexualandotherrelatedof f
encessoast ofurther
andtosafeguardthepersoni nt egrit
y,digni
tyandl i
bert
y ,
securi
tyofwomenandchi l
dren.

(
ii
).Whoaretheper
sonsint
endedtobecov
eredundert
heSexual
Off
encesSpeci
alPr
ovi
sionsAct,
1998?

Thepersonsi
ntendedtobecover
edundert
heSexual
Off
encesSpeci
al Pr
ovi
sionsAct
,1998ar
ewomenand
chi
ldr
en.SeePreambletoSOSPA.

(i
i
i).Menti
onthenewoffencescr
eat
edundert
heSexual
Off
ences
Special
Provi
sionsAct
,1998?

Thenewoffencescreat
edundert
heSexual
Off
encesSpeci
al
Prov
isi
onsAct,1998are:

45
 1.Gangr ape,
2.Sexual assaultsonper sons,
3.Actofgr ossindecencybet weenper
sons,
4.Sexual exploi
tationofchil
dren,
5.Gravesexual abuse,
6.Sexual harassment ,
7.Traffi
ckingofper sons,
8.Cruelt
yt ochildren.

Or:Whichsexual
off
encespr
oceedi
ngsar
esupposedt
obe
conductedi
ncamera?

Secti
on186(3)oftheCriminalPr ocedureAct,1985as
amendedbyTheSexual OffencesSpecial Pr
ov i
sionsAct
,
1998(SOSPA)ist otheeffectthattheev i
denceofal l
wit
nessesinsexualoff
encesmustber eceiv
edbyi ncamera.
Note:sect
ion186(3)st
ressest hattheev i
denceandt he
wit
nessesinvol
vedinsexual offencesshouldnotbe
publi
shedbyorinanynewspaper sorothermedi a.

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
ermi
ncamer
a?

Thetermincamerar
eferstoconduct
ingtr
ial
swithoutt
he
pressort
hepubli
cbei
ngpresent.E.
g.conduct
ingtri
ali
n
Judge’
sorMagist
rat
e’spri
vat
echamber .

Quest
ion:
WhatConst
it
uter
apewhi
chwasnott
her
epr
evi
ousl
y?

Secti
on130(2)and(3)ofthePenalCodeasamendedby
SOSPAprovidesnewcircumstancesthatconst
it
utet
he
off
enceofrape.Theseare:
*Whenpersonhascanal knowl
edgeofagi rl
orawoman
46
 whoseconsenthasbeenobt ai
nedwhenshewasofunsound
mindofstateofint
oxi
cati
on.
*Whenaper sonhascanalknowledgeofgi
rlwhoundert
he
ageof18y ears
*Whenaper sonhascanalknowledgeofhi
sseparatedwi
fe
wit
houtherconsent.

*Whenapersoninposit
ionofaut
hor
it
ytakesadv
ant
ageof
hi
soff
ici
alposi
ti
onrapesagirl
orawoman.

*Whenaper sonbei ngonmanagementort hestaffof

remandhomeorot herplaceofcust odyt akesadvantageof
hispositi
onandr apesinawomani nmat eofr emandhome,
placeofcust odyorinsti
tuti
on;
*Whenaper sonbei ngonmanagementorst affofhospi
tal
takesanadv antageofhisposi t
ionandr apesagi r
lorwoman.
*Whenat radit
ionhealertakesanadv antageofhispositi
on
andrapesagi r
lorawomanwhoi shi scl i
entforheali
ng
purposes. *Whenar eli
giousl eaderandtakes
anadv antageofhispositionandr apeagi r
lorawoman.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Cany
out
ell
thecounci
lthePr
ocedur
eofsui
ngt
he
Gover
nment?

Thepr ocedureofsui ngthegov ernmentisprovi

dedunder
section6oftheGov ernmentPr oceedingAct:
*Toi ssue90day snot iceofintenti
ont osuethegov
ernment
andser vecopyoft hesamet oAt t
orneyGeneral.
*Toi nsti
tut
et hesuitagainstthegov ernmentandmakethe
AttorneyGener al
thepar tyt
heretoaf t
ertheexpir
yof90days
notice.
47
(
ii
).Whati
sthePr
ocedur
eforsui
ngt
heLocal
Gov
ernment
?

Insuingt heLocal Gov ernment ;t

her etwoAut hori
ti
esnamel y
:
1.Urban; and
2.Distri
ctAut horit
ies.Asf arast heprocedureinsui ngUr ban
Authoriti
esi sconcer nedsect i
on97( 1)oftheLawoft he
Local Gov ernment( UrbanAut horit
ies)Act,1982,Actno
8/1982; prov i
dest hat :
*Thepl aint i
ffmustgi vetheUr banAut hori
tywr i
tt
ennot iceof
i
ntentiont osueofatl eastonemont handsuchnot iceis
requir
edundersect i
on97( 2)ofActno.8of1982t ostat e
causeofact ion, nameandpl aceofabodeofpl ainti
ffand
rel
iefclaimed; and *Topr oceedf i
li
ng
thesuitaf tertheexpi ryofaper i
odofatl eastonemont h.

Andasr egar dDistr

ictAut hori
ty ,section183( 1)oft heLocal
Government( Di
stri
ctAut horit
ies)Act , no.7of1982pr ov i
des
thefoll
owi ngpr ocedur esinsui ngDi strictAut horit
y :
*thePlai ntif
fshouldi ssueawr ittennot iceofi nt
ent iont o
suetheDi str
ictAuthor i
tyofatl eastonemont h.Not i
ce
shouldincl udecauseofact ionnameandpl aceofabodeof
thePlaintiffandr el
iefclaimed.
*Thent ocommenceasui tagainstt heDi st
rictAut horityaf t
er
expir
yofper iodofnot ice.
Note:Sect ion97ofActNo. 81982andsect i
on183ofAct
no.7of1982r equirewr it
tennot iceofi nt ent
iont osueUr ban
Authori
tyorDi str
ictAut hori
tytoser vedont hechai rmanor
thechiefExecut iveoft heeitherAut hor i
tyathi s/herpr i
nci pal
off
ice.

48
Quest
ion:
Whatisadj
our
nmentsi
nedi
e?
Whathappenst
othesui
tadj
our
nmentsi
nedi
e?

Adjournmentsinedi eref
erst oadj
ournmentoft hesui
tor
caseormat terwithoutfi
xingnextdateordayinwhi chthe
sameshal l
comebef orethecour t
.Whenthesui ti
s
adjour
nedsinedi e,i
tremai nsstayedunt
ilsuchtimewhen
theorderadjourni
ngi tsi
nedi ei
ssetasidebyt hecourt
.

Note:Si
nedi
eisalati
nmaxim meani
ngwithoutdat
eoraday
.Iti
s
alati
nmaxim meani
nglethi
m gowit
houtadateorday
.
Quest
ion:
Whati
sadi
esnon?

Diesnon(jur
idicus)meansday sonwhichnolegal
business
canbetransactede.g.SundayandFr i
day,
Chri
stmasday.
|
Rule2oft heCour tofAppealRules,
1979defnesDi
i esNon
tomeanaSundayorpubl icholi
dayandincl
udesanyother
dayorwhicht heRegistr
yisclosed.
Quest
ion:
Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm Suomot
o?
Suomotoisal ati
nmaxi m meani
ngoni t
sownmot i
on.I
tis
thepowerofcourttodeterminematter
soflegalimpor
tance
andofwhichitisrequi
redtotakei
tsjudici
alnot
icewit
hout
beingmovedbyt heparti
estothecase.

Whati
sPendent
eLi
te?

I
tisal
ati
nmaxi
m meani
ngl
i
tigat
ionpendi
ngbef
oret
he

49
 court
.Itmeanswhilet
hel
it
igat
ioni
spendi
ngaft
ertheaction
hasbeenf il
edandcommencedandbef
orei
thasbeenfinall
y
deter
mi ned.

Quest
ion:
Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hecommi
tt
alPr
oceedi
ngs?

Commi t
tal pr oceedingi sdefinedi nsect ion2ofCr i
minal
Procedur eAct ,Cap20.I tmeanspr oceedi ngshel dbya
subordinatecour twi thav iewt ot hecommi tt
alofan
accusedt ot heHi ghCour t
.Itisgov ernedbypr ov i
sionof
secti
ons243, 244and245ofCr iminal Pr ocedur eAct .Iti
s
heldwhenaper soni schar gedwi thanof fencenott ri
ableby
courtssubor dinatest otheHi ghCour t.I ncommi t
tal
proceedingst heMagi stratereadsov erandexpl ainstothe
accusedt hechar ges, butsuchaccusedi snotr equi r
edto
pleadnomakeanyr epl
yt othechar ges.Af terreadingov er
andexpl ainingt ot heaccusedt hechar ge(s)theMagi str
ate
i
sr equir
edt ot ell
t heaccusedt hatt hisi snoty ourt ri
aland
thensuchaccusedwi ll
becommi tt
edi nar emandpr isonor
onbai l
,ast hecasemaybe.Wheni nv est i
gat i
oni scompl et
e
apoliceof ficerorpubl i
cwi llsendst at ementofwi tnesses
togetherwi thpol icecasef i
let oDPPwhoi fnosat isf
iedmay
enternollepr osequeori fsat isfiedhewi lldrawan
i
nf or
mat iont hatwi l
lbef il
edint heHi ghCour t.

Quest
ion:
Whatdoy
ouunder
standf
rom t
hef
oll
owi
ngdef
enses?

(
i)
.Selfdefense,
(
ii
).Bonafi
deCl ai
m ofr
ight
(
ii
i)
.Provocati
on.

50
Underwhatcasescant
hesedef
ensesber
aised?

1.Selfdefenceisadef enceincr i
minallawgov ernedbyt he
provisi
onofsect i
on18oft hePenal Code.Sect ion18A( 1)
(a)empower stheper sontodef endhimsel f
/hersel
f
againstanyunlawful assaultoractofv iol
encet othebody .
Howev erinexerci
singt herightofselfdef encesection
186(1)ofPenal Coder equiresapersont ouser easonable
forceasmaybenecessar yforthedef ence.

2.BonafideClaim ofRi
ght:i
sacr iminaldefencethat
exoneratestheaccusedper sonfrom cri
mi nall
iabi
lit
y.Iti
s
governedbysect i
on9oft hePenal Code.I tisi
nvoked
whent heactdoneoromi ttedtobedonebyt heperson
withrespecttotheproper
tywasdonei nt heexerciseof
anhonestcl ai
m ofri
ghtandwi thouti
ntent iont
odef raud.

3.Provocati
oni sadef ensetocr i
mi nal l
iabil
it
ywhi chif
pleadedsuccessf ul thecourtisrequi redtoexer ci
se
l
eniency.I
tisgov er nedbyt heprov isionofsect ion201
and202oft hePenal Code.Itisinvokedwhent heperson
assault
stheot herper sonafterthel atterprovokesthe
formertosuchext ent sastobedepr i
vedofhi sorher
powerofsel fcontrol .Theprovocat iveactmustbe
capableofpr ovokingt heordinarymani nthecommuni ty
towhichtheaccusedbel ongs.Seesect i
on202par agraph
6andDami anFer dinandKi ul
aandChar l
esv s.Republ
ic
[1992]TLR.16

51
Quest
ion:
Howcanhandwr
it
ingbepr
ovedi
ntheCour
t?

Thehandwr i
ti
ngofaper soncanbepr ov edi
nt heCour tby:
*Handwr i
ti
ngexper taspeersect i
on47oft heEv idenceAct ,
or *Aper sonacquai ntedor
conversantwithhandwr i
tingofdi sputingaut hor.sect i
on
49(1)ofTheEv idenceAct .
Note:inJosephMapemav s.Republic[ 1986]TLR148Msumi ,
J.,
heldatpg152t hat;
fort hepurposeofenabl i
ngt hecour t
todecidetheaut horofanypi eceofhandwr i
tingindi spute,
theopinionofaper sonwhoi sconv ersantwi ththe
handwr i
ti
ngoft hedisputingauthori sasgoodas, ifnot
somet i
mesbet terthanthatofhandwr itingexper t
.

Quest
ion:
Whendoesaper
sonl
oosehi
sci
ti
zenshi
pinTanzani
a?

Aper soncanl ooseci t

izenshi pinTanzani aundert he
Tanzaniaci tizenAct ,
actno.6of1995i nthef ollowingcases:
(a)
.WhenaTanzani anci ti
zenbybi rthoff ullageand
capacityrenouncesaTanzani anci tizenshi pundersect ion
13(1)oft heAct .(b).Whent heMi nist erresponsi bl
ef or
Cit
izenshipmat t ersdepr i
v esanyper sonot hert hanci t
izenby
bir
thofhi sci ti
zenshi paf terexercisingcer tainrightsi not her
for
eigncount r
y.i.e.exclusi v
er i
ght sexer ci
sedonl ybyci ti
zen
ofthatfor eigncount r
y.Seesect ion14oft heTanzani a
cit
izenAct . (
c) .When
Ministerresponsi bleforci ti
zenshipdepr i
vesaci ti
zenshi pby
naturali
zat i
onofhi scitizenshipaf terobt ai
ni ngcer t
ificateof
naturali
zat i
onbymeansoff r
aud, falser epr esentationor
52
 concealmentofanymat eri
alfact
;orthatci ti
zenbecomes
disloyal
tot hecount r
y,orwheni nanywari nvol
vi
ngthe
countrysuchaci t
izensidesinanywaywi t
hanenemyet c.
aspeersect i
on15oft heTanzani aci
t i
zenAct .
(d).Whenaci t
izenofTanzaniabynat urali
zati
onisdepri
veof
his/hercit
izenshipelsewherei.ehishomecount ryonthe
groundwhi chi ntheopinionofaMi nisterforHomeAf fai
rs
aresimilartothosespeci fi
edundersect ion15(1)and(2)of
theTanzani aciti
zenAct .

Questi
on:
Tel
ltheCounci
lthest
agesi
ncr
imi
nal
tri
alsatHi
gh
Court
?

Thest agesincriminaltr
ial
sintheHi ghCourtare:
(a).Todet er
minemat tersnotindisputebyholdinga
Preli
mi naryHeari
ng.
(b).Toopenpr osecuti
oncaseaf terP.H.
(c).Tomakear uli
ngaswhet herthereisacaset oanswer
.
(d).Ift
her ei
sacaset oanswert oopenadef ensecase.
(e).Toal l
owthemaki ngoffinalsubmissionifsodesir
edby
theCour t
(f)
.TheJudget omakeasum upoft hecaset othe
assessor s.

Questi
on:(
i)
.whati
spr
ocedur
eforsui
ngTanzani
aHobour
s
Author
it
yT.H.A?

Theprocedureforsui
ngTanzani
aHarborsAut
hori
tyi
s
prov
idedforundersecti
on67ofTanzani
aHarbor
sAuthor
it
y

53
 no.12of1977.Thepr ocedur
eis
*Toser veonemont hnoti
ceofintenti
ontosueTHAtothe
Dir
ectorGeneral
.
*Toinstit
utethesuitwi
thi
n12mont hsnextaf
tert
heact
complainedofe.g.negl
ectordefault
.

(
ii
)Whati
spr
ocedur
eforsui
ngTanzani
aRai
l
way
sCor
por
ati
on?

Thepr ocedur eforsui

ngTanzani
aRai l
waysCorpor
ati
onis
prov i
dedf orundersecti
on87ofTanzaniaRail
ways
Cor porati
onno.11of1977.
*Toser veonemont hnot i
ceofi
ntenti
ontosueTRCtothe
DirectorGener al
.
*Toi nstit
utet hesui
twithi
n12mont hsnextaf
tert
heact
compl ainedofe. gnegl
ectordef
ault.

Quest
ion:

(
i) Expl
ainonwhaty
ouunder
standbyt
het
ernRev
iew?

Reviewisgov ernedbyt heprovisi

onofsect i
on78and
OrderXLIIofCiv i
lProcedureCode.I tisanactofaCour t
toreconsiderit
sowndeci si
onoror der .I
tisappli
edf orby
thepartywhoconsi dershimsel faggrievedbyadecr eeor
orderfr
om whi chappeal i
sal l
owedbutf rom whichno
appealasbeenpr ef
erred;oritcanbeappl i
edfor,t
hepar ty
whoconsi dershimselfaggrievedbyadecr eeoror der
whichnoappeal i
sal l
owed. Note:Groundsf or
Revieware:
*Upondi scoveryofnewandi mpor tantmat t
erorev i
dence
whichaftertheexerciseofduedi li
gencewasnotwi thi
n

54
 knowledgeoft hepar t
yorcouldnotbeproducedbyhim at
thet
imewhendecr eewaspassedorordermade, or
*Upondi scoveryofsomemi st
akeorer
rorapparenton
thefaceofrecor d,
or
*Foranysuf f
icientreason.

(
ii
).Whati
sli
mit
ati
onper
iodf
orRev
iew?

Thelimitat
ionper
iodforappl
yi
ngforRevi
ewisgover
nedby
1stSchedul
et ot
heLawofLi mit
ati
onAct,
no.10of1971,
PartII
Iatit
em No.3descri
besperi
odwit
hinwhi
chtoappl
y
forReviewofDecree,
JudgmentorOrderis30day
s.

(
ii
i)CanaRev
iewdonesuomot
o?
No,Revewcannotbedonesuomot
i oi
tisdoneon
appl
icat
ionoft
heaggr
iev
edpart
y.

(
iv)
..Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm Rev
isi
on?

Revisioni sgov ernedbyt heprovi

sionsofsecti
on79ofCi vi
l
Procedur eAct .ItistheactofSuper i
orCourtt
oexer ci
seit
s
super vi
sor ypower soverSubordi
nateCourt
sf orinstance:
TheHi ghCour thaspowerundersect i
on79oft heCPCt o
call
f orther ecordofanycasewhi chhasbeendeci dedby
anyCour tsubor dinatetoitandinwhichnoappeal l
ies
ther
et o.TheHi ghCour tcandosooni t
sownmot ionoron
applicati
onbyanyaggr i
evedparty
.
Note: Groundsf orRev i
sionundersecti
on79(1)(a)to(c)are:

55
 (a)
.IfsubordinateCourtexer cisejuri
sdict
ionnotv estedinit
bylaw; or
(b)
.Ifsubordi
nat eCourtfail
st oexercisejuri
sdict
ionv estedi
n
i
t;or
(c)
.Ifinexerciseofit
sj uri
sdictiontheCour tacti
llegall
yor
withmat er
ialirr
egul
ari
ty .

Quest
ion:
Whatdoyouunder
standbyobj
ect
iveandsubj
ect
ive
par
tofevi
dence:

Subjecti
vepar toftheevidenceistheev idencewhichwhen
consideredbymor ethanoneper sondi f
ferentconcl
usi
on
canbedr awnast oitscredibi
l
ity
,whi l
e;
Objecti
vepar tofevidenceistheev i
dencewhi chisweight,
thatis,
mor et hanoneper soncandr awt hesameconcl usi
on.

Note:Subjecti
vePartofevi
denceisevidencethati
ntroduces
theexist
enceofaf acti
nissue.Whereas,Object
ivepartof
evi
denceist heevi
dencethatprov
esexi st
enceofaf actin
i
ssue.

Quest
ion:I
nPr obat
epr oceedi
ngs,
aft
eracav
eati
sfi
l
edhowdo
t
heproceedingsproceed?

Proceedingssubsequent lyt
ot hefil
li
ngofcav eatare
gov er
nedbysect ion59oft hePr obat
eandAdmi nistr
ation
Ordinance,1961, ActNo.35/1961.Pr oceedi
ngsshal lnotbe
takenonpet i
tionf orpr
obateorl et
ter
sofadmi ni
strat
ion
aftercaveati
sf i
ledagainsteitherofthetwo.Aper sonwho
petiti
onedforgrantofPr obateorlett
ersofadmi nistr
ation
willberequir
edt oapplyfortheissueofci t
ati
ont ocav eat
or

56
 call
inguponhi mt ostat ewithinaspecifi
edt i
mewhet herhe
suppor tsthegrantofpr obateorlett
ersofadmi ni
st rat
ionto
thepet i
tionerandi f,
hedoesnot ,
requi
rehi mtoent eran
appear ancet othepet i
tion.Ifthecaveatorenter
s
appear ance,thecour tshal l
proceedwi t
ht hepeti
tionin
accordancewi t
ht hepr ovisi
onofsect i
on52( b)oftheAct .i
.e.
thepr oceedingsshal lbedeal twithasifitisasuitthatis,
peti
tionerwi l
lbepl ai
ntiffandt hepersonopposing
proceedi ngswillbedef endant .

(
i)
.Whati
sSummar
yPr
ocedur
e?

Summar ypr ocedur eisgov er nedbyt hepr ovisi

onsofor der
XXXVofCi vilPr ocedur eAct .Itisthepr ocedur eintendingto
empowerapl aint i
ffwi t
hl i
qui datedcl aimi .
e.acl aimf or
speci f
icamountofmoneyt oobt ainjudgmentwi thoutan
unnecessar ydel ay .Undersummar ypr ocedur e,the
defendanthasnoaut omat icr i
ghtt oappearanddef end
his/hercase.I fthedef endantwant stodef endsummar y
procedur esui t,hemustappl yf orleav etosodef end.The
l
eav ewi l
lonl ybegr antedi ftheappl icat i
onf orleave
disclosest hatt her eist r
iablei ssueorst ableandar guable
case. Not e:summar yprocedur esuitmay
bei nsti
tutedunderanyoft heci r
cumst ancesf all
ingunder
OrderXXXV, Rul e1, (
a)to( f)andt hesear e:
a).Suituponbi llofexchangeorpr omi ssor ynotes;
b).Suitsforr ecov eryofi ncomet ax;
c).Suitsar i
singoutmor tgage, whet herl egal orequitable;
d).SuitsbyTANESCOf orr ecov er yofmet err ents,charges
forsuppl yofel ectrici
tyet c.
57
 e).Suit
sforrecoveryofr
ent,i
nterestorotherdebtduet o
Republic,
Gov er
nmentauthori
ty;and
f).Sui
tsforr
ecov er
yofimmov ablepropertynotprotected
underRentRest r
ict
ionAct,
andsui tsfort
her ecoveryofrent
;
mesnepr ofi
tsordamagesf orunlawfuloccupationin
respectofsuchimmov abl
epr opert
y ,
buil
dingorpr emises.

(
ii
).Whati
sthi
rdpar
tynot
ice?

Thi r
dpar t
ynot i
ceisagov er nedbyOr der1r r
.14- 23oft he
CivilProcedureAct .Thet hirdpartyprocedur ei st he
procedur eunderwhi chapar t
ywhoi snotanor iginalpartyto
thepr oceedi
ngsi sbr oughti ntothesuitbydef endantont he
groundt hatincaset hedef endantisfoundl i
able, sucht hi
rd
par t
ywi l
lhavet ocont r
ibuteori ndemni fythedef endant.
Thi r
dpar t
ynot i
ceisappl iedf orbythedef endant .Inorder
thesamet obeappl i
edf or,thedefendantmustmakesur e
thathecl ai
mscont ri
butiont oindemni tyfrom t hirdparty.
Agai n,t
heclaimf orcont ri
but i
onori ndemni tyf rom thir
dpar t
shoul dbeinr espectoft hedef endant’sliabil
ityt othe
plainti
ff;
thatis,thi
rdpar tywi l
lbeproper lyjoinedi fthe
wr ongfulactarisesfrom t hesamecauseofact ionast hatof
plainti
ffagainstthedef endant .

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sint
erpl
eadersui
t?

I
nterpl
eaderSuiti
sgover
nedbysect i
on63andOr derXXXII
I
oftheCivi
lProcedur
eAct.I
nter
pleadersui
tisasuiti
nwhich
58
 aper sonwhohasnoi nt erestint hesubjectmat terofdispute
ot herthancl ai
msf orhi schar gesorcost s,insti
tutesasui t
fort hepur poseofenabl ingthecour ttodet er minethe
rightfulclaimerasbet weenmor et hanonecl aimer .
Interpleadersui tiscommencedbyf ili
ngapl ai
nt.SuchPl aint
mustdi sclosef actsshowi ngt hatthepl ainti
ffhasnoany
i
nt erestint hesubj ectmat tersav eforchar gesorcost s, i
t
mustal soshowt hatt hedef endant shav ecompet i
ngclaims
amongt hemsel vessev erall
yandt hesamemustal soshow
thatt herei snocol lusi
onbet weenpl ai
ntiffandanyoft he
def endant s.N.B.Int er
pleaderor derisissuedatt he
discr eti
onoft heCour t.SeeSar geantv s.Gaut ama[ 1967]EA
338.

(
iv)
.Whati
srepr
esent
ati
vesui
t?

Representativ
eSui tisgovernedbyO. 1rr.8ofCi vilProcedure
Act.I
ti si
nstit
ut edwhent herearenumer ousper sonshav ing
thesamei nterestinonesui t.Thepersonorper sonswho
wantt osueorbesuedordef endthesuitonbehal foforfor
thebenef i
tofal lper
sonshav i
ngsomei nterestint hesuit,
shouldapplyf orleavetoinstit eRepr
ut esent ati
veSui t.That
i
st osay ,
underO. 1r
r.8representati
vesuitcannotbe
enter
t ai
nedunl essandunt i
l l
eaveforinsti
tutingt hesamei s
grantedbyt hecour t
.

59
(
v).Whati
sthepr
ocedur
eforf
il
li
ngsummar
ysui
t?

Proceduref orfil
ingSummar ySuitisgov er
nedbyt he
provi
sionofO.XXXVr r.2and7oft heCi vi
lProcedureAct.
Thepr oceduref orfi
li
ngsummar ypr ocedur esuit
sist he
sameast hepr oceduresinsuitsinstitutedintheordinary
manner .O.XXXV, rr
.2.Howev er
,requi ressummar y
proceduresui t
st obei nsti
tut
edbypr esentingtheplainti
n
theusual form butendor sed“OrderXXXV: Summer y
Procedure”

Quest
ion:
Whati
sthedisci
pli
nar
yProcedur
eagai
nstaJudgeof
Hi
ghCourtandt
heJudgeofCourtofAppeal
?

Thedisciplinar yprocedur eagainstt hej udgeofHi ghCour ti

s
provi
dedf orunderAr ti
cle110oft heUni t
edRepubl i
cof
TanzaniaConst i
tut
ion,1977.Thepr ocedur eisaf ollows:
fi
rstl
y,thepr esidentwi llunderArticle110( 6)( a)ofthe
Constit
ut i
onappoi ntaCommi ssionofI nquir
yheadby
chair
manandatl easttwomember s.Thechai rmanandat
l
easthal foft hemember smustbej udgesoft heHi ghCour t
orCour tofAppeal from anyCommonweal t
hCount ry.
Secondl y
,thecommi ssionwi l
l i
nqui reintothemat terand
preparear epor tinwhi chitwilladv i
cet hepresidentt o
remov ethej udgef rom of fi
ceornot .SeeAr ticle110( 6)
(b)of
theConst i
tution.Thi rdl
y, i
fthecommi ssionadv i
sest he
presi
dentt hatt hejudgeber emov edf rom office,thensuch
j
udgewi l
lber emov edf r
om of fi
cebypr esi
dent .SeeAr t
icl
e
110(7)oft heConst it
ution. Andthe
disci
pli
narypr ocedureagai nstthej udgeofCour tofAppeal

60
 i
spr ovi
dedforunderArt
icl
e120(5)oftheConsti
tuti
onofthe
UnitedRepubli
cofTanzani
a,1977.Thedisci
pli
nary
procedureagai
nsttheJudgeofCourtofAppealisasthe
sameast hatagai
nsttheJudgesoftheHighCour t
.

Quest
ion:
Whatisquorum ofCour
tofAppeal
ofTanzani
aorwhen
canwesaythecour
tisproper?

TheCour tofAppealproperlyi
sconst i
tutedwhenatleast3
j
udgesofCour tofAppeal presideov erthemat t
er.Thisi
sper
Art
icle122(1)ofTanzaniaConst it
uti
on.
Note:decisi
onisbasedonmaj or
ityopinion.SeeArti
cle
122(2)ofTanzaniaConstituti
on–accor dingtoArti
cle118(
1)
ofTanzaniaconsti
tuti
on,thef ull
benchofCour tofAppeali
s
atl
east5Just i
cesofAppeal .

Quest
ion:
Whatisremedyoft
hepar
tyaggr
iev
edbyt
hedeci
sion
ofsi
nglej
ust
iceofAppeal
?

Accordi
ngt oarti
cl
e123oft heConstituti
onoftheUni t
ed
Republi
cofTanzani a,
1977aper sonaggr i
evedbyt he
deci
sionofsinglejust
iceofappealwillr
eferthemat t
erto
CourtofAppeal whereitwil
lbeheardanddet ermined.
Normally,i
twill
behear danddeterminedby3j usti
ceof
Appeal. Not e:
Accordi
ngt oArti
cle123oftheTanzani aConstit
ution,a
si
nglejusti
ceofappeal hasnopowert odeterminet he
appealprefer
redtoTanzaniaCourtofAppeal .

Quest
ion:
Def
ineCor
ona?

I
sanof
fi
ci
alwi
tht
hedut
yofi
nqui
ri
ngi
ntot
hemannerof
61
 deathofanyper sonwhoisslai
nordiesinsuspi
cious
ci
rcumstances,orinpri
son?
SeeOsbor n’
sConciseLawDi ct
i y6thEdi
onar ti
on.I
not her
words,acoroneristheoff
ici
alwhodiscover
sthemannerof
sudden,suspi
ciousorviol
entdeathbyholdi
nganinquest.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sInquest
?

I
tisanoffi
ciali
nquir
yheldbyaCor onat of i
ndoutt hecause
ofdeathwhichhashappenedunnat ur al
l
y.Accordingto
th
Osborn’
sConciseLawDi ct
ionar
y,6 Edi t
ion,t
heterm
I
nquestmeansanI nquir
yheldbyCor onaast othedeathofa
per
sonwhohasbeensl ai
n,orhasdi edsuddenl y,
inpri
son,
orundersuspi
ciouscir
cumstances.

Questi
on:Tell
ltheCounci
lthemeani
ngof
:
(
i)
.Insuranceagent?

Thet ermInsuranceAgentisdef i
nedinsecti
on3oft he
InsuranceAct,1996,Actno.18/ 1996tomeanaper sonwho
soli
citsappl
icati
onsforinsurance,col
lect
smoneysbyway
ofpremi um andmayi ssueinsurancecoveronbehalfof
RegisteredI
nsurerinaccordancewi t
hhisAgencyagr eement
.

(
ii
).I
nsur
anceBr
oker
?

Thet ermInsuranceBrokeri sdefinedinsecti

on3oft he
InsuranceAct,1996.InsuranceBr okerisapersonorLimi t
ed
Companywhosej obistotransacti nsur
ancebusinesse.g.to
br i
ngtogetherpersonseekingi nsuranceofrei
nsuranceof
risks,car
ryoutwor kpreparatorytot heconcl
usi
onof
cont r
actsofinsur
anceorr einsuranceandineventofclaim,
62
 mayassistinadmi
nistr
ationandper
for
manceofcont
ract.
Note:
InsuranceBr
okerwor kswit
hcomplet
efr
eedom andis
notanAgentoftheInsurer.

Quest
ion:Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng?
(
i)
.Confessi
on

Conf essi
oni sstatementmadebyper sonchar gedwi thcrime
admi tt
ingt obegui l
ty.I
tisanadmi ssi
onofgui lt
ymadet o
anotherbyaper sonchar gedwi t
hacr i
me.I tisadmi ssiblein
courtonlyi ff
reeandv ol
untaryi.
e.ifiti
snotf orthcomi ng
becauseofanyi nducementort hreatheldoutbyaper sonin
authority
.Itmustnotbemadeunderhopeofr ewar d(other
thanspi r
itual
)orfearofpuni shmenti nrelatedt ot he
proceedings.Theonusofpr oofthatconfessi onwas
voluntaryisintheRepubl ic.SeeDPPv s.Lin[1975]3WLR
419.

(
ii
).Admi
ssi
on

Admi ssionr efersst atement ,or al,writ

tenori nferredfrom
conduct ,madebyoronbehal fofapar tytoasui tand
admi ssi bleinev idence, ifrel
ev ant ,
asagai nsthi sinterest.
Admi ssioni seitherf ormal orinf ormal .
Not e: Formal admi ssionf orpur poseoft r
ialmaybemadeon
pleadi ngse. g.wher eacont r
actandbr eachar eadmi t
ted.
Informal admi ssionmaybemadebef oreordur i
ngt he
proceedi ngs.Incr i
mi nal proceedi ngsadmi ssionmaybeby
pleaofgui lt
y ,
byast atementoff act sbyt heaccused, orin
thef or m ofaconf essi on.Not eal sothat :
Admi ssionar e
gov ernedbyPar tIIoft heEv idenceAct ,1967wher eas
63
 conf
essi
onar
egov
ernedbyPar
tII
Ioft
heEv
idenceAct
,1967.

Quest
ion:Whatdoyouunder
standby
:
(
i)
.Generaldamages

Generaldamagesar edamagest hatar ecompensat oryin

naturei
ntendedt otakecareofPl ai
ntiff
’slossofr eput ati
on
aswel l
asactassal atium f
orment al painandsuf fering.See
HajiAssociatesCo. Ltd&Anot herv s.JohnMl undwa[ 1986]
107.General damagesar ethatki
ndofdamageswhi cht he
l
awpr esumest of ol
lowfrom thewr ongcompl ainedof ,and
whichtheref orneednotbesetouti nt heplainti
ff’
s
pl
eadings.e.gi ncaseofper sonal i
njuryresul
tingf r
om
negli
gentact ,generaldamagesmayber ecoveredf orpai n
andsufferi
ngi njurytohealt
handper sonal i
nconv enience.
th
SeeOsbor n’sConci seLawDi cti
onar y.
6 Edi t
ionpgs156- 157.

(
ii
).Speci
alDamages

Special
damagesar
ethatki
ndofdamagethatarenot
presumedbyl
aw.Theymustbeexpr
essl
ypleadedand
proved.

(
ii
i)
.Puni
ti
veDamages

Punit
ivedamagesar eawar dednotonlybywayof
compensation,butalsoasapuni shmenttoof
fender
.They
areexemplaryorvindicti
veawardednotmerel
yaspecuniary
compensationforthel ossact
uall
ysustai
nedbythePlai
nti
ff

64
 butalsoasakindofpunishmentoftheDefencewi
thviewof
di
scouragingsi
milarwri
nginfut
ure.SeeAngelaMpanduj
ivs.
Ancil
l
aKi l
i
nda[1985]TLR16

(
iv)
.Mi
ti
gat
ionofDamages

Miti
gati
onofdamagesr eferstostepstakenbyPl ai
ntiffi
n
ordert
oreducedamages.Thedef endantcannotbel iable
foract
swhichtheplaint
if
ffail
edtot akestepstomi tigate.
Note:Gener
all
y,i
tisthedutyofthepar t
ywhosel egal ri
ghts
havebeeninf
ri
ngedt oactreasonablyinmi t
igat
ionof
damages.

(
v).Dupl
i
cit
y.

Dupli
citymeansthatthechargeisdouble.Achargeissaid
tobedupl exwherei
tcontainst
wodi st
inctoff
encesinsingl
e
count.e.g.achar
geallegi
ngthecommi ssionofburgl
aryand
housebr eaki
ng.

Quest
ion:
whatdoy
ouunder
standbythef
oll
owingt
erms?
( i
).Cor
roborat
edEvi
dence.

Corr
oborat
edevi
dencei
stheevi
dencewhichi
sconf
ir
medor
suppor
tedbyanot
herpi
eceofevi
dence.

(
ii
).Cor
robor
ati
ngEv
idence

Corroborati
ngev i
denceistheevi
dencethatconf
ir
msor
support
sanot herpieceofevi
dence.
Note:Evi
dencesupposedt obecor r
oborat
edshouldbe
suff
ici
ent,sati
sfact
oryandcredi
ble.SeeAzizi
Abdall
ahvs.
Republi
c[1991]TLR71

65
(
ii
i)
.Nomi
nal
Damages

Nominaldamagesar edamagesthatareoftri
tl
ingamount
awardedcontemptuousl
yorforthemereinvasionofri
ght
wit
houtdamage.SeeOsbor n’
sLawDi ct
ionary6thEdi
ti
onpg.
109.Note:Nominaldamagesaredamagesf orlesssum of
moneyawar dedwhenlegalri
ghthasbeeninfri
ngedbutno
substant
iall
osshasbeencaused.

(
iv)
.Cont
ri
but
oryNegl
i
gence

Contri
butorynegli
gencemeanst hefai
lur
ebytheplainti
fft
o
meett hestandardofcarer
equiredofhimtoconform with
hissafety
.Itisthefai
l
urebyplai
ntif
ftotakecareofhisown
safet
y.Thatistosayt hepl
aint
if
fhimselfcont
ri
butes
towardsthecommi ssionofthewrongdonebydef endantto
him.

(
v).Remot
enessofDamages

Remot enessofdamager efersdamagewhi chresul

tsfr
om
anactoft hedefendant,butwhi chcannotbesaidtobe
causedbyhi m.ThePl aint
if
fi snotenti
tl
edtorecover
compensat i
onwhent hedamagecausedt ohim by
defendant’
sactistoor emot e.

Quest
ion:
Canyout
ell
theCounci
lwhaty
ouunder
standbyt
he
fol
l
owingter
ms:

66
(
i)
.St
ri
ctl
yLi
abi
l
ity

Stri
ctl
yLiabi
li
tyistheli
abil
i
tywithoutfault
.Thati
swher ea
manact sathisownper i
landisresponsibl
eforaccidental
harm,i
ndependentlyoftheexist
enceofei t
herwrongful
i
ntentornegli
gence.Incri
minallaw,i
tistheli
abil
it
ywi t
hout
mensr ea.e.
g.inli
abi
li
tyfortheescapeofdangeroust hi
ngs.

(
ii
).Vi
car
iousLi
abi
l
ity

Vicar
iousli
abi
l
ityi
stheli
abil
i
tyofthemast
erfort
hetor
ts
commi tt
edbyhisser
vantinthecour
seofhi
semploy
ment.

(
ii
i)
.Occupi
esLi
abi
l
ity

Occupiesli
abil
it
yisthedutyoft heoccupi erofpremi ses
towardstheonewhol awfull
yv i
sitshispr emises.Thel i
abi
l
ity
oftheoccupierisnotonl
yli
mi tedtopr emi ses,t
hatis,li
abi
li
ty
extendstooccupier
sofvehicle.InTanzani a,occupiers
l
iabil
it
yisgovernedbyOccupier sLiabi
lit
iesAct ,
1968.

(
iv)
.Cor
robor
ati
on

Corr
obor ati
onisani ndependentpi
eceofevi
dencewhich
i
mplicatesaper sonaccusedofacr i
mebyconnecti
nghi m
wit
hi t
.Itistheevidencewhichconfi
rmsinsomemat eri
al
par
ticularnotonlythatthecri
mehasbeencommi tt
ed,but
al
sot hattheaccusedcommi tt
edit
.

(
i)
.Cany
out
ell
theCounci
lthei
ngr
edi
ent
sofv
ali
dCont
ract
?

I
ngr
edi
ent
sofv
ali
dcont
ractar
epr
ovi
dedf
orsect
ion10of

67
 LawofCont r
actAct,
Cap433,t
heseare:
*fr
eeconsent;
*Competencyorcapaci
tyt
ocontr
act
;
*Lawf
ulconsider
ati
onandlawf
ulobj
ect

(
ii
).Whatar
ether
emedi
esf
ort
hebr
eachofcont
ract
?

Theremedi esf orbr eachofcontr

actare:
Damages-her eapar tyiscompensatedforlosssuffer
ed
owingt obr eachofcont ract
.
Resti
tution–her einnocentpart
yclai
msbackhi s
perf
ormanceori t
sr easonabl
evalue.
Specifi
cPer f
ormance–her ethecourtor
der sDefendantto
doaccor dingt ot ermsofcont r
act.
Rescission–t hePl ainti
ffmayseektorescindtheCont r
act.
Quantum Mer uit–Pay mentofsomuchast hepart
ydoing
thewor kdeser v es.

Apartf
rom speci
fi
cper
for
mancesanot
herspeci
fi
crel
i
efi
s
i
njunct
ion.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
smi
srepr
esent
ati
on?

Misr
epresentati
oni sdefi
nedinsecti
on18(a)
-(
c)ofLawof
Cont
ractAct.Itismi sst
atementofafact
(s)materi
alt
ot he
cont
ract.I
tisast atementorconductwhi
chconv ey
saf alse
orwrongimpr ession.

Questi
on:(i
).Whatisthedi
ff
erencebet
weenpr
imar
yand
secondar
yev i
dence?

68
 Thedi f
ferencebetweenpri
maryandsecondaryev i
denceis
that:Pri
mar yEvi
denceisdefi
nedinsect
ion64(4)of
EvidenceAct .I
tmeansdocumenti t
sel
fproducedfor
i
nspect i
onbycour t
.Itmeansdocumentitsel
fproducedfor
i
nspect i
onbycour t
.Pri
maryev i
dencemustbegener al
lybe
producedi ncourt
.

SecondaryEvidencei
sdef i
nedinsection65oftheEv idence
Act;i
tisacopyofor i
ginaldocument.Secondaryevidenceis
onl
ypr oducedincourtinexcept
ionalcir
cumstances.

(i
i
).Howdoyoudi
sti
ngui
shbet
weensecondar
yfr
om pr
imar
y
evi
dence?

Secondar
yevidencemaybedi st
ingui
shedf
rom Pr
imary
Evi
dencebyinspecti
ngorchecki
ngSecondaryEvi
dence
agai
nstPri
mar yEvi
dence.

(
ii
i)
.Underwhatci
rcumst
ancessecondar
yev
idencei
sadmi
ssi
ble
i
nevidence?

Secondar yevidencei sadmi ssibl

eincir
cumst ancespr ovi
ded
forundersect i
on67oft heLawofEv idenceAct ,
1967and
theseare: *
Whenor iginaldocumentappear stobei n
possessionofpowerofaper sonwhent hedocumenti s
soughtt obeadducedagai nst; *Whenexi stence,
conditi
onorcont ent
sofor i
ginaldocumentar eadmittedin
writ
ingbyper sonagai nstwhom itisprovedorbyhi s
representat
iveini nt
erest ;
*Whenor i
ginaldocumenthasbeendest royedorlostor
whenorwheni tcannotbepr oducedinreasonableti
me;

69
 whenor i
ginaldocumenti sofsuchanat ureasnott obe
easil
ymov able; *Whent heorigi
nal ispubl
ic
documentwi thi
nthemeani ngofsect
ion83oft heLawof
Evi
denceAct .
*Whent heorigi
naldocumenti sofwhichcer ti
fiedcopyis
permittedbyTheLawofEv i
denceActoranywr i
tt
enlawto
beproducedi nevi
dence; and
*Whenor i
ginalwhenor igi
nalconsi
stofnumer ousaccounts
orotherdocument sthatcannotbeconv enientlyexaminedin
Court,andf acttobepr ovedisthegeneralresultsofwhole
coll
ection.

Quest
ion:
Cany outel
ltheCouncil
whati
sext
radi
ti
onandwhati
s
t
helawwhi chgover
nsextr
adit
ion?

Extradit
ionmeanst hedel i
ver
yupofaper sonwhohas
commi t
tedacrimei nonecount r
ybyt heauthori
ti
esof
anothercountryinwhi chhehast akenref
uge, t
othe
authorit
iesofthecount rywherethecrimewascommi tted.
Extradit
ionproceedi
ngscannotbet akenagainstt
hecri
mi nal
unl
essanext r
aditi
ont reat
yhasbeenconcl udedwitht
he
for
ei gnstat
econcer ned. *
In
Tanzaniaextradit
ionisgov er
nedbyt heExtradi
ti
onAct,1965

Quest
ion:Br
ief
lyexplai
nthef
oll
owi
ng:
(
i)Atr
usteeinBankruptcy

Atrusteeinbankruptcyi
saper sonwhom thepropertyofa
bankruptisvestedintr
ustfort
hecr edi
tor
s.Hisdutyisto
di
scov er
,real
izeanddistr
ibut
eitamongt hecredi
tors.Heis
al
sor equi
redt oexaminethebankrupt’
sproper
ty,
accounts
70
 etc,
toinv
esti
gat
eprofit
smadebyt hecredi
tors,andt
oadmi
t,
rej
ectorr
educethem accor
dingt
ocircumstances.

(
ii
).
Arecei
ver

Areceiveri
saper sonappoint
edbyt hecour
toni nt
erlocutory
appl
icati
on,torecei
v et
herentsandprofi
tsofrealestate,or
togetinpersonalproper
tyaff
ectedbyproceedingsinlieuof
thepersonthenhav i
ngthecontr
olofpropert
yandt opr otect
suchpropertyunti
ltheri
ghtofpart
ieshavebeenascer tai
ned.

(
ii
i)
.Adét
ent
e

Adét ent
emeanslesseni
ngofinternati
onaltensi
on.I
tisan
i
mpr ovementint
herelat
ionshi
pbet weentwoormor e
countri
eswhichhavebeenunfri
endlytowardseachotheri
n
thepast.

Quest
ion:
Def
inethefol
l
owing;
(
i)
.Rul
esofNatur
alj
usti
ce

Ruleofnat ur
al j
usticerefertorul
esandprocedur erequired
tobef oll
owedbyanyper sonorbodychargedwi ththedut y
ofadjudicati
ngupondi sputesordetermi
ningt her i
ghtsof
otherse.gGov ernmentDepar t
ment.
Not e:t
hechiefrulesar etoactfair
ly,i
ngoodf aith,without
bias,andinjudicialtemper;togiv
eeachpar tyoppor tunit
yto
behear dandt oav oidhearingonesidebehindt hebackof
theother.

(
ii
).Pr
erogat
iveOr
der
s:

Pr
erogat
iveor
der
sar
etheor
der
sgr
ant
edbysuper
iorCour
ts

71
 fort
hepur poseofprev
entinginferi
orcourt
sorpubl i
c
Offi
cialsorPublicBodi
esf rom exceedi
ngthel i
mitsoft
hei
r
l
egiti
mat esphereofaction,orofcompel l
i
ngt hem to
exercisetheirf
uncti
onsinaccor dancewit
ht helaw.

(
ii
i)
.HumanRi
ght
s:

HumanRi ghtsmeans, r
ightsandfreedom t
owhichever
y
humanbei ngisenti
tl
ed.Somehumanr i
ght
sareso
fundamentalthatt
heyform partonaturall
aw.Mostoft
hem
however,
dof orm par
toft r
eatylaw.

Whati
sthedoct
ri
neofr
ecentpossessi
on?

Thedoct r
ineofrecentpossessi onmeanst hatwherea
personisfoundwi thapr opertyrecentl
yreported;st
olen,that
personmaybehel dtohav est ol
enit.Thepossessoroft he
propert
yrecentl
yrepor t
edst olenisregardedeitherasthe
actualt
hieforagui l
tyreceiver.
Note:Thedoctri
neofr ecentpossessi onisnotpr ovi
dedf or
i
nt hePenalCodeAct ,
Cap.16.I twasdev el
opedbyour
Courtsundersection114oft heIndianEvidenceAct,1872
nowsect i
on122oft heEv i
denceAct ,1967.
Quest
ion:
whatdoy
ouunder
standby
:
(
i)
.Bail

Baili
stherel
easebyt hepoli
ceorcour
tofanaccused
personheldi
nlegalcustodywhil
eawait
ingt
ri
alorappeal
againstcr
imi
nalconvict
ion.Bai
li
salwaysgr
antedupon

72
 ful
fil
l
ingcert
aincondi
ti
onse.g.execut
ingt
hebondwith
sureti
es. Note:
Baili
stherel
easeofaccusedpersonpendingt
ri
alorappeal
.

(
ii
).I
dent
if
yingwi
tness

I
dent
if
icat
ionwi
tnessi
sthewit
nesswhoprov
esthei
dent
it
y
ofat
hingorper
sonaccusedofcommit
ti
ngacri
me.

(
ii
i)
.Tr
ansf
err
edMal
i
ce

Transf
erredMali
ceref
erst
oasit
uati
onwherebyaper
son
i
ntendstocommi tacri
meagai
nstoneper
sonbuti
nfact
commi t
st hesamecri
meagai
nstanot
herper
son.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Cany
out
ell
ust
heessent
ial
element
sofav
ali
dwi
l
l.

Theessent ialelementsofav al
i
dwi l
lare:
*Testatormusthav etestamentarycapacit
ywhent hewill
is
made; *
Wi l
l mustbewitnessedandat t
est
edby
witness; *Thewillmustbesigned
atthef ootbyt est
ator;and *
Thewi l
l
mustdi rectthemanneri nwhichtheproperti
esaretobe
distr
ibutedtot hebeneficiar
ies.

(
ii
).Canaper
sonamendawi
l
laf
terhemadei
t?

Thewil
lcanbeamendedafterbei
ngmade;itcanbe
amendedbyexecut
ingcodi
cil
sordul
yexecutedal
ter
ati
on.
73
Quest
ion:Whatdoyouunder
standby
;
(
i)
.ExtendedJur
isdi
cti
on

Extendedj urisdi
ctionisgovernedbytheprovi
sionsof
secti
ons243-246oft heCri
mi nalPr
ocedur
eAct .Ext
ended
j
urisdict
ionr efersthepower sconfer
redonResident
Magi str
ate, bytheMi nist
erforLegalAf
fai
rstotrycategory
ofcasesor dinari
lytr
iedbytheHi ghCourt
.Seealsosection
45ofMagi st r
ateCour tAct.

(
ii
).Commi
tt
alPr
oceedi
ngs:

Commi t
talproceedingsar egov ernedbyt hepr ovisionsof
secti
ons243- 263oft heCr i
minal ProcedureAct .Commi t
tal
Proceedingsi sdefinedbysect ion2oft heCr iminal
ProcedureActt omeanpr oceedingsheldbysubor dinate
courtwithav iewt ot hecommi ttalofanaccusedper sonto
theHighCour taccor di
ngt osection244oft heCPA.
Commi t
talProceedi ngsmaybenecessi t
atedbyt wof act
ors,
namel ythattheof f
encechar gedi snott r
iablebySubor di
nate
Courtsort heDPPi soft heopinionandadv isest hecour t
accordinglythat,t
heof fencechar gedisnotsui tablet obe
determinedint hesubor dinatecourtuponsummar yt ri
al.

Questi
on:Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lthepower
sofDPPandment
ion
underwhatLawthepowersarefound?

ThepowersofDPPar egovernedbytheprovi
sionofsecti
on
90(1)
(a)
-(
c)oftheCri
mi nal
ProcedureAct
,al
sor eadart
icl
e
59BoftheConsti
tut
ionoftheUnitedRepubl
icofTanzania,
1977andsecti
on2oft heOffi
ceoftheAttor
neyGeneral

74
 Dischar
geofDut i
esAct ,
no.4/ 2005andt hesear e:
(a).Toi
nst i
tut
eandunder takecr i
mi nalproceedingsagai nst
anypersonbef or eanycour ti
nr espectofanyof fence
all
egedt ohavebeencommi t
tedbyt hatper son;
(b).Totakeov erandcont inueanysuchcr iminalpr oceedings
thathavebeeni nst
itut
edorunder t
akenbyanyot herperson
orauthorit
y;and
(c).Todiscontinueanysuchcr iminalproceedingsi nsti
tuted
orundertakenbyhi m oranyot herauthori
tyorper son.

Quest
ion:
Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(
i)
.DeedPoll
?

DeedPollref
ersadeedt
owhichther
eisonlyonepart
y.For
example,
onedeclar
eschangeofname.I
tisaunil
ater
al
deed.

(
ii
).PowerofAt
tor
ney
.

PowerofAttor
neyrefer
saf or
malinstr
umentbywhichone
personempowersorauthori
zesanothert
orepr
esenthi
m,or
actinhi
ssteadforcert
ainpur
pose.

Cav
eat
:

Cav eatmeanslethim beware.I

tisanoticet
hatisfi
ledi
nthe
offi
cesofRegistryorCourttopreventacert
ainst
epbeing
takenwithoutprevi
ousnoticetothepersonenter
ingthe
caveat(whoiscalledthecaveator
)e.gapersonhav i
ngor

75
 cl
aimingani nt
eresti
nthedeceasedest
atemayent
era
caveattoobjectthegr
antofprobat
eorlet
ter
sof
administ
rat
ion.

Questi
on:Whati
sanI
njunct
ioni
nlawandwhatLawgov
erns
i
njunct
ion?

Inj
unctionisaremedyi nthef or
m ofCour tOrderorDecr ee
bywhi chapar t
yt oanact ionisrequiredt odo, orrefrainfr
om
doingapar ti
cularthing.Injuncti
onsar eei therrestri
ctive
(pr
ev enti
ve)ormandat ory( compulsiv e).Asr egards, ti
me,
i
njunctionareeitherinterlocutory(i
nt erim)orper petual.
NB: Perpetuali
njunct i
onisgr antedaf tert hepl ai
nti
ffhas
establi
shedhisr ightandt her ei
ssay , cont i
nuingbr eachby
defendantwher easi nterl
ocut or
yinjunct ionmaybegr ant
ed
pendingt heoutcomeoft hemai nhear i
ngoft hecase.
Inj
unctionisgov ernedbyt heCivil
Pr ocedur eActR. E2002
undert heprovi
sionofOr derXXXVI I.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Woul
dyoument
ionf
ivel
egi
slat
ionconnect
edt
o
Labourmatt
er:

Fiv
elegisl
ati
onconnectedt
oLabourmatter
sare:
*Theempl oy
mentAct;Cap.366
*Secur
it
yofEmpl oymentAct,
1964
*I
ndustr
ialCourtAct
,1967
*Sever
anceAl l
owanceAct,
1962
*TheWor kmen’sCompensati
onOr
dinance,
Cap.263.

Not
e:ThenewLabourLawswhichhaver
epeal
edandr
epl
aced
f
ormerl
awsaretheLabourRel
ati
onsAct
,2004;
and

76
t
heLabourI
nst
it
uti
onAct
,2004
(
ii
).Tel
luswhi
chor
gandeal
swi
thLabourdi
sput
es.

Theor
ganwhichdeal
swi
thLabourdi
sput
esi
sknownas
I
ndust
ri
alCour
t.

(
ii
i)
.Ist
hedeci
sionoft
heI
ndust
ri
alCour
tappeal
abl
e?

Section27( 1)
c)oft heIndustri
alCourtAct ,1993prov i
des
thatev er
yawar danddeci sionofCour tisfinalandshallnot
beliabletochallenged,revi
ewedorcal l
edi nquestionbyany
othercour t
.Howev er,accordingtothesamepr ov
isions
mat t
er songroundsofl ackofj ur
isdi
ct i
onbyt heIndustri
al
Cour tarerequi
redt ober ef
erredtoHi ghCour tandt hesame
shoul dbeheardanddet erminedbyf ullbenchofHi ghCourt
.

Quest
ion:
Canyoutell
theCounci
lwhatisat
tachmentbefor
e
j
udgmentandwhatistheLawgover
ningatt
achmentbefore
Judgment?

Attachmentbeforejudgmenti stheorderoft heCour t

requir
ingthedefendanttof urnishsecurityinsuchsum of
moneyasmaybespeci fi
edbyt heCour torpr opert
yorsum
ofmoneyequi valentt
ov alueofpr operty.Attachmentbefore
theJudgmenti sorderedwheni tappearst hatthedefendant
i
saboutt odisposeort oremov ethewhol eoranypar tofhis
propertyf
rom thelocall
imi t
sofj uri
sdicti
onoft heCourt
.
AttachmentbeforeJudgmenti sgov er
nedbyOr der
.XXXVI
rr.
6-13oft heCiv i
lPr
ocedur eAct .

Quest
ion:
Bri
efl
ytel
ltheCounci
lwhatt
hef
oll
owi
ngmeanunder

77
Company :
(I
).Equi
tyShar
es

Equi
tyshar
esref
ert
oshareswhoseshar
eholder
sar
enot
ent
it
ledtobepai
dfi
xedamountofi
nter
est.

(
ii
).Shar
ecer
ti
fi
cat
e.

ShareCer t i
ficat
ei sani nst
rumentundert heSeal ofthe
Company ; certi
fyi
ngt hatthepersont her
einnamedi senti
tl
ed
toacer tainnumberofshar es.Inotherwor ds;
shar e
certi
fi
cat ei sadocumenti ssuedbyt hecompanyev idenci
ng
thatanamedper sonist hecompanymemberandst ati
ng
thenumberofshar esregister
edi nhi
snameandt heextent
towhi cht heyar epaidup.Shar eCer t
ifi
cateisnotnegot i
abl
e.
NB: ShareWar r
antisaCer t
ifi
cateundertheSeal ofthe
Company .

Quest
ion:(i
).Whati
sthest
atusoft
heopi
nionoft
heassessor
sin
Homicidecases?

I
nhomi cidecasesthejudgecandi sagr
eewithunani
mous
vi
ewsoropi nionoftheassessors.However,
heisrequi
redt
o
gi
vereasonsf orsodisagr
eeing.SeeAbdalahBazamiye&
ot
hersv s.Republi
c[1990]
TLR42, pg45decidebyCourtof
Appeal
.

(
ii
).Caseswher
etheCour
tsi
tswi
thassessor
.

Pr
imar
yCour tMagi
str
atesi
tswit
hassessor
sinCiv
iland
Cr
imi
nalcasespersect
ion74(
1)oft
heMCA, 1984.

RM’
s&Di
str
ictCour
ts:

78
 WhereRul esofCustomaryorIsl
amiclawisinissueor
rel
evantthecour t
smayandwhendi rect
edbyanappr opri
ate
j
udici
al author
it
ysitswi
thanassessororassessors,see
secti
on7( 3)oftheMagi
strat
eCourtAct.RM’sCour tsit
s
withassessorswhendeterminescasesundertheEconomi c
andOr ganizedCri
meControlAct,
1984.

HighCour
t.
HighCour
tsit
swi t
hassessorsi
nHomi ci
decases,Economic
cri
mecases,andtreasonanddefamati
oncasesundert he
NewsPaperAct,1976.Secti
on265ofCPAsay sthatal
ltr
ial
s
i
.e.cr
imi
nalcasesshouldbewithaidofassessorswhose
membermustbet woormor east hecourtt
hinkfi
t.

Commercial
Cour
t:
Thecour
tsit
swit
hassessor
sinal
lcases.

I
ndustr
ialCour
t:
Thecourtdoessi
twi
thassessor
sinal
lcases

Secti
on39ofActno.2of2002pr ov
idesthattheappealsto
Highcour
tLandDivisionbehear
dbySingleJudgesitt
ing
witht
woassessors.SeealsotheHi
ghCour tRegi
str
ies
(Amendment)Rul
es, 2001.
Quest
ion:
Whati
sthePr
ocedur
eforr
egi
ster
ingFor
eignCompany
i
nTanzania?

Theprocedur
eforregi
steri
ngfor
eigncompanyi
nTanzani
a
i
sgov er
nedbytheprovi
sionsofsecti
on320Aand321of
Cap.212andtheseare:
(i
).TheCompanymustappl yf
orandobtai
napprov
alof
79
 registrartoest ablishapl aceofbusi nessi nt hecount r
y.
(i
i).Thecompanymustwi thinonemont haf terest abli
shing
busi nessi nTanzani adel ivertotheregi strart hefollowing:
*Acer t
if
iedcopyoft hechar ter
,statutesorMemor andum &
ArticlesofAssoci ationorot herinstrumentconst ituti
ngor
def i
ningt heconst itutionoft heCompanyandi fthesamear e
noti nEngl ish,acer ti
fiedtranslati
ont hereof ;
*Ful laddr essofr egist er
edofr egist
er edorpr i
ncipaloffi
ce
oft heCompany .
*Al i
stofdi rectorsandt heirpart
icularsasr equi r
edbyCap
212.* Thenamesandaddr essofper son( s)r esidi
ngi n
Tanzani aaut hori
zedt oacceptpr ocessofNot i
ceson
amountofshar es.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Canyoutel
lthedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenOf
fi
cial
Recei
ver
andRecei
verManager
?

Offi
cialReceiveristheofficerappoint
edbyt hecourttoact
i
nBankr uptcyandi nt
hewi ndingupofCompani es.
Accordingtosect ion178(1)ofCap.212, offi
cialr
eceiveri
n
mattersrel
at i
ngt owindingupofcompani esbyCour tmeans
theoffi
cerappoi ntedforbankr upt
cypurposes.
*AndRecei verManageri st hepersonwhoi sappointedto
managet hebusi nessoft hecompanywhi chisnolonger
carr
yingonbusi nesspr ofi
tably.

(
ii
).Whoi
saLi
qui
dat
or?

Aliqui
dat
ori
sapersonappoint
edbythecourttocar
ryout
thewindi
ngupofcompany.Seesect
ion182–195ofCap.
212. NB.Hi
sdutiesar
e:Toreali
zethe
80
 proper
tyofthecompany, *Topaydebt
s;
and
*Todistr
ibutedsur
plusofany
,tomember
soft
hecompany.

(i
i
i).Underwhatcir
cumst
ancest
hel
awofBankr
upt
cyappl
i
est
o
Publi
cCor por
ati
on?

TheLawofBankrupt
cyappl i
est
oPubl
i
cCor
por
ati
onunder
thef
oll
owi
ngcir
cumst ances.

(
iv)
.Canl
awofBankr
upt
cyappl
ytoaCompany
?

Yes,
Bankr
uptcyLawi
.e.Bankr
upt
cyAct
,Cap.25canappl
yt
aCompany.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whathappensift
hePl
aint
if
fisabsentont
heday
t
hecaseiscall
edforhear
ing?

Whent heplainti
ffisabsentont hedayt hecaseiscal l
edfor
heari
ng, thecaseshal lbedismissedf orwantofpr osecution.
Butwher ethedef endantadmitsthecl aim,orapar tthereof,
thecour tshallpassadecr eeagai nsthim uponsuch
admi ssionoft heclaim andwher etheadmi ssionisin
respectoft hepar tofclai
m, t
hecour tdismisst hesuitsof ar
asitrelatestot hereminder.SeeO.I Xr .8ofCi vi
lProcedur e
Act.

(i
i
).Whathappensifbot
ht hePl
aint
if
fandDef
endantar
eabsent
onthedaythecaseiscal
ledforhear
ing?

Wher
ebot
hthePl
aint
if
fandDef
endantar
eabsentont
he

81
 daythecasei
scall
edf
orhear i
ngt
hecourtmaymakean
ordert
hatsui
tbedi
smissed.SeeO.I
Xr.3ofCiv
ilPr
ocedur
e
Code..

(i
ii
).Whathappensifbotht
heDef
endanti
sabsentont
hedayt
he
caseiscal
ledforheari
ng?

Thepr ocedur etobef oll

owedwhent heDef endanti sabsent
ont hedayt hecasei scal l
edforhearingisgov ernedbyt he
provisi
onsofO.I X,r.6(1)ofCivi
lProcedureAct .
Thepr ocedur eis:
*I
fthesui tisbef oreHighCour tanditisprovedt hatthe
defendantwasdul lyserved,t
hecour tmaypr oceedex-parte.
*I
fthesui tisbef orethecourtssubordinatetoHi ghCour t.
*wher ethesummonsi ssuedwasasummonst of i
ledefence
andi ti
spr ovedt hatthesummonswasdul lyser ved,t
he
cour tmaypr oceedex- part
e;
*Andi fthesummonsi ssuedwassummonst oappearandi t
i
spr ovedt hatthesummonswasdul l
yserv ed,thecour tmay
enterjudgmentf orplai
ntif
f.

(
iv)
.Whathappensi
ftheappel
l
antonaci
vi
lappeal
isabsent
?

Wheret heappel l
antonCi v
ilappeali
sabsentont hedaythe
appeal i
scal
ledonf orheari
ng,theCour
tmaymakeanor der
thattheappeal bedismissedperO.XXXI X,
r.17(1)ofCivi
l
ProcedureAct.
Note: Wher
et heappel l
antappearsandtherespondentdoes
notappeartheappeal maybehear dex-
parteperO.XXXIX,r.
17(2)oftheCi v
ilProcedureAct.

82
(
v).Whathappensi
fther
espondenti
ncr
imi
nal
appeal
isdead?

Wherether
espondenti
ncri
minalappealdiestheappeal
abat
es.However
,the appeal
from asentenceoffinedoes
abat
easpersecti
on371oftheCriminal
Pr ocedur
eAct.

Quest
ion:
Whatdot
hef
oll
owi
ngphr
asesmean?

(
a).Ahol
deri
nduecour
se

Holderinduecour sei st heonewhohast akenabi l

lof
exchangei ngoodf aithandf orvalue,bef orei twasov erdue
andwi thoutnoti
ceofpr eviousdi
shonororofanydef ecti
n
thetitl
eofthepersonwhonegot iatedort ransferredthebill
.
NB: Theholderinduecour sehol
dst hebi llfreef r
om any
defecttit
leofpri
orpar tiesandmayenf orcepay mentagai nst
allparti
esli
ableont hebi ll
.Abankwhi chhasal lowed
customert odrawagai nstunendorsed, un- cl
ear edchequei s
ahol derinduecour se.SeecaseofMi dlandBankv s.Harri
s
[1963]1WLR1021.

(
b).I
nsur
abl
eInt
erest
.

Insurabl
einterestisani nter
estinthesubjectmat t
erofa
contractofinsurancet hatprovi
dest hepersoninsuredwit
h
therighttoenforcet hecontract
.
NB: Aninsurableinterest,
exampl e,ownershipofgoods
i
nsur eddist
inguishesacont ractofinsurancefrom wageror
Bet.

(
c).I
nsur
anceBr
oker
.

AnI
nsur
anceBr
okeri
sdef
inedundersect
ion3oft
he

83
 I
nsuranceAct,1996,Actno.18/1996.ThephraseI
nsur
ance
Brokermeansaper sonwhonegot i
atesInsur
anceCont
ract
s
withInsur
anceCompanyonacommi ssi
onbasisandusual
ly
handlescl
aimsoni t
scli
ents’behal
f.

(
d).Fi
nanci
alI
nst
it
uti
on.

Fi
nancialInst
itutionisdef inedundersect ion3ofBanki ng
andFinancialI
nst it
utionsAct ,1991r epealedandr eplaced
2006,tomeananyper sonaut horizedbyorundert heActt o
engageinbanki ngbusi nessnoti nv ol
vingt herecei
ptof
moneyorcur rentaccountsubj ectt owithdr awalbycheque.
SeeBank:Banki sdef i
nedbysect ion3oft hesameActt o
meanFi nanci
alI nsti
tutionauthor izedt oreceivemoneyor
curr
entaccountsubj ectt owithdrawbycheque.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sPr
ocl
amat
ionf
orsal
e?

Procl amati
onf orsaleisthedocumentdr awnupbyt hecour t
fort hepurposeofsal eofpr oper t
ybypublicauct i
on.
Procl amati
onf orsaleisrequiredt ostat
etimeandpl aceof
sale, andspecifyasclearlyaspossi blet
hepr opertytobe
sold; *Ther ent(i
fany )
pay ableinrespectofpr operty;
*Anyencumbr ancetowhi chthepr opert
yisli
abl e;
*Theamountf ortherecov er
yofwhi chthesal esisordered;
and* Ever
yot herthi
ngwhi cht hecourtconsidersmat eri
alfor
purchasert oknowi nor dertoj udgethenatureandv alueof
84
 theproperty
.
Procl
amat i
onforsal
eisgov
ernedbysect
ions65and66of
theCriminalPr
ocedur
eCode.

Quest
ion:Canyout
ell
theCounci
lwhatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
he
fol
l
owing:
(
a).Cert
if
icat
eofUr
gency

Acer ti
fi
cateofUr gencyisthedocumentdr awnupbyt he
appli
cantonoat ht hataccompaniest heapplicantonoat h
thattheapplicat
ionsuppor t
edbyassoci at
ionst ati
ngt hatt
he
mat t
erwhi chisthesubjectofapplicati
onisofext reme
urgency. Note:i
tiscerti
ficatebroughtin
courtont opofappl i
cati
on( ChamberSummons) ,(
Af f
idavi
ts)
tel
li
ngt hecourtthatthemat teri
soneoft heur gencynat ur
e
tobehel danddet erminedwi t
hintheshortestpossi bl
etime.

(
b).Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofI
ncor
por
ati
on

Cert
ifi
cateofIncorporati
onisacerti
fi
cateissuedbythe
regi
str
arofcompani esaft
erregi
str
ati
onofacompany
cert
if
yingthatthecompanyi sincor
porated.IncaseofLt
d
Company ,cer
tif
icateofincor
porati
oncer t
if
iesthatt
he
companymember shavelimi
tedli
abil
it
ies.

(
c).Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofCompl
i
ance

Cert
if
icat
eofcompli
anceist
hecert
if
icat
eissuedbyregi
str
ar
ofcompaniest
otheforei
gncompanyaft
eritcompl
ieswit
h

85
 r
egi
str
ati
onr
equi
rementsprovi
dedf
orundersect
ion321of
t
heCompani
esAct,Cap.212.

(
d).Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofRegi
str
ati
on

Cert
ifi
cateofRegistr
ati
onisthecert
if
icat
eissuedby
rel
evantauthori
tyaft
ercompliancewi
ththerequi
rement
sfor
aparti
cularregi
str
ati
onpurpose.

(
e).Resj
udi
cat
a
Resj udicataisgov ernedbysect ion9ofCi v
ilPr ocedur
eAct.
Itisapr inci
plethatpr ovi
dest hatwhenamat terhasbeen
finall
yandadj udicateduponbyaCour tofcompet ent
j
ur isdict
ionitshouldnotber eopenedorchal l
engedbyt he
or i
ginalparti
esort heirsuccessor sininterest.Itdoesnot
pr ecludeanappeal orachallenget othej urisdicti
onofthe
cour t. Not e:it
sj usti
fi
cati
on
i
st heneedf orthef i
nali
tyofliti
gation.

Quest
ion:
Canyoudist
ingui
sht
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms:
(
i)
.Corpor
ateLi
abi
l
ity

Cor
porat
eli
abil
i
tyi
st heli
abi
li
tyofthecor
por
ati
onforact
sor
omi
ssionofi
tsemployeescommi t
tedint
hecourseoft
hei
r
empl
oyment.

(
ii
).Pr
oductLi
abi
l
ity
:

Productl
i
abi
li
tyistheli
abil
it
yofmanufact
urerandother
personsf
ordefect
iveproducts.Onemaysueincont
ractfor

86
 breachofthecont
racti
nfal
li
ngtosuppl
yproducts
conformingt
othecontr
actorhemaymai nt
ainanact
ioni
n
tortf
orthedamagecausedbydefectpr
oducts.

(
ii
i)
.Busi
nessLi
abi
l
ity
:

Businessli
abi
li
tyistheliabi
lit
yf orabreachofObli
gationor
duti
esarisi
nginthecour seofabusi nessorf r
om t
he
occupati
onofbusinesspr emi ses.Onemaysuei ncont r
act
ortort
. Note:Li
abili
tymayextendto
i
ncludetheacti
vit
iesofGov er
nmentDepar t
mentsorLocal
Authori
tyorPubli
cAut horit
y.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenaCompanyLt
dby
shar
esandaCompanyLimit
edbyguarant
ees?

Thediff
erencebet weent hecompanyLt dbyshar esanda
companyLi mitedbyguar anteeisgov ernedbyt heprovisi
ons
ofsecti
on3( 2)oftheCompanyAct ,Cap.212.Thecompany
l
imitedbyshar esistheonewhi chli
abili
tyofit
smember sis
l
imitedbythememor andum t osuchamount ,ifanyofunpai d
sharesheldbyt hem; wher easthecompanyl imitedby
guarant
eeist heonewhi chhast hel
iabili
tyofitsmember s
l
imitedbythememor andum t osuchamountast he
member smayr especti
velyt herebyunder t
aket ocontri
bute
totheassetsoft hecompanyi ntheev entofbeingwoundup.

(
ii
).Whati
sapubl
i
ccor
por
ati
on?

Apubli
ccor
porat
ionisacor
por
ati
oninwhicht
he
gov
ernmentori
tsagenthol
dsmaj
ori
tyofshar
esori
sasol
e
87
 sharehol
der.Normall
yacorpor
ati
onisestabl
i
shedt
o
perf
orm apubli
cfuncti
onofcommercial
nature.

(i
ii
).Whatisthedi
ff
erencebet
weenaCompanyl
i
mit
edbyshar
es
andPartnershi
p?

Thedi f
ferencebetweent hecompanyl imit
edbyshar esand
Partnershipi
sasf ol
lows:
i
).Par t
nershipi
sgov ernedbyPar tXofLawofCont ractAct,Cap.
433i ti
sdef i
nedinsect i
on190(1)ofLCOt omeant herelati
onshi
p
thatsubsistsbetweenper sonscarryi
ngonbusi nessincommon
withthev i
ewofpr ofi
t.Ther el
ati
onshipofpartnershi
parisesfrom
contractandnotf r
om st at
us,persecti
on191( 1)ofLCO.Exampl e
ofPar t
nershipi
saf ir
m ofLegal Practi
ti
oners;
while;
theCompanyl i
mitedbyshar esisgovernedbyCap.212.

i
i)
.Part
ner
shipi
snotlegalper
son,butcansueorbesuedonit
ownname
whil
e,
aCompanyli
mitedbysharesi
sal egal
personsepar
atef
rom i
ts
members;
itcansueorsuedinit
sname.

i
ii
).Theminimum numberofpar
tnersi
s2whi l
ethemaximum
numberis20,
whil
e;
i
nPubl i
cCompanyhasnomaxi mum numberofmember s.
Maximum numberofmember si
nPr i
vateCompanyi
s50and
minimum of7forthePubl
i
cCorporati
onand2member sfor
Pri
vatecompany.

88
(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyPar
tner
shi
p?

Partnershipisnotformedbyr egist
rat
ionofdocumentunless
businessnamei sused.Itmaybef ormedbyexpressorimpli
ed
agreement ,oral
orwr i
ttenorevenbyimputati
onoft hel
aw
while;
Companyi sformedbyr egi
strat
ionofmemor andum andarti
cles
ofassoci at
ionaswel lasotherdocuments,i
frequi
red.

(v).Li
abili
tyofpartner
shipi
sunl i
mi t
edi.ei
ncasesofdef aul
t,
credit
orshav epersonalcl
aim againstthem j
ointl
yandsever
all
y
whi l
e;
Li
abi l
it
yofCompanymember sislimitede.gtoamountofunpaid
sharesinlimitedcompany ,
credit
or shavenocl ai
m agai
nst
member s.

(v
i).Power sinPart
nershi
par eregulat
edfreelybyagreementand
arenotdeemedt obeknownbyt hir
dPar t
ies.Powersarealtered
fr
eelybyagr eementthus;t
hedoct rneoful
i t
ravir
esisinapplicable.
Whi l
e;
Poweri ntheCompanyar estrictl
yregulat
edbymemor andum and
art
icleofassociati
onthataredeemedt obeknownt othir
dpar t
ies
deali
ngwi ththecompanycont ractsmadebycompanybey ondi ts
power sandobjectsareult
rav i
res

(v
ii
).Unl
ess,
otherwi
seagr
eed,
deat
h,bankr
upt
cyori
nsani
tyofa
part
nert
erminat
espart
ner
shi
p,
whil
e;
89
i
nCompanyt hecompanydoesnotdi
ewit
hdeat h,bankrupt
cyor
i
nsani
tyofi
tsmember.Sharespasst
oappropr
iaterepresent
ati
ve.

(vi
i
i).Eachpart
nerhastheri
ghtt
opar
ti
cipat
einmanagementof
Partnershi
p
whil
e;
i
nCompanyMember sdel
egatet
hemanagementoft
hecompany
todirector
s.

(
ix)
.Part
ner
shi
pisnotr
equir
edinlawtokeepbookofaccount
s
whi
le;
t
hecompanymustkeepproperbooksofaccount
s.

(x)
.Par t
nershi
pisnottaxableent i
ty.Eachpart
neristaxed
i
ndiv i
dual
lyathisownper sonaltaxr at
eorhisshareofallf
ir
m
i
ncomewhet herdist
ri
butedornot
while;
Thecompanyi sat axabl
eent i
ty.Dividendr
eceivedbymember s
ofthecompanyar ealsotaxed.

Not e:
1.Unl i
mi t
edCompanyi st
heonewhosemember sareli
abl
et o
cont r
ibutet othedebtsoft hecompanyt otheful
lext
entofthei
r
proper t
y(ies)
2.Apr i
vatecompanyi sonewhi ch:
*restri
ctther ightt
otransferitsshar
es
*Limitsthenumberofi tsmember sto50;and
*Prohibitsanyi nvi
tat
iontot hepubli
ctosubscri
beforanyshares
ordebent ur esofthecompany .

Quest
ion:
Howcant
hel
i
feofacompanycomet
oanend?

90
 Thecompanycomesanendwheni tiswoundupbyor derof
aCour t(HighCour t)accor dingt osecti
on157( 1)ofCap212,
thecompany ’
swoundupcanbeunder takenbyt heCour tor
Vol untaryorsubj ecttosuper vi
sionofthecour t .The
circumst anceswhi cht hecompanycanwoundupbyt he
cour tarepr ovi
dedf orundersect ion167( a)
-(f
)e. gwher ethe
companydoesnotcommencei tsbusinesswi thi nayear
from itsincorpor at
ion. The
circumst ancesf orv oluntarywoundupar eprov idedin
sect i
on221( 1)(a)-
(c)i .
ewher ef i
xeddur ati
onofexi st
enceof
thecompanyexpi r
es.
Thewi ndingupsuper v i
sedbyt hecourtisgov er nedby
sect i
on252.I thappenswher ethecompanypasses
resolutionforv oluntarywi ndingupandt hecour tisofthe
opi ni
ont hatthewoundupoft hecompanybesuper vi
sedby
i
t.

Quest
ion(
i)
.Whatl
awsr
egul
atessuccessi
onandi
nher
it
ancei
n
t
hecountr
y?

Thelawst hatr egul

ati
ngsuccessi onandinher
it
anceinthe
countryare:
1.TheI ndi
ansuccessi onAct ,1865;
2.ThePr obateandAdmi ni
str
ationofEstatesCap.352;
3.TheAdmi nistr
ati
onofSmal lEstatesOrdi
nance,Cap.30;
4.Succession( NonChr isti
anAsi ati
cs)Ordi
nance,Cap112
5.Local Customar yLawDecl arationOrder,
1963,GNNo.
279/1963
6.Indi
anLawAppl i
cati
onOr dinance.
7.PrimaryCour t
sAdmi nist
rati
onofEst atesRul
es,GN.No.
91
 45/
1971readt
oget
herwi
thSchedul
etoMagi
str
ateCour
t
Act
,1984.

(
ii
).Whendoyoupeti
ti
onforPr
obat
e;andwhendoy
oupet
it
ion
f
orlet
ter
sofadmini
str
ati
on?

Oneappl iesforProbat
ewhent hedeceasedper
sonl eav
esa
wil
l appointi
ngtheappli
canttobeanexecutor
;whereasone
appliesforlett
ersofadmini
str
ati
onwhent hedeceased
persondi esint
estat
e.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbysecur
it
yforcost
s?

Securit
yf orcost sref ersthesum pay ablebyapl ainti
fftoa
civ
ilactionasacondi tionofbei ngper mittedt ocont i
nuewith
theaction.Secur it
yf orcost sar eor deredatt hediscreti
onof
thecour t.Theyar enotal way sorder edagai nstt hedefendant.
Securit
yf orcost smaybeor deredi nthef ollowing
cir
cumst ances: 1.Whent hePl ainti
ffisor dinaril
yr esi
dentout
ofthear eaofj uri
sdict ionofCour t.
2.Whent hePl aintiffissui ngonbehal fofsomeonewhowi ll
beunabl et opayt hedef endantcost soft hesui tifordered;
3.Whent hePl ainti
ffaddr essisdi shonest lynotst atedor
i
ncorrect lystatedont hewr i
toror i
ginatingpr ocess; and
4.Wher et hePl aintiffhaschangedhi saddr essdur i
ngthe
courseofpr oceedi ngsi nordert oer odet heconsequences
ofli
ti
gat ion.

92
(
ii
).Whatl
awsgov
ernssecur
it
yforcost
s?

Secur
it
yforcost
saregov
ernedbyCourtofAppeal
Rul
es,
1979andOrderXXVofCi
vilPr
ocedur
eAct

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyext
rat
err
it
ori
alj
uri
sdi
cti
on?

Extr
at er
ri
tori
aljur
isdi
cti
oni sgov ernedbythepr
ovisi
onsof
secti
on6ofPenal Code.Ifrefersthepowerconfer
redonour
Courtstotryoff
encescommi t
tedbyTanzaniansoutsi
dethe
countryorinair
craftr
egisteredinTanzania.

(
iv)
.Cany
out
ell
theCounci
lwhatdoest
axat
ionmean?

Taxat
ionmeanst
hepr
ocedur
eofdet
ermi
ningt
hebi
l
lof
cost
s.

(
v).Canapar
tyappeal
ont
hedeci
sionofTaxi
ngMast
er.

Onedoesnotappeal
againstt
hedeci
sionofTaxi
ngMaster
buthewi
llr
efert
hemattertosi
ngl
ejudgeofHighCour
t.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Canyoument
ionthelawwhi
chregul
atet
he
l
imit
ati
onperiodi
nfi
l
li
ngCi
vilact
ioni
nTanzani
a?

*TheLawofLimi
tat
ionAct
,1971No.
10/1971
*thecust
omar
yLaw( Li
mit
ati
onofPr
oceedings)Rul
es,
1964
GNNo.311/1964

(i
i
).Whatist
hePecuniar
yJuri
sdi
cti
onofdi
ffer
entCour
tsi
n
Tanzani
a?Pecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onofthef
oll
owingCourt
s:

Pr
imaryCourt
:
3mil
li
onsformov
abl
epropert
y;and
5mil
li
onsfori
mmovabl
epropert
y.
93
 RM’s/Di
stri
ctCourt:
100mi l
l
ionsformov ablepropert
y;and
150forimmov ablepropert
y
NB:TheMagi str
ateActasamendedbywr i
tt
enLaws
(Mi
scell
aneousAmendment s)Act
,2002

Hi
ghCourt
/Cour
tofAppeal:
Havenomaxi
mum pecuni
aryjur
isdi
cti
on.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoesaforei
gnCompanygetf
rom t
he
Regi
str
araft
ercomply
ingwit
hrequi
rement
?

Whenaforeigncompanycomplieswi
ththerequi
rementthe
r
egi
str
arissuestothatcompanyaCert
if
icat
eofCompl i
ance.

(i
i)
.WhatdoesaLocalCompanygetf
rom t
heRegi
str
arhav
ing
compl
iedwitht
herequi
rement
s?

Whent
helocalcompanycompli
eswit
htherequi
rement
sit
get
saCer
tif
icat
eofRegist
rat
ionfr
om t
heRegist
rar
.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy ouunder
standbyv
olunt
aryl
i
qui
dat
ionand
i
nvolunt
aryl
i
quidat
ion?

Voluntar
yliquidat
ioni sawindi ngupprocedur einwhicha
companypassesar esol ut
ionf orvol
unt ar
ywi ndi
ngup.Iti
s
governedbysect i
on221ofCap212.
Inv
oluntaryli
quidati
oni smodeofwi ndingupacompany
whichismadecompul sori
ly.Itisnotvoluntaryanditismade
bytheCour t.Thecircumstanceswhent hecompanycanbe
i
nvoluntar
ilywoundupi sgov ernedbyt hepr ovi
sionsof
secti
on167e. gwher eacompanyr educest henumberof

94
 member
sbel
owt
hatst
ipul
atedi
nCap.212

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbydebent
urei
nst
rument
?

Debent ureInstrument sisaninst

rumentusual lyunderseal
i
ssuedbyacompanyorpubl icbodyasev idenceofadebtor
assecur it
yf oral oanofaf i
xedsum ofmoney ,atinterest.
Thei nstr
umentcont ai
nsapromiset opayt heamount
ment ionedini t
,andi susuall
ycall
eddebent ureont hef ace
ofit.Debent ureincludesDebenturestocks,Bondsandany
othersecur i
tiesofacompanywhet herconstit
uti
ngachar ge
ontheasset soft hecompanyornotpersect ion2( 1)ofCap
212

Quest ion: t
elltheCouncilt
heLawgov
erni
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng?
(
i).Par ti
nership;
(
ii
).Mor tgage;
(
ii
i).Agency ;
(
iv).Ci t
izenship;
(
v).Accompl i
ce;
(
vi).Test ament ar
yDisposi
ti
on;
(
vii).DissolutionofMar ri
age;
(
viii)
.Banki ng;
(
ix).Shar etrade;
(
x) .Insurance;
(
xi).ICTR;
(
xii).Bail PendingAppeal

(i
).Part
ner
shi
pisgov
ernedbyPar
tXoft
heLawofCont
ract
Act;Cap433.

95
 (i
i)
.Mor
tgagei
sgover
nedbytheLandAct,1999No.4/
1999;
andPar
tVIoft
heLandRegi
strat
ionAct
,Cap.334.

(i
i
i).Agencyi
sgov
ernedbyPar
tIXofLawofCont
ractAct
,
Cap.433.

(i
v).Ci
ti
zenshi
pisgov
ernedbyt
heTanzani
anCi
ti
zenshi
pAct
;
1995.

(v
).Accompl
icei
sgover
nedbysect
ion22oft
hePenal
Code,
Cap16oftheLawsRevi
sed.

(v
i).Test
amentar
yDi
sposit
ionisgover
nedbyTheLocal
CustomaryLawDecl
arat
ionOrder,
1963and1964.

(
vii
).Di
ssol
uti
onofMarr
iagei
sgov
ernedbyTheLawof
Marri
ageAct,
No.5of1971

(vi
i
i).Banki
ngi
sgover
nedbyTheBankofTanzaniaAct,
1995
andTheBankingandFi
nanci
alI
nst
it
uti
onsAct,1991.

(i
x).Shar
eTradeisgover
nedbyTheCapi
tal
Mar
ketand
Securi
ti
esAct,1994.

(
x).I
nsur
ancei
sgov
ernedbyt
heI
nsur
anceAct
,1996.

(
xi)
.Int
ernat
ional
Cri
minal
Tri
bunal
forRwandai
sgov
erned
by

(xi
i
).Bai
lPendi
ngAppeali
sgover
nedbysect
ion368oft
he
Cri
minalPr
ocedur
eAct,No.9/
1985[
R.E2002]

Questi
on:
(i
).Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenJoi
ntTenancyandTenancyi
n
Common?
96
 JointTenancyi st heonei nwhi cht woormor eper sonsown
thelandwi thi dent i
cal i
nt erest sint hewhol eofi t.Undert he
j
ointt enancyt her ightofsur viv
or shipappl iesi.e.t he
owner shipofent i
rei nt eresti nthepr opertypasses
automat ical lyont hedeat hofonej ointtenantt ot he
survivors.Thel astsur vi
v orbecomest hesol eandabsol ut e
owner .Andasr egar dst ot enancyi ncommon, t her ei
s
equitableowner shipofl andbyt woormor eper sonsi nequal
orunequal undi videdshar es.Undert histenancy ,eachco-
ownermaysel lordi sposeofhi sshar ebywi ll
.Ther eisno
ri
ghtofsur v ivorshi pi .e.ashar edoesnotpassaut omat i
cally
ont hedeat hoft enanti ncommont osurv i
vor(s) .
NB: Jointt enancyar iseswhent hef oll
owingf ourcondi ti
ons
exists:i)
.Eachj ointt enantmustbeent it
ledt opossessi onat
thesamet ime.
i
i).Theest at eori nt er esteachhasi nlandmustbei dentical
i
.e.eachj oi ntt enanti sent itledt ot hewhol eofpr opert
yand
hasnoexcusi veent itlementt oanysepar atepar tofit.
i
ii)
.Eachj ointt enanthav et hesamet i
tl
etot hel andi .
e.thei r
owner shipmustbet racedf rom t hesamei nstr
ument ,
such
asaconv ey ancet o‘ A”and‘ B’asj ointtenant .
i
v )
.Eachj ointt enant ’si nter estmustv estatandsubsi stf or
thesamet ime.

(i
i
).Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenaPr i
vat
eCompanyandPubli
c
Company?Whati
sthemajordif
fer
enceinr
espectofshar
es?

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weenaPr
ivat
eCompanyandPubl
i
c

97
 Companyi st hat
;
i
).TheAr t
iclesofPrivat
eCompanyr estr
ictther i
ghtto
transferit
sshar es;
i
i).TheAr ti
clesLimitsthenumberofi tsmember sto50, and
i
ii).TheAr t
iclesprohi
bitsanyinv
itat
iontot hepubl i
cto
subscr i
bef orsharesordebenturesofthecompanywher eas
theAr ti
cl
esofPubl i
cCompanydonot .Seesect i
on27(1)(a)
-
(c)ofCap.212 Themajordifferenceinrespect
ofshar esbet weenPrivateandPubli
cCompani esis

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbySpeci
fi
edCor
por
ati
ons?

Specifi
edCor porat
ioni sdef i
nedbyt hepr ovi
sionsofsect ion
3ofPubl icCor porationActNo.2of1992, asamendedby
ActNo.161of1993t omeanaPubl icCor porati
ondecl ared
tobeSpeci fi
edPubl icCor porati
on.Af terthePubl i
c
Corporationi sdeclaredasSpeci fi
edPubl i
cCor porati
on, i
tis
requir
edt ober estruct uredbyPr esidentialParastatalSector
Reform Commi ssionEst abli
shedbysect ion21oft heActNo.
16of1993. NB:
Restructuringinrelationt ospecifi
edPubl icCorporati
onor
Specifi
edGov ernmentmi nor
itysharesmeansanyf orm of
restr
ucturingasar esul tofwhichowner ship,str
uctureor
controloft hatspecifiedpubl i
ccor porationorspeci fi
ed
governmentmi norityshar esisaltered.Seesect ion2ofThe
PublicCor porati
ons( Amendment )Act; 1993.

(
iv)
.Whati
sthepr
ocedur
einsui
ngSpeci
fi
edCor
por
ati
on?

98
 Thepr ocedurei
nsui ngspecif
iedcorporat
ionisasfoll
ows:
i
).Toappl yforl
eav eint
heHi ghCourttosueSpeci f
ied
Publi
cCor porat
ion;and
i
i).I
fleaveisgranted,apersonisrequir
edt osuethesame
andmaki ngPCRCapar tytheret
o.

(v
) .Canyoutel
ltheCouncil
whereonecanf
indt
hePowerof
Distri
ctRegi
str
aroftheHighCourt
?

ThepowersofDistr
ictRegi
str
arofHighCour
tisfoundi
nthe
Lawestabl
ishi
ngHighCourtRegist
ri
esi.
e.t
heHighCourt
Regi
str
iesRules,
1961.

(
vi)
.Cany oument
iontwoLegi
slat
ionswhi
chgov
erncommer
cial
t
ransact
ionsi
nTanzania.

Oneoft wolegisl
ationt hatgov ernCommer cialtr
ansactions
i
nTanzani aare:
i
) .TheLawofCont ractCap, 433
i
i).TheBankingandFi nancialInsti
tutionAct ,1991as
amended2006.NB: Thet erm Commer cialLawhasbr oad
meani ng.I
tisthelawofbusi nesscont racts,bankruptcy,
Pat ent
s,Tr
adesMar ks,designs, Compani es,Partnershi
ps,
Expor t
sandImpor tofMer chandise, Affrei
ghtment ,
Insurance,
Banking, Mer canti
leAgencyandusages.See
Osbor n’
sConciseLawDi ct
ionary,6thEdi ti
on,page80.

Quest
ion:Whatdothefol
l
owi
ngmean:
i
).Adefaul
tjudgment
;

99
 Def
aultj
udgmenti
sthej
udgmentmadeexpar
te.I
tisa
j
udgmentwhichi
smadeaftert
hedef
endantf
ail
stofi
l
ehi
s
def
enceormakehisdef
ence.

i
i
).Not
iceofMot
ion.

Noti
ceofmot ionsist
heprocedur
ebywhi chanapplicant
movest hecourtsoastodeter
minecert
ainmatter(
s),
example:noti
ceofmotionmaybef i
ledunderRule8ofCourt
ofAppeal Rul
esseeki
ngleavetoappealoutoft
ime.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sthepr
ocedur
eforsui
ngaMi
l
itar
yOf
fi
cer
?

i
).Thepr ocedur ef orsui ngami litaryof fi
cerisgov er nedby
OrderXXVI Ioft heCi v i
l Procedur eAct .
i
i).Accordingt oOr derXXVI Ir.1( 1)ofCPCt hemi litary
offi
cermaydef endt hesui tinper son,i.e.hemaybesued
anddef endhi scase.
i
ii
).Buthecannotobt ainleav eofabsencef ort hepur poseof
defendinghissui t;Or derXXVI I,r.1(1)empower shi mt o
authori
zeanyot herper sont odef endt hesui tinhisst ead.i v)
.
Theaut horit
yappoi ntingt hatot herper sont odef endt hesui t
onbehal fofthemi li
tar yof ficermustbei nwr i
ti
ngandmust
besignedbyt hesai dmi l
i
tar yof ficerinpr esenceofhi s
Commandi ngOf f
icer .SuchCommandi ngOf fi
cermustal so
countersigntheaut hor it
ybef orebeenf i
ledincour tperOr der
XXVII.R.(1)(2)oft heCPC. iv)
.
Upont heaut horit
ybei ngf iledi ncour t,theper sonaut hor i
zed
todefendt hesui tonbehal fofmi li
taryof f
icer,wil
l defendt he
suiti
nper soni nthemannerast hemi li
taryof fi
cercoul ddoi f
present.Hemayappoi nttheadv ocatet odef endt hesui tper
100
 OrderXXVI I.r.
(1)(
3)oft heCivi
lProcedureAct.
NB: 1.Theabov eprocedureappli
eswher ethemil
i
tar
y
Offi
ceri ssuing
2.Mi l
it
arymenar egov ernedbyMi l
i
taryLawandCodeof
Discipl
ine.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.WhenmayaPl
aintber
eject
ed?

Theplai
ntmayber ej
ectedint hecasespr ovi
dedf orunder
OrderVI
I,r.11TheofCi vi
lProcedureCode; thus,
i
).WherethePl ai
ntdoesnotdi scl
oseacauseofact i
on;
i
i).Wher
et hereli
efcl
aimedi sunderv aluedandt hePlai
ntif
f
onbeingrequir
edbyt heCour ttocorrectthevaluati
onwi t
hin
aspecif
iedtimefail
stodoso; and
i
ii
).Whereitappearsfrom thePlaintt
hatt hesuitisbarr
edby
anylaw.

(
ii
).Whenmayasui
tbedi
smi
ssed?

Thecircumstancesinwhi cht hesui

tmaybedi smi ssedar e
governedbyt heprovi
sionsofOr derIXr r
,2,3,5and8oft he
Civi
lProcedureAct;andt heseare:
i
).Wher esummonshasnotbeenser v
edupont hedef endant
duetoPl ai
nti
ff’
sfail
uretopaymoneyr equi
redforser viceof
summons.SeeOr derIX.r.2
i
i).Whereneitherpart
yappearwhent hesuitiscalledonf or
heari
ng.SeeOr derIXr.3;
i
ii)
.Wher esummonsr equiredtobeser vedonthedef endant
i
sr et
urnedandt hePlaint
ifffail
sforthreemont hst oapply
forfr
eshsummons.SeeOr der.I
Xr.5(1)
i
v )
.Wher ethedefendantonl yappearsandt hePlainti
ffdoes
101
 notappearwhent
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ing.

i
i
i).Whenmayanappeal
besummar
il
yrej
ect
ed?

Theci rcumst anceinwhichtheappeal maybesummar i

ly
rej
ect edisgov ernedbytheprovisionofOrderXXXIX.r
.10of
theCi vil
Pr ocedureCode.Accordingtotheaforementi
oned
provisions, t
hecourtisobl
igedtor ej
ecttheappeal,
where
theappel lantfai
lswit
hinspecifi
edt i
measor deredbyCourt
tofurnishsecur it
yforthecostsofappeal,oroftheori
ginal
suitorofbot h.

Question:Whenmayt
heCour
trequi
ret
hef
urni
shi
ngofsecur
it
y
forcosts?

TheCour trequir
et hef urnishingofsecur i
tyforcost sinany
ofthefoll
owi ngcircumst ances:
i
).Wher etheappel lantisresi di
ngoutofTanzani aandi snot
possessedofanysuf fi
cientimmov abl
epr opertywit hi
n
TanzaniaperOr derXXXI X, r
.!0(1)oftheCi vi
lPr ocedureAct;
i
i)
.Wher ethepar tyi ssuingonbehal fofsomeonewhowi l
l
beunablet opayt hedef endant ’scostsiforderedt odoso;
i
ii
).Wher ethedefendantaddr essisdishonestlynotst atedor
i
ncorrectl
ystatedont hePl eading;or
i
v).Wher ethePlaint i
ffchar geshisaddressdur ingt hecourse
ofproceedingsinor dertoer odetheconsequencesoft he
l
it
igati
on.

102
Whatdot
hef
oll
owi
ngmeani
nourl
aw?

(
i)
.Judi
cial
Not
ice;

JudicialNoti
ceisthemeansbywhi chtheCour ttakesas
provencertai
nmat ter
swi t
houthearingt heevi
dence.Mat ter
s
whicht heCourtdoestakejudi
cialNoticeare;thosewhi ch
aresonot ori
ousorclearl
yestabli
shedt hatfor
mal evidence
oftheirexi
stenceisnotrequi
red.Againt hecourtdoest ake
i
tsJudi ci
alNotesmat t
ersofcommonknowl edgeand
everydayli
fe.

(
ii
).DockBr
ief
;

Isgovernedbysection3oftheLegal Aid(Cr
imi
nal
Proceedings)Act,
No.21of1969.I tar i
seswhentheindi
gent
accusedper soni
sof f
eredfr
eelegal aidbyanadvocate
assignedtohim bytheregi
str
aroft heHi ghCour
t.The
advocateisrequi
redtoprepareandconductaccused’s
defenceorappeal.

Questi
on:
CanyouExpl
aintot
heCounci
lwhi
chl
awsest
abl
i
sht
he
fol
lowi
ng:
(
i).TheHi
ghCour
tofTanzani
a;

TheHighCourtofTanzani
aisest
abl
i
shedunderAr
ticl
e108
oft
heConsti
tuti
onUnitedRepubl
i
cofTanzani
a1977,as
amendedti
met oti
me.

(
ii
).TheCour
tofAppeal
ofTanzani
a;

TheCourtofAppealofTanzani
aisest
abl
ishedunderAr
ti
cle
117oftheConsti
tut
ionUnit
edRepubli
cofTanzani
a1977,as

103
 amendedtimet ot
ime.
NB;seethe13thamendmentoft
heabov
eConst
it
uti
on
i
ssuedin2000

Quest
ion:
Whatisr
emedyav ai
l
abletoapar
tywhenappl
i
cat
ionf
or
l
eavetoappeal
hasbeenr
ejectedbytheHi
ghCour
t?

i
).Wher etheHi ghCour tref
usest oi ssueCerti
ficatet
hata
pointoflawi sinvolvedi nmat t
ersor igi
nati
ngfrom Pr i
mar y
Courttheaggr i
ev edpar tymaybr ingt hemat t
erbywayof
appealtot heCour tofAppeal .Seet heexposi t
ionofCour tof
Appeal i
nOmar iYusufv s.MwajumaYusuf&Anot her[1983]
TLR29 ii
).wher ethemat ter
ori
ginatesf r
om Di str
ictorRM’ sCour tandtheHi ghCourt
rej
ectstogr antleav etoappeal theaggr iev
epar tymaybr i
ng
themat tertotheCour tofAppeal bywayofappeal
chall
engingt heor derrefusingtogr antleave.

Questi
on:
Whatremedyavail
abl
eonper
sonwhosepr
oper
tyi
s
wrongl
yatt
achedi
nexecuti
onofadecr
ee?

Wher eonespr opert

yisattachedt woavenuesareavail
abl
e
forhim, namely:
i
).Tof il
eobjecti
onproceedi ngsandor
i
i).Toby passobjecti
onpr oceedingsandresor
ttosuitt
o
r
ecov erhiswronglyattachedpr opert
y.
NB: Thet woavenuewer egi venbyMuny er
a,J.
,inOmoke
Oloov s.WeremaMagi ra[1983]TLR144.

HumanRight
sCommissi
onisest
abl
i
shedunderArti
cle129oft
he
Const
it
uti
onoft
heUni
tedRepubl
i
cofTanzani
a,1977as

104
amendedt
imet
oti
me.

Theoffi
ceofRegi
str
arofPol
i
tical
Par
ti
esi
sest
abl
i
shedundert
he
Pol
it
icalPar
ti
esAct,
1992.

TheCourtofAppeal
isest
abl
ishedUnderArt
icle117ofthe
Const
it
uti
onoftheUnit
edRepubli
cofTanzania,1977.

Quest
ion:
Canyoument
ionf
iveCommonLawRepor
tswhi
char
e
usedi
nourCourt
s:

ThefiveCommonLawRepor
tsi
ncl
udes:
i
).Queen’sBench;
i
i).Ki
ng’sBench;
i
ii
).All
EnglandReport
s;
i
v).AppealCases;
v).WeeklyLawReport
s;
andothersare:
ChanceryDivi
sion;
Chanceryetc;
TimesLawRepor t
Quest
ion:
Tel
lthecounci
lthel
awgov
erni
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(
a).I
nEl
ect
oral
Proper
ty

(
b).Pr
erogat
iveOr
der
s

Prer
ogat
iveOr
der
saregover
nedbyLawReform( Fat
al
Acci
dent
sandMiscel
l
aneousProv
isi
ons)Or
dinance,Cap.
360.

105
 (
c).Possessi
onofCannabi
s

PossessionofCannabisisgov
ernedbyDrugsand
Prevent
ionofIl
li
citTr
affi
cki
nginDrugsAct,
1995.

(
d).MoneyLaundr
y.

Moneylaunderi
ngisgov
ernedbythepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion
71oftheProceedsofCri
meAct,No.25of1991amendedin
1995.

Quest
ion:
whathappensifanaccusedper
soni
.e.conv
ict
edon
t
hefoll
owingof
fences:

(
i)
.Mur
der
;

I
ftheaccusedpersoni
sconv i
ctedofmur
derheshallsuf
fer
deat
hbyhanging.Persect
ion26ofthePenalCode.

(
ii
).Whent
heconv
ictofmur
deri
sundersev
ent
eeny
ear
s;

Accordi
ngt osection26( 2)oft
hePenal Codet hesent ence
ofdeathcannotbepr onouncedagainstaconv ictofmur der
whoisunder18y ears.TheCour ti
srequiredtosent ence
suchconvicttobedet ainedduri
ngthepr esident ’spl
easure.
How?TheMi ni
sterforLegal Aff
air
swi l
lbeinf or medbyt he
Courtanditishewhowi l
ldeci
dewher etodet ai ntheconvict
.

(
ii
i)
.Apr
egnantwomani
sconv
ict
edofmur
der
;

Accor
dingt
othepr
ovi
soofsect
ion197oft
hePenal
Code

106
 t
heCour tcannotsentenceapregnantwomanconv i
ctedof
murdertobehangedt odeat
h.Itisrequi
redaft
ersat
isfy
ing
i
tsel
fthattheconvi
ctofmurderispregnanttosent
enceher
f
orli
feimpr i
sonment.

(
iv)
.Mansl
aught
er;

Accordingtosect
ion198ofthePenal Codeaper son
convi
ctedofmansl aught
eri
sli
ableforli
feimprisonment.
Howev er,t
heCourtmaypassal essersentencethanl
if
e
i
mpr i
sonmentpersect i
on27(2)ofPenal Code.

(
v).Ar
medRobber
y;

Accordi
ngtosect
ion286ofthePenal Code,aperson
convi
ctedofar
medr obberyi
sli
abletobesentencedforl
i
fe
i
mpr i
sonmentwit
horwi t
houtcorpor
alpunishment.

Questi
on:
Pleasementi
onf
ourLegi
slat
ionwhi
chl
i
ber
ali
zet
he
economyofTanzani
a.

Thef ourlegi
slati
onthatl i
beral
i
zet heeconomyi nTanzani
a
are:(I
).TheTanzani aInvestmentAct ,No.26of1997;
(i
i).ThePublicCorpor at
ionsAct,1992asamendedbyAct
No.16/ 1993;(ii
i
).TheBanki ngandFi nancialI
nst
it
uti
onAct,
1991. (i
v).TheForei
gn
ExchangeAct ,1992.
Othersinclude;
(v).TheCapi t
alMarketandSecur ityAct,1994;and
(vi
).Thef ai
rTradePr acti
cesAct ,
1994.

Quest
ion:

107
(
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyOr
alWi
l
lasopposedt
oWr
it
ten
Wil
l?

OralWi l
lref
erstodeclarat
ionmadebyt hedeceasedperson
oral
lyonhowhi sasset sshouldbedisposed.Or al
Wil
lis
requir
edt obewitnessedbyf ourpeople,t
wooft hem must
bether el
ati
vesoft est
ator
.Wr i
ttenWilli
sthetestament
ary
declarat
ionbytestatorwhichisinwrit
ing.Wri
ttenWil
lis
requir
edt obewitnessedbyt wowi t
nesses.

(
ii
).Whati
sjudgmenti
nRem?

Judgmenti nRem meansj udgmentpr onounceduponst atus

ofapar t
icul
arthingormat ter.Itispronouncedwhent he
proceedingsareinsti
tutedagai nstsomet hingorsubject
mat t
erwhosest atusorcondi ti
onsi stobedet erminedby
court.I
tisbindi
nguponal lpersonsinsof arasthei
r
i
nterestsinthepropertyareconcer ned.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Tell
theCouncilt
heOffenceswhi
choughtt
obe
pr
osecutedaft
ertheconsentofDPP?

Off
enceswhichoughttobepr osecut edaft
ertheconsentof
DPPareEconomicCr i
meof fences;Incestbymal es,Wit
ch
cr
aft,
off
encescommi tt
edbyf oreignerswithi
nt err
it
ori
al
water
s,I
ncestbyfemales,watchingorbeset t
ing,
i
nti
midati
on,t
err
orism,for
eignenl i
stment.

(
ii
).Tellt
hecounci
ltheconsequencesoft
het
ri
alconduct
edand
f
inal
izedwit
houttheconsentofDPP?Whensuchconsentwas
r
equired?

108
 Theconsequencesofthet
ri
al conduct
edandfi
nal
ized
wit
houttheconsentofDPPwhensuchconsentwasr equi
red
i
sthattheproceedi
ngsandjudgmentwi l
lbeanul
l
ity.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbynocaset
oanswer
?

Nocaset oansweri sgovernedbysect ion230ofCPA.I sa

rul
inggivenbyt hecourttodi
smisst hechargeandacqui tt
he
accusedper sonifatcl
osureofprosecut i
oncaseinsuppor t
ofthechar ge,t
hecourtisoftheopinionthattheprosecuti
on
hasfail
edt omakeoutt hecaseagai nsttheaccusedperson
suffi
ci
entlytorequir
ehim makeadef ence.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.WhatFact
orsmayv
iti
ateav
ali
dcont
ract
?

Thev alidityofthecontractmaybev i
ti
atedunderthe
followi ngf actor
s:
(a).wher et heelementofagr eementisimpairedbymistake,
mi srepr esentati
onordur essorunduei nfl
uence;
(b).Wher eeit
herthepar t
ytot hecontr
acthasnof ul
l
cont ract ualcapacit
y;
(c).Wher ethecontracti
sill
egal;
(d).Wher ethecontractpart
iall
yorwhol l
yisvoidundera
stat ute;(e).Wher ethecontr
acti sagai
nstpublicpol
icy.

NB:
Consequencesi
ncaseaval
idcontr
acti
svit
iat
edbyanyof
t
heabov
ef act
orel
ementsont
hecircumst
ancesexampl
e:

109
*Cont ractmaybev oidi.
e.iti
sabsol ut
elyanull
it
y.
*Voidabl ei.e.t
hecont r
actgivesr i
setolegal
consequencesbut
maybesetasi deorrescinded.
*Ill
egal i.e.oneuponwhi chnoact i
oncanbet akenexcepti
nv er
y
special circumstances.
*Anunenf orceabl
ei .
e.thecontractisgoodbutoneuponwhi cha
Plai
ntiffmaynotbr inganact ionatlawbecauseoftheabsenceof
writ
tenev i
dencewheni tisrequiredorbecauseofsomedef ecti
n
contract ualcapacit
yofdef endant .

(
ii
).Whati
sref
erence?

Referenceisgov er
nedbysect i
on77oft heCi vi
l Procedure
Act.Itisaprocedurebywhi chsubordi
nateCour t
smayst ate
thecaseandr ef
erittotheHighCourtforitsopinionand
determinati
on.Also,i
tistheremedyav ai
labletot hepar t
y
aggrievedbyt hedeci
siontorefert
hemat tertot hecour t
,for
beingheardanddet erminede.g.apersonaggr ievedby
decisionofsingleJusti
ceofAppeal mayr efert
hemat terto
thr
eej ust
iceofAppeal forhear
inganddet erminedoft he
same.

Note:insteadof:Idohear
byAppeal i
tgoesIdohear
byMake
areferencetotheHon.Threejust
iceofAppeal”Asi
ngl
eof
Justi
ceofappeal t
odeter
mineamat teroccur
swheret
her
eis
aninteri
m mat t
ertobedecided.

Quest
ion:
Canyout
ell
theCounci
lwhatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
he
fol
l
owingter
msandPhrases:

(
i)
.ResI
psaLoqui
tur
;

110
 Resi psaloquituristheLat i
nmaxi m meani ngt hethi
ng
speaksf orit
sel f
.Themaxi m appli
eswhenev eriti
sso
i
mpr obablet hatsuchanacci dentwouldhav ehappened
withoutnegligenceoft hedefendantthatar easonablecour
t
couldf i
ndwi thoutfurtherevi
dencet hatiswassocaused.
Themaxi mthr owsont hedefendantthebur dent o
disapprovehi snegligence.SeeSwam v s.Salisbur
y
Const r
uctionCo.[ 1968]1WLR204

(
ii
).Resgest
aer
ule;

Resgest aer
ulei
sar ul
eofev i
dencedenoti
ngrul
eof
rel
evanceinwhichfact
ssur r
oundingoraccompany
ingorso
connectedwithfact
sinissueareadmissi
ble.

(
ii
i)
.Vol
entnonf
iti
njur
ia:

Volentnonf iti
njuri
aisal atinmaxi m meaningnowr ongis
donetoonewhoconsent s.Itisvolunt
aryassumpt i
onofr i
sk.
Noacti sact i
onableasat ortatthesuitofanypersonwho
hasexpr esslyorimpliedassent edtoit.Noonecanenf orce
ari
ghtwhi chhehasv olunt ari
l
ywai vedorabandoned.The
maxim appl i
estoe. g.intent i
onalactswhi chwoul
dot her
wise
betortuouse. gtaki
ngpar ti nboxingmat ch.

Quest
ion:
Cany
oudef
inePubl
i
cNui
sanceascompar
edt
oPr
ivat
e
Nui
sance?

Publ
i
cNui
sancer
efer
sanact
ivi
tyorst
ateofaf
fai
rsaf
fect
ing

111
 healt
h,saf
ety,comf ortorpropertyofgeneralpublicora
secti
onofgener alPublic.Publi
cnuisanceisbasicallya
cri
me.InTanzani aitispunishableundersecti
on170oft he
PenalCodeaswel lasTownshi pRules,Cap101.Howev er,
onemaysuei nt ort
, i
fitisprovedthathehassuf feredmore
thantheothermember soft hePubli
c.

PrivateNui sancer efersanactiv

ityorstat
eofaf f
air
sthat
i
nt erfereswiththeuseorenj oymentoflandorright
sov er
l
and.Pr iv
ateNui sancei satortthatprot
ectsoccupi
esof
l
andf rom damagest ot hel
and,buildi
ngs,veget
ati
onorf r
om
unr easonableinterferencewiththeircomfortor
i
nconv eniencebyexcessi venoise,dust,f
umes,smel l
setc.
etc.
NB: t
hemai nremedi esare
(i
)Damages;
(i
i
)I njuction.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Howcanacont
ractbedi
schar
ged?

Thecontractcanbedischar gedi nonlyoft hefol

lowingway s:
Obli
gati
onunlessclearl
yst ated.Therear ehowev er,except
ionsto
thi
srul
e,e.g.i
fafterf
rustrati
on, anyattempt edperformance
wouldamountt osomet hi
ngqui t
edi f
ferentfrom whatmusthav e
beencontemplatedbythepar ti
eswhent heymadet hei
rcontract
thenbothparti
ersaredischar gedfrom theirobli
gati
onoff urt
her
perf
ormance.

Frust
rat
ion:General
l
y, f
rust
rati
ondoesnotdischargecontr
act
ual
.
InTanzani
at hedoct
rineoffrust
rat
ionispr
ovidedforunder
secti
on56(2)ofLawofCont r
actAct.Andt
heef f
ectofthe
112
doctr
ineoff
rust
rat
ionf
orundersect
ion65r
eadt
oget
herwi
th
prov
isoofLawofContr
actAct.

Perf
ormance: Perf
ormancemustbecomplet
e.Cont
ract
ual
obl
igati
onisdischargedbycompl
eteper
for
manceofthe
undert
aking.

Agr eement:
Dischargebyagreementi
sonthepri
nci
plet
hata
thingmaybedest royedinthesamemannerinwhi
chiti
s
const i
tut
edthatbeingso,acontr
act
ualobl
i
gati
onmaybe
dischargedbyagreement.

Accept anceofBr each:Whent hecontractisbreached,the

i
nnocentpar tymaysuef ordamagesandi ncertain
circumst ances,hemayt reatthecont
ractasr epudiat
edbyt he
par t
yi nbr eachandr ef
usef urt
herperf
ormance.Thati sbreachby
thepar tyandmayenabl etheotherpartytobecomedi scharged
from f urtherli
abil
it
y.Benot edthat
,acont racti
snotdischarged
bybr eachofunl esstheinnocentpart
yel ectstomeatt hebreach
asar epudi at
ionofcontract.

(
ii
).Wher
eisacav
eatf
il
edt
opr
eventt
het
ransf
erofl
and?

TheCav eatf
orthepr
eventi
onoftr
ansferofLandi
sf i
l
edin
theLandRegist
ryOff
icei
.e.i
ntheOff
iceofRegist
rarof
Tit
les.

(i
i
i).Whatshoul
dacour
tdoift
hewit
nessref
usest
oanswert
he
questi
onputtohimi
ncour
seofpr
oceedi
ngs?

I
ncr i
minal
case(
s)i
fthewi
tnessr
efusestoanswert
he
questi
onputt
ohimincour
seofproceedi
ngs;t
hecourtmay
,

113
 i
fiti soft hev i
ewt hatther eisnosuf fici
entexcusef orsuch
ref
usal ,adjour nthecasef oraper i
odnotexceedi ngei ght
days, andmaycommi tsuchwi t
nesst oprisonunl esshe
soonerconsent stodowhati srequi redofhi m.Seesect i
on
119( 1)ofCr imi nalProcedur eAct .Asf arasr efusal to
answerquest i
onputt ot hewi tnessi ncivilproceedi ngsi s
concer ned, OrderXVI IIoft heCi vilProcedur eActt hat
gov ernsexami nationofwi tnessesi ssi l
ent.Itwoul dappear ,
howev erthat,thecour tmaymakesuchor derinrelationt o
suitasi tthinksf it
.Sect i
on158( 3)oft heEv i
denceAct ,1967
empower sthecour ttodr awf rom t hewi tness’srefusal t
o
answert hequest i
on,thei nferencet hattheanswer ,ifgi v
en
woul dbeunf av ourable.
NB: Incr i
mi nalcasest hecour twi lladjournt hecasef ora
periodnotexceedi ng8day sandi nmeant i
mecommi tthe
witnesst opr ison.I ncivilmat ter
s, thecour tmaypr onounce
j
udgmentagai nstsuchwi tnessormakesuchor deri n
rel
at i
ont othesui tasi tdeemsf itaspersect i
on199( 1)of
theCr iminalPr ocedur eActandOr derXVI ,Rule20ofCi vil
Procedur eActr espect iv
ely .
Questi
on:Whathappensift
hewit
nessgi
vesev
idencewhi
chi
s
cont
raryt
othatofapartycal
li
nghi
m?

Thewi tnessmaygi v eev i

dencewhi chiscontrarytot hepart
y
call
inghim, butyet
, suchev i
dencemaybequi tefairand
trut
hful.Howev er
,ifitappearst hatthewitnesscal l
edbya
partyisnottell
ingthet ruthandf rom hi
sdemeanorand
bearing,heisclear
lybi asedagai nstthepart
ycallinghim,the
foll
owingprocedurecanbet aken:
114
 i
).Thepar tycall
i
ngt hewi tnessi srequiredtoappl ytothe
cour ttobeper mittedtot r
eatt hewi tnessashost il
ewi t
ness;
i
i).Thewi t
nessisent it
ledtobegi venoppor tunit
yof
explainingtheallegedi nconsistenciesbet weenhisev i
dence
andhi sear l
ierst
at ementwhysomet imesithappenst hat
appar entinconsistence’sarecapabl eofaqui tesati
sfactor
y
explanat i
on;andl astl
y,
i
ii
) .Thecour twil
l deter
mi newhet herthewi t
nesshasshown
himsel fsohost i
leoradv erseast ojusti
fytheexer ci
seofi t
s
discretiontopermi tthewi t
nesst obecr oss-examined.

Quest
ion:Canyoudef
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
otheCounci
l
:
(
i)
.Represent
ati
veSui
t.

Representati
vesuiti
sgover
nedbyOr der1rul
e8oft heCivi
l
ProcedureAct.I
tmeansanact i
onbroughtbyagainstoneor
mor epersonswiththel
eaveoftheCourtasrepr
esentati
ve(
s)
oflargegroupofpeopleornumerouspeoplewhohav esame
i
nteresti
nt hesui
t.

(
ii
).Pecuni
aryJur
isdi
cti
onoft
heCour
ts.

Pecuniar
yJur i
sdi
ctionoft
heCour
tref
ersthemonetaryval
ue
ofthesubjectmatterofasui
twhi
chthecourthaspowerto
adj
udicateupon.

(
ii
i)
.Judi
cial
Immuni
ty:

Judi
cialI
mmunityrefer
st heexempt i
onofaJudgeor
Magistr
atefr
om Civi
lorCr i
minal l
i
abil
it
yforact
sdoneinthe
exer
ciseofhisj
udici
alcapacit
y .Sect
ion16ofthePenal
CodeAct ;
exemptsjudi
cialoff
icersfr
om cri
minall
i
abil
it
yfor
115
 actsoromissiondonebonaf i
deincourseofduti
es.
Note:Thejudicialoff
icerhasabsol
uteimmunityi
nrespectof
al
lwordsoract i
onswhi l
eacti
ngwithi
nhisjuri
sdi
cti
on.The
i
mmuni tyalsoext endstotheactsdonewithoutj
uri
sdi
cti
on
provi
dedthatt heywer edoneingoodfait
h.
(
iv)
.TheI
mmuni
tyofanAdv
ocat
e:

Thei mmunit
yoftheAdvocatereferstheexempt ionofthe
advocatefr
om Civi
lorCri
minall
iabili
tyforactsdonei n
respectofal
lcasesheisconducting.Theimmuni t
yalso
extendstowordsspokenbyhimi ncour tproceedings.

Quest
ion:Canyoutel
ltheCounci
ltheCourtwhi
chi
stheCour
tof
Fi
rstI
nstancei
nthefol
lowingoff
encesare:

(a)
.Mur
der
:
TheHi
ghCour
tofTanzani
a.

(b)
.Robbery:
RM’s/
Distr
ictCour
ts&Pr
imar
yCour
t.

(c)
.Incestbyman:
TheHi ghCour
tofTanzani
a&/
Dist
ri
ctCour
ts

(d)
.Libel:
TheHi ghCourtofTanzani
aanddependsont
hePecuni
ary
Juri
sdicti
on.Di
stri
ctCourt
s.

(
e).Mi
l
itar
yOf
fences;
Mar
ti
alCour
ts.

QUESTI
ON:
Whatdot
hef
oll
owi
ngmeani
nCompanyLaw?

(
a).Def
unctCompany
:

116
 Thedef
unctcompanyrefer
sthecompanywhi
chhasceased
ori
snolongerconduct
ingi
tsbusi
ness.

(
b).Duedi
l
igentSear
ch:
***
***
***
***
*?

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyDi
ff
eredShar
es?

Dif
feredShar
es(f
oundersshares)arecompanyshares
whichareofnominal
valuebutthatent
itl
etheshar
eholders
totakethewhol
eorproport
ionoftheprofit
saft
erafixed
div
idendhasbeenpaidonshares.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyShar
eWar
rant
?

ShareWarranti sthedocumenti ssuedbyacompany

cert
if
yingthatthebear erisenti
tl
edtothesharesspecif
iedin
i
t,unl
ikesharecer tif
icatewhi chi
snegotiabl
e.
Note:Ashar ewar rantisdocumentunderseali ssuedby
companycer tif
yingt hatthebearerofit
,isent
it
ledtocertai
n
amountoff ullpaidupshar es.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sacal
li
nCompanyLaw?

Acallisademandbyacompanyundert het ermsofar ti

cles
ofassociat
ionoranordinar
yresoluti
onrequi r
ingcompany
member stopayupf ul
lyorinpartthenomi nalvalueoftheir
shares. Note:Unl
esst hearti
clespr ovi
de
otherwi
se,cal
lsmustbemadeequal lyuponal lsharehol
ders
ofthesamecl ass.Cal
l
sshouldbedi sti
nguishedf rom
i
nstall
ments,whichbecomedueuponadat epr edetermi
ned
atthetimetheshareswereissued.

117
(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyFor
fei
tur
eofShar
e?

Forfei
tureofSharesrefersanactofsur render ingtheshares
fornonpay mentofcall
si .
e.anyshar esinwhi chacal lhas
beenmadebutnotpai dandnot i
cet opayhasbeenser ved
withnor esponsecanbef orf
eit
ed.
Note:Shar esmaybef orfeit
edbyr esol
utionofBoar dof
dir
ectors.Whenshareshav ebeenf orf
eit
ed, shareholderis
i
nformedandaskedt or eturnsharecerti
ficate.Thecompany
mayr esellshar
esret
ur ned.
Quest
ion:Whatf
actor
sshoul
dapar
tyt
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
on
bef
orefil
i
ngasuit
?

Befor ef i
li
ngasui toneshoul dtakeintoconsider
ati
ont
he
foll
owi ng:
i
).Val ueoft hesubj ectmat t
er;
i
i).Placeofsui ng;
i
ii)
.Jur isdict
ion;
i
v )
.Causeofact ion;
v).Limi tati
onoft ime.
Not e:Bef oresuingt hePlai
nti
ffshouldconsidert
hefol
l
owing:
a).Whet herhehasacauseofact i
on;
b).Necessar ypar ty(ies)t
osue;
c).Relief scl
aimed;
d).Placeofsui ng; and
e).Pecuni ar
yjurisdict i
onofcourt.
Quest
ion:
Cany
ousi
tef
ivel
awst
hatdeal
swi
thLi
mit
ait
ionper
iod?

Ther
ear
etwol
awst
hatdeal
wit
hthel
i
mit
ati
onper
iodand

118
 theseare:
1).TheLawofLi mit
ationAct,No.10/1971;and
2).TheCustomaryLaw( Li
mitati
onofProceedi
ngs)Rul
es
1964,(GNNo.311/ 1964)
Othersare:
3).TheCourtofAppeal Rule1979;
4).TheMagistrat
eCour tAct;1984;
5).TheCivi
lProcedureAct.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Howdoest
hel
i
feofapar
tner
shi
pCompanycome
t
oanend?

Thepar ti
ner shi
pcomest oanendundert hef oll
owi ng
ci
r cumstances:
i
).Wher eitisdi ssolvedbynot iceorexpi r
yofspeci fiedti
meof
par t
nershi
p; persect i
on212ofLawofCompanyAct ;
i
i).Wher eitisdissolvedbydeat hofapar tner,bankr upt
cyofa
par t
nerorchar gesect ion213oft heLawofCompanyAct .
i
ii
).Wher et hebusi nessofPar tnershipbecomesi l
legalaspeer
sect i
on214ofLCO.
i
v).Wher et hePar tnershipisdissolvedbyCour t;exampl e,
a).whenapar t
nerbecomesofunsoundmi nd,
b).wher epar t
nercannotper form hispartofpar tnershi
p;and
c).wher eapar tnerwi l
lful
lyandper sist
entl
ybr eachescont r
actof
par t
nershi
pagr eement .

(
ii
)Whatdoy
ouunder
standbysedi
ti
on?

Sedi
ti
onisst
atementsmaidoral
lyorinwrit
ingthatareli
kel
y
toi
ncit
eordi
narypeopl
etopubli
cdisorderori
nsurrect
ion.

119
Questi
on:Whatisaprocedur
ef orAppeal
i
ngagai
nstaDeci
sion,
OrderorActofRegi
str
arofTit
les:

Thepr ocedureforappeal ingagai nstadecisionorOr deror

ActofRegi str
arofTi tl
esi sgov ernedbyprov i
sionofsect ion
102ofLandRegi st rati
onAct .Cap; 334t
hepr ocedur ei
s
i
).Anot i
ceofint entiont oappeal mustbegiv entobotht he
HighCour tandRegi strarwithinonemont hfrom t hedat eof
adecisionoror deroractappeal edagainst;and
i
i).Then,appeal byofpet iti
onmustbel odgedi ntheHi gh
Courtwi t
hin3mont hsf r
om t hedat eofdecision,order
, or
actsappeal edagai nst.

Quest
ion:
Canacasebebroughtupagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentoft
he
Uni
tedRepubl
i
cofTanzani
a?

i
).Accordi
ngtoAr ti
cle46( 1)oftheConst itut
ionoftheUni ted
Republi
cofTanzani a1977, asamendedt i
met oti
me, the
presi
denthasabsol ut
eimmuni tyasagai nstcri
minalcharges.
Thatisnocriminalcasecanbebr oughtagai nsthim whil
ei s
i
nof fi
ce. ii
).I
nCi vi
lmatters,thepresi
dentcan
besued.Arti
cle46(2)oft hesameConst i
tuti
onprovidesthat
thepresi
dentcanonl ybesuedf oractsdoneoromi tt
edtobe
donebyhimi fatleast30day snoti
ceisser v
edtohim
stati
ngthenatureofclaim, causeofact i
on, nameand
addressofthecompl ai
nantandr el
iefclaimed.Under42( 2)
thepresi
dentcanbesuedf orwhathedi dbef orebei
nga
presi
dentorwhathehasdonewhi l
ehol dingtenureofoffice.

Quest
ion:
Tel
lthecounci
lwhatwi
l
lhappenundert
hef
oll
owi
ng?

120
(
i)
.Ift
hePl
aint
if
fdi
esbef
orehi
sorhercasei
sdet
ermi
ned?

Gener all
ywher et hePl ainti
fforDef endantdi es, thedeat h
cannotcauset hesui ttoabat e.Ifther i
ght st osuesur vi
ves
perOr derXXI IRule1ofCi vilProcedur eAct ;t hus
i
).IfthePl aintiffdiesbef or ehisorhercasei sdet ermined
thecour tisr equiredonappl i
cat i
onmadei nthatbehal f
;
causet hel egal represent ativeoft hedeceasedPl ai
nt i
fftobe
madeapar tyandshal lproceedwi tht hesui t.SeeOr derXXII
Rule3( 1),Butwher ewi t
hint het i
mel i
mi tedbyl awno
appli
cat i
oni smadebyl egal represent ativeoft hedeceased
Plai
ntiff,t
hesui tshall abatesof arast hedeceasedPl ainti
ff
i
sconcer ned, andonappl icationoft hedef endant ,thecour t
mayawar dt ohi mt hecost swhi chmayhav ei ncur r
edi n
defendingt hesui t,t
ober ecov eredf rom t heest atesoft he
deceasedpl aintiffperOr derXXI Irule3( 2)oft heCi vil
Procedur eAct .

(
ii
).I
faDef
endantdi
esbef
orehi
sorhercasei
sdet
ermi
ned?

Acourtisrequir
edonappl i
cati
onmodei nthatbehalfto
causethelegalrepresentati
veofadeceasedplainti
fft
obe
madeapar t
yandshal lproceedwiththesui
t.seeOrderXXII
Rule4(1)oftheCivilProcedureAct.Butwherewithi
nthe
ti
mel i
mitedbylawnoappl icat
ionismadeunderOr derXXI
I
Rule4(1)thesuitshallabateasagainstt
hedefendant.See
OrderXXIIRule4(3)oft heCivi
lProcedur
eAct.

(
ii
i)
.Ifar
espondentwhoi
snott
heDPPi
nthecr
imi
nal
casedi
es?

I
far
espondentwhoi
snott
heDPPi
nthecr
imi
nal
casedi
es,

121
 theappealshallabate,seesection386oftheCriminal
ProcedureAct,1985.
Note:Alsothat;accordingsecti
on371ofCPAev eryappeal
from aSubordinateCour tshal
lfi
nal
lyabat
eont hedeathof
appell
ant.Howev eraccor di
ngtothesameprovisionsappeal
from asentenceofaf inedoesnotabateont hedeathof
appell
ant.

(
iv)
.Ifapet
it
ioneri
nMat
ri
moni
alpet
it
iondi
es?

I
fapet i
ti
oneri
nMatri
moni
alpet
it
iondi
est
hepet
it
ioni
s
over
takenbyevent
s

Questi
on: Cansi
tet
wol
awswhi
chgov
ernt
her
emuner
ati
onof
Advocates?

Thetwolawsthatgovernstheremunerati
onofAdvocat
es
are i
).Adv ocat
es’Remunerati
onandTaxati
onof
CostsRul
es1991GN.No.515/ 1991
i
i)
.Rule9ofthe3rdScheduleoftheCourtofAppeal
1979.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Howdoyoudi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenSecondar
y
evi
dencefr
om Pr
imar
yEvi
dence?

Secondaryevidencecanbedi sti
nguishedfrom pr
imary
evi
dencebyexami ningorinspectingthedocument si.
e.
document sproducedbef orethecour t
.
Not Pr
e: imaryevidenceisadmi ssiblei
nev i
dencewhi l
e
secondaryevidencei sgeneral
lyinadmissi
bleinevidence
exceptincir
cumst ancespr ovi
dedi nsecti
on67(1)oft he
EvidenceAct,1967.

122
i
i)
.Whatdoy ouunderst
andbyt
wobodi
es?
a)
.Advocat
eCommi t
tee

IstheBodywhi chisestabli
shedunderAdv ocateActCap
342.Itiscomposedof3member snamel y;
1).JusticeofHi ghCourtappointedbyt heChiefJust i
ceasa
Chairperson;
2).AttorneyGener alorhi
srepresent at
iveorDPP; and
3).OnePr act
ici
ngAdv ocatenomi natedbyTangany ikaLaw
Society.Itdutyistoentert
ainapplicati
onforremov ingan
advocat efrom theRollorenter
taincompl ainagai
nstan
advocat eanddet erminesuchappl i
cationorcompl ains.

b)
.Counci
lforLegal
Educat
ion?

Counci lf
orLegalEducat i
onisthebodyest abli
shedunder
theAdv ocatesActCap.341, iti
scomposedof5member s
namel y: 1).TheChi efJusti
ceorhis
representati
ve; 2).
AttorneyGeneralorhisrepresentati
ve;
3).DeanFacul t
yofLawofUni versit
yofDaressal aam orhi
s
representati
ve;
and
4).2pr acti
ci
ngAdv ocatesnomi natedbyTangany i
kaLaw
Society.Memberhol dstenureofnotl essthan3y ears
whichi srenewabl
e.Itischargedwi ththedutyofgeneral
super v
isionandcontroloflegaleducationi
nTanzani a.

Quest
ion:
Tel
ltheCounci
ltheLawgov
erni
ng;
123
(
i)
.Test
ament
aryDi
sposi
ti
on?

Test
amentar
ydi
sposit
ionisgov
ernedbyLocal
Cust
omar
y
l
awdecl
arati
onOrder1963and1964

(
ii
).Shar
eTr
ade:

ShareTr
adei
sgov
ernedbyCapi
tal
Mar
ketandSecur
it
ies
Act,
1994

Quest
ion:
Whatef
fecti
ftheaccusedper
sonr
efusestomake
def
encewhenaPri
maFaciecasehasbeenestabl
ishedagai
nst
hi
m?

Theef f
ectoff ai
lur
ebyt heaccusedpersont omakea
defenceafterapr i
maf aciecaseismadeagai nsthi
m, i
s
governedbyt heprovisi
onofsect i
on231(3)ofCr i
minal
ProcedureAct ,t
hatis;thecourtwil
lbeentit
ledtomake
adverseinf
erenceagai nsttheaccusedpersonandt hecour
t
aswel last
hepr osecutionshallbepermit
tedtocommenton
thefail
urebyt heaccusedt ogiv
eev i
dence.

Quest
ion:WhatLawappl
i
esto:
(
i)
.Int
ell
ect
ualPr
oper
tyRi
ght
;

I
ntel
l
ectualPr
opert
yRightisgovernedby;
1)
.ThePatentsAct
,No.1/ 1987.
2)
.TradeandServi
ceMar ksAct,No.12/
1986
3)
.Copyri
ghtandNeighbouringRi
ghtsActNo.7/
1999.

(
ii
).St
ampI
nst
rument
;

St
ampI
nst
rument
sisgov
ernedbyt
heSt
ampdut
yAct1977.

124
(
ii
i)
.Cheques;

1)
.ChequesaregovernedbyChequeActNo.
3/1969
2)
.Bi
llofexchangeAct,Cap215

Questi
on: (
i)
.TheLandAct .No.41999hasr epealedanumberof
Legi
slat
ionandretainedsomel egi
slat
ion,
cany outel
ltheCounci
l
fi
verLegisl
ati
onsrepealedbytheLandActNo.4of1999?

TheLawsr epealedbyLandActNo.4of1999i ncl

ude
1).TheLandOr dinanceCap.113;
2).TheLand(LawofPr oper
tyandConveyance)Ordi
nance
Cap.114.
3).TheRightofOccupancy( Devel
opmentConditi
ons)Act
.
1963Cap.518.
4).TheLand(Set tl
ementofDisput
es)Act;1963Cap.524
5).TheRangeDev el
opmentandManagementAct ,1964Cap.
569

Quest
ion:Tel
ltheCounci
ltheLegi
slat
ionr
etai
nedbyt
he
LandAct.No.4of1999.

TheLawr etai
nedbyt heLandAct ,No.4of1999are
1).Regulati
onofLandTenur e( Establ
ishedVi
ll
ages)Act
.
No.22/1992.
2).Customar yLeaseholds(Enfr anchi
sement)Act.No.
47/1968.
3).TheLandRegi strati
onAct; Cap.334;
4).TheRegi st
rati
onofDocument sAct ,
Cap.117
5).TheLandAcqui siti
onAct ,No.47of1967.
6).Acquisit
ionofBui l
dingAct,1971

125
 7)
.TheRentRestr
ict
ionActNo.17of1984;
8)
.ATownandCount r
yPl
anningOrdinance;
Cap.378
9)
.TheRuralFar
m Lands(Acqui
sit
ionandRe- gr
ant
)Act
;
No.8of1966.

(
ii
).I
stheremedyi
nrespectoff
orecl
osur
eret
ainedornotunder
t
helandActNo.4of1999.

Sect
ion125(
1)oft
heLandAct
,1999asamendedbyLand
(amendment
)ActNo.4/
2005abol
ishesf
orecl
osur
e.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Cany
out
ell
theCounci
lwhatdoesTaxat
ionmean?

Taxati
onref
erstot
heprocessofentert
aini
ngand
deter
mini
ngthebil
lofcost
.Taxati
onisaprocessbywhi
ch
taxi
ngmasterhear
sanddeterminebil
lofcost
.

(
ii
).Canapar
tyappeal
agai
nstt
hedeci
sionofTaxi
ngmast
er?

Apartywhoi saggr i
evedbyt hedecisi
onofat axingmaster
canreferthemat tertothesingl
eJudgeoft heHi ghCourt
,
thento3j udgesoft hesamet henfull
benchoft heCourtof
Appeal. Andf r
om LowerCour t
sy our ef
erto
singl
ejudgeofHi ghcour tt
hent oful
lbenchofHi ghCourt
thentosinglejudgeoftheCour tofAppeal.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whendi
dLandActNo.4/
1999comet
ofor
ce?

TheLandActNo.4/
1999camei
ntof
orceon1stMay2001.

(
ii
).HastheLandActNo.
4/1999changedt
her
emedyon
Mortgage?

Tocer
tai
next
entLandActNo.4/
1999haschangedt
he

126
 r
emedyonMor
tgage.

(
ii
i)
.Whatar
ether
emedi
esav
ail
abl
eint
hel
andAct
.No.
4/1999?

Ther emediesav ail

ableonMor t
gagear eprovi
dedf orunder
secti
on126( a)
-(d)oft heLandActNo. 4/ 1999asamendedby
Land( amendment )ActNo. 4of2004.Ther emediespr ov
ided
underpar agraphs( a)
-(
d)ofsect i
on126ofLandAct
No.4/1999asamendedar e
1).Appointar ecei veroftheincomeoft hemor tgagedland.
2).Leaseorsubl easethemor tgagedland.
3).Enterintopossessi onoft hemor t
gagedl and;and
4).Salethemor t gagedl and.
Note: Noti
ceshoul dbeser vedtoMor t
gagorbef ore
exercisi
ngr i
ghtt oanyr emedy .Seesections128,129,130
and132andLandAct1999asamended.

(
iv)
.Whati
saCust
omar
yMor
tgage?

Cust
omar
yMort
gageist
heonecont
ract
edaccor
dingt
o
Cust
omar
yLawandcust
oms.

(
v).Whati
sdeemedRi
ghtOccupancy
?

DeemedRi ghtofOccupancyisdefi
nedundersection2of
ActNo.4/1999tomeant hetit
leofaTanzani
anci t
izensof
Afri
candecentorcommuni tyofTanzani
ancit
izensof
Afri
candecentusingoroccupyingl
andunderandi n
accordancewit
htheCust omaryLaw.

(
vi)
.Whatdoest
heLandActNo.
4/1999sayonMor
tgageby

127
spouses?

Sect i
on114( 1)ofActNo. 4/1999asamendedbyAct
No. 4/2004pr ovidet hatthemor tgageofmat ri
monialhome
i
ncl udingCust omar yMor t
gageofmat ri
moni alHomei sval
id
i
fandonl yifa) .Anydocumentorf orm usedi napply
ingfor
suchmor tgageby ;orthereisev idencei nthedocumentt hat
hasbeenassent edt obymor tgagorandt hespousesl i
vi
ngin
thatmat r
imoni al home; or b).Anydocumentor
form usedt ogr antt hemor tgagei ssignedbyort herei
s
evidencet hati thasbeenassent edt obymor tgagorandthe
spousesl i
vingi nt hatmat ri
moni al home.
Not e:Undersect ion114( 1)ofActNo. 4/1999asamendedby
ActNo. 4/2004t hemor tgageehasadut ytoascertai
n
whet hertheappl icantformor tgagehasaspouseorspouses.
Questi
on:(
i)
.Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lthedi
ff
erencebet
ween
mit
igati
onofsent
enceandmiti
gati
onofdamages?

Miti
gat
ionofsentencer ef
erst
ot hestageincri
minaltri
alin
whicht
heconv i
ctisgivenanoppor t
unit
ybyt heCourttopray
forl
eni
encebeforebeingsentencedwher eas;mit
igat
ionof
damagesisthesteptakenbyt heinj
uredpartytoreducethe
l
ossorinj
uryresul
tingfrom ator
torabr eachofcontract.

(
ii
).Whohast
hedut
ytomi
ti
gat
edamages?

Apar
tywhoseri
ghtshav
ebeeni
nfr
ingedhast
hedut
yto
mi
ti
gatedamages.

(i
ii
).Tel
ltheCounci
lthedi
ff
erencebet
weenCost
sincauseand
costsinanyevent
?
128
 Cost sinanyev entr eferanorderforcost smadei n
i
nter l
ocut oryproceedi ngsbywhi cht hewi nneroft he
i
nter l
ocut oryhear i
ngi nquestionshal lbepai dthecost sof
thatst agei nthepr oceedingwhat everi stheout comeoft he
tri
al,wher eas;cost sincauser efersanor derforcostsmade
i
ni nterlocutorypr oceedingsbywhi cht hecostof
i
nter l
ocut oryhear i
ngi nquestionarepay ableinaccor dance
witht heor derfort hecoststobemadeatt hetri
al.Costs
orderedt obepai di nthecausewi llusual l
yhav etheef f
ect
thattheyar epaidbyt heoveralll
ooseroft helit
igati
on.
Not e:Si mplycost sinanyev entreferst ot heorderfor
pay mentofCost st ot hewinnerofi nterl
ocut oryproceedings
what ev ertheout comeoft hemai ntrial
.Cost sint heCause
referst otheor derf orpaymentofcost sofi nterl
ocutory
proceedi ngsinaccor dancewi thorderf orcost stobemade
oft hemai ntr
ial.
Quest
ion:I
nevi
dence,
whatist
hedi f
fer
encebet
weent
he
compell
abl
eandcompetentwi
tness?

Acompel labl
ewi tnessi st
heonewhoi sobli
gedt otestif
y
beforetheCour t
.Itistheonewhohav i
ngbeencal ledupon
totesti
fy,mustgiv ehisorhertest
imony ,whereas;
Compet entwitnessist heonewhoi nl awmayt esti
fy,i
.e.i
s
notobli
gedt otestify
. Exampl e:Incri
mi nal
casesspousesar enotobl igedtotestifyagainsteachot her
.
Asperchapt ervoft heEv i
denceAct, 1967.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Underwhatci
rcumst
ancesi
scor
robor
ati
onr
equi
red
asamat t
erofLaw?

129
(
ii
).Underwhatcir
cumst
ancesi
scor
robor
ati
onr
equi
redasa
matterofpr
act
ice?

(
ii
i)
.Whi
choff
encesarebai
l
abl
ebutt
hebai
li
nonl
ygr
ant
edbyt
he
Hi
ghCourt
?Menti
onthem:

Questi
on:Isthedeni
al ofbai
lonthesomeoft heof
fencesnot
cont
rarytotheprovi
sionsoftheConsti
tut
ionofUni
tedRepubl
ic
ofTanzania?

Article13( 6)(b)oft heConst i

tutionoft heUni t
edRepubl i
cof
Tanzani a1977asamendedpr ov i
deforpr esumpt ionof
i
nnocence; so, i
tmaybesubmi t
tedthat ,t
hedeni al ofbai
lon
someoft heof fencesi scont r
aryt otheConst it
ution.
Not e: t
heanswerdependsonhowy ouaguesoast o
conv incet heCounci l
.Exampl e;onemaysubmi tthatthe
deni alofbai linsomeoft heof fensesi snotcont raryto
const it
ution, t
her easonsbeent hat;
1).Theneedt odiscouraget hecommi ssionofsuchof f
ences
duet otheirser iousness;
2).Theneedt osaf eguidet hesecur ityoft heaccused;
3).Toav oidt hepossi bi
lit
yofaccusedt ojumpbai lasgrave
offencesmayt empthi mt oav oidpunishment ;and
4).Toensur epeaceandor derasot heraccusedmaycommi t
otherof fenceswhi leonbai l.

Quest
ion:
Areyouawar
eofthedif
fer
encebet
weent
heOl
dLand
LawsandLandActNo.
4/1999?

1).TheLandActNo.4/1999hascr
eat
edt
henewsy
stem f
or
sett
lel
i
nglanddisput
es.

130
 2).I
thascr eat edv al
uei
nlandi.e.noneedofpresenceof
exhaustedi mpr ov ement.
3).Bothwomenandmenar eundert heAct,
entit
ledto
acquire,hold,useanddeal wit
ht helandt
osameext ent.
4).Mor t
gagebyanyspousemustbeconsent edtoand
si
gnedbyt heot herspouse.
5).TheActv estspowert oWar dTr i
bunal
todetermineLand
mat t
ersconcer ningregi
ster
edland.

Questi
on:Whatist
her
emedyont hepeti
ti
onerwhoisdi
ssat
isf
ied
bythedeci
sionoft
heCounci
lforl
egalEducat
ion?

Thedeci
si
onoft
heCounci
lfort
heLegal
Educat
ioni
sfi
nal
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Cany
outel
ltheCounci
lther
equi
rementf
orset
ti
ng
upanpubli
cCompany
?

Ther
equi
rementf
orset
ti
ngaupPubl
i
cCompanyi
s

(
ii
).Howmanyt
ypesofCompani
escanbef
oundi
nTanzani
a?

Twot y
pesar
efoundi
nTanzani
a;Publ
i
candPr
ivat
e
Compani
es.

(
ii
i)
.Howmanyt
ypesofPr
ivat
eCompani
esLi
mit
edbyshar
es?

Ther
eisonl
yonet
ype:
Pri
vat
eCompanyLi
mit
edbyshar
es.

(
iv)
.Whati
sthemi
nimum numberofmember
sinPubl
i
ccompany
?

Themi
nimum numberofmember
sinPubl
i
cCompanyi
s7
member
s.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.HowmanytypesofMor
tgagear
epr
ovi
dedunder
t
heLandActNo.4/
1999?
131
TypesofMortgageprov
idedundert
heLandAct,No.4/1999as
amendedbyLand( amendment)ActNo.
4/2004are;
Customary
MortgageandMortgagecreat
edundert
heRightofOccupancy
.

(
ii
).Cany
outellt
heCounci
lthedist
inct
ionbet
weent
heVi
l
lage
l
andActandtheLandActNo.4/
1999.

Thev i
l
lageLandActi st heActthatpr
ov i
desf or
managementandadmi nist
rat
ionofLandi nthevil
lagesand
mattersrelat
edthereto; wher
eastheLandAct4/ 1999isthe
ActthatProvidesforthebasiclawinrelat
iont ol
andot her
thanvil
lageland,managementofl and,settl
ementofdi sput
e
andrelatedmat t
ers.

Questi
on:Ar
elegalmort
gagesont
hesamef
oot
ingt
othe
Equi
tabl
eMor t
gagesundert
heNewLaw?

Yes;undersect i
on115(1)oftheLandActNo. 4/1999legal
Mor t
gagesar eont hesamef ooti
ngtoequitablemor t
gages.
Thatistosay ;secti
on115ofActNo. 4/1999i.e.totheeffect
thatthemor t
gageshal lhav
eef f
ectofasecur it
yonlyand
shallnotoperateasat r
ansferofanyinter
estorr i
ghtinthe
l
andf rom t
hebor rowertothelander
.

Questi
on:Whati
sthedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenl
egal
Mor
tgageand
Equi
tabl
emortgage?

LegalMort
gagei
sat r
ansferofl
egalest
ateori
nter
esti
n
l
andorproper
tyf
orthepur
poseofsecuringt
hepaymentof
debt
. AnEquit
ableMortgageist
heoneinwhich

132
 themortgageedoesnotobt ainaLegal Est
ate.Under
Equit
ableMortgagethemor tgageehasnopowerofsal eor
appoint
ingareceiv
er.Hecanonl ydoso,aft
erapplyi
ngtothe
court
.
Note:Si
mpl yi
nlegalmortgaget herei
sat r
ansferofl
egal
Estat
eorinter
estinthelandorot herpr
opertytomortgagee.
InEquit
ableMortgagetheMor tgageedoesnotobt ai
nlegal
Estat
eorinter
estintheland.
Quest
ion:
CanaCont
ractbedi
schar
gedbyoper
ati
onoft
hel
aw?

Quest
ion:
Tellt
heCounci
lthet
imeofl
i
mit
ati
onoff
il
ingsui
tson
t
hefoll
owing:

(
i)
.Recov
eryofLand

Theli
mit
ati
onoft
imef
orf
il
ingsui
tforr
ecov
eryofl
andi
s12
year
s.

(
ii
).Sui
toncont
ract

Thel
i
mit
ati
onoft
imef
orf
il
ingasui
tonCont
racti
s6y
ear
s

(
ii
i)
.Anappl
i
cat
ionf
orSet
ti
ngasi
deexpat
rej
udgment

Thel
imi
tat
ionofti
meforappl
yi
ngf
orset
ti
ngasi
deexpat
re
j
udgmenti
s30y ear
s

(
iv)
.Fi
l
ingacompl
aintatt
heI
ndust
ri
alcour
t

Theli
mitat
ionoft
imef
orf
il
ingacompl
aintatt
hei
ndust
ri
al
cour
tis……

(
v).Appl
yi
ngf
oranor
derf
orcer
ti
orar
iandmandamus

133
 Thel
imit
ati
onoft
imeforappl
yi
ngf
oror
derofcer
ti
orar
iand
mandamusis6months.

(
vi)
.Fi
l
ingsui
tont
ort

Thel
i
mit
ati
onoft
imef
orf
il
ingasui
tont
orti
s3y
ear
s.

Quest
ion:
Underwhatl
awar
ethef
oll
owi
ngf
ound

(
i)
.Ter
ri
tor
ial
jur
isdi
cti
on

Terri
tori
aljur
isdi
cti
onisgov ernedbyt heMagistr
ateCourt
Act,1984i ncaseofMagi stretes’Courtswhereasterr
it
ori
al
j
urisdict
ionofHighCour tandCour tofAppealofTanzaniais
governedbyt heconsti
tutionsoft heUni t
edRepublicof
Tanzania.Readsection6Pr oceedingCr i
me,Arti
cle107Aof
theconst i
tut
ionoftheUnit eRepubl i
cofTanzania.

(
ii
).Moneyl
aunder
ing

Moneyl
aunder
ingi
sGover
nedbyPr
oceedsofCr
imeAct
,No.
25/
1991asamended.

Quest
ion:
Wil
lyoupl
easet
ell
thecounci
lwhaty
ouunder
standby
:

(
i)
.TheLandRegi
str
ati
onAct
.

TheLandRegistr
ati
onActi
sthel
awt hatpr
ovidesfort
he
regi
str
ati
onoflandandmatt
ersr
elat
ingtotheTit
letol
and.

(
ii
).Regi
str
ati
onofDocument
sAct
.

I
stheLawthatprovi
desfortheregi
str
ati
onoft
he
document
sthatarenotr
egistr
ableundert
heLand
134
 Regist
rat
ionAct
,Cap.334.Anexampl
eofsuchdocument
i
ncludeDeedPoll
,Wil
l.

(
ii
i)
.I
nsur
anceAct
,1996

InsuranceActist hel awthatgov ernst

hebusinessof
i
nsur anceandr elatedmat t
ers.Ithastakenawayt he
monopol yposi
tionv estedintheNI C.t
oconductbusinessof
i
nsur ance. I
talsoli
ft
stherestr
icti
onof
i
mposedonNI Ct ocar r
yonbusi nessinTanzaniaonly.
Itprovidesint
eral i
aCapi t
alrequirements,
mar gi
nof
solvency ,r
egi
strati
onpr ocedureandgener al
conditi
onsupon
whichcompani esmayopenandorcar r
yoninsurance
businessi nTanzani a.

(
iv)
.Banki
ngandFi
nanci
alI
nst
it
uti
onsAct
,1991

BankingandFinancialInsti
tuti
onsActi sthel awthat
consoli
datesthelawr elat
ingtobusi nessofbanki ng,
harmonizestheoperat i
onsofal l
financialInsti
tut
ions,
fost
erssoundbankingact i
vit
iesandr egul
at escredit
operati
ons.I
talsogov ernsothermat t
ersincidentalor
connectedwithbankingandf i
nancialinst
ituti
ons.

(
v).Capi
tal
andSecur
it
iesAct

CapitalMarketandSecurit
iesActwasenact edint he1994
forthepurposeofestabli
shingacapi t
almarketand
securit
iesauthor
ityi
nordert opromoteandf aci
l
itatethe
developmentofanor derl
y,fairandeff
ici
entcapit
al market
andsecur i
ti
esindustr
iesi
nTanzani a.I
talsomakespr ovi
sion
withrespecttostockexchange, st
ockholder
sandot her
135
 per
sonsdeal
i
ngi
nsecur
it
ies.

Quest
ion:Whatdoy ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
egal
ter
ms?
(
i)
.Autrev
oirAcqui
t?

Autrevoi
rAcqui tisgov ernedbysect i
on137ofCr iminal
ProcedureAct .Itisapl eaincriminal casebywhicht he
accusedclaimst hathewaspr eviouslychargedand
acquitt
edbyt hecour tofcompet entjur i
sdi
cti
on.Itisrai
sed
whent heaccusedi schar gedsubsequent l
ywiththeoffence
forwhichhewaspr evi
ouslyacquitted.Thus,thepleaif
successfulbarsf urtherproceedingsi nrespectofthe
offenceforwhi cht heaccusedwasacqui tt
ed.

(
ii
).Pr
evi
ousConv
ict
ion;
wheni
sthi
srel
evant
?

Previ
ousConv i
cti
onrefersfact
sshowingthatt
heaccused
personhasr ecordofbeingconvict
edofcommi ssi
onof
cri
minaloffence(s)
.Iti
sr el
evantwhenthecourti
sassessi
ng
thesentencesupposedt obei mposedtotheconvi
cti
.e.
personconv i
ctedofcommi tti
nganoffence.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Howdoy
oual
tert
heObj
ect
ivecl
auseoft
he
company?

TheObjecti
veclauseoft
hecompanymaybealter
edby
speci
alresol
uti
on.Seesect
ion7(
1)ofCap212.

(i
i
).Whatdoy ouunder
standonnon-
per
for
mingasset
sonLoan
Real
izat
ion?

Non-
perfor
mi ngasset
sonLoanReal
izati
onareprovi
dedi
n
LART,1994.Theyarethedebt
swhi
cht hebor
rowersowethe

136
 banks.

(
ii
i)
.“I
nsur
anceLossAdj
ust
er”Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyi
t?

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyI
nsur
anceAssessor
s?

Insur
anceAssessori stheonewhocalcul
atesanappropri
ate
sum payabletotheinsuredi
ntheeventofclai
m.Insur
ance
assessorcalcul
atessuchappropr
iat
esum pay abl
etothe
i
nsuredinev entofcl
aim whentheamountagreedinthe
poli
cyisnotpay abl
e.

(
v).Cany outel
lust
hedi
sti
ncti
onofDebent
ureHol
deranda
Mortgagee.Howmanychargesar
eonadebentur
e?

Debentur
eHolderrefer
sanindi
vi
dualcr
edit
ori.
e.an
i
ndivi
dualwhoisissuedwit
hDebentur
e.Mortgager
efersto
thel
enderi.
e.onewhopr ov
idesthemoneytothemortgagor
.

Questi
on:
Tellt
heCounci
ltheremediesthepart
yhasundert
he
fol
l
owing:(
i)
.Appel
l
antwhohasf i
ledhisappealattheHi
ghCour
t
andtheAppeali
sdi
smissedforwantofprosecuti
on?

Whent heappeali
sdismi ssedbyt heHighCour tf
orWantof
Prosecut
ion,t
heappellantisenti
tledunderOrdeXXXI X,r
.19
toapplytotheCourtforthereadmi ssi
onoftheappeal.
Note:Whereiti
spr ov
edt hattheappel l
antwaspreventedby
suff
ici
entcausefrom appeari
ngwhent heappealwascal l
ed
onforheari
ng,theCour tshal
lreadmi ttheappealonsuch

137
 termsast ocostsorother
wiseasitthinks’fi
t.
Theappel l
anthasthesamer emedywher etheappeal is
dismissedunderOrderXXXIXrul
e18f orfai
luretodeposi t
withi
nt hefi
xedperi
od,thesum r
equiredtodef r
ayt hecostof
servi
ngt henoti
cetotheRespondent.Howev er,t
hisrulewil
l
applywher efai
l
urebyAppell
anthasr esult
edi ntonon-
appearanceofRespondentwhent heappeal iscalledonf or
heari
ng.

(i
i)
.Ajudgmentisent
eredex-par
teaf
terDefendantf
ail
edt
o
appearonthedayfi
xedforfi
l
ingadefence.

Whent hejudgmenti sent

eredex-
parteaft
erDef endant’
s
fai
luretof il
edefence,t
heDefendantmayappl ytot heCourt
bywhi cht heDecreewaspassedf oranOrdert osetasideex-
parteDecr ee.SeeOrderIX,Rul
e13(1)ofCivilProcedureAct.
Thisruleappl i
esonlywherethedefendantfai
lstoappearon
thedayf ixedforfi
li
ngdefenceunderOrder.IXrule.6(i
i
)Aof
Civi
lProcedur eAct.

(i
ii
).TheDef
endantfail
stoappearonthedat
ethesuiti
ssetf
or
heari
ngandPlai
nti
ffisgiv
enjudgmentinhi
sfavour
.

Whent heDefendantfail
stoappearont hedatethesuitis
setforheari
ngandPl ai
nti
ffgiv
enthejudgmentinhi sfavour
,
suchaDef endantmayappl yunderOrderIX,Rul
e13( 2)of
theCivi
lProcedureActforOrdertosetasideorvarysuch
j
udgment .Note:Appli
cati
onmustbemadeunder6weeks
from t
hedateofj udgment.
(
iv)
.Ont
hedat
esetf
orhear
ingt
hesui
tisdi
smi
ssedongr
ounds

138
t
hatbot
hpar
ti
esf
ail
edt
oappear
.

Whent hesuiti
sdismi ssedforfai
lureofneitherpart
yt o
appearwherethesui tiscal
ledonf orheari
ng, t
hePlainti
ff
mayapplyunderOr derI XRule4ofCi vi
lProcedureActf oran
Ordertosetadismi ssalasi
dealsoaPl aint
if
fmay ;subjectto
LawofLimi t
ati
on,instit
uteafreshsuit,seeOrderIX,Rule4
ofCivi
lProcedur
eAct .

Questi
on:(
i)
.Whatistheremedyi
fthecaseisdismi
ssedasa
resul
toft
hePlai
nti
ff
s’absencewhenthecaseiscal
l
edfor
heari
ng?

Whent hecasei sdi

smi ssedasar esultofPlainti
ffs’absence
whent hecaseiscalledf orhear ingt hePlainti
ffmayappl y
underOr derI
XRule9( 1)oft heCi vilProcedureActf oran
ordertosetthedismi ssal aside.
Note:Wher ethesui
ti sdi smi ssedf orWantofPr osecut i
on
thePlainti
ffi
sprecl
udedunderOr derI XRule9( 1)ofCi vil
ProcedureActtobringaf r
eshsui ti nrespectofthesame
causeofact i
on.Beitnot edt hatOr derIXRule9( 2)
appli
cationbyPlai
ntiffforanor dert osetasidedi smi ssal
cannotbegr antedunl esst henot iceofsuchappl icationhas
beenser vedontheopposi tepar ty
.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
heExt
endedJur
isdi
cti
on?

ExtendedJur
isdicti
onisgover
nedbytheprov i
sionsof
secti
on45oft heMagi st
rat
eCourtActandsections173-176
oftheCrimi
nal Procedur
eAct.Accor
dingtosect i
on45of
MCAandsect ion173ofCPA, theMinist
erforLegalAff
airs

139
 mayi nvestanyResi dentMagi str
atethepower stotryany
categoryoft hecasesoranypar ti
cularcaseor di
naril
ytriabl
e
bytheHi ghCour t.TheMinisterinvestsanyResi dentwi t
h
ExtendedJur i
sdicti
onbyor derwhi chmustbepubl ishedi n
theGazet te.Thecaseswhi cht heResidentMagi strat
ehas
beeni nvest edpower stotr
yar especi f
iedintheOr der……;
andsect ion45( 1)oftheMCApr ovi
dest hat;TheMi ni
sterwi l
l
exercisehi spowerundert hesamepr ovi
sionof f
er
consul t
ationwi t
ht heChiefJust i
ceandAt t
orneyGener al
wher eas;sect ion173ofCr i
mi nalProcedureActpr ovides
thattheMi nisterinexerci
singofhi spowermayseek
recommendat ionofChi efJust i
ceori nhisabsence, t
he
seniorPui sneJudge.

Quest
ion:
Canyout
ell
theCounci
lthel
awt
hatappl
i
est
o
(
i)
.GanesheeOr
der
;

(
ii
).HotPur
sui
t;

Note:HotPur sui
tref
erst ot
her i
ghtofCoast
alSt
atesto
pursueforei
gnshipwi t
hinit
st er
ri
tor
ialwat
ersi
fithasgood
reasonthatthevesselhasv i
olat
editsl
aw.HotPersui
tto
highseasifnotinter
rupted

(
ii
i)
.Recept
ionCl
ause;

Recept
ionClausei
sgov
ernedbyTangany
ikaOr
deri
n
Counci
l;1920.

(
iv)
.Omni
busSent
ence;

Omni
busi
sgov
ernedbyCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e.Not
e:Cr
imi
nal

140
 Pr
ocedur
eActi
ssi
l
ent
.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sthepr
ocedur
eforsui
ngt
heGov
ernment
Depar
tment?

Thepr ocedur
ef orsui
ngtheGov ernmentDepar tmentis
gov ernedbysect i
on5oft heGov ernmentProceedingAct,
cap.5[ R.
E2002]Thesear e;
1).Not iceofnotlessthan90day sofi nt
enti
ontosue
specify i
ngthebasisofclaim mustbesubmi ttedto
gov ernmentdepar tmentandacopyoft hesamesentt o
AttorneyGener al. 2).
Aftert heexpir
ingof90day sthesui ti
sinst
it
utedintheHigh
Cour tagainstthegovernmentdepar tmentandmaki ngthe
AGapar tt
hereto.

Questi
on:(
i)
.Whatist
her
oleofI
CTR(
Int
ernat
ional
Cri
minal
Tr
ibunalf
orRwanda)

TheroleofInt
ernat
ionalCri
minalTr
ibunal
forRwandai sto
enter
tain;
hearanddet er
minecri
minalmatt
ersagainstthe
peoplewhoareinvolvedinorai
dedthecommi ssi
onof
genocideinRwanda.

(
ii
).Cananyper
sonf
il
eaCi
vi
lsui
tinI
CTR?

Aper
soncannotf
il
eaCi
vi
lsui
tinI
CTR.

(
ii
i)
.Whatl
awest
abl
i
shesI
CTR?

?
???
..
..
..
..
..
..
.est
abl
i
shedbyResol
uti
onoft
he1994

(
iv)
.Tel
ltheCounci
ladef
erencebet
weenI
nter
nat
ional
Cri
minal

141
Cour
tandI
nter
nat
ional
Cour
tofJust
ice.

………………………….
???
??

Quest
ion:Canyout
ell
theCounci
lthepr
ivi
l
egesav
ail
abl
eon
def
amat or
ysui
t?

Privi
legesav ail
ableondef amat orysui tare:
i
).Absol ut eprivi
lege.Thi sisanabsol utedef enceexampl eof
statement sthataf fordabsol ut
epr i
v i
legei nclude;
Statement smadei npar li
ament ,Repor tandor deri
ssuedby
Gov ernmentandj udicialproceedings.
i
i).Qual i
fiedPr i
v i
lege; t
hisisapar ti
al defenceasadef endant
mustpr ov ethathi sstatementenj oy edqual if
iedprivi
lege
exampl eofst atement swhereaper soncanenj oyqualif
ied
privi
legear e:
a).Fairandaccur aterepor t
sofpar li
ament arysessions;
b).Fairandaccur ater eportsofjudicial pr
oceedi ngsand
certainfairandaccur at ereport
spubl i
shedi nnewspaper sor
TVandr adiobroadcast .

Questi
on:
Whatremedyisavail
abl
etoapart
ywhoseappli
cat
ion
forl
eavet
oappealhasbeenrej
ect
edbytheHighCour
t?

Whereapplicati
onforl
eavetoappealhasbeenrej
ectedby
theHighCour t
,thepar
tymaybringthematterbef
orethe
CourtofAppeal bywayofappealchal
lengi
ngtheorder
ref
usingthegrantofsuchappli
cati
on.

142
Questi
on:Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyr
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionof
marri
age?

Rebuttabl
epresumpt i
onofmar ri
agegov ernedbysect i
on
160(2)ofLawofMar r
iageAct,1971.Itrefersathesituation
whereev i
denceisgiventothesatisf
actionoft hecour tt
hat
themanandwomanhav enotli
vedtoget herfort
woy earsor
upwardast obeent i
tl
edtoacqui r
ethest atusofbeingcal l
ed
husbandandwi fe.Whent hepresumptionofmar r
iagei s
rebutt
edthewomani sentit
ledtoapplyfort hemaintenance
forhersel
fandev er
ychildofunion.

Quest
ion:Whatdothefol
l
owi
ngmeani
ncompanyl
aw:
(
a).DefunctCompany?

DefunctCompanyreferstothecompanythatnolonger
carr
iesonitsbusi
ness.Isonethathasceasedt
oconducti
ts
business.

(
b).Duedel
i
gentsear
ch.

DueDil
i
gentsear
chi
sthesear
chconduct
edIor
dert
o
est
abli
sh;

Quest
ion:
Inprobat
epr
oceedingswhati
sthepr
ocedur
etobe
fol
l
owedinlodgi
ngacaveat
?

ThePr obat
eAdministr
ati
onofEst at
eCourtprocedureis
governedbysect
ion52( a)
&(b)ofCap.352.Ci v
ilProcedur
e
ActCap.33anyot herl
awr el
evantshal
lappl
y.
1).Secti
on58Caveatagainstgrantofpr
obateand

143
 administ
rat
ion. 2)
.Sect
ion59pr
oceedi
ngs
subsequenttocav
eat
.

Question:Isawi feandhusbandj ointtenantort enantsin

commonundert hev i
ll
ageLandAct ,No.5/ 1999?
Ther eisnospeci fi
cprovisi
oninActNo. 5/1999t hatsays
thathusbandandwi f
ear ej
ointtenant sincommon.Sect i
on
22( 1)ofActNo. 5/1999onlysay sthatf ami lyunitmayappl y
forcust omar yrightofoccupancyi nv il
lagel and.Howev er,
undert heActspousescanbej oi
ntt enant sincommon
dependi ngonf actthat,
anappl i
cationf oraCust omar yRi
ght
Occupancyi ftheywantt oholdasi ngl et i
tl
e, i
nterestand
possessi oni.e.jointt
enancyort heywantt hehol di
ngofright
ofoccupancyt obel i
mitedtopossessi ononl yi.
e.tenancyin
common.
Not e:secti
on161ofLandAct4/ 1999; Joi ntoccupi er
s
unlesst hepr esumpt i
oni sr
ebut t
ed.Regi str
ationdoneas
Occupi esincommon.

Question:Definet hef ollowi ng:

(
a).JudicialI
mmuni ty;
Judicialimmuni tyr eferst oexempt i
onofj udici
aloff
icers
from personal li
abilit
yf ort heact sdoneorwor dsspokeni n
theexer ciseoft hei rjudicial of
fice.Theimmuni t
yisabsolute
inrespectofwor dsoract i
onsofj udi
cialoffi
cerswhileacti
ng
wi t
hintheirjurisdict i
onandext endstoact sdonewi thout
juri
sdicti
onpr ovidedt hattheywer edonei ngoodf ai
th,asper
section16oft hePenal Codeandsect ion66( 1)of
Magi str
ateCour tAct ,19984.
(
b).Immuni tyofanAdv ocat e;
Immuni tyofanAdv ocat er efersexempt i
onoft headv ocate
from personal li
abilit
yf oral lactsdoneandwor dsspokenin
respectofal l mat tersr elatingtot hecasest heyaredeali
ng
144
 wi
thorconduct
ing.

(
c).Ref
erence?
………………

Question: (i).Whatdounder st andbyBur denofpr oof.Whatar e

t
hest andar dsofpr oof ?
Bur denofPr oofr efer s; thedut yofapar t ytol i
ti
gat i
ont o
pr ov eaf actorf actsi ni ssue.Gener ally, thebur denofpr oof
fallsupont hepar t
ywhosubst ant i
allyasser tst het r
uthofa
par t i
cularf acti .
e.thepr osecut ionort hePl aint i
ffast he
exi stenceornonexi stenceoff acti ni ssue.Al sobenot ed
thatt herear enoabsol utest andar dsofpr oofi nbot h
crimi nal andci vi
lcasesbutt her emaybedegr eeofpr oof
wi thint hosest andar ds.St andar dofpr oofr eferst hedegr ee
ofpr oofr equi redforanyf acti ni ssuei nl i
tigat i
onwhi chi s
est abl i
shedbyassessi ngt heev idencer elev antt oit.
Exampl e; incr iminal casest hest andar di spr oofbey ond
reasonabl edoubt ,wher eas, inci v i
lcases, thest andardi s
pr oofonbal anceofpr obabi li
ties.Thati si nci v
ilcasest he
plai ntif
fdi schar geshi s/ herbur denofpr oofwhenhe/ she
adducesev idenceofsuchanat uret hatt hecour tcant hinkit
tobemor epr obablet hannot .Thebur dendoenotshi f t.
Not e: t
her ear etwot ypesofbur denofpr oofnamel y;
per suasi ve/ l
egal bur denandev ident ial bur den.
Per suasi ve/ Legal bur den–i ti st hebur dent hati scarriedby
thepar tywhoasamat terofl awwi llloset hecasei fhef ail
s
topr ov et hef acti nissue.Ev i
dent i
al Bur den–i ssomet imes
ref erredt oasabur denofadduci ngev idencet hatmeanst he
dut yofshowi ngthatt her ei ssuf fi
cientev i
dencet oraisean
i
ssuef itf ort heconsi der ationbycour t.

(
ii
).Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenPowerofAt
tor
neyandDeed
145
Pol
l
?
PowerofAt t
orneyrefer
sanaut hori
tygi
v enbyoneper sonto
anothertoactonhi sbehalf.I
tissometimesr ef
erredtolet
ter
ofAttorney.AdeedPol lref
ersadeedt owhi cht
her ei
sonly
onepart y
,forexampleonedecl ari
ngachangeofname.
Note:apowert oexecuteadeedmusti tselfbegiv
enbya
deed.
Questi
on: Vari
ousFinancialI
nst
it
utions,Non-Fi
nanci
alInsti
tuti
ons
andBankshav eacompl ai
nedagainstcert
ainlawsinrespectof
thel
andAct .No.4/1999andt heVill
ageLandAct ,No.
5/ 1999.
Canyout ellt
heCouncilsthelawunderwhi chsuchcompl aint
s
arebased?

Thel
awsunderwhi
chsuchcompl
aint
sar
ebasedar
e
…………………………………………………………

Questi
on.(
i)Howcanaf
orei
gneracqui
reaRi
ghtofOccupancyi
n
Tanzani
a?

Secti
on20( 1)OFActNo4/ 1999r estr
ictOccupat i
onofLand
byNonCi tizenunlessitisforInvestmentpur posesunderthe
TanzaniaInv est
mentAct ,No261997.Thus, beforea
forei
gnerappl i
esforaRi ghtofOccupancymustappl yfora
certi
fi
cateofbyAppr ov alfr
om Tanzani aInvestmentCentre
undertheTanzani aInvestmentAct ,No26of1997andany
otherdocument ati
onwhi chmaybepr escri
bedthesameAct
andat t
acht hem tohisAppl i
cati
onf orRightofOccupancy.
Seesect i
on25( 1)(
h)ofActNo4of1999

146
(i
i)Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenPossessi
onandOwner
shi
pof
Land?

Possessionr eferst oActualcont r

olofpr oper t
ycombi ned
withtheintentiontousei t,ri
ght l
yorwr onglyasonesown.I n
thecaseofLandPossessi onmaybeAct ual whent heowner
hasent er
edont olandorpossessi oni
nl aw, thatiswhenhe
hast heri
ghtt oent erbuthehasnotdoneso.Possessi on
i
ncludesr eceiptofr entandpr ofi
torther ightt or
ecei v
ethem.
Asf orOwner ship,theownerhasexcl usiver ightt
ouse,
possessanddi sposeofpr oper tysubj
ectonl ytorightof
personshav ingasuper i
orinterestandanyr estri
ctionson
theownerr ightsimposedbyagr eementwi t
horbyactof
thi
rdpar t
iesorbyoper ati
onofl aw.Theownerofl andhasa
numberofr i
ght ssuchast odi sposeoft hel and.Thuswhi l
e
theowner shipt helandconf erslegalr
ightt ot heowner ,
possessiondoesnot .

Quest
ion.(
i)
.Whatist
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenAr
bit
rat
ionand
nor
mal Li
ti
gati
on?

Thedi f
f erencebetweenAr bitr
at i
onandnor mal Li
tigationare;
1).InAr bitr
ati
on,bothpar t
iesagr eet oreferthemat terto
arbi
trationWhi le;i
nNor mal l
i
tigation,onlyonepar tyi.e.the
Plai
ntiffinsti
tutesthesuit;
2).Inarbitrati
on,determinati
onofdi sputeisdonebyoneor
mor eindependentt hirdparti
esi .
e.theAr bitr
atorWhi le;i
n
normal lit
igati
on,thedisputeisdet erminedbyt heCour tof
l
aw; 3).Inarbit
rati
on, t
herear eno
stri
ctuseofr ul
esofl awofev idenceorpr ocedurewhi le;i
n

147
 normal l
i
tigat
ion/sui
t,therei
sst r
ictuseoflawofev i
denceor
procedure
4).Thedecisi
oni narbitr
ati
oni sfi
nalandbindi
nginpar t
ies
andpersonscl ai
mingundert hem respecti
vel
y,whil
e;the
decisi
oninnor malsuitissubjectofbeingchal
lengede.gby
wayofappeal

(
ii
).Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesofar
bit
rat
ion?

1)
.Todet
ermi
nedi
sput
esexpedi
ti
ousl
y/speedi
l
yandf
air
ly

2)
.Itsav
est
imeandcost
s

3)
.Itdoesnoti
nvol
vecumber
somepr
ocedur
es

4)
.Par
ti
esr
emai
nfr
iendsaf
terar
bit
rat
ion

(
ii
i)
.Whatnamei
sgi
vent
oadeci
sioni
nar
bit
rat
ion?

Adeci
sioni
nar
bit
rat
ioni
sref
err
edt
oasanawar
d

Quest
ion.(
i)WhatistheAssoci
ati
onar
eyougoi
ngt
ojoi
nify
ou
pass theI
nter
view?

I
fIpasst
heBarExami
nat
ionIwi
l
ljoi
nTangany
ikaLaw
Soci
ety
.

(i
i)underWhichLawi st
hatAssoci
ati
onestabl
i
shed?
Tangany
ikaLawSociet
yisest
abli
shedundertheTangany
ika
Law
Soci
etyOrdi
nance,
Cap344

(
ii
i)Whatot
herpr
ofessi
onal
bodi
eswi
l
lyouj
oini
fyoupassBar

148
Exami
nat
ion

Ot
herprofessionbodi esar
e:-
1)
.EastAfri
canLawSoci et
y
2)
.TanzaniaWomenLawy ersAssoci
ati
on(i
ncaseof
women) 3)
.Legal
andHuman
Ri
ghtsCentre
4)
.Int
ernati
onal BarAssociat
ion
5)
.Amnest yInternat
ional

Quest
ion.(
i)Cany
out
heCounci
lthet
hreemodesi
nWi
ndi
ngUpa
Company?

Threemodesofwi ndingupacompanyar egover

nedbyt
he
provisionsofS.157(1)ofCap212.Theseare-
1).WindingbytheCour t
2).VoluntaryWi
ndingUp; or
3).Wi ndingupsubjectt
ot hesuper
visi
onoft
heCourt

(
ii
).
Whichremedieshasmi
nor
it
yshar
ehol
der
sifhumi
l
iat
edby
major
it
ysharehol
ders?

Remedi esavai
labl
ethemi nor
it
ysharehol
dersi
shumil
iat
edby
maj orit
y
Shar esHoldersis/ar
e:
1).Tosel lhi
ssharest othemajor
it
ysharehol
der
s
2).Tosuemaj ori
tysharehol
ders
I
ft het woremediescannotbeex erci
sedhecanpet
it
ionfor
windi ngupoftheCompany

(i
i
i).Supposeyouar
eanewl yadmit
tedAdvocat
eandy oufeel
Uncomf or
tabl
etoappearbefor
etheCour
tAppeal.Canyougivea
149
wr
it
tensubmi
ssi
oni
nst
eadofphy
sical
appear
ance?

AnAdv ocatewhof eel

suncomfor
tabletoappearbef
orethe
CourtofAppeal canonlygiveaWrit
tenSubmi ssi
oni
nsteadof
physi
cal appearancebyleaveoft
heCour tofAppeal
;thati
sif
heappliesfortheleaveandthesamei sgrant
ed.

Quest
ion.(
i)Cany
oubri
efl
ytel
ltheCounci
lwhatcer
ti
fi
cat
eof
competencemeans?

Certi
fi
cateofCompet enceisthecer t
if
icat
eissuedundert heS.
24oft heRoadTr af
fi
cAct ,No30of1993byt heexamining
Offi
certoadriverofmot orvehi
clesuponcompl y
ingwith
paragraphs(
a)and( b)ofthesamesect i
oni.e.whereapplicant
forthesamecer t
ifi
catei
scompet enttodri
veamot orvehi
cle
ofclassofwhichhedesi redri
vi
ng

(i
i
)Tell
theCouncil
theDepart
mentwhichar
eundertheMini
str
y
ofJusti
ceandConsti
tuti
onAffai
rs
Depar
tmentwhichfal
lundert
heDepar
tmentofJust
iceand
Const
it
uti
onAffai
rsare:–

1)
.Att
orneyGeneral
Chamber
s
2)
.TheJudici
ary

Quest
ion.
(i
)Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyspeci
fi
cper
for
mance?

Speci f
icper f
ormanceisoneoft heremediesofcontract.I
tisa
Cour tor dert
oaper son/partt
oacont r
acttoful
fi
llhi
s
obligationsinthecontract.I
tisanequi t
abl
er emedyandi sonl
y
gi
v enatt hedi
scret
ionoft heCourt,normall
ywheredamages
prov einadequatecompensat ionforbreachofcontractsofsal
e

150
 ofl
andoruni
quegoodsnotobt
ainabl
eint
hemar
ket
.

NOTE:Iti
soneoft
heequi
tabl
eremedi
esf
orabr
eachofa
cont
ract.

(
ii
)Mentionty
pesofmar
ri
ageswhi
char
erecogni
zedbyLawi
n
t
his count
ry.

Secti
on10(1)(a)-
(b)oftheLawofMar r
iageActNo.5/ 1971of
Tanzani
apr ov
idesf ortwotypesofmarri
age.Thesear e;
1).Marr
iagesthatar emonogamousorar eintendedtobe
monogamous; and
2).Marr
iagesthatar epol
ygamousorarepot enti
all
y
poly
gamous

(
ii
i)Whatar
ethedi
sti
nctf
eat
uresont
hesemar
ri
ages?

Thedi st
inctfeatur
esont hesemar ri
agesare;
1).Thatt hepoly
gamousorpot enti
all
ypolygamousar e
contractedinIsl
ami cf
orm oraccordingtoIslamicri
tesor
RitesrecognizedintheCustomar yLawi nTanzania,
Whereas;
2).Themonogamousormar r
iagesintendedtobe
monogamousar econtr
actedinanyot herform,suchas
Chr i
sti
anf or
m.

Questi
on.
(i
)Whatf
unct
ionshast
heLandDi
vi
sionoft
heHi
gh
Courtt
operfor
m?

Thefuncti
onswhi
chtheHighCour
tLandDiv
isi
onisr
equi
redt
o
perf
orm ar
egover
nedbytheLandDisput
esActNo2of2002.
Theseare:

151
 1).Todet ermineLandcaseswi thwhichithasor i
ginal
j
urisdict
ion2).Todetermi neappealsfr
om Distr
ictLandand
Housi ngTr i
bunal 3).Toexerciseit
sgener al
power sofsupervisi
onov erDist
rictl
andandHousi ngTribunal
4).Toexer ci
seitspowerofRev isionj
uri
sdict
ionov er
proceedingsanddeci si
onoror derofDist
ri
ctLandandHousi ng
Tribunal
s

(i
i
)Cany out
ell
theCounci
lthecomposi
ti
onandPecuni
ary
Juri
sdi
cti
onofWardTri
bunalandVi
ll
ageLandCounci
l.

1).Composi ti
oni s4–8member s.Threeshall bewomen.
SeeSection11ofLandDi sput esActNo.2/ 2002
2).Pecuniaryisli
mi tedtot hreemi l
li
onshill
ings.SeeSect ion
15ofLandDi sputesAct .No2/ 2002Composi tionand
Pecuniar
yj uri
sdictionofVi l
lageLandCounci l
3).TheComposi ti
oni .
e.7member s3ofwhom mustbe
women 4).Ast opecuniaryjur i
sdicti
ont he
Lawi .
e.ActNo2/ 2002i ssi l
entbutSect i
on7©ofActNo
2/2002prov i
dest hatt heVill
ageLandCounci l canmedi ate
anymat t
erconcer ningLandf alli
ngwi t
hinit
sj urisdict
ion.

Questi
on.(
i)
.Whendoesper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onst
artt
oruni
nan
act
ioninacont
ract
?

Theper
iodofl
imit
ati
oninanacti
ononacont
ractst
art
sto
runf
rom t
hedateofthebr
each.

Quest
ion:Whati
ngr
edi
ent
sshoul
dpar
tinasui
tformal
i
cious
pr
osecuti
onprov
e?

152
 Thei
ngredi
ent
sofpr
osecut
ionwhi
chapar
ttoasui
tmust
pr
oveare:

1.Plai
nti
ff’
saccusationbytheot her
2.Thatprosecuti
onwasi nfavorofcompl ainantoraccused
3.Prosecuti
onwasi nsti
tut
edagai nsthim wit
houtreasonabl
e
andprobablecause
4.Thatprosecuti
onwasi nsti
tutedwithmal i
ciousi
ntenti
onand
5.Asar esultofprosecuti
on,specialdamageswer esuffer
ed.

Quest i
on.(i
).Canyout
ell
theCounci
lwhatdoy
ouunder
standon
thefoll
owing:-
a).t
rialwit
hintri
al

Trialwit
hintri
alr
eferstoaminitr
ial
conduct
edwithi
namain
tri
altoestabli
shtheadmissi
bil
it
yofadisput
ablepi
eceof
evidencewhichhasbeenchal l
engedbythedef
ense.eg
whent heconfessionret
ract
ed/apol
ogi
zedforor
repudiat
ed/rej
ected
b)
.Casestated

Casest at
edr efer
stot hewri
ttenst at
ementoft her elev
ant
factinacasesubmi t
tedfortheopi ni
onorj udgmentof
superiorCourt.Aft
erthehearinganddeci sionofacase, the
parttothecasemayquestCour torTribunaltost ateacase
fortheopinionorjudgmentoft hesuper i
orCour t.
Somet imescasest ar
tedisreferredtoaspeci alcase.
InTanzaniaCaseSt atedisgov ernedbySect ion65andOr der
XXXI VofCPC.Or derXXXIVRul e( v)pr
ov i
dest hatpar ti
es
maybyagr eementinwr i
ti
ngst atequestionsoff act sorlaw
153
 i
nfor
m ofcasef
ort
heopi
nionoft
hecour
t.

Question.(i).InCompanyLawwhatdoest hef ollowingphr ases

meana) .Af orfeit
ur eclause;
For fei
tureCl ausei sacl auseallowingorempower i
nga
companyt of orfeitpar t
lypaidshares.
b)
.Transmi ssionofshar es;
Tr ansmi ssionofshar esmeanst hetransf erofshar esthat
occur saut omat i
cal l
ybyoper at
ionofl aw, bankr uptcy( f
rom
theBankr uptt ohi st r
usteeinbankr upt cy)orupondeat h(to
theper sonal represent ati
veoft hedeceased) .
Not e:thet ransfereesdonotbecomecompanymember s
unt ilt
hecompanyent erstheirnamesupont her egist
erof
member s.Bef oret heirnamesar eenter edupont heregist
er
ofmember s,theycannotat tendorv oteatt hecompany
meet i
ngs.

Questi
on:(i
i
).Wil
l y
outel
ltheCounci
lundert
heConst
it
uti
on,what
arethequal
ifi
cat
ionsf
orapersontobeappoint
edasajudgein
Tanzani
a?

Thequalificati
onf orapersontobeappoi ntedasaj udgein
Tanzaniaar epr ovi
dedforunderAr t
icle109( 7)ofthe
Constit
utionofTanzani a1977whi chpr ovidest hataperson
el
igibl
eforappoi nt
mentast hejudgemustpossesf orat
l
east5y ear sspecialquali
fi
cati
ons.Thepr ovisi
onsf urt
her
statest
hatoneofsuchspeci alqual
ifications, i
squal i
fi
cat
ion
ofbeingenr olledasanadv ocateofHi ghCour t
.Arti
cle109(9)
oftheConst i
tuti
ondispenseswi t
hther equirementofat
l
east5y earsofpossessi onofspeci alqual i
ficati
onsifthe
persontobeappoi ntedthejudgehast heabi lit
yand
154
 exper
iencefi
tfortheappoi
ntmentasaj udge.Not see14th
e:
theConsti
tut
ionamendment swhichhascomeupwi th
amendment sregardi
ngqual
ifi
cat
ionsforappoint
mentasa
j
udgeofHi ghCourtandCourtofAppeal.

(
ii
).Cant
hePr
esi
dentr
eti
reaJudgei
nPubl
i
cint
erest
?

ThePresi
dentcanreti
reaj
udgei
npubli
cinter
estbutmust
fol
l
owt heprocedur
elai
ddownunderAr
ti
cle110(6)oft
he
Const
itut
ion.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sci
rcumst
ant
ial
evi
dence?

Cir
cumstanti
alevidencer efersaser i
esofci r
cumstances
l
eadingtotheinf
er enceorconcl usionofgui l
ty,
whil
e;dir
ect
evi
denceisnotav ail
able.Itistheev i
dencef r
om whichthe
courtmayentertheexi stenceofaf actinissuebutwhich
doesnotprovetheexi stenceoft hefactinissuedi
rectl
y.

(
ii
).I
sci
rcumst
ant
ial
evi
dencei
nfer
iort
odi
rectev
idence?

I
fci
rcumst anti
alev i
denceiscl
eargoodenoughandr el
i
able;
i
thassamev alueasdi r
ectevi
dence.
Not
e:Incircumst anti
alevi
dencestandardofproofi
shi
gher
t
handirectevidenceseeMpanduj ivs.Republ
ic

(
ii
i)
.Whoi
stheSecr
etar
yoft
heAdv
ocat
eCommi
tt
ee?

Thesecr
etar
yforAdv
ocat
eCommi
tt
eei
sAt
tor
neyGener
al.

(i
v).HowdoesAdv
ocat
eCommi
tt
eedi
ff
erf
rom Tangany
ikaLaw
Societ
y?

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weenAdv
ocat
eCommi
tt
eeand

155
 TanganyikaLawSoci et
yisthatTLSisasociet
yoflawyer
s
enroll
edasadv ocat
esofHighCour tandcourt
ssubordi
nate
theret
o.Thecommi tteeisabodythatremovesadvocat
e
from t
her ol
landhearscompl ai
nsagainstt
hem.

(
v).I
sthedeci
sionoft
heAdv
ocat
eCommi
tt
eeappeal
abl
e?

Thedecisi
onoftheAdvocat
eCommi t
teei
sappeal
abl
etoor
bef
oretheful
lbenchoftheHighCour
t.

(
vi)
.Ist
hedeci
sionoft
heCounci
lofLegal
Educat
ionappeal
abl
e?

Thedecisi
onofCounci
lforLegal
Educat
ioni
sfi
nal
andnot
appeal
able.

Questi
on:(
i)
.Menti
onof
fencesonwhi
chbai
lmaybeconsi
der
ed
bytheHighcour
t?

(
ii
).Whati
sani
nsur
ancecompany
?

I
nsuranceCompanyistheCompanyt
hatcar
ri
esont
he
busi
nessofInsur
ance.

(
ii
i)
.Whatisthepr
ocedur
ebef
oreonacqui
resaRi
ghtof
Occupancy
?

ThePr ocedur eforacquir

ingtheRi ghtofOccupancyi s
governedbysect i
ons25, 27&28ofAct ;No.4/ 1999.
Fir
st,applicati
onforgrantedrightofoccupancyi smade;
Secondl y,
af t
erappli
cati
onf orgrantedrightofoccupancy,
l
etterofof ferwil
lbeissuedbyr elevantauthori
ty,and
thi
rdly,acceptanceofof f
erbypay ingther equi
sit
ef eest
o
therelevantauthorit
y;and

156
 l
ast
ly,
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofoccupancyi
sissued.

Questi
on:Canyoutell
thecounci
lthef
unct
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
nsti
tut
ions:(
a).LART;

Thefuncti
onofLARTistomanagenon-
per
for
mingasset
s
onbehalfofbanksandt
hegover
nment.

(
b).LARTTr
ibunal
;

Thefuncti
onofLARTTr i
bunali
st oadj
udi
cat
eonmat t
ersor
di
sputesbetweenthebanksandbor r
ower
sinrel
ati
ontonon
per
formingasset
sarisi
ngfrom LARTAct,
1991.

(
c).PCRC;

Thef unctionofPCRC; arepr ovi

dedf orinsect i
on22( 1)of
thePubl icCor por at
ions( Amendment )Act,No. 16/ 1993and
thesear e: i
).tomai ntai
nl i
stofal l
publi
ccor porationsandmaker ecommendat i
onst omi nist
er
onwhi chpubl i
ccor por ationshoul dbedecl aredt obe
specifi
edpubl i
ccor poration;
2).toformul ateandexecut edetailedplansfort he
restr
uctur i
ngofal lspeci fiedpubliccorporati
ons;
3).Tosuper vi
semoni torandenf orcetherest r
uct uring
procedur esandagr eement sinrelati
ont ospeci f
iedpubl ic
corporations; 4)
.Tol iai
seasnecessar ywi t
h
responsiblemi nistr
iesandot heror gansoft heGov ernment
withav iewt oensur ingt hattheobj ecti
vesoft he
Commi ssionar eachi eved;
5).Tomakesuchot herr ecommendat i
onsasi tconsi ders
necessar ytoenabl et hecommi ssionachi eveitsobj ecti
ves
157
 underActNo.16/
1993.

Question:(
i)
.Inlawthereispointofl
awwhichanarbi
tr
ator
cannotdetermine,whatstepscanthepar
ti
estakesothatt
he
pointoflawisdetermined.

Thestepst hepar t
iescant akesot hatthepointofl
awwhi ch
thearbit
ratorcannotdetermi neis;
(a)
.Thepar tieswillent
erintoagr eementi nwr i
ti
ngstati
ngto
courtthepointoflawwhi char bit
r atorcannotdeter
mine;
(b)
.Par t
ieswi l
lfi
l
et hei
ragr eementi ncourtofcompet ent
j
urisdi
ction;and
(c)
.Suchcompet entcourtwi ll
hearanddet er
mi nesuch
pointoflawasi fitissui
t.

(
ii
).WhatLawsgov
erni
njunct
ionsi
nTanzani
a?

I
njuncti
oninTanzani
aaregovernedbyOr derXXXVI
IofCi
vi
l
ProcedureActasperAt
il
iovs.Mbowe( 1969)HCD;and
Rule55oftheCourtofAppealRules,
1979.

(
ii
i)
.Cany
oubr
ief
lyt
ell
theCounci
lthepr
inci
plesofi
njunct
ion?

Thepr
inci
pleofi
njunct
ionar
e:……………………….
.

(i
v).Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lthel
awt
hatgov
ernst
heenf
orcement
offorei
gnjudgmentsandor
ders.

Thelawthatgover
nst
heenforcementoff
orei
gnjudgment
s
andorder
sistheReci
procal
Enfor
cementofForei
gn
JudgmentsAct;
Cap.8

Quest
ion:
Whatl
awsgov
ernst
ayofexecut
ion?

158
 StayofExecuti
onisgover
nedby ;t
heCivi
lPr
ocedur
eAct
OrderXXIRule24oftheCivi
lProcedur
eActandRule55of
theCourtofAppealRul
es,1979.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Pl
easet
ell
theCounci
lthemodesofExecut
ionofa
decr
ee?

Themodesofexecut ionofadecr eeisprovidedforunder

OrderXXIoft heCivi
lProcedureAct.Themodesofexecut i
on
ofdecreedependsont hetypeofdecree,forexampl e;
Decreeofpay mentofmoneyi sexecutedby :
1).Thedetentionofasaci vi
lpri
soneroft hejudgment
debtor
,asperOr der;or
2).BytheattachmentandSal eofhispr opertyorboth;
(asperOrderXXIRul e28and29andOr derXVI ,
Rule13).

(
i)
.Decr
eef
oranyspeci
fi
cmovabl
eorf
oranyshar
einaspeci
fi
c
movabl
emaybeexecut
edby
;

a)
.Theseizur
e,i
fpr
act
icabl
eoft hemov ableorshar
e;
b)
.Bydetenti
onasaci
vilpr
isonerofthejudgmentdebt
or;
or
c)
.Att
achmentofhi
spropertyorboth.

(
ii
i).Decr
eeforanyspeci
fi
cper
for
manceofacont
ractorf
oran
i
njuncti
onisexecut
edby:

a)
.Detent
ionasci
vi
lpri
sonerofthej
udgmentdebt
or;
or
b)
.Att
achmentofhispr
opertyorbot
h.

159
Quest
ion:Whatdoyouunderst
andbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng?
a)
.Pri
vateCompany;
b)
.Publi
cCompany ;
c)
.Companylimit
edbyshares.

a).Pri
vat
eCompany;i
stheCompanywhi chrest
ri
ctsthe
maximum numberofmember stof
if
ty,
restr
ict
stransf
erof
sharesandpr
ohi
bit
stheinvi
tati
onofmember softhepubl
i
c
tosubscri
bet
oit
sshares.

b).Publ
icCompany;i
stheCompanywi t
hunli
mitednumber
ofitsmembersanditdoesnotr
estr
ictt
ransf
erofit
sshares
anddoesinvi
tethemembersofthepubli
ctosubscri
betoit
s
shares.

c)
.CompanyLimitedbyShares;i
stheCompanywhose
memorandum ofassoci
ati
onlimi
tthel
iabi
li
tyofi
ts
memberstotheamountofunpaidshares,
ifany.

(i
).Ifanonci ti
zenwant stoacqui r
elandi nTanzani a,
what
happens.(ii)
.Cany out el
ltheCouncil t
heRegulationmadebyt he
Ministerundert heLandAct .
(i
ii
).Whati sthesi gni
ficanceoft hedivi
sionsont heLawRepor ts?
(i
v).Cany oust atetwol awwhi chgov ernAffi
davits.
(v)
.Whatar ether ul
eswhi chgovernsinthecivi
lpr ocedureCor
ds.
(vi
).TeltheCounci lt
hei ngredi
entsoftheof f
encesofr ape.
(vi
i)
.Canahusbandr apehi swif
e?
(vi
ii
).Canapar typrovehi scaseent i
rel
yonanaf f i
dav i
t?

i
).I
fanonci
ti
zenwant
stoacqui
rel
andi
nTanzani
ais
160
requir
edtoshowt hatt hel andi sforinvestmentpur poses
undertheTanzaniaInvestmentAct ,1997aspr ovidedunder
secti
on20oft heLandActNo. 4/ 1999.Hisappl i
cati
onf or
ri
ghtofoccupancymusti nt erali
a; beaccompani edbyt he
certi
fi
cat
eofapproval grant edbyTanzani ainvestment
CenterunderTanzaniainv estmentAct ,1997.Seesect i
on
25(1)(
h)oftheLandActNo.4/ 1999.

i
i)
.TheRegul
ati
onsmadebytheMini
sterundert
heLandAct
ar
eTheLandRegulat
ionsof………………….

i
ii
).Thesignifi
canceoft hedecisi
onsi
ntheLawReportsare;
a).Somedeci sionsi
.e.thosemadebyoursuper
iorCourt
s
arebindi
ngandar eprecedents;
b).Otherdecisionsi
.e.thosemadebyForei
gnCourt
shav e
persuasi
vev aluetoourcourts.

i
v).Thet wolawsthatgover
nsAff
idavi
tsare:
1)
.Civ i
lProcedur
eCord;
2)
.St at
utoryDecl
arat
ionandJudi
cial
ProceedingAct
;and
3)
. Notari
esPubli
candCommi ssi
onersforOathsAct
.

v)
.Therul
eswhichgover
nsAff
idav
itsi
ntheCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e
Codear
erule1-
3inOrderXI
X.

vi)
.Theingredient softheof f
enceofrapear
e:
a).Tohaveacar nal knowledgeofawomanoragi r
lwithout
theconsentorwi t htheconsentwhensuchconsentisnot
recogni
zedinlawi .e.underPenalCodeasamendedby
SOSPA.;
b).Taki
ngadv ant agesofonesposi t
ionsoastocommi trape.

161
 vi
i).TheHusbandcanr
apehiswif
ewhenhehassexual
i
ntercoursewit
hhi
ssepar
atedwif
ewit
houtherconsent
.See
section130(
2)oft
hePenalCodeasamendedbySOSPA.

vi
ii
).Yes,apartycanprovehiscaseenti
rel
yonaffi
davit
.But,
hecandoso, iftheCourtmakest heor
dertot
hateffect.See
O.XIX,rul
e2(1)ofCivi
lProcedureCode.
Note:Provi
ngthecaseonaf fi
daviti
sorder
edinex-part
e
pr
oofcases.

Questi
on:(i)
.Whatdoy ouunder standbyaprovi
sional Li
qui
dat
or?
(i
i
).Howmanyt ypesofLi quidati
on?
(i
i
i).Whatlawr egulatestheappoi ntmentofareceiverManager
?
(i
v).Howistrusteei nBankr uptcyappoint
ed?
(v
).Whatdoy ouunder standbyf loati
ngchar
geinr elat
ionto
Debentur
e?
(v
i).Whatdoy ouunder standbyaf i
xedChar
ge?

i
).Provisionalli
qui
dat orref
er saper sonappoi ntedbyt he
courttoconductt hecompul sor ywindingupofacompany
pendingt heappointmentofal i
quidator.Heisappoi nt
ed
beforewi ndingupor der.Appoi ntmentofPr ovisi
onal
Liqui
datori sgovernedbysect ion183ofCompanyAct ,Cap.
212. Not e: Provi
sional
Liqui
datori sapersonappoi nt edbyt heCour tafter
presentationofawi ndinguppet it
ion.Hei sappoi ntedbefore
themaki ngofwi ndingupor der .

i
i).Liqui
dat
ioninotherwordsiswindi
ngup.Thet
ypesof
l
iquidati
onare;
1).Compulsoryli
quidat
ionwindi
ngupari
seswherea
162
 credi
tororcont r
ibutoryorcompanyitsel
fpeti
ti
ontothe
courtforawi ndi
ngupor der
.
2).Voluntar
yLiquidationWindingup;ari
seswherecr
edit
ors
andother si
nteresteddecidetosettl
ethematterami
cably
i
nsteadofr esorti
ngt ocourt
.Itmayalsobeinit
iat
edby
member softhecompany .

i
ii
).Appoi
ntmentofaRecei
verManageri
sgov
erned
by:
………………. .

i
v).Float
ingchar
gei
nrel
ati
ont
odebent
ure
r
efers…………………………….

v)
.FixedChargeist hechargeatt
achedtoaspeci f
icit
em of
propert
yi.
e.i
tiscr eat
edonspeci f
icanddefi
niteproper
tyof
acompanye.gl and.Fixedchargeprecl
udesthecompany
fr
om deali
nginthepr opert
ywithouttheconsentofthe
holderoft
hechar ge.

v
i).Tr
ust
eei
nBankr
upt
cyi
sappoi
ntedbyt
hecour
t.

Questi
on:(i
).Canyoutel
l t
heCounci
ltheLawwher ebyAir
Tanzani
aHol di
ngCorporati
oni
scurr
entlyest
abli
shed?
(i
i)
.Whatdoy ouunderst
andbysummer ydismissaland
ter
minati
oninLabourLaw?

i
).AirTanzani
aHol dingCorporat
ioni
scur
rent
lyest
abl
ished
underAirTanzani
aCor porati
on(Reor
gani
zedandvest
ingof
AssetsandLiabil
i
ties)Act;2001.
i
i
).Summar
ydi
smi
ssal
inLabourLawi
sthedi
smi
ssal

163
 wit
houtnotice.Itisinv
okedbytheEmpl oyerwhent he
employeeisliableforagrossmisconduct.Terminati
onin
LabourLawsr eferstheendingofcontr
actofser vi
ce.Ei
ther
part
ytothecont ractofservi
cehastherighttoterminat
ethe
contr
actupongi vingnoti
ceorpaymentinl i
euofnot i
ce.

Quest
ion:Whatdoyouunderst
andbythef
oll
owing?
(
a).Ar
bitr
ati
on.Dopart
ieshavepowert
ochooseanarbi
tr
ator
?
(
b).Mediat
ion.

a).Ar bi
tr
ationinTanzani
aisgov ernedby2ndScheduleto
CivilProcedureCodeandAr bi
tr
at i
onAct ,Cap.15.Arbi
tr
ati
on
refersthedeterminati
onofadisput ebyoneormor e
i
ndependentt hi
rdpart
ies(
arbi
trators)ratherthanbyacourt
.
Par t
ieshavepower stochooseanar bi
trator
.SeeRule2of
nd
the2 Schedul etoCPC.

b).Medi
ati
onisgovernedbytheCivi
lProcedureCodeas
amended.I
tisaprocedurebywhichthedisputesaresett
led
outofCour
tbytryi
ngt ogetpar
ti
esreachagreement .The
Mediat
orassi
sttheparti
estoreachamicablesett
lement.

Questi
on:
(i)Whatdoyoucal
laper
sonwhodiedwit
houtl
eav
inga
wil
l?
(
ii
).Whatdoyoucallaper
sonwhodiedandl
eftawi
ll
?

i
).Apersonwhohasdi
edwi
thoutl
eav
ingt
hewi
l
lissai
dto
havedi
edINTESTATE.

i
i)
.Apersonwhohasdi
edandl
eftt
hewi
l
liscal
l
ed
TESTATOR.

164
Question:(i
).WhatdoesA.
D.Rstandfor
?Whi
chl
awgov
erns
A.D.R?(ii
).IsA.
D.Rcompul
sory
?
(i
i
i).Whati sSchedul
i
ngOrderi
nA. D.
R?

i
).TheAbbrev
iat
ionA.
D.R,st
andsforAl
ter
nativeDi
sput
e
Resol
uti
on.ADRisgover
nedbytheCivi
lProcedur
eAct.

i
i
).Yes,
A.D.
Riscompul
sor
y.

i
ii)
.TheSchedul i
ngorderinADRi stheonethatari
seswhen
thematterisreschedul
edf oranot
herdatefoll
owingpart
yor
eit
herpartyfai
lur
et oappearorduet oanyotherr
eason.Per
OrderVII
IA,Rule3(2)oftheCPC.

Questi
on:Acompanywhichhasbeeninexist
encef
orsomet
imes
wantstoal
teri
tsobj
ect
s.Whatistheprocedur
e:

Ifthecompanywant stoalt
eri t
sobjectsmustcompl ywit
h
thepr ocedurepr ovi
dedforinsection7oft heCompani es
Ordinance, Cap.212.Thepr ocedure:
1).Thecompanymustal terthesubjectsofthecompanyby
special r
esolution;
2).ThecompanymustPet i
ti
ont hecourtfortheconf irmati
on
ofalterati
on; and
3).Last l
y,acer ti
fi
edcopyoft heorderconfir
mi ngthe
alt
erat i
on,togetherwit
hpr i
ntedcopyoft hememor andum as
alt
eredmustwi thi
n15day sfrom thedateoft heor derbe
deliv
er edtotheRegi st
rarofCompani esforregi st
rati
on.

Quest
ion:(i
).Whatdoyouunder
standbybasi
cri
ght
sandwhat
aret
herights?
(i
i
).Whatisseparat
ionofpower
s?
165
(
ii
i)
.Whatdi
sti
ngui
shessmal
lmor
tgagef
rom bi
gmor
tgage?

(i
).Basicrightsareprov i
dedf orunderAr t
icl
es12-24ofthe
Const i
tuti
onoft heUnitedRepubl icofTanzania.Thebasi
c
ri
ghtspr ovi
dedundert heaf orement i
onedAr t
icl
es,i
ncl
ude:
1).Righttolif
e, asperAr t
icle14;
2).Equalit
ybef orethelaw, asperAr ti
cle13;
3).Equalit
yofmen, asperAr t
icl
e12;
4).Righttowor k,asperAr t
icl
e22;
5).Righttoownpr opert
y ,asperAr t
icl
e24;
6).Freedom ofexpr ession,asperAr ti
cle18.

(i
i).Separ
ati
onofPowerr efer
sthedoctri
nethatpr
ovides
thattheli
bert
yofthei ndiv
iduali
ssecureonl
yifthethree
organsofthestate,Legisl
ature,
Executi
veandJudici
ary
per f
ormthei
rfuncti
onsi ndependent
lyofoneanother.I
tis
prov i
dedunderArti
cle4oft heConsti
tut
ionofTanzania.

(i
ii
).Thefoll
owi
ngdi st
ingui
shessmal l
mortgagesfr
om bi
g
mor t
gages:
Term, small
mortgagesaref oraperiodnotexceedi
ngt
hree
years.Amount;
smal lmortgagesinvolvest
hesum ofmoney
notgreatert
hanhalfami l
li
onshill
ings.

Quest
ion:
Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyHer
beasCor
pus?

HebearsCor pusr
efer
sapr er
ogati
veorderdi
rectedtoa
personwhodet ai
nsanotheri
ncustodyandcommandshi m
toproduceorhavethebodyofthatpersonbeforethecour
t.
I
tisinvokedonlywhenthepersonaredetai
nedbutnot
proper
ties,
asperprovi
sionofsecti
on285oft heCrimi
nal

166
 Pr
ocedur
eActandAdam Mwai
babi
l
evs.R[
1997]TLR96.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Canyout
ell
theCounci
lthest
epsi
nwi
ndi
ngupa
Companyandtheappl
i
cableLaws?

Thest
epsi
nwi
ndi
ngupaCompanyar
e…………………………

(
ii
).Whatdoyouunder
standbyi
nvol
unt
arywi
ndi
ngupand
v
olunt
arywindi
ngup?

1).I
nv ol
untarywindingupr ef
er stoCompul sorywindingup
ofthecompany .Itmaybei ni
tiatedbycr editorsor
contri
butori
esoft hecompanyorsomet i
mesbyt he
companyi tselfbypeti
tioni
ngt heCour tforcompul sory
windingup. 2)
.
Voluntarywindingisgov er
nedbysect i
on221ofCap. 212.it
i
sopt edwhent hecreditor
soft heCompanyandot her
i
nterestedpar t
iesdecidetoset t
letheiraffairsinanami cabl
e
manneri nsteadoftakingupt hemat terbef orethecour t
.

(
ii
i)
.Canyout
ellt
heCouncil
thedi
ff
erencebet
weenal
i
qui
dat
or,
a
r
eceiv
er,
anof
fici
alr
ecei
verandPCRC?

1).Liquidatori sthepersonwhoconduct sthewi ndi

ngupof
acompany .
2).Recei verisper sonappointednormallybyt hecourtto
preserveandpr otectpr
opertythatisatri
sk,toreali
zethe
assetsort ocol l
ecttheincomef orthebenef i
tofthose
entit
led. 3).Anof fi
cial
Receiver
i
st heOf fici
al appointedbyCour ttoactinBankr upt
cyand
windingupofcompani es.Secti
on178ofCap. 212defines
theof f
icialreceiverforthepurposeofwi ndingupof
167
 compani estomeanof fi
cialr
eceiverappointedf or
bankr uptcypur poses.
4).PSRC( ParastatalSectorReform Commi ssion)isanOr gan
establishedundersect ion21(1)oft hePublicCor porati
on
Act ,
1992asamendedbyPubl i
cCor porat
ions
(amendment s)
, Act1993.I ti
schar gedint
eral i
awi ththe
formul ati
onandexecut i
onofdet ail
edplansf orthe
restructuringofall specif
iedpubliccorporati
ons.

Quest
ion:Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lthedi
ff
erencebet
weenanot
ice
ofmotionandchambersummons?

1).Chamber sSummonsr efersanapplicationtothecourt

drawnbyt hepart
y .Oncepresent
edtocour tandsignedbya
regi
str
ari tbecomesbot hanapplicati
onandsummonsof
thecourt.Itappli
esincourtbelowtoCour tofAppeal.
2).Noti
ceofMot ion,i
sthemanneri nwhi chtheCour tof
Appealismov edtodetermineanapplicationmadet heparty
.

Quest
ion(
i)
.Howdoesamur
dert
ri
alpr
oceed?

Therear e4st ages;andt hesear e:

1).Fi
lingofinformat i
onbyt heDPPorhi srepresent
ati
veas
peersect i
on245( 6)ofCr iminalProcedur
eAct .
2).Commi tt
alofaccusedf ortr
ialbythecourtaspersecti
on
246(2)oft heCr i
minal ProcedureAct.
3).Preli
minaryHear ing;aspersect i
on192oft heCr
iminal
ProcedureAct ;and
4).Hearing.

(
ii
).Cany
ouexpl
ainwhati
spr
eli
minar
yhear
ing?

168
 Preli
minaryHeari
ngisgovernedbytheprov
isi
onofsecti
on
192itisaprocedureincr
iminalcasei
nwhichthecourt
determinematter
snotindisputeasbet
weentheparti
es.
Simplyisanacceler
atedt
rial
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Canyouname3el ement
swhichthePl
aint
if
fshoul
d
pr
oveagainstt
heDefendanti
ndefamat
orysui
t?

The3elementswhi
chtheplai
ntif
fmustpr oveagai
nstt
he
defendantonadefamator
ysuit
sar e
1).Wor ds/
Publ
icat
ionmustbedefamatory;
2).Wor ds/
Publ
icat
ionsmustr
efertoPlai
nti
ff;
and
3).Wor ds/
Publ
icat
ionmustbemalici
ousl
ypubl i
shed.

(
ii
).Whatdoapr
oxypowermeani
nCompanyLaw?

ProxyPower
srefersthepowert
hataper
son(Pr
oxy
)havet
o
voteonhal
foftheCompanymemberatcompanymeeti
ng.
Theproxyi
sappointedbyCompanymember.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sInnuendo?

Innuendoarewor dsthati mplysomethingindi

rectl
y,butmay
becleartoallr
ightthinkingpeople.Therecanbedef amatory
byinnuendo.Exampl e;Innuendoofdr unkar
dnessandt he
presenceofabot tl
eofbr andandobscenephot ographsin
themot orv
ehiclewhi chhadanacci dent.
Note:Defamationinf or
m ofpi ct
uresandcar t
oonori nfor
m
ofstatementprimaf acieinnocentbycapableofdef aming
anotherper
son.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.TheHi
ghcour
thas3di
vi
sionsandonei
sthe

169
Commer
cial
Div
isi
on.Whatar
etheot
hert
wodi
vi
sions?

Thetwodi vi
sionoftheHighCourtothert
hanCommer ci
al
Divi
sionare:
1).Ordi
narydivi
sionofHighCourt;
and
2).Hi
ghCour tLandDivisi
on:
Note:LabourCour tDi
vi
sionofHighCourti
sestabl
i
shedby
secti
on50( 1oftheLabourInst
it
uti
onsAct,2004

(i
i
).SupposethePart
iest
oArbit
rat
iondi
sagr
eeon.Whoshoul
d
bethei
rArbi
tr
ator,
whathappens.

Wher etheparti
estoar bitr
ationdi
sagr eeonwhoshoul dbe
thei
rarbitr
atort
heCour tmaydot hef oll
owing;
1).I
tmayonappl i
cati
onoft hepartyandaf t
ergivingthe
otherpartyanopportunityofbeinghear d,appointan
Arbit
ratororUmpire;2).Alternat
ivel
y,itmaymakeanor der
supersedingthearbi
tration,andproceedwi ththesuit
.

(
ii
i)
.Expl
ainthefol
lowi
ngPlea,
theaccusedsay
s“i
tisnott
rue”
whenachargeisreadovert
ohim?

Thepleabyt heaccusedtotheeffectthat“iti
snott rue”after
thechargehasbeenr eadovertohimi sknownasapl eaof
“Notguil
ty”Thepleabyusingthewor ds“itisnottrue”is
completeinthatitl
eavenoroom fordoubtt hathei sdeny i
ng
thecharge.Thepleabyusingthephr ases“iti
snott rue”
meanst hattheaccusedisputt
inginissueev eryt
hingt hat
hasbeenal l
egedagainsthi
m,andt hus,theprosecut i
on
shouldproveeveryfactandci
rcumst ancesallegedagai nst
him,aspersection229oftheCr i
minal ProcedureAct .

170
(
iv)
.Tel
ltheCounci
lwhatdoy
ouunder
standbyLART?

LARTrefer
sanagentestabl
ishedunderTHELOANSAND
ADVANCESREALI SATIONTRUSTAct ,1991Cap.248.I
t
managesnon-perfor
mingassetsonbehalfoft
hebanksand
thegover
nment.

Quest
ion:
(i)Whati
stheMaxi
mum numberofper
sonr
equi
redt
o
for
m aBank?

TheMaxi
mum numberofper
sonsr
equi
redt
ofor
m aBanki
s
50per
sons.

(
ii
).Whati
sst
atut
oryManagementi
nBanki
ng?

Stat
utor
yManagementi nBankingr
eferst
othesupervi
sion
orcontr
olbytheBOTt othebankwhichdoesnotconduct
busi
nessintheint
erest
sofcustomers.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyChar
gesheet
?

Chargesheetr efersthelegaldocumentpr oducedbeforethe

Courtofl awall
egi ngthataparti
cularpersonhascommi tted
anoffenceorof fences.Itisusedtocommencecr i
minal
casesint heCour toflaw.Iti
ssomet i
mesknownasan
i
nformat i
onwhi chi salegaldocumentf orcommenci ng
cri
minal casesint heHighCour t
.Itistheprosecuti
onwhich
i
schar gedwi t
ht hedut ytodrawappr opri
atechargeor
i
nformat i
on.

(
ii
).Whatar
eel
ement
sorcont
ent
soft
hechar
gesheet
?

Theel
ement
sorcont
ent
sofchar
gesheetar
e:

171
 a).Parti
cularsoft heaccusedper son( s)
.Thisgivest hename,
age,tri
beorNat i
onalit
yandaddr ess;
b).Parti
cularsoft heoffence(s)andl awapplicable;
c).Parti
cularsoft heoffencest atingbr i
efl
yoffenceal leged
tobecommi tted,actoromi ssioncompl ai
nedof ,date, t
ime,
place,nameofv i
ct i
m( i
fany ),proper t
yinvolv
ed( applicable)
andt hement alelementoft hecrimei frequir
edf or
commi ssionoft heof f
ence; and
(d).Descri
ptionoft heper sonly i
ngt hechargei.e.hisname,
address,signatureandt hedat et hechar gewaspr epared.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sdupl
i
cit
y?

Theter
m dupli
ci
tymeansthatthechar
geisdoubl
e.Achargei
s
sai
dtobeduplexwherei
tcontainstwodi
sti
nctof
fencesi
na
si
nglecount
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sli
mit
ati
onper
iodi
ntheappl
i
cat
ionofachi
l
d?

Theperiodofli
mitationformaki ngapplicati
ononaffi
li
ati
on
ofachildistwel
vemont hs.Seesection3oft heAffi
li
ati
on
Act,Cap278.Note:
1).Appl
icati
onforthesamei smadebef oreDist
ri
ct
Magistr
ate. 2).Affi
l
iati
onOrderceaseswhent he
chil
dattai
nstheageof16y ear
soraf terthedeathofsuch
chil
d.Seesecti
on6oft hesameAct .

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hel
awofl
i
mit
ati
on?

TheLawofLi mit
ati
onisal awwhi chprescri
betheperiodsor
thetimewithi
nwhichproceedingstoenforcearightmustbe
taken.Fai
l
uretobri
ngtheactionwi t
hintheperi
odpr escri
bed
172
 i
nthelaw,bar
stheacti
on.Eg.Suit
sforr
ecov
eryofl
and
mustbeinst
it
utedwi
thi
n12y ears.

(
ii
i)
.Ist
her
eanyspeci
alpr
ocedur
einsui
ngPSRC?

Ther
eisnospeci
alpr
ocedur
eforsui
ngPSRC.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm appeal
?

Thet erm Appealreferstheremedyavail

abletotheaggri
eved
partybywhi chahi ghercourti
nexerci
singit
sappellat
e
j
urisdict
ion,examinest hedecisi
onofanyinfer
iorcourt
.Iti
s
anypr oceedingtakentor ect
if
yanerroneousdecisi
onofa
courtbybr i
ngingitbeforeahighercourt.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whoi
sthei
nfantundert
hel
awofadopt
ion?

Theinf
antunderthel
awofAdopt
ioni
sper
sonsunder21
year
sbutwhoi sorwasnotmar
ri
age.

(
ii
).Whatr
est
ri
cti
onsar
einr
espectofanor
derf
oradopt
ion?

Ther estrict
ionsi nrespectofanadopt ionorderar e:
a).Appl i
cantmustbeofr equi
sitestatutoryage.Notunder
25y earsofage.
b).Bot hpar entsorguar di
anmustf r
eelyandv oluntari
l
y
consent ;
c).I
finf antisoft heaget oexpresshimsel f/
herself,mustbe
will
i
nganddesi rousofbei ngadoptedbyappl i
cant.
d).i
ft heappl icantismar r
iedhis/herhusbandorwi femust
consentt oadopt i
onoft heinf
ant.
e).I
ft heappl icantismar r
iedmustbel egall
ymar ri
ed.
f)
.Gener all
y,asol emaleapplicantcannotexcepti nspecial

173
 ci
rcumstancesadoptfemalei
nfant.i
.e.appl
i
cati
onbysol
e
maleappli
canttoadoptfemal
einfantisprovi
dedbysect
ion
4(
2)ofCap.335.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Howcany
oucat
egor
izet
heev
idencet
ypedi
n
car
boncopy?

Ev
idencet
ypedonacarboncopyiscat
egor
izedasPr
imar
y
Ev
idencemadebyoneunif
orm pr
ocess.

(
ii
).Whatdoesset
tl
ementofI
ssuesmean?

Settl
ementofIssueisgov ernedbyt heprovisi
onofOr derXI
V
oftheCivi
lProcedureAct.Itreferstheprocedureat1st
heari
ngofthesui ti
nwhicht hecour tfr
amesandr ecordsthe
i
ssuesagreedt o,bytheparties.Beitnotedhowev ert
hat,
whereparti
esdonotagr eeont heissues,t
hecourthasdut y
toascer
taintheissues,fr
ameandr ecordthem.

Questi
on:(
i)
.Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
he
Contr
actofCIFandCont
ractofFOB?

Cont ractofCIFrefersCost ,
InsuranceandFr ei
ghtCont ract
.
Itisat ypeofcont r
actforthesal eofgoodsbywhi cht he
selleragreesnotonl ytosuppl yt
hegoodbutal sot omakea
cont r
actofcarriagewi thaseacar rier,underwhi chthe
goodswi ll
bedel i
veredatthedest i
nat ionandacont ractof
i
nsur ancewi t
hani nsurertocov erthem whi letheyar ein
transit.Thesell
erper f
ormshi scont ractbydel i
veri
ngt he
relevantdocumentt ot hebuy eri
.eani nv oi
cespeci fyi
ng
goodsandt heirpri
ce,abilloflandingev idencingthe
cont r
actofcarriage,apolicyofinsur anceet c.bri
eflythus,
174
 cont
ractofCIFisthecont r
actinwhi
chasell
erofgoods
doesnotonlycontractwiththebuy
erforsal
eofgoodsbut
al
soentersi
ntocont ractwit
hthecarr
ierf
orshi
pmentof
goodsandinsuresthegoodssol ddur
ingseatr
ansi
t.

FOBcont r
actrefer
sFreeonBoardContract
.Itisthet
ypeof
contr
actforthesaleofgoodsi
nwhichtheseller’
sdutyi
s
ful
fi
ll
edbypl aci
ngthegoodsonboardaship.Unliket
heCIF,
thesell
erdoesnotenteri
ntocont
ractofcarr
iagenordoes
heinsurethegoodssold.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyPr
efer
ent
ial
Shar
es?

Preferentialshar esaresharesi nacompanyt hatar eenti

tled
tofi
xedr at eofdi v i
dendpayabl einprefer encetot hedividend
ontheor dinaryshar es.Pref
er enceshar esar erequi r
edtobe
madepr eferential astocapitalotherwiset heyr ankPar i
passuwi thordinar ysharesinawi ndingup.Pr eference
sharesar epr esumedt obecumul ativ
e, thatiswhenno
divi
dendi sdecl ar edinoney ear,holdersar eent it
ledtoar eas
i
fev entuallyonei spaid.

Questi
on:Whatchangeswerei
ntr
oducedi
ntheCri
minal
Procedur
eAct,1984whichwasnoti
ntheCri
minal
Procedur
e
Code?

ThechangesintroducedbyCPAwhi chwerenotinthe
Criminal
ProcedureCodear e:
1).CPAempower sWardSecretar
yorSecret
aryVil
lage
Councilt
oissuewar r
antforarr
estorsummonsr equir
ingt
he
persontoappearbeforethecourt
.Seesecti
on13ofCPA.

175
 2).CPAr equirest heper sonunderr estraintt obet r
eat edwi t
h
humani tyandwi t
hr espectofhumani t
y .Prov isionofsect ion
55ofCPA.
3).CPApr ovidesf orPr eli
minaryHear i
ng; aspersect i
on192
oft heCPA.
4).CPApr ovidest her i
ghtt oremai nsi l
entt ot heaccused.5) .
CPApr ovidesf ortheCompensat ionf orinjur i
es, l
osesor
deat hr esulti
ngf r
om assi sti
ngPol ice,Magi stratesorany
otherof f
icerforst oppingcommi ssionofanof fenceori n
arrest i
ngaper sonsuspect edt ohav ecommi ttedof fence.
sect i
on37oft heCPA. 5).CPAempower st he
j
udget otakeov erandcont i
nuet het ri
al commencedbyt he
other .Seesect ion299ofCPA.
6).CPAal l
owst heaccusedt ogiv eev idenceonoat h–
affi
r mat i
onornot ,butsuchaccusedi ssubj ectt ocr oss
exami nation.Pr ovisionofsect i
on231( 2)oft heCPA.
7).CPApr ovidesf orr equi r
ementofnot icebef orerel yi
ngon
defenceofALI BI;bef orehearingt hecaset of urnish
particularsofALI BI ;beforepr osecut i
onacasei scl osed.See
sect i
on194( 4)and( 5)ofCPA.
8).CPAr estr
ictspowerofCour tst ogr antbai l
.Seesect ion
148( 5)andDPPcer ti
f i
caterefusinggr antofbai l.

Quest
ion:Cany
outell
theCounci
lwhaty
ouunder
standby
Super
visor
yPoweroftheCour
ts?

Super
visor
yPoweroft hecourtref
ersthepowerconferr
ed
onaSuperiorCourttoexer
cisei
tspowersofsupervisi
on
overt
heSubordinateCourt
.Inexerci
seofit
ssupervi
sory
power,t
hesuperiorcour
tmaycal l
forandinspectr
ecordsof
176
 subordi
natecour t
sandgi v
edirecti
onstosuchcourt
sasi t
consi
dersf i
tintheinter
estsofjust
ices.
Forexampl e;t
heHi ghCourtofTanzaniahasSuper
visor
y
Powerov erCourtssubordi
natet oi
t.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lwhatwemeanbyt
heRul
es
ofNat
uralJust
iceandwhataret
heserul
es?

RulesofNat uralJusti
cear ether ul
esandpr ocedur er equi
red
tobef ol
lowedbyanyper sonwhoadj udicatesupondi sputes
betweenorr ight
sofot hers.Theresimpl yrulesand
procedurerequiredtobef oll
owedbyt heper sondet ermining
theright
soft heother.Ther ulesofnaturaljust i
ceare:
1).Rulesagainstbias;
2).Nomani sjudgeofhisowncause; (nemoj udexincausa
sua)and
3).Therighttobehear d/heart heotherside( audial
t eram
partem)
(i
i)
.Whathappensonadeci
siongi
venonv
iol
ati
onoft
her
ulesof
natur
alj
ust
ice?

Thedecisi
ongiveninvi
olat
ionoft
herul
esofnatural
just
ice
i
svoid,so,t
heaggriev
edhasar i
ghtt
ochal
lengethesame
bywayofjudici
al‘
revi
ew’.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoyouunder
standbyMor
tgage?Howmany
t
ypesofMor t
gagedowehave?

TheMortgagerefer
sasint
entinpr
oper
tycreatedasaform
ofsecur
it
yforaloanorpaymentofadebtandt er
minat
edon
paymentoftheloananddebt
.Theborr
oweri.e.mort
gagor
177
 mayhav etheinter
estintheri
ghtofoccupancyorl
ease.See
secti
on2ofl andActNo.4/1999.ThetypesofMort
gagewe
haveare:
1).Cust
oomer yMor t
gags;
2).SmallMortgages;and
3).Bi
gMor tgages

(
ii
).Whati
sfor
ecl
osur
e?

Foreclosureisremedyav ailabletoamor tgageewhent he

mor t
gagorhasf ai
ledtopayof famortgagebyt he
contractualdateforredempt ionortaki
ngpossessi onofa
mor t
gagedpr opert
yasar esul tofdef
aultinmor t
gage
payment–Not e:Seesection124ofTheLandAct ,No.
4/1999Abol ishesForeclosure.
(
ii
i)
.Whati
sCav
eat
-Empt
or?

CaveatEmpt ori
saLat inMaxim meaningletthebuy
er
beware.Iti
sawar ningtothepurchaserofgoodsthathe
couldnotclai
mt hathispurchasesweredefecti
veunl
esshe
prot
ectedhimselfbyobt ai
ningexpr
essguaranteefr
om t
he
vendor.

(i
v).Whatisconsi
der
ati
onandwhent
her
equi
rementof
consider
ati
on?

Consider
ati
onmeansanactf orbearanceorpromisebyone
part
yt oacontr
actthatconst
itutethepri
ceforwhichhebuys
thepromiseoftheother.I
nTanzani aconsi
derat
ionis
defi
nedinsecti
on2( 1)
(d)oftheLawofCont ractAct,
Cap.
433.Thedefini
ti
onofconsiderati
onundertheLawof
178
 Cont r
actAct , suggestthatconsi der ationi sforthepr omi se
givenandi tmaybei nthef orm ofanactandabst i
nenceor
promi se. Not e:
underLawofCont ractAct ,consi derat i
onmustmov efrom
eit
herapr omi seoranyot herper son.
Requi rement sofConsi der at i
onar e:
1).Consi derationmustber eal i
.ei tmusthav esomet hing;
2).Consi derationneednotbeadequat ei .eCourtwillnot
i
nter f
er ewi thbar gainfreelyr eachedbyt heparti
es;
3).Consi derationmustmov ef r
om pr omi seeor( undert he
LawofCont ractActanyot herper son) ;
4).Consi derationmustnotbepassedi .
e.whenonepar ty
hasper formedanactbef oreot herpar ty’spromisewas
made/ agr eed; 5).Considerat i
onmustbei ll
egali
.e.itmust
notbecont raryt orueori mmor al;
6).Consi derationmustnotbev ague, i.et hegeneralruleis
that,promi sebyacont ract i
ngpar tymustbecl earand
defini
te; and 7).Consi der ationmustpossi bleof
performancei .e.promiset odosomet hingwhi chis
i
mpossi bl ecannotbebi ndi ng.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
spr
etr
ial
Conf
erence?

Pretr
ialconf
erenceisaproceduretakenbythecourtinciv
il
caseswhent hePleadingsarecompletei
norderto
deter
mi newhethertheparti
eshavenewdiscoveri
es,new
annextures,
newappl i
cati
onsandthenumberofwi tnesses
i
ntendedt obecall
edbysuchpar ti
es.

(
ii
).Whathappensi
fthedef
endanthasf
ail
edt
oappearont
heday

179
t
hesui
twasf
ixedf
ormedi
ati
on;
whendul
l
yser
ved?

Whent hedefendanthasf
ail
edtoappearonthedayt hesui
t
wasf i
xedformediati
onaft
erbeingdull
yserv
ed,thecourt
willdothefoll
owi
ng:
1).I
twillSchedul
ethesui
tforanothermedi
ati
ondate;and
2).Thedefendantwil
lbedull
ynoti
fiedoft
heothermediati
on
date.

(
ii
i)
.Isj
ointtenancyandt
enancyi
ncommonst
il
lagoodl
aw
i
ntanzania?

…………………………………………….

Quest
ion:
Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lwhatyouunderst
andbythe
doct
ri
neofPr
ecedent
?AndHowdoesi toper
ateinTanzani
a?

Thedoct ri
neofpr ecedenti sadoct r
ineinwhichthe
j
udgment sordeci sionofsuper iorcour tareusedast he
author i
tiesf orr eachi ngt hesamedeci sionsinsubsequent
cases.I nTanzani at hej udgment sordeci si
onsoft heCourt
ofAppeal ar ebi ndi ngupont heHighCour tofTanzaniaand
Cour tssubor dinat et heretoandar enor mall
yfoll
owedbyt he
Cour tofAppeal i
tsel f.Decisi
onsofHi ghCourtofTanzania
arebi ndingoni nf eriorCour tsorCour t
ssubordinatetoit
.
Note:1) .Deci sionofCour tssubor dinatetoHighCour tdonot
createanybi ndingpr ecedent .
2).ALowerCour tisnotboundbyal laspectsofapr evi
ous
decisions, butonl yt hosepar tsoft hejudgment sthat
const i
tutet hepr i
nci pleoft hedeci si
on.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whi
chCour
thav
etheor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
ononPr
obat
e
180
Admi
nist
rat
ionmat
ter
s?

Thecourt
swhi chhavet heori
ginal
jur
isdi
cti
ononPr
obat
e
andAdminist
rati
onmat tersare:
1).TheHi
ghCour ts;
2).TheDi
stri
ctCourts;and
3).ThePr
imaryCour ts.

(
ii
).I
shear
sayev
idenceadmi
ssi
blei
nlaw?

General
lyundersection61and62oft heLawofEv i
dence
Act1967; hear
sayev i
denceisnotadmi ssi
ble.However
,thi
s
general
ruleissubjecttoexcept
ionse.g.wher et
hemakerof
thestat
ementi sdeadorcannotbef ound.Readsection34
oftheEvidenceAct.

(
ii
i)
.Whatmaj
orpri
ncipl
ewhi
chgov
ernt
heCour
tint
hedeci
sion
f
orcust
odyofchi
l
dren?

Themaj orprinci
plewhichgov er
nst heCourtinthedecision
forcustodyofchildr
eni stheWelfareoftheChil
dren.Sect i
on
125(2)oftheLawofMar ri
ageAct,1971.
Note:otherconsider
ationar ei
nsect i
on125(2)(
a)-(
c)oft he
LawofMar r
iageAct,thus:
1).Wishesofpar ent
s;
2).Wishesoft hechil
d,ifcanexpressindependentopinion;
and3) .TheCustomsoft hecommuni tytowhichparti
es
belong.

Quest
ion:
Whatdoy
ouunder
standi
nlawont
hef
oll
owi
ng?

181
(
a).I
nfor
mat
ion;

Referstoal
egaldocumentthati
nit
iat
escr
imi
nal
proceedi
ngsi
ntheHi ghCourt
.

(
b).Commi
tt
alBundl
es;

I
tisaTransmi
ssionofr
ecor
dstotheHighCourtonCr
iminal
of
fences;
Seesecti
on256oftheCri
minal
Procedur
eAct.

(
c).Test
ator
;

Test
atori
saper
sonwhomakesawi
l
lbef
orehedi
es

(
d).Execut
or;

AnExecutorisaper sonappointedbywi l
ltoadmi ni
sterthe
Testat
or’
sEst at
e.Adeceasedpr opertyisvestedinhis
execut
or,whoi sempower edtodeal withi
tasdi r
ectedby
thewil
lfr
om t heti
meoft estat
or’sdeat h.Hemusthowev er
,
obtai
nagr antofProbatefrom t
heCour tinordertopr ov
et he
wil
landhisrighttodealwiththeEst ate.

(
e).Af
loat
ingchar
ge;

Afloati
ngchargerefersthechargecreatedi
nr espectof
ci
rculat
ingassets;
exampl e:CashorStockintrade.
Att
achmentcannotbemadei nrespectofci
rculati
ngasset
s
unti
lcryst
all
i
zati
oni.e.unti
lsomeev ents(e.
g.wi ndi
ngup)
causesittobecomef i
xed.

(
f).Fi
xedchar
ge;

182
 Fi
xedChargesischar
geatt
achedtoaspeci
fi
cit
em of
pr
oper
tye.g.l
and.Inot
herwordsi
tisachar
geonspecif
ic
pr
oper
ty.

(
g).CommonLawof
fences;

CommonLawoff
encesr
efertotheof
fencewhi
chi
snot
cr
eat
edorpr
ovi
dedbyst
atute.

(
h).Al
i
qui
dat
edDamage;

Liqui
datedDamagesar easum fixedinadvancebyt he
parti
estoacontractastheamountt obepaidi ntheeventof
thebreach.Li
qui
dateddamagesar erecoverableprovi
ded
that,
thesum fi
xedwasf arepr
e-esti
mateoft heli
kely
consequenceofthebreachbutnotiftheywer eimposedas
apenalty. Note:
Un-li
qui
dateddamagesar edamagest heamountofwhi chis
fi
xedbyt hecour
t.

Questi
on:(i
).Cant
heCour
tofAppeal
ofTanzani
arev
iewi
tsown
deci
sions?

CourtAppealcanr evi
ewitsowndeci si
on.I
nthemat terofan
i
ntendedappeal betweenSekuluConstruct
ionCompany
Li
mitedandMBSFubi le&Anot her
,theCourtofappealheld
i
nterali
a;that
,thefuncti
onoftheCour tofAppealist
ohear
appealsandthatthoughithascertainpowersoftheHigh
Courtbuttheseareincontextoftheneedtodeterminean
appealonly.

(
ii
).Whati
spr
eli
minar
yinqui
ry?

183
 Preli
minaryI
nquiryi
stheprocedureinsubordi
natecourtt
o
determinewhetherornott
hereisasuffici
entcaseto
commi tanaccusedpersonfortr
ialbyasuperiorcour
t.

(
ii
i)
.Tel
ltheCounci
lthemeani
ngofhear
sayev
idence?

Hearsayev
idencemeanstheevi
dencewhichnotdirect
evi
denceofawi t
nesshi
mself
.Theyareor
alorwr i
tten
st
atementsmadebypersonsnotcall
edaswitnesses.

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyv
icar
iousl
i
abi
l
ity
?

Vicari
ousLi abil
it
yrefersLegalli
abil
it
yimposedonone
personf ortortorcri
mescommi ttedbyanothert houghtthe
personmadev i
cari
ousi snotpersonall
yatfault.E.g.an
Empl oyerisvicari
ouslyli
ablefortor
tscommi t
tedbyhi s
employ eeswhenhehasaut hori
zedorrati
fi
edt hem, orwhen
thetortwascommi t
tedinthecauseofempl oyee’swor k.

Questi
on: Canyoutell
theCouncilt
hediff
erencebetweenOr
igi
nal
Jur
isdict
ion,Appel
lat
eJuri
sdict
ion,Concurr
entJuri
sdi
cti
onand
Revi
sionaljur
isdi
cti
on?

Ori
ginalJur
isdi
cti
on; ref
erst opower softhecourtto
enter
tai
nacaseatf i
rstinstance.Itr
equir
est hat
,thecase
shouldbefi
ledinthecour toft helowestgradefi
rstand
shouldtheneedarisemov etot henextcourtint
heladder.

Appell
ateJuri
sdict
ion;
ref
erstothepoweroft
hecourthigher
courti
nt hel
addertodealwi
ththecasefr
om alowercourt
senttoitbywayofappeal.

184
 ConcurrentJuri
sdi
cti
on;r
eferstothepowersvest
edt o
court
st otrycer
tai
nmattersconcurr
entl
yforexampl
e: i
n
mattersconcerni
ngtoCustomaryandIslamicLaw,a
Pri
mar yCourthasConcurr
entjuri
sdi
cti
onwiththeHigh
Court.

Revisi
onalJuri
sdict
ion;Compr isesofpowersoftheSuperior
Courttocallf
ortherecordsofanySubor dinat
eCourtforthe
purposeofascertai
ningregularit
yofproceedi
ng,cor
rectness,
l
egalit
yorpropri
etyofSubor dinateCourt
’sfi
ndi
ng,sentence
ororderpassed.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbymi
ti
gat
ionofcost
s?

Mi
ti
gat
ionofCost
sref
erst
o…………….

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyl
eadi
ngquest
ions?

Leadingquestionsaredef i
nedinsection150oft heEvidence
Act,1967.Leadingquestionrefer
stoquest i
onsuggest ing
theanswer swhichtheper sonputt
ingt hem,wishesor
expect st
oreceive.Ar
equest i
onsaskedt oawitnessina
mannert hatsuggeststheanswersoughtbyt hequesti
oner
oraret heonesthatassumet heexistenceofdisputedfacts
towhi chthewitnessistotesti
fy.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyLocusst
and?

LocusstandisaLatinMaxim;meaningaplacetostand.Iti
s
arightt
obringanactionorchall
engeandsomedecision.
Simplyi
tisarightt
obehear dincourtorot
herpr
oceedings.

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyMal
i
ceAf
oret
hought
?

185
 MaliceAf or
ethoughti
stheelementofmensr eainthecr
ime
ofmur der.I
tisthemensr earequiredf
orapersontobe
guil
tyofmur der.Sect
ion200ofPenal Codeprovi
desfor
ci
rcumst anceswhichproveexistenceofmal
ice
afor
ethought .

(
v).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyCompel
l
abl
ewi
tness?

ACompel l
ablewi t
nessisaper sonwhomayl awful
lybe
requir
edt ogiveevidence.I
ngener al
thepersonwhois
compet enttobeawi t
nessiscompel l
abl
e,butincr
iminal
prosecuti
ont hespouseoft heaccusedisgeneral
ly
compet entbutnotcompel l
able.Seesecti
on130(1)ofthe
EvidenceAct, 1967.

Quest
ion:
(i
)Whatdounder
standbyeasement
?

Easementr efer
st oservi
tude.Iti
sarightenjoyedbyt he
ownerofl andoverthelandsoft heother,
suchasr ightsof
way ,r
ight sofli
ght,r
ightofsupportandr i
ghttoflowofai ror
water.Easement sarecreatedbyexpressgrantor
prescripti
on.Easementdoesconf erpropri
etar
yrightsoni t
s
owner .Easement saregov ernedbytheprovisi
onofpar tXI
ofLandActNo.4/ 1999. Note:
Analogousr i
ghtsaregov er
nedbysamepar ty,
theymean
entryor dermadeundersect i
on170andaccessor dermade
undersect i
on148oft heLandAct ,No.4/1999.
(
ii
).Whati
sthemeani
ngofSt
ayof
fexecut
ion?

St
ayofexecut
ioni
sgov
ernedbytheCiv
ilPr
ocedur
eAct
Or
derXXI,Rul
e27andt
heCourtoftheAppeal
Rule1979.I
t
186
 i
sthesuspensi
onoft
heexecut
ionofj
udgmentoror
derofa
Cour
t.

(
ii
i)
.Cany oubr
ief
lyt
ell
theCounci
lwhatdoy
ouunder
standby
r
eference?

Referenceisgovernedbypr ovisi
onofsection77andOr der
XLIofCPC.I tist
her ef
er r
al byaCour tofCaseorani ssue
ari
singinacaset oanot herCour tforadecisionoropini
on.
Usuallyref
erenceofamat terismadebySubor dinat
eCourt
toSuper i
orCourt.Courtmayr eferthemattertoanArbit
rat
or.
Seet he2ndScheduletoCi vi
l ProcedureCod.

(
iv)
.Whati
sCont
emptofCour
t?

ContemptofCourtref
erstothedisobedi
enceoft heCourt
Orderorpr
ocess.I
tisalsoanactofr esi
stanceorinsul
tto
theCourt
.(Di
scourt
eorordisrespecti
on)
Questi
on:(i
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyEqui
tyshar
esand
Ordi
naryshares?

Referpreviousdi scussion.Thati sshar eswhoseshar e

holderarenotent i
tl
edt obepai df ixedamountofi nterest.
Ordinaryshar esareshar esthatconst i
tutether i
skcapi tal
,
(equit
ycapi tal)astheycar r
ynopr iorrightinrel
ationt o
divi
dendsorr eturnofnomi nalv alue.Theyhowev ercar rythe
ri
ghtswhi char eunl i
mi t
edinext entt hatisifthecompanyi s
successfullytheor dinarysharehol dersar enotrest r
ictedto
fi
xeddi vi
dendandt hehighy i
eldupont heirshareswi ll
cause
thesetoincr easeinv al
ue.Simil
ar lyiftherearesur pl
us
assetswhenawi ndi ngup,theor dinaryshar eholderswi ll
187
 takewhatislef
taf
tertheprefer
enceshareholdershasbeen
sati
sfi
ed.Si
nceordi
narysharesholdercar
rytheriskoft
he
enter
priset
heygeneral
lyhaveful
lvoti
ngrightsinageneral
meeting.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
oudef
err
edshar
es?

Deferr
edSharesar
ef ounder’
sshar
esinaCompany .They
areusual
lyofsmall
nomi nalval
uebutenti
tl
etheshar
e
holder
’st
otakethewhol eoraport
ionoftheprof
it
saftera
fi
xeddivi
dendhasbeenpai dontheordi
naryshar
es.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyshar
eloat
ing?

………………………………………….

Quest
ion:(
i).Tel
ltheCounci
lwhatistempor
aryI
njunct
ionandt
he
l
awgov er
ningtemporaryi
njunct
ion?

TemporaryInjunct
ionorInter
locutoryistheinj
uncti
on
grant
edbycour tpendi
ngt heoutcomeoft heheari
ngatt he
maincasesohast omaintainthething,whichissubjectof
l
iti
gat
ioninstatusquo.Tempor aryinjuncti
onisgovernedby
theCivi
lProcedureCode,seeOr derXXXVI I

(
ii
).Whati
sthedur
ati
onoft
empor
aryi
njunct
ion?

Dur
ati
onofTempor
aryI
njunct
ioni
s6mont
hs.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Expl
aint
otheCounci
l
, s3rdpar
whati tyPr
ocedur
e?

The3rdpar
typr ocedureistheprocedurebywhi chpar
tywho
i
snotanor i
ginal par
ty(pri
vy)t
ot heproceedingsisbr
ought
tot
hesuitbyt hedefendantonagr oundt hatincaset
hatthe

188
 ori
ginaldefendantisfoundli
abl
ethepartysobroughtint
o
thesuitwillhavetocontri
buteori
ndemnifythedefendant.A
defendanthast oapplyforl
eavetopr
esenttothecourta3rd
partynoti
ceperOr der1,Rul
e14(1)oftheCPC.

(i
i
) he3rdPar
.Howdoest tyPr
ocedur
edi
ff
erf
rom r
ejoi
nderofa
part
y?

3rdPartyProcedurediffer
sf r
om r ej
oinderofapart
yinthat
,
3rdpartyprocedureisonlyini
tiatedbyt hedef
endant,wher
e
as; r
ejoi
nderofapar tymaybei niti
atedbytheappl
icati
onof
eitherpart
ytot hesuitorbythecour t.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sfor
fei
tur
einCompanyLaw?

Theforf
eit
ureinCompanylawcomesin,whenaft
erthecal
l
hasbeenmadeashar e-hol
derf
ail
stopaythewhol
eorpart
ofthesum remai
ningunpai
doneachshare.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyI
nsur
anceLoseAdj
ust
ment
?

Insurancelossadj
ust
mentisthepr
ocessf ordet
ermi ni
ngthe
amountr equir
edtobepaidt
oortoindemni f
ytheinsured
aftertheoccurr
enceoft
helossorr
iskinsuredagainst.

(i
ii
).Whati
sthepr
ocedur
einchangi
ngt
hememor
andum ofa
Company?

Theprocedureinchangingthememorandum ofacompany
i
s:(1).Mustholdmeet i
ngandpassspecialr
esol
uti
onfor
changi
ngt hememor andum;
(2)
.Mustpet i
ti
ontocour tf
ortheor
derconf
ir
mingachange
ofmemor andum;and

189
 (3)
.Mustregi
sterwi
tht
her
egi
str
art
hememor
andum as
changed.

(
iv)
.Whatistheeff
ecti
fLegal
Mor
tgagei
snotr
egi
ster
edwi
thi
n
t
heprescr
ibedti
me?

Whent heLegal Mortgageisnotr egi

ster
edwi thi
nthe
prescri
bedt i
me,theeffectisthattheMor t
gageecannot
enforcesomeofhi srightsincaseofdef aul
t,suchaspower
ofsale.Ont opofthat,t
hemor t
gagewhichi snotregi
ster
ed
hasnoef fectasasecur i
ty.Seesection57oft heLand
Registr
ati
onAct ,Cap.334.
Quest
ion:
Whatt
woel
ement
smustbepr
ovedi
nInt
erpl
eadersui
t?

Twoel ementsthatmustbepr ovedinI nt

erpl
eadersuitare:
1).I
tmustbeshownt hatthePlaint
iffhasnointer
estint he
subjectmatterexceptcostsorchar gesofkeepingthet hing;
and (
2).Itmustbeshownt hatther e
i
scompet i
ngclaimsov erdebt,someofmoneyorot her
propertybet
weendef endantssev er
al l
y.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whenmayasui
tbest
ruckout
?

Thesuitmaybest ruckouti
nt hef
oll
owi
ngci
rcumst
ances:
1).Forwantofprosecuti
on;and
2).ForwantofJuri
sdict
ion.

(
ii
).Whenanappeal
maybesummar
il
ydi
smi
ssed?

Theappealmaybesummari
lydi
smissedint
hefoll
owi
ng
ci
rcumst
ances:
1)
.Whereappealmustbewi
thl
eaveofhighCour
tandno

190
 suchleav eissoughtandobt ained.Seesect ion5( 1)
(c)of
AppellateJur i
sdi
cti
onAct ,1979.
2).Wher ememor andum ofAppeal i
snotaccompani edbya
copyofDecr eeappealedfrom.SeeOr derXXXI X,Rule1(1)of
Civi
lPr ocedureCodeal soH.S.Stanley&SonsLt dvs.All
i
Ramadhani ,
1988TLR.250. ,
seeagai nJumaI brahim Mtale
vs.K.G.Kar mali,
1983TLR.50, whereCour tofAppeal struck
outappeal fornoncompl iancewithr ul
e80( 2)ofCour tof
Appeal Rules,1979.

Quest
ion:
Whatr
emedi
esar
eav
ail
abl
etoaDebent
ureHol
der
?

Ther emediesav ail

abletoadebent ureholderare:
1).Debenturehol dercansuef orhi
spr i
ncipl
esum and
i
nterest; 2)
.He
maypet i
ti
onf orwi ndingupofacompanyont hegroundthat
thecompanyi sunabl etopayitsdebt.
3).Mayappoi ntar eceiver
;
4).Hemayappl yt ocourtforfor
eclosureoftheCompany ’
s
ri
ghtt or
edeem t hedebent ure;
5).Hemaysel l
thepr opertyofthecompanyt hroughtrust
ees
i
fsuchpoweri sgi venbythedebent ur
et r
ustdeed.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdounder
st peri
andby“ ncur
ium”
?
PerIncuri
um isal atinmaxim meani ngthroughlackofcare
orthroughwantofcar e.Itmeansthedeci sionofthecourt
whichismi st
aken.Adeci si
onofthecour tismadepe
i
ncur i
um i
fitfail
st oappl yarel
evantstatutoryprovi
sionor
i
gnor esabindingpr ecedent.Adecisionoft hecourtmade
perincuri
um isnotbi nding.
191
(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standby“
par
imat
eri
a”?
parimat eri
ar efer
st otheActorprovi
sionoflawfoundin
onej ur
isdicti
onbei ngsimil
artoacertainActorPr
ovi
sionin
anothercount rye.g.lawsappli
cablei
nTanzaniaarepari
mat eri
at oIndianlaws

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
st st
andby“ ar
edeci
sis”
?

staredecisismeanst ost andbyt hingsdeci ded.Itisal atin

maxi m expr essi
ngt heunder l
inebasi soft hedoct rineof
precedent ,i
.ethati
snecessar ytoabi debyf ormer
precedent swhent hesamepoi nt
sar i
seagai ninlit
igat i
on.It
i
spr i
nci
pleofl awbywhi chprecedent sareaut hori
tativeand
bindingandmustbef oll
owed.
Not e:Rati
oDeci dendi-isal at
inmaxi m meani ngther eason
fordecidingort hereasonofaj udicial decision.Iti
sa
principl
eofl awonwhi cht hecourtr eachesi tisdeci sion.Itis
ar ati
odeci dendiofthecaset hatmakest hedeci si
ona
precedentf orthefuture.
Qusti
on:Whatelement
sshoul
dthePl
aint
if
fprov
eagai
nstt
he
def
endanti
nat ortf
orMal
ici
ouspr
osecut
ion?

Theelementsofat ortformal iciouspr osecuti

onthat
, t
he
pl
ainti
ffmustpr ov
eagai nstthedef endantare:
1).Thathewaspr osecuted;
2).Thattheproceedi
ngscompl ainedofendedi nhisfovour
;
3).Thatthedefendantinsti
tutedapr osecutionmali
ciousl
y;
4).Thatther
ewasnor easonabl ecausef orsucha
prosecut
ion;and

192
 5).Thatdamagewasoccasi onedtotheplainti
ff
.
Note:Thefiv
eelementsabov eforthetor
tofmal i
cious
prosecut
ionwer
eenumer atedbyj ust
iceChipetain.
JeremiahKamamav s.Bugomol aMay andi
,1983TLR123.
Quest
ion:Pl
easet
ell
theCounci
lwhaty
ouunder
standby
I
nfant
ici
de?

Theof fenceofI nfanti

ci
dei sgover nedbyt hepr ovi
sionsof
section199oft hePenal Code.Infant ici
dei sthekil
li
ngofa
chil
dundert heageoft welvemont hsbyi t
smot her
.The
mot herisgui l
tyoft heof f
enceofi nf anti
cidei fi
twillbe
shownt hatthebal anceofhermi ndwasdi sturbedbecause
oftheef fectsoft hechi l
dbir
thorl act ati
on.Themot herwho
i
sgui lt
yofi nfant i
cidewillbepunishedasi fshehadbeen
guil
tyoft heof fenceofmansl aught erofsuchchi l
d.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whathappenswher
eaper
sondi
eswi
thoutl
i
vinga
wil
l
?

Wher eaper sondieswi t

houtl i
vingawi l
l
, aper sonwho
want st oadmini
stertheest ateoft hedeceasedi srequi r
edt o
applytot heCourtforthegr antofl ettersofadmi nistr
ation.
Procedur eforgrantoflettersofadmi ni
st r
at i
onareas
fol
lows: a)
.Relativ
eoft he
deceasedmeetandnomi nat eaper son(s)t oappl yforletters
ofadmi ni
str
ati
on;
b).thenomi neeappliesfort hegr antofl ettersof
admi nistr
ati
onbyf i
li
nganappl i
cati
onat tachingmi nutesof
rel
ativesmeet i
ng(ifany),Admi nist
rator’
sOat h,
Admi nistr
ati
onbondwi t
hsur eti
es,Aff i
dav i
tast odomi ci
le,
193
 Certif
icateast osur et
ies’fi
nancialposi
ti
onandConsentof
adultbenef i
ciari
es;
c).TheCour twillpubl
icizeinthenewspaperwithwide
ci
rculat i
oninv i
ti
ngobject i
on(ifany)wit
hin90days,
d).Ifnoobj ecti
oni smadeagai nstappl
i
cati
onforlet
ter
sof
admi nistr
ation,theCour twil
lgrantappl
icat
ionaft
erheari
ng.

Whatf
oll
owsaf
terl
ett
ersofAdmi
nist
rat
iononar
egr
ant
ed?

1).Administr
atorwil
lpayjustdebtsandthendi st
ribut
ethe
resi
dueofest ateaccor
dingtolaw;
2).Hewillmakeandexhi bit
saf ul
landtr
uei nventoryofthe
proper
tyandcr edit
sincourtwithi
n6mont hs;
and
3).Hewillrendertr
ueaccountofhisadmi nist
rati
onwi t
hin
12mont hs.

(
ii
).Whathappenswher
eaper
sondi
eswhenhel
eftawi
l
l?

Wher eaper sondi esaf terleav i

ngawi llt
heExecut ori
s
requiredtoappl yforgr antofPr obate.Procedur et oapplyf
or
grantofpr obat eis:
1).Executor /Execut r
ixwi l
lmakeappl i
cat
iont ocour t
attachingthef ollowingdocument s:Awi l
l,Affidavitasto
domi cil
e,Deat hCer t
ifi
cat e,Executi
onBond, SuretiesBond,
Cer t
if
icateofFi nanci alPosi ti
on,Executor’
sorExecut ri
x’
s
BondandConsentofBenef i
ciari
es.
2).TheCour twi l
l publi
ci zetheapplicati
onf orgr antof
Probat ei
nt henewspaperf or90day s.
3).Ifnoobj ectioni sraisedf ortothegr ant,grantofPr obat
e
willbemadeaf terhear ing.

194
Quest
ion:Whatdothef
oll
owi
ngmeani
nCompanyLaw?
a)
.Minori
tyshar
e;

Minorit
yshar
eistheshar
ethehol
derofwhichhasf ew
shares.I
stheshar
ethathol
dssmall
percentages.

b)
.Al
ter
nat
eDi
rect
or;

Alt
ernateDi rectorisadi
rectorappointedbyt heboar dof
dir
ectorsaut horizedbythearticl
esorbyar esol uti
onpassed
bythecompanyi ngeneralmeet i
ngwher etheor igi
nal
dir
ectorislikelytobeabsentf oraperiodnotl essthan3
monthsf rom t hestat
einwhi cht hemeetingsoft heboard
areordi
nar il
yhel d. Not e:Heshal lnothol doff
icefor
l
ongerper iodt hanall
owedt ot heori
ginaldirector.Shallt
he
vacateofficeiftheorigi
naldirectorr
eturns.
c)
.Subscr
iber
s;

Subsci
rber
srefer
stof ounder
softhecompanyandareones
whosigntheMemor andum ofAssoci
ati
onandtheymust
writ
eopposit
etotheirnamesthenumberofshareshel
dby
eachone.

d)
.Shar
eCapi
tal
.

Shar
eCapi
tali
sthefundrepr
esent
ingthenomi
nal
val
ueof
shar
esi
ssuedbyregi
ster
edCompany .

Quest
ion:
Cany
oupl
easet
ell
theCounci
lthei
ngr
edi
ent
soft
hef
t?

Thei
ngredi
entsoft
heoff
encetheftar
eprovi
dedinsecti
on
258(
1)ofthePenal
Code.Thi
sisthesect
ionthatcr
eatesthe

195
 of
fenceofthef
tandthei ngredi
entsar
e:
1)
.Anypersonwhof raudulentl
yandwithoutcl
aim ofri
ght;
2)
.Takes;andanyt
hingcapabl eofbei
ngst ol
enissaidto
st
ealthet
hing.

Or

Anyper sonwhof r
audulentl
yandwit
houtclai
m ofri
ght;
Conv ert
stotheuseofanyper sonot
herthanthegeneralor
specialownerthereof
;
anythingcapableofbeingstol
en….issaidtost
ealthething.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyconv
ersi
onnotamount
ingt
othef
t?

Conv ersi
onnotamount ingtotheftispr ovi
dedinsect i
on284
ofthePenal Code.Itisrest
rict
edtodr aughtorr i
dinganimals,
vehiclesandvesselsofv ar
iouspropellants.I
nconv ersi
on
notamount ingtotheft,
thethingstoleni sini
ti
all
yinlawful
possessionoftheaccusedandsuchaccuseddoesnothav e
i
ntent i
ontodepriv
et heowneroft het hingpermanent l
y.

(
ii
i)
.Namet
hedoct
ri
ner
elat
edt
othef
t?

Thedoct r
inerel
atedt
othef
tisknownast
hedoct
ri
neof
recentpossessi
on.

Quest
ion:
Whatlaw(
s)gov
ernaf
orei
gnercomi
ngt
oTanzani
aand
r
ecordevi
dence?

TheLawsgoverni
ngafor
eignercomi
ngt
oTanzani
aand
recor
dev
idenceare:

196
 1).Wit
nessSummons( Reci
procalEnf
orcement
)Act
.
2).For
eignTr
ibunal
(Taki
ngofEv i
dence)Rul
esmadeunder
JALA

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyMensr
ea?
Mensr eareferstoagui ltymi nd.Itisanev i
lintenti
on,or
knowledgeoft hewr ongf ulnessofanact .Itisast ateofmindthat
theprosecuti
onmustpr ov eadef endanttohav ehadatt heti
me
ofcommi t
ti
ngacr imeinor dertosecur eaconv i
cti
on.Itis
presumedanessent ial
ingr edientineverycriminal off
ence,l
i
able
tobedi spl
acedeitherbyt hewor dsoft hestatuteorbyt he
subjectmatterwithwhi chi tdeals.

(
ii
).Whati
sthemensr
eaoft
heof
fenceoft
hef
t?

Themensr
eaoft
heof
fenceatt
hef
tisf
raudul
ent
.

(
ii
i)
.Whobear
sthebur
denofpr
oof
?

Generall
ytheBurdenofProofl
iest
othepar
tywho
substant
ial
lyasser
tsthetr
uthofapar
ti
cul
arfacti
.e.t
he
prosecuti
onoftheplai
nti
ff
.

(
iv)
.Whati
sthest
andar
drequi
redt
odi
schar
geaBur
denofPr
oof
?

Standar
dsr equiredt odischargeaBur denofPr oofdepends
onwhet herthecasei scivi
lorcr i
minal,
thus;
1).I
ncivilcases,thest andardr equi
redtodischargea
BurdenofPr oofist hatofBal anceofProbabili
tyi.
e.evi
dence
ofsuchanat ur ethatthecour tcanthinkittobemor e
probabl
et hannot .2).InCrimi nalmatt
ers,t
hest andar
d
requi
redtodi schargeaBur denofPr oofisthatofProof

197
 Bey
ondReasonabl
eDoubt
.

(
v).Whati
sthel
i
fespanofaPowerofAt
tor
ney
?

Thelifespam ofPowerofAtt
orneydependsonthe
ter
mi nati
onofthepur
poseforwhichthePowerofAtt
orney
i
sgr anted.Al
sowhereitwasbeenrevoked.

Quest
ion:
Whatar
elegal
requi
rement
sofaPr
ivat
ePr
osecut
or?

ThelegalrequirementsofaPri
vateProsecut
oraregoverned
bytheprovisionsofsecti
on99(1)ofCri
minalPr
ocedureAct
andthesear e:
Fi
rst,
thecasemustbeonet ri
ablebysubordi
natecourt
s;
andSecondl y,t
hepresidi
ngMagistr
atemustpermitthe
pri
vateprosecut i
ontobecar
ri
edon.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sResci
ssi
on?

Rescissioni sanAbr ogationorRev ocati

onparticular
lyofa
cont r
act.Itistheset ti
ngasideofav oidablecontract,which
i
st herebyt r
eat edasi fi
thadnev erexi st
ed.
Note: Li
mi tsont herightofrescissionar e:
a).Cannotbeexer cisedunlessr esti
tuti
oinintegrum is
possiblei.e.unlessitispossiblet orestorebothpar t
iesto
theirori
ginal posit
ions;and
b).Cannotbeexer cisedift
hiswoul dinvolv
eupset ti
ngrights
acquiredbyt hi
rdpar ti
eseg.Sellerofgoodscannotr escindif
theyhav ebeenr esoldtoathirdpar ty.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whoi
sanAdmi
nist
rat
orGener
al?

AnAdmi
nist
rat
orGener
ali
stheadmi
nist
rat
orofest
ates

198
 appointedbyt heMi nisterr esponsibleforLegal Aff
air
s.Hei s
appointedundersect ion4oft heAdmi nist
rat orGeneral
(PowersandFunct i
ons)Act ,Cap27.Admi nistratorGeneral
i
ncludesAssi stantAdmi nistratorGeneralappoi ntedbythe
sameMi ni
ster.Admi nistratorGener alhaspower stoPeti
tion
forGrantofPr obateorLet tersofAdmi ni
stration.

(
ii
).HowdoesaLandLor
dre-
possesacommer
cial
premi
ses?

Thelandlordcanr e-possesthecommer ci
alpremisesby
doingthef oll
owing:
1).Togivet hetenant(s)si
xmont hsnoticeofv acat
ingthe
premises;and
2).Provi
det hetenant(s)withreasonableal
ternati
ve
accommodat i
on.
Note:Wher ethereisadi sputeregardi
ngthecommer ci
al
premises,thelandlordisrequir
edt o:
a).Lookforandgetr easonableequival
entalt
ernati
ve
accommodat i
on; and
b).Applyforvacantpossessi on.

(
ii
i)
.HowdoesaLandl
ordr
e-possesaResi
dent
ial
Premi
ses?

Asregardre-
possessi
ngofResi
denti
al Pr
emises,
the
l
andlor
dwillt
akestepsal
readyexpl
ained,sav
ethat,
hewi
l
l
gi
vethetenant(
s)3monthsnoti
ce.

(
iv)
.Recent
lyt
heNHChasrai
sedrent
stoi
tst
enantshi
ghl
y.I
fthe
t
enantscometoy
ouforadvi
ce,
howcanyouadvi
cethem?

199
 Ifthetenantscomet omeaftertheNHCraisest
herent
s
highly
,Iwill
advicethem t
oapplybefor
etheCourtf
or
assessmentofr easonabl
erents.

(
i)
,Whohol
dthemaj
ori
tyshar
esofTCC?

Themaj
ori
tyshar
esofTCCar
ehel
dbyJapan.

(
ii
).Whati
sthedi
vi
dend?

Divi
dendr eferstothepaymentmadebyt hecompanyt oit
s
shareholdersoutofi t
sdistr
ibut
abl
eprof
its.Iti
scalculated
asaper centageoft henomi nal
val
ueoftheirshar
es, which
i
sf i
xedf orholdersofPrefer
enceShar
esandf l
uct
uatingf or
holdersofor di
naryshares.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
stheJur
isdi
cti
onofDi
str
ictMagi
str
atei
nCi
vi
lmat
ter
s?

TheDistri
ctMagist
rat
ehasjuri
sdi
cti
oni nall
civ
ilmatt
ersin
whichanywritt
enlawdoesnotconferjuri
sdi
cti
onexclusi
vel
y
toothercour
ts.Seesect
ion40(1)
(b)
(i
i)ofMagistr
ateAct,
Cap.11

(
iv)
.Whati
stheJur
isdi
cti
onofDi
str
ictCour
t?

TheDi
str
ictCour
thasJur
isdi
cti
oni
nbot
hcr
imi
nal
andci
vi
l
cases.

(
v).Whati
sthePecuni
aryJur
isdi
cti
onofCommer
cial
Div
isi
onof
Hi
ghCourt?

CommercialDivi
sionofHighCour thasunli
mit
edjuri
sdi
cti
on
i
nCommer ci
alMat t
ers.Pecuni
aryjuri
sdi
cti
ondependson
val
ueofsubjectmat eras40cent
t sarepaidoutofev y12
er

200
 shi
ll
ingsofval
ueofsubj
ectmat
t .SeeCommer
er cialCour
t
FeesRules,
1995.
Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sader
ivat
iver
ighti
nlandl
aw?

Derivat
iver
ightinlandlawisdefi
nedundersecti
on2oft he
LandActNo. 4/1990.Iti
sarightt
ooccupyandusel and
createdoutofRightofOccupancyandi udeal
ncl ease,
subleaseorUsufructuaryRi
ghtandanyint
erestanalogous
tothoseinter
est.

(
ii
).Whathappensi
foneoft
het
enanti
ntenant
sincommondi
es?

Whenat
enantdi
es,
hisshar
esf
ormspar
tofhi
sest
ate.

(
ii
i)
.Namet hreet
ypesofCompanyr
esol
uti
onsandhoweach
r
esolut
iondif
ferf
rom t
heother
?

TypesofCompanyr esol
uti
onsar
e:
1)
.Ordinar
yResoluti
on;
2)
.SpecialResol
uti
on;and
3)
.Extr
aordinar
yResoluti
on.

HoweachResol uti
ondi f
ferf
rom t
heother
;
Ordinar
yResolut
ionisadecisionr
eachedbysi
mpl
emaj
ori
ty
i
.e.deci
sionofmoret han50%oftheCompanymember
s
voti
nginpersonorbypr oxy.

Speci
alResolut
ionisadecisi
onreachedbyamajori
tyofnot
l
essthan75%oft heCompanymember svoti
nginpersonor
byproxyatgeneralmeeti
ng.Not
iceofnotlesst
han21day s
mustbeserved.

201
 Extraordinar
yResol
utionisadeci
sionreachedbyamajori
ty
ofnotl essthan75%oft heCompanymember svoti
ngin
personorbypr oxyatgeneralmeeti
ng.Therei
sno
requirementforagiv
enper i
odforserv
ingnoti
cei.
e.i
t
dependsont heur
gencyoft hematt
er.

(
iv)
.Whati
saspeci
alr
esol
uti
on?

Isadecisi
onr
eachedbyamajori
tyofnotl
essthan75%of
theCompanymember sv
oti
nginpersonorbyproxyat
general
meeti
ng.Noti
ceofnotl
essthan21daysmustbe
serv
ed.

(v)
.Whatist
heper
cent
ageoft
hemember
swhocanpassa
speci
alr
esol
uti
on?

Thepercent
ageoft
hemember swhocanpassaspeci
al
resol
uti
onnotl
essthan75%oftheCompanymembers
voti
nginper
sonorbyproxyatgener
almeet
ing.

Questi
ona:(
i)
.Canyout
ell
theCounci
lwher
etheappeal
from
Marti
alCour
tli
es?

Theappealfr
om Mar t
ialCour tli
estoCour
tMar t
ialAppeal
Court
.Note:t
heCour tMar t
ialAppealsCourti
scomposedof
3Judges.Theirdeci
sionisfinalandconcl
usivepersecti
on
146oftheNationalDefenceAct ,No.24of1966.Their
deci
si
onisonlysubjecttojudi ci
alRevi
ewbytheHighCour t
.
Seesecti
on153oft heAct .

(i
i
).I
foneisaggr
ievedbyadeci
sionoft
heDi
str
ictCour
tin
Cri
minal
matterwhatdoeshedo?

202
 Aper sonaggr iev edbyadeci sionoft heDi stri
ctCour tin
Crimi nal matterscanappeal tot heHi ghCour taspersect i
on
359( 1)oft heCr imi nal Pr ocedur eAct .
Not e: theprocedur einappeal ingt ot heHi ghCour tis
gov ernedbysect ion361oft heCr i
mi nalPr ocedur eAct .
Thepr ocedur eis; theappel l
antmustgi venot iceofi ntention
toappeal wi
thin10day sf rom t hedat eoft hefindings,
sent enceoror der .Andi ncaseofasent enceofacor poral
puni shmentonl y, anot iceofi ntent iont oappeal mustbe
givenwi thi
n3day sf rom t hedat eofsuchsent ence; see
sect i
on361( a)ofCr imi nal Procedur eAct .Andt heappel l
ant
mustl odgehi spet i
tionofappeal withinf orty(45)day sfrom
thedat eofthef indi ngs, sent enceoror der.
Not e: Alsothatt heappeal byDPPagai nstacqui tted,fi
nding,
sent enceoror derpassedbysubor dinat ecour tar egov erned
bysect ion378oft heCr iminal Pr ocedur eAct ,thus;
a).DPPmustgi venot iceofhi si ntent iont oappeal with30
day soft heacqui ttal,fi
ndi ng, sent enceoror deragai nst
whichhewi shest oappeal ;and
b).hemustl odgehi spet it
ionofappeal within45day sf r
om
thedat eofsuchacqui ttal,fi
ndi ng, sent enceoror der.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sthepr
ocedur
einappeal
i
ngt
otheHi
ghCour
t?

…………………………………….
.

Questi
on:(i
).Whatarethepecul
i
arfeat
uresint
ri
alwi
thi
ntr
ial
whicharenotinexi
stencei
nanor malt
ri
al?

203
 Peculi
arfeat
uresi
ntri
alwi
thint
ri
alwhi
char
enoti
n
exi
stenceinnormalt
ri
alar
e:………………

(i
i
).Pl
easetel
ltheCouncil
twomajorl
egi
slat
ionwhi
chcov
er
Commercialt
ransact
ionsi
nthi
scount
ry?

Thetwolegi
slati
onthatcovercommerci
alt
ransact
ionsi
n
thi
scountr
yare:
1).TheI
nsuranceAct,No.18/1996;
and
2).TheCompaniesAct,Cap.212.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sthepr
ocedur
einv
olunt
arywi
ndi
ngup?

Thepr ocedureinvoluntarywi
ndi ngupis:
1).Thecompanymustpassar esoluti
onforv ol
untary
windingup; and
2).Thecompanymustwi thi
n10day saft
erthepassoft he
resol
ution,givenoti
ceoft heresolut
ionbyadv ert
isementin
theGazet t
eandal soi nsomenewspaper ,ifany,cir
culat
ing
i
nt hedistr
ictwheret heregi
steredoffi
ceoft hecompanyi s
sit
uated

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoesthelawpr
ovi
dei
nrel
ati
ont
o
adj
ournmentofCi
vi
lcases?

Adjour nmentofCi vi
lcasesi sgovernedbyOr derXVIIofthe
CPC.Thi sOr dersay sthat,thecour thast hediscr
eti
ont o
decidewhet herornotacasef ixedf orhear i
ngshouldbe
shouldbeadj ourned.Butsi ncethedi screti
ontoadjourn
hearingofacasei sjudi
cial,i
tfoll
owst hat,t
hecourtis
requiredtoexer ciseitdiscreti
onjudiciall
y.TheOrderallows
alsotheCour tt oadjournt hecasesi nedi e.SeeOrderXVII,
204
 r
ule4ofCPC.Adjour
nmentofcasescanbemadeei
theron
t
hecourt
s’moti
onoratt
heinstanceoft
hepar
ti
esoranyof
t
hem.

(
ii
).Howdoesthelawsayift
ri
ali
scontinui
ngandt
her
eisa
wi
tnesswhocannottest
if
yonthatday
?

Ifthetr
iali
scontinuingandt her
eisawi t
nesswhocannot
testi
fyonthatdayt heprovisotorule,
2ofOr derXVIIofCivi
l
ProcedureActallowst hecourttoadjour
nt hehearingto
anotherday.TheCour tishowev er
,requi
redt orecordthe
reasonsforadjournment ,
i.
e.fai
lurebywitnesst otest
ify
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoest
ransf
erofshar
esmean?

Transferofshar esmeansat ransact

ionresult
ingi
nachange
ofshareowner ship.Not e:Usuall
yinvol
ves:
a).Acont racttosell shares;
b).Transferisbydel iveryofshareswar r
antorexecut
ionof
sharetransfer;
c).entr
yoft ransferrednameont her
egisterofmembersof
thecompany

(i
i
).whathappensi
foneint
endstoappeal
tot
heCour
tofAppeal
ofTanzani
ainacri
minal
mat t
er?

Theper sonintendingtoappealtotheCour tofAppeal

in
cri
mi nalmattersisrequi
redunderRule61oft heCourtof
Appeal Rulestolegalwrit
eanot i
ceofintenti
ontoappealt
o
RegistrarofHighCour twit
hin21day softhedecisi
on
appealedagai nst
.
Note:Thenot icemustbei ntri
pli
cate.
205
 Underr
ule61ofCourtofAppealRul
es,
1979t
henot
ice
i
nsti
tut
etheappeal
(
ii
i)
.Howdoesonef
il
eaPubl
i
cNui
sancesui
t?

APubli
cNuisancesuiti
sgov er
nedbysect i
on66oftheCivi
l
Pr
ocedureAct.I
tisinst
it
utedafterobt
aini
ngtheconsenti
n
wr
iti
ngoftheAttorneyGeneral
.

Question:(i
).Whati
sther
elev
ancyofTal
akai
nDi
vor
ce
Proceedings?

Ther elev ancyofTal akainDi vor

cepr oceedi ngsi sgov erned
bysect i
on107( 3)oft heLawofMar riageAct ,1971.The
rel
ev anceofTal akai ndi v
orcepr oceedi ngsi st hatsuch
Talakai st heev idencet hatthemar riagehasbr okendown
i
rrepar ably. Not e: Demandofa
Khuluibef or eShei kh(awi fesecuringherr eleaset hrough
paymentofasum ofmoney )orawi f
easki ngt heShei kht o
grantdi vor ceMubar aat(MutualConsentofSpousest o
Divorce)i st heev i
denceundersect ion107( 3)oft heLawof
Mar ri
ageActt hat ,themar ri
agehasbr okendowni rr
epar abl
y.
Thust hepr esenceoft heforgoingent i
tl
esaMosl em to
mer elygot oCour tt ohavehi sDivorceof ficiall
yr egistered
withoutr equi r
inghi m orhert oprov et hatthemar ri
agei s
i
rretri
ev ablybr okendown.SeeHal imaAt humani vs.Maul i
di
Hami si [1991]TLR179.

(i
i
).Howcanast
atusofmar
ri
agecomet
oanendapar
tfr
om
di
vorce?

Apar
tfr
om Di
vor
ce,
thest
atusofmar
ri
agecancomet
oan
206
 endint hefol
lowingcases;
1).Byannulmentaspersection98oftheLawofMar ri
age
Act; 2)
.Bydeathofeitherpar
tytheret
o;and
3).ByDecreedeclar
ingthatt
hedeat hofei
therpart
yther
eto
i
spr esumed.Note:seesecti
on12oft heLawofMar ri
age
Act,1971.
(
ii
i)
.Whati
sthePr
ocedur
eforenf
orcementofBasi
cRi
ght
s?

Notethecor rectansweri s:BywayofPet it

iontotheHigh
Courtisthepr ocedureforenforci
ngBasi cRight
sandis
governedbysect i
ons4and5oft heBasi cRight
sandDut i
es
Enfor
cementAct ,Cap.3
Thepr ocedureforenforcingBasicRi ght
sisgovernedby
Art
icl
e30( 3)oft heUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaConstit
uti
on,
t
h
13 amendment s.Thatis,BasicRightsmaybeenf or
cedby
fi
l
ingasui tintheHi ghCour tofTanzania.

(
iv)
.Whatt
ypesofRel
i
efsi
saper
sonseeki
ng?

Thetypesofrel
ief
sisapersonseekingisgov
ernedby
sect
ion8(1)(
b)ofBasi
cRightsandDut i
esEnf
or cementAct
,
Cap.
3; andal
sosecti
on13(1),
(2)
&(3)areappl
icable.
Quest
ion:
(i)
.Ment
iont
hel
awgov
erni
ngDi
mini
shedr
esponsi
bil
i
ty?

Thelawgov erni
ngDi mini
shedr esponsibil
it
yistheMental
DiseasesAct,Cap.98.
Note: t
heDiminishedresponsibil
i
tyreferstoabnormalstat
e
ofmi ndthatdoesnotconstituteinsanitybuti
saspecial
defenceespeciall
ytoachar geofmur der.

207
(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyRemi
tt
ancesofdamages?

Remit
tanceofDamagesar
eremi
tt
ancei
nmoneyt
othe
damagesdone…………….

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoyouunderst
andby
:Commi
ssi
onf
orHuman
Ri
ghtsandGoodGov er
nance?

TheCommi ssionforHumanRi ghtsandGoodGov ernancei s

anIndependentDepar tmentest abli
shedunderAr ti
cle129of
theConst it
ut i
onofTanzani a.Itischar gedamongot hers
withthedut yt opromot eHumanRi ghtsandGood
Gov er
nancei nTanz ania.Itsfunct i
onsar eprovi
dedf orunder
Arti
cle130( 1)(a)-
(h)oft heConst i
tuti
on.Itsfunct
ioni nclude:
1).Toent ertainall
egat i
onsonv i
olati
onofhumanr ights;
2).Toinqui r
ei nt
ov iolati
onofhumanr i
ghtsandgood
governance; 3).Tor esear chanddi ssemi nateeducationon
humanr ightsandgoodgov ernance;
4).Toadv icet hegov ernmentonhumanr i
ghtsandgood
governance; and
5).Wherenecessar y,toi nsti
tutepr oceedingswithav i
ew
preventi
ngv i
olati
onofhumanr ightsandgoodgov ernance.

(
ii
).EastAf
ri
canCour
tofJust
ice?

TheEastAf r
icanCourtofJusticei
st heCourtEstabl
i
shed
underaTr eatyofEastAf ri
canCommuni t
y.I
tcomposesof
Judgesfrom t hreeEastAfri
canStates,namelyTanzani
a,
KenyaandUganda.Not e:AsperArti
cles23-47ActNo.
4/2001.I
thast hefol
lowingfuncti
ons:
1).Toint
er pretthetr
eaty;

208
 2)
.ToensureCompl
i
ancebymemberstat
esoft
het
reat
y;
3)
.Todeter
minematt
ersf
all
i
ngundert
heCommuni
ty.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Tel
ltheCounci
lthel
awwhichestabl
i
sht
heof
fi
ceof
t
heRegist
raroft
hePatentsandTradeMarks?

TheofficeofRegi
strarofPatentsandTradeMarksis
establ
ishedbythefoll
owinglaws:
1).ThePatentsAct
, No.1/1987;seesecti
on4oftheAct
.
2).TheTradeandSer vi
ceMar ksAct,No.
12,1986,
see
secti
on4oft heAct.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm cr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
ty?

Thet er
m cr
iminalr
esponsi
bil
i
tyref
erstoonesli
abil
ityfort
he
actoromissi
onconstit
uti
nganof f
ence.I
tist
heliabil
it
y
whichisincr
iminall
awpunishabl
euponthecourtfindsthe
persontoguil
ty.

(
ii
i)
.Whoi
snotcr
imi
nal
l
yresponsi
bleunderTanzani
anl
aw?

Thefoll
owingar enotcr i
mi nal
l
yr esponsi
bleunderTanzani
an
l
aw: 1)
.ThePr esidentoft heUnit
edRepubl i
cofTanzania.
Seearti
cle46(1)oft heConst i
tut
ionofTanzania;
2).Theunder10y earspersons,seesecti
on15( 1)oft
he
Penalcodeasr eplacedbySOSPA, 1998;
3).Member sofDi pl
omat icMission;
4).I
nsanit
yasper13oft hePenal Code.

(i
v.
)Cany outel
ltheCounci
ltwor
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionsof
cri
minal
responsibi
li
ty?

Twor
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionofcr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
tyar
e:

209
 1)
.PresumptionofInnocence,
seearti
cle13(
6)(
b)oft
he
Const
itut
ionofTanzania;
2)
.Presumptionofsanity
,seesect
ion12ofthePenal
Code.

Questi
on:(i
).Whatl
awisappl
i
cabl
etot
hef
oll
owi
ng?
a)
.Statut
oryManagement?

Thel
awappli
cabl
etoStat
utor st
yManagementi heBanki
ng
andFi
nanci
alI
nst
it
uti
onsAct,
No.
12/1991.
b)
.Nonper
for
mingAsset
s?

Nonper
for
mingAsset
saregovernedby(LART)t
heLoans
andAdv
ancesReal
i
zati
onTrustAct,Cap.
248

(i
i
).Isthedeci
sionof(LART)t
heLoansandAdv
ancesReal
i
zat
ion
TrustTri
bunal
appealable?

Yes,thedeci
sionofLARTTri
bunal
isappeal
abl
etot
heCour
t
ofAppealofTanzania.
Note:Limi
tat
ionis60days.
CourtofAppealRul
es,1979ar
eappli
cabl
e.

Questi
on:
Cli
entsfrom af
orei
gncountryappearbef
oreyoufor
advi
ceontheEstabli
shmentofaBank.Howwoul dyouadvi
ce
them?

Iwouldadvicemayf oreignclientwhowantstoest
abli
sha
bankinTanzaniaasf oll
ows:
1).Toapplyinwri
ti
ngt oBankofTanzani af
orali
censeto
carryonthebanki
ngbusi ness.Seesecti
on4oftheBanki
ng
andFinanci
al I
nst
it
utionAct ,No.5/2006.
Toincludetotheapplicationforali
censewit
hthefol
lowi
ng;

210
 a).Fiveaut hent i
cat edcopi esoft hel aworot herst atutory
l
awbyorunderwhi cht heappl icant (s)is/ar eest abli
shed;
b).Ast atementoft headdr essofi tsheadof fi
ceandt he
addr essofev erydi rect ororofi tspr i
ncipleof f
icer;
c).Suchf inanci al dataasBoTmayr equire;
d).Ful lpart i
cular soft hebusi nessi tproposest odo;
e).Locat ionoft hepr incipal andot herpl acesofbusi ness
wher eitpr oposest odobusi ness, andi nt hecaseAgency ,
thear eat oser ved; and
f).Suchot heri nf ormat i
onast heBankmayr equirefrom t i
me
tot i
meneed.
2).Thatt heappl icationandev er ydocumentaccompany i
ng
i
tbesi gnedbyt hedi rector(s)oft heappl i
cantorbyany
principalof ficerl egal l
yaut hor i
zedt odoso.Seesect ion7(1)
and( 2)ofActNo.12/ 1991;
3).Inaddi t i
onal sincet heyar efor eigners, Iwoul dadv ice
them t oappl yforl ivingandwor kingper mi tst orthemsel ves
andort hei rforeignst af f
;
Not e:Extraadv icei sshoul dt heyobt ainabanki ngl i
cense
mustcompl ywi tht heBanki ngandFi nanci alInstit
utionAct ,
No. 5/2006.

Quest
ion:(i
).Whatshouldt
heTaxingMast
erconsi
deri
nthei
tem
ofI
nstruct
ionFeesintheBi
llofCost
s?

I
ntheitem ofInstr
ucti
onFeesintheBi l
lofCostst
heTaxing
Masterwil
lconsiderwhethersuchfeesareonthehighside.
I
notherwor dsthetaxi
ngmast erwouldall
owsuchsum as
woul
dber easonableaspercircumstances.Seeadvocat
e
Remunerati
onandt axati
onofcostrules,1991andRule9of
211
 3rdSchedul etotheCourtofAppealRul
es,
1979andC.B.
Ndegev s.E.O.Ali
a&AG[ 1988]TLR19.Bi
ll
sofcosts-
Limi t
ati
onast ocosts-"Reasonabl
e"amountdependi
ngon
circumst ancesofeachcase-Rule9of3rdschedul
eCourtof
AppealRul es1979.

(
ii
).
Whatshoul
dtheTaxi
ngMast
erconsi
deri
nDi
sbur
sement
?

Thet axingmast erwil

lconsiderwhet hercosthasbeen
reasonablyincurredbysuccessf ulparty.SeeRul e11ofGN.
No.515/ 1991.Agai ntaxi
ngmast erisrequir
edt omakesur e
thatthecost sarevouchedorr eceiptedorcer ti
fiedbythe
partyclaiming.SeeRul e55(1)ofGN.No.515/ 1991.Brief
ly
i
ndi sbursementt hecourtwi l
lconsiderwhet hert hecost
i
ncur redareont hehighside.

Quest
ion:(
i).Whatev
idenceasamat
terofl
awneeds
cor
roborat
ion?

Thef oll
owingev idenceasamat teroflawneeds
corroborati
on: 1).Wheretheonl yev i
denceavail
able
i
st hatofunswor norun- aff
ir
medchi l
doft enderyears.See
sect i
on127(3)oft heLawofEv idenceAct ,1967.Note:
howev erthat;
Cour tmayrel
yonsamewi t
houtcor r
oborat
ion
aft
erwar ningitselfofthedangerofdoingso.Buti tmustbe
satisfi
edthatthechi l
distell
i
ngnot hi
ngbutt hetruth.

212
(
ii
).Whatev
idenceasamat
terofpr
act
iceneedscor
robor
ati
on?

Corroborat
ionasamat terofpract
icei
sneededinthe
fol
lowingcircumst
ance:
1).Whererepudiat
edorr et
ractedconf
essi
onsupports
convict
ionasamat terofprudenceneedbecorr
oborated.
SeeJacksons/
oMwakat
oka&2ot
her
svs.Republ
i
c[1990]TLR17.
2).Whereev
idenceofi
denti
fi
cati
onbysinglewi t
nessis
madeunderunfavour
abl
econditions,
cor
roborationi
s
requi
red. SeeHassanJumaKanenyer
a&Othersv
s.
Republ
i
c[1992]TLR100.
3).Evi
denceofaccusedorofaccompli
ceneedbeasa
mat t
erofprudencecor
robor
ated.SeeBushi
riAmi
riv
s.
Republi
c[1992]65.

Quest
ion:
(1)
.Pl
easet
ell
theCouncilwhathappensiftheaccused
per
soninachar
geofmurdersuccessf
ull
ypleadssuperi
ororder?

Whent heaccusedper soni nachar geofmur der

successful
lysuper i
ororder,hewi l
lbeal l
owed;
Note:Superiororder(
s)isapl eathatacer t
ainconductdoes
notconstit
uteacr i
mebecausei twascommi ttedi
n
obediencetot heorder(
s)ofasuper i
or(usuall
yasuperior
offi
cerinarmedf orces)
.Itmayar ise,forexample,
ont he
unjusti
fi
edshoot i
ngofar ioterwhent hemi l
it
aryar
e
restor
ingorder.

(
ii
).Whati
spr
ivat
epr
osecut
ion?

Pi
rat
epr
osecut
ioni
sgov
ernedbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion

213
 99ofCriminalProcedureAct,Pr
ivat
eprosecut
ionr
efer
sto
Cri
minalproceedingsinst
it
utedandpresent
edbyan
i
ndivi
dualperson.

(
ii
i)
.Whatar
ethel
egal
requi
rement
sofapr
operaf
fi
dav
it?

Thelegalrequirement sofaproperaff i
davitare:
1).General
ly,
af fi
davitmustbeconf ir
medt osuchfactsas
thedeponentisabl eofhisownknowl edget oprove.See
OrderXIX,Rule3( 1)ofCivi
lProcedureAct .
2).Whereitsuitsoutmat ter
sswor nto,oninformati
onand
beli
ef,
thesour cemustbespeci f
icall
yst at
ed.SeeNBCv s.
Manubhai Shankar bhaiDesai&Ot hers(1969)No.206

(i
v).CanapieceofEvi
dencewhi
chneedscor
robor
ati
on
corrobor
ateanot
herpi
eceofEvi
dence?

Thepieceofevidencewhichneedscor r
oborat
ioncannot
cor
roborateanotherpi
eceofevidence.Thi
slegalposi
tions
wasstatedbyCour tofAppeal
inMkubwaSai dOmarv s.
SMZ( 1992)TLR365.

Quest
ion:Canyoumentioncat
egor
iesofpr
oper
ti
eswhi
chcannot
beatt
achedinexecut
ionofdecr
ee?

Categori
esofpr operti
eswhi chcannotbeat t
achedin
executi
onofadecr eear eprovi
dedint heprovisotosect
ion
48(1)ofCriminalPr
ocedur eAct.Theseincl
ude:
a).Necessarywearing-apparel,
askingvessels,bedsand

214
 beddingoft hejudgmentdebt or,
hiswi feandchil
drenand
suchper sonalornament st hatcannotbepar t
edwi t
hbyany
womanduet oreligioususage;
b).Tool sofar t
isans, and, wher ejudgmentdebt ori
s
agricult
ur i
st,hi
si mpl ement sofhusbandr ysuchascattleetc
thatisnecessar ytoear nhi slivel
ihood;
c).Housesandot herbui l
dingsbel ongingtoanagr i
cul
turi
st
andoccupi edbyhi m;
d).Anyl andusedf oragriculturalpurposesbyv i
ll
age,
cooper ativesocietyorani ndiv i
dual whoseli
veli
hoodsolel
y
dependupont heuseofsuchl and.
e).Anyr esidentialbui l
dingofj udgmentdebt or;
f).Booksofaccount ;
g).Amer er i
ghtt osuef ordamages;
h).Expenseal l
owancesofanempl oyee;
i
).Ar ightoff uturemai nt enance.

Questi
on:Tel
ltheCouncilt
hedif
fer
encebet
weenr
e-i
nst
atement
andre-
engagementinlabourl
aw?

a).Re-i
nstatementinlabourlawi st heor derdi r
ecti
ngan
employerwhohasbeenf oundt ohav eunf airlydismi ssedan
employeet orestorehimtohi sformerj ob.Theempl oy eeis
tobet r
eatedasi fhehadnotbeendi smi ssedandt her ef
ore
i
sent i
tl
edt orecoveranybenef i
tssuchasar r
ear sofpayt hat
hehasl ostduringhisperi
odofun- empl oyment .I
nr e-
i
nstatementt heempl oyeeisentit
ledt ober estoredt ohis
formerjobandt or
ecoveranybenef it
shemi ghthav egoti t
asifhewasnotdi smissedi.e.heist reatedasi fhehadnot
beendismi ssed. b).Re-
215
 engagementi nlabourlawi st heor derdi rectinganempl oyer
whohasbeenf oundt ohav eunf airlydismi ssedanempl oyee
toprovidehi m withcompar abl eorot hersui tabl e
employmenti napostequi valent/diff
erentf rom t hat,which
hewasdi smissed.Inre-engagement ,theempl oyeeisonl y
enti
tl
edt obepr ovi
dedwi thcompar ableorot hersuitablejob.
Note:Inbot hsituati
ons, t
heempl oy erisnotboundt ocompl y
withtheor der,soifhef ail
st odoso, hewi ll
beor deredto
awardcompensat i
onont heusual pri
nci plest ogetherwi t
h
anadditionalsum.I nre-instatement ,
theempl oyeeis
rest
oredt ohisf ormerjob, wher eas; i
nr e-engagement ,the
employeei spr ovi
dedwi thcompar ableorot hersuitablepost
j
obbyempl oyer.

(
ii
).Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
radedi
sput
e;andt
rade
i
nquir
y?

a).Tradedisput eist hedisputebetweenwor kersandt heir

ownempl oyer (
s).Thet radedisputemayr elatetot ermsand
conditi
onsofempl oymentorsuspensi onordi smi ssalof
empl oyeeet c.ther ul
edisputemayi nvolveasi ngle
empl oyeeandhi sempl oyer(
s).
b).Tr
adei nquiryist heinquir
yorinvesti
gationintoi ndustr
ial
mat t
erordi sput eheldbyt heindustr
ialcourtaftersamei s
refer
redtoi tbyl abourcommi ssi
onerundersect ion9A( 1)of
theIndustri
al Cour tAct,1968.

216
(
ii
i)
.Whatt
ypeofCor
porat
ioni
stheEv
angel
i
cal
Lut
her
anChur
ch
i
nTanzani
aNort
her
nDiocese?

TheEv angeli
cal LutheranChur chi nTanzani aNorther
n
Diocesei saRel igiousOr ganization;
Note: Reli
giousOr gani zat
ionisr egisteredwithMinist
ryof
HomeAf f
airsundert heSocietiesAct ,Cap337.I t
sboar dof
TrusteesI ncorporationmustber egisteredunderthe
Trusteesi nCor porationAct,Cap.375.Not ealsothat
;the
term corporati
onorbodycor por ateisanent it
ythathasl egal
personal i
tyi.
e.itiscapabl eofsui ngandbei ngsued.

(
iv)
.Whati
sdi
scov
eryofdocument
s?

Discoveryofdocument si sgover
nedbyt heprovisi
onsof
secti
on25andOr derXI,Rul e10ofCivi
lProcedureCode.Iti
s
theorderoft hecourtdi r
ectingapart
ytoci v
ill
it
igati
onto
makedi scov er
yonoat hofdocument swhichareorhav e
beeninhi spossessionorpowerr el
ati
ngt oanymat teri
n
questi
oni naction.Section25ofCi vi
lProcedureActsays
that,
theor derforDiscov erymaybemadeei t
heroncour t
’s
mot i
onoronappl i
cationofanypar t
y.

(
v).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbybai
lpendi
ngappeal
?

BailPendi
ngappeal isthetemporaryrel
easeoft heaccused
personconv i
ctedoftheoffencebysubordinatecourt
pendingthehearinganddet er
minati
onoft heappeal.
Howev er,
inordertheaccusedappellanttosucceedinhis
appli
cati
onf orbail
pending;hemustshowt hatther
eisan
overwhelmingchancesofappeal succeeding.SeeRepubli
c

217
 vs.NicholasAlf
redKiyabo[1987]TLR.39.Bai
lpendi
ng
appealisrequi
redtobeappl i
edforwhent heappeal
has
commencedaccor di
ngt aw.SeeDPPv
ol s.Al
lyNurDir
ie&
Another[1988]TLR252.
Question:
(i)
.Whatl
awgov
ernst
heDaressal
aam St
ock
Exchange?

Thel
awt hatgover
ningtheDaressal
aam St
ockExchangei
s
Capi
talMarket
sandSecur i
ti
esAct
,No.5of1994as
amendedbyActNo/ 4/1999.

(
ii
).Canyoutel
ltheCounci
lthechar
gesbroughtaboutonthe
l
andtenureontheenact
mentofthelandActNo.5/1999?

Chargesbroughtaboutonthelandt
enur eontheenact
ment
ofthelandAct,No.
5/1999arethatt
heActpr ovi
desfor
customaryri
ghtofoccupancythati
ncludesDeemedRightof
Occupancy.Seesecti
on2oft heAct.

(i
ii
).Whataret
heexcept
ionsont
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenaBank
andcli
ent?

Therel
ati
onshi
pbetweenaBankandcl ientinconf
identi
al,
andtheexcept
ionare:
1).Wher
ediscl
osureisundercompulsionbyl aw;
2).Wher
ethereisdutyt
opublictodisclose;
3).Wher
etheinter
estsofthebankrequirediscl
osure;and
4).Wher
ethediscl
osureismadebyexpr essorimpli
ed

218
 consentofCust
omer
.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Pleaset
ell
theCouncilwhatyouunder
standby
submi
ssionfornocasetotr
adedispute?

Submi
ssi
onf
ornocaset
otr
adedi
sput
e………………….
.

(i
i)
.Ift
heaccusedpersondoesnotcal
lawitnesswher
etheCourt
hasfoundthathehasacasetoanswer,CantheCourtacqui
thi
m?

Ift
heaccusedpersondoesnotcal l
awi t
nesswher et
he
Courtfi
ndsthathehasacaset oanswer ,itcannotacquit
him.Theaccusedwillhavetherighttogiveevidenceinhi
s
defenceastheonlydefencewit
ness.Hewi l
lonlybe
acquit
tedaft
ertheCourtfindst
hatt heprosecutionhas
fai
ledtoprovei
tscasebey ondreasonabledoubt .

Question:(i
).Canyoumenti
onthet
ypesofMar r
iages
recognizedbyourlawsandthel
awwhichrecognizeeach
oneoft hemar r
iages?

Section10ofLawofMar riageActr ecogni zestwot ypes

ofmar ri
ageandt hesear e:
1).Monogamous; and
2).Polygamousormar ri
agespot entiallypolygamous.
Monogamousormar r
iagesi ntendedt obe
monogamousar er ecognizedbyt hef ollowinglawby
theLawofMar ri
ageActNo.5/ 1971e. g.Chr i
stian
mar r
iage,I
ndianetc;whi l
e; Polygamousorpot ential
l
y
Polygamousmar r
iagear eal sorecogni zedbyt heLaw
ofMar ri
ageActNo. 5/1971bei ngIslami cLaw; and
Customar yLaw.
219
(
ii
).Whati
sthebasi
cdif
fer
encebetweenI
slami
cmar
ri
age,
civ
il
marr
iageandChr
ist
ianmarr
iage?

Thedi fer
encebet weenI sl
ami cmar r
iage,Civ
ilmar ri
ageand
Chri
st i
anMar r
iagei s:
1).I
slami cmar riagei spol y
gamousorPot entiall
y
Poly
gamous. 2)
.Civ i
lMarri
ageispr esumedt obe
monogamous.Howev er,amonogamousmar r
iage
contractedtoci vilform maybeconv ert
edtopol ygamous
marriagei fthepar ti
est heretomakeadecl arati
onont heir
ownf reewi l
l.Seesect ion11( 1)ofLawofMar ri
ageAct .Note:
Declarati
onundersubsect i
on( 1)shouldbemadebef orethe
j
udge, RM orDi st r
ictMagi strateaspersect i
on11( 2)oft he
LawofMar r
iageAct .3).Chr i
sti
anMar ri
ageisMonogamous
andcannotbeconv ertedf r
om monogamoust opol ygamous
i
fbot hpar ti
esther etocont inuetoprofesstheChr isti
anf ait
h.
Seesect ion11( 5)ofLawofMar ri
ageAct .

(
ii
i)
.Inamat r
imonialproceedi
ngsthehusbandandwi feconcur
t
hatthemar r
iageshouldbedissolvedandthetwoappearbefore
t
heMagi st
rateandtellt
hehimt hattheyhaveconcur
redthat
,the
marri
agebedi ssol
ved.Whatshouldt heMagist
rat
edo?

I
tissatisf
iedt
hatthemar riagehasbrokendowni rr
eparably.
Thus,theCourtcannotdissolvet
hemar ri
ageont hegrounds
thatt
hehusbandandwi f
ehav econcurredthat,t
hemar r
iage
bedissolv
ed.Seesection107ofLawofMar r
iageAct,again,

220
 beforet akingmat r
imonialdisputetocour tsection101of
TheLawofMar r
iageActr equirespartiest
or eferthematter
totheMar riageConci l
i
ationBoar d.Ther ef
ore,ont hebasi
s
ofthef orgoi ngpositi
onoft hel aw,theMagi str
at ewil
ladvi
ce
thepar ti
esaccor di
ngly.
Not e:Thecour tcandissolvet hemar ri
ageoutofCour t
,
wher ethepar t
iesdoami cablyagreet hatt
hesamebe
dissolved;andsai dsett
lement swillform aSettlementOrder
oftheCour twhi chcanbeexecut edasadecr eewhi chis
l
egal l
ybi ndingt obothpar ti
es.
Questi
on:Cany outel
ltheCounci
lther
ulesgov
erni
nggr
antor
r
efusalofI
njuncti
on?Therulesar
e:

Requi rementtoservenot i
ceofappl i
cati
onf orinjunctiont
o
theot herpart
yifservicecanbemadewi t
houtdel ay .See
OrderXXXVI I,Rule3.
a).Theappl i
cantmustest abl i
shapr imaf aciecasewi tha
probabi l
it
yofsuccess; and
b).I
tshoul dbeshownt hatifinjuncti
onisnotgr anted,
applicantwil
lsufferir
reparablei nj
urythatcannotbe
adequat ecompensat edbyanawar dofdamages.SeeHans
WolfgangGol chiervs.Gener alManagerofMor ogor oCanvas
MillLtd[1987]TLR78page82.

Quest
ion:
Tel
ltheCounci
lthei
ngr
edi
ent
sofMur
der
?

Ingredi
entsofmurderareprov
idedf
orundersect
ion196of
Penal Codeandare:
a).anypersonwho……. ;
b).ofMal i
ceaf
orethought
…;
221
 c)
.Causest
hedeathofanot
herper
son;
d)
.byanunl
awfulactoromi
ssi
onisgui
lt
yofmur
der
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sthepr
ocedur
eini
mpeachi
ngt
hepr
esi
denti
n
t
hisCountr
y?

Art
icl
e…………….
.int
heConst
it
uti
onofUni
tedRepubl
i
cof
Tanzani
a.

(
ii
).Whati
sthepr
ocedur
etof
il
easui
tagai
nstt
hechi
efJust
ice?

TheConst i
tuti
onofTanzani athatest abli
shestheof fi
ceof
ChiefJust i
ceissilentonthepr oceduret ofi
lethesui t
againsttheChi efJusti
ce.Howev eritappearsthat,
t he
procedur ewill
dependonwhet herawr ongcompl ainedof ,
wascommi tt
edinj udi
ci
al capacityorpersonalcapacity,t
he
suitwil
l beinsti
tutedagainsthimi nhisjudici
alcapacity.But
wher ethewr ongcompl ai
nedof ,wascommi tt
edinhi s
personal capacit
y,thesui
twi llbeinstit
utedagainsthimi n
hi
sownnames.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sthepr
ocedur
etor
emov
etheChi
efJust
ice?

Theproceduretoremov etheChi efJusticefrom power

dependsont heci
rcumst ancesleadingf orhisremov al.For
i
nstance,i
fhecannotexecut ehisdut i
esf oranyr eason, t
he
presi
dentisempower edunderAr ticl
e118( 4)(c)ofthe
Consti
tut
iontoappoi ntact i
ngChi efJustice.Butifitappears
wherehisisguil
tofmi sconduct,hecanber emov edfr
om
offi
cebyfoll
owingpr ocedur eofremov ingot herjudgesf r
om
theoff
iceasperAr t
icle120( 5).

222
Quest
ion:Tell
theCouncilthel
awgov
erni
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a)
.Securedcredit
or;
b)
.Unsecuredcreditor
;
c)
.AletterofHypothecat
ion;

Secur
escredit
or,
unsecuredcr
edit
orandl
ett
ersof
hypot
hecati
onaregovernedbythel
awofBankingand
Fi
nancial
Inst
it
uti
onAct,2006.

Quest
ion:
Whati
sashar
ewar
rant
?

Sharewarranti
sacerti
fi
cateundertheSealoftheCompany,
stat
ingthat,
thebear
eroftheWarrantisent
itl
edtoacertai
n
numberoramountoff ul
lypai
dupshar esorStock.I
tist
he
Negotiabl
eInst
rument.

Quest
ion:(i
).Whatdoyouunderst
andbytheBankingand
Fi
nancial
Insti
tut
ionActandFi
nancial
Inst
it
uti
on?

BankingandFinancialInsti
tuti
onActi nrel ationt
oSt atutor
y
Managementr efer
spr ov i
si
onv est
edwi tht heBankof
Tanzania(BOT)tomanaget heBankorFi nancialInstit
ut i
on
whichcannotconductbusi nessaccor dingt osoundf i
nancial
manner ,
thati
s,wher ethebankorf inancial I
nsti
tutionr un
businessini
nter
estsofi tsshareholders.Seesect ion42of
theBankingandFinanci alI
nstit
uti
onAct ,2006

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbynon-
per
for
mingasset
s?

Nonper
formingassetsaregover
nedby(LART)theLoans
andAdv
ancesRealizat
ionAct,
1991.Theyareunrecover
able
debt
swhichdebtor
soweBanksorFi nanci
alI
nsti
tuti
on;they

223
 areuncol
lect
abl
edebt
sandoflessv
aluetoconsti
tute
bankabl
eassetssomuchast
hatcannotbeguaranteed.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Ifaletteri
swrit
tenusi
ngcarboncopy;
arether
est
documentsotherthanthe1stCopySecondar
yevi
dence?

Whenal et
teri
swr it
tenusingcarboncopy,therest
documentsotherthanthef i
rstcopyarenotSecondary
evi
dence.Theyarepr i
maryev i
denceofthecontentsofthe
documentbecauset heyaremadebyoneuni f
orm process.
Seesecti
on64(4)oft heLawofEv i
denceAct,1967

(
ii
).Whathappenstothepr
oceedi
ngsi
nCi
vi
lsui
twhent
he
wi
tnesshasbeentakentoj
ail
?

Wher ethewitnesst otheCi v

ilsuithasbeent akentojail
,the
courtmayont heapplicati
onofei therpar t
yoroni t
smot i
on
i
ssuesummonst owi tnesstosuchwi tnesst hroughthe
off
icerinchargeoft hepr i
sonwher ethewi tnesshasbeen
j
ail
edandsuchof fi
cershallservethesummonst othesaid
wit
ness. Not e:Wher eheari
nghas
commenced, thehear ingofev idenceofsuchwi t
nesswillbe
adj
our nedti
ll
thej ail
edwi t
nessappear sasor deredinthe
summons.
Noteal sot
hat; Or
derVRul e24, oftheCi vi
lProcedureAct,
applesMut
i ati
sMut andiswher ethewi tnesshasbeenj ail
ed
orwher eheisi npri
son.

(i
i
i).Whatist
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenRet
renchmentand
Redundancy?
224
 1).Redundancyr eferst heposi t
ionofanempl oyeewhof i
ll
s
ajobt hatnol ongerneedst obedone.I tisasi tuati
onwhere
theempl oy eehast ol eavehi sjobbecauset hereisnomor e
workav ailableforhim.
2).Retrenchmentr eferst hestepst akenbyt heempl oyerto
remov esomeofhi sempl oyeesf rom theirjobswi thav i
ewof
reducingcost sorcut tingdownexpendi tures.Unl i
kein
redundancywher et heempl oyeeshav ejobs, but,have
nothingt odoi nretrenchment s;theempl oyeeshav e
somet hingt odoi nrelationtot heirjobs.

quest
ion:
(i)
.HowdoesRev
isi
ondi
ff
erf
rom anappeal
?

1).I
nRev i
siont heSuper iorCour texer cisesi tssuperv i
sor
powerbycal lingf orther ecordsofSubor di nat
eCour tand
examinest hem f orthepur poseofsat isf yingitas
corr
ect ness, l
egal it
yorpr opriet
yofdeci sion.Itmayexer cise
i
tssuper visorypoweroni t
sownmot ionoruponappl i
cati
on
ofthepar ty,thati s,theaggr i
evedpar ty.InRev i
sionthe
superiorCour tmayr eversethedeci sionofasubor dinate
court
. 2).I
n
appeal,thesuper iorcour texamineswhet herthedeci sionis
wrongornot .Themer itofthedeci sionoft heSubor dinate
Courtischal lenged.TheCour tmayr elyonSubor dinate
Court’
sev idenceorcal ladditi
onal evidence.Anappeal is
i
niti
atedbyaggr ievedpar tythus, wher ei nRev isi
on, t
hecour t
i
sconf inedt ot hei nspectionofsubor di natecour t’
srecor ds
ofproceedi ngswhenmaki ngi t
sdeci si oni nappeal ,theCour t
maycal l
addi tionev idenceapar tfrom usi ngonl y
Subordinat eCour t’
sev i
dence.
225
(i
i
) .Ment
ionfi
vegroundsunderwhi
cht
hepr
esi
dentcanr
evokea
RightofOccupancy?

Thegr oundsunderwhi cht hepr esi dentmayr ev okeRi ghtof

Occupancyar egov ernedbysect ion48( 1)oft heLandAct ,
No.4/ 1999andt heyi nclude:
1).Wher etheoccupi erf ail
st ocompl ywi thmot i
veser ved
undersect ion47oft heActr equi r
inghi mr emedybr eachof
condi tion; 2).Wher et heoccupi ersbr each
ofcondi ti
oni ssoser iousandoff ar -
reachi ngconsequences;
3).Wher etheoccupi erat tempt st odi sposeofhi sr i
ghtof
occupancyt onon- citizencont rar ytoAct ,No.4/ 1999and
anyot herlawgov erni ngt hedi sposi t
ionofr i
ghtof
occupancyt onon- citizen;
4).Wher elandsubj ectofr ightofoccupancyhasbeen
abandonedf ornotl esst han2y ear s;
5).Wher ether ehasbeendi sposi ti
onoranat temptf or
disposi ti
onwhi chdoesnotcompl ywi ththepr ov i
sionsoft he
LandAct ,
No. 4/1999.
Other s: Wher et her ightofOccupancyr elatest oanar eanot
l
esst han500hect aresandnotl esst han80%oft hear ea
remai nunusedf ort hepur posef orwhi chther ightof
occupancywasgr ant edf ornol esst han5y ear s;and
Wher eanyr ent ,t
axesorot herduesr emai nunpai df or6
mont hsaf terwr i
ttennot icei npr escr i
bedf or m wasser ved
ont heoccupi erandsect i
on33( 8)oft heActdoesnotappl y
tot heoccupi er.Not eal so: Undersect ion45( 3)oft heLand
Act ,t
hePr esi dentmayr ev oker ightofOccupancyi nPubl i
c
Interest .

226
Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whati
sexcl
usi
oncl
ause?

Exclusi oncl auseorexempt i

oncl ausei sat er
mi nacont r
act
whichseekst oexemptoneoft hecont ractwhi chparti
es
from liabili
ty, orwhichseekst oli
mi thisliabil
it
ytoaspeci f
ic
sum i fcer tainev ent
soccur ,suchasabr eachofwar rant,
negligenceort heftofgoods.
Note: Limi tationonuseofExempt ionCl ausesar ethat;
a)Par tiesshoul dhavecompl etefreedom onwhat everterms
theywi sh;
b).Needt opr otectpubli
cfrom unf airExempt i
onClausesin
standar df ormt ocontractusedbyl argebusi ness
Enterpr ises.

(i
i
) .Whatdoy ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngphr
ases:
a).JusAcrescendi
;

Jusaccrescendisi
mplyrefer
stotheri
ghtofaccr
ual
.Iti
sthe
ri
ghtofajointownerofpropert
ytoacqui
reabsol
ute
ownershi
poft heenti
reproper
tyonthedeat
hoftheother
owner(s)
.

b)
.Mut
ati
sMut
andi
s;

Mutat i
sMut andisrefer
sthenecessarychargesbei ngmade;
Exampl e,t
hepr ovi
sionsoflett
erofastatut
emayr epeatthe
provisi
onsoft heformerstatut
eMut at
isMut andis,thati
s,
necessarychar gesaremadei nthel
etterst
at ut
et osuitt
he
prevail
ingconditi
ons.

c)
.Gr
antPendentl
i
te;

227
 GrantPendentl it
e; i
ti sfoundundersect i
on38oft he
Probat eandAdmi nistrati
onofEst at
esActCap352.I t
meansCour tappoi nt sadmi ni
stratoroftheEstateofthe
deceasedper sonwhoshal lhavet heri
ghtsandgener al
power sofgener aladmi ni
strati
onot herthanther i
ghtof
dist
ributingsuchest atependingt hedeterminationofany
proceedingst ouchingt hev ali
dit
yoft hewi l
lofadeceased
personorf orobt ai
ningorr evoki
nganypr obat
eoranygr ant
oflettersofadmi nistrati
on.Theper sonappointedshallbe
subjecttot hei mmedi atecont r
ol ofthecourtandshal l
act
underi t
sdi recti
ons.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Whati
st hedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenexecut
edCont
ract
andExecut
oryCont
ract?

a).Execut edcont ractr eferstot hecont r

actt hathasbeen
carri
edoutbybot hpar ti
es.Itist hecont ractt hathasbeen
compl eted.Theconsi derati
ont hathasbeenact uall
ygi v
en
forcont r
acti sdescr ibedasexecut edconsi der ation.
b).Andast oExecut oryCont r
act ,itist hecont r
actt hathas
yettobecar riedbyt hepar t
ies.Itist heonewhi cht akesthe
form ofpr emi sestobeper formedi nt hef uture.The
considerat i
ont hathasst il
ltobegi v enf orCont racti s
describedasExecut oryConsi der at ion.
Note:Execut edCont ract, ar
iseswher eparti
eshav ealready
performedt heircontractcompl et elyt hatis;ther eis
compl eteper formedofCont r
act .
Execut oryCont ractar i
seswher et hecont r
acthasy ettobe
performedbypar ti
es.I ttakest hef or m ofpr omi set obe
performedi nf uture.
228
(
ii
).Whati
scol
l
ect
ivepuni
shment
?

Collect i
vepuni shmenti nTanzani aisgov ernedbyt he
coll
ect ivePuni shmentOr dinance, 1921, Cap.74.I tisa
puni shmentoff i
nesi mposedundersect ion2Cap74byt he
Presi dentofTanzani aonal loranyv i
ll
age, areaordi st r
ictor
member sofanyt ri
be, sub-tri
beorcommuni ty.ThePr esident
mayi mposecol l
ecti
v epuni shmentaf terthei nqui r
y ,heis
satisfiedthatsay ,member soft hecommuni ty:
a).Al loranyoft hem hav ecol ludedwi t horhabour edor
fail
edt otakeal lreasonablemeanst opr ev enttheescapeof
anycr i
minal;b) .Theyoranyoft hem hav esuppr essedor
combi nedt osuppr essev idencei nanycr i
mi nal case;
c).Thatt hest olenpr opertyhav ingbeent racedt owi t hi
nt he
l
imit sofanyv il
lage, areaordi st r
ict,t
heyhav ef ail
edor
neglect edtor estoret hepr oper tyort ot r
acei tbey ondt he
l
imit sofsuchv i
ll
age, areaordi stri
ct.

(
ii
i)
.Howar
ethepower
sofDPPexer
cised?

TheDPPexer ci
seshispower sint hefoll
owingway s:
a).Hemayi nwr it
ingdelegat
ehi spower stolawofficer
s,
StateAtt
orneyorpar l
iamentarydr aftmanseesect i
on92of
theCrimi
nal ProcedureAct;and
b).Hemayi nstructoffi
cersofhisdepar t
mentv er
ballyasa
mat t
erofoffi
cer outi
netoexer cisesomeofhi spower s;and
c).Hemayappoi ntpubli
cprosecut orsundersect
ion95of

229
 theCrimi
nalProcedureActf
orthepurposesofanycr
imi
nal
proceedi
ngsinst
itut
edonbehal
foftheRepubli
c.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whoi
sther
espondenti
nLaw?

Respondenti
nlawisthedefendi
ngpartyi
nanappeal,
peti
ti
onorappli
cati
on.i
tistheper
sonagainstwhom t
hean
appeali
sbroughtorapeti
ti
onisresent
edoranappli
cati
on
i
smade.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(a).St ayofproceedings:
Stayofpr oceedi
ngsi sthesuspensi
onofproceedingsi
nan
action.Itmaybet empor ar
yunti
lsomet
hingrequisit
eor
order edisdoneorper manentl
ywheret
oproceedwoul dbe
i
mpr oper.

(
b)Tempor
aryi
njunct
ion:

Temporaryi
njunct
ion;aresomet i
mesreferr
edto
I
nter
locut
ory.Theyaregov ernedbyOrder.XXXVI
Iofthe
CPC.Aregrantedpendinghearinganddetermi
nati
onofthe
maincase.Theyhavet heeff
ectofrest
raini
ngapersonfr
om
doi
ngorcontinui
ngcer tai
nact.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Whatt
ypesofsent
ences,
theor
derf
orsuspended
sent
encecanbegiv
en?

Theor derf
orsuspendedsent enceincaseswherethe
accusedpersonsar econvi
ctedofanyof f
enceothert
han
t
h
thosespecif
iedinthe6 Schedul etotheMi ni
mum
SentencesAct,1972andnopr evi
ousconvicti
onar
eprov
ed.

230
 Note:Super
visedsentencerefer
stopri
sonsentencethat
doesnottakeeffectimmediatel
y.I
nst
eadofbeing
i
mpr i
soned,t
hesent enceofimpri
sonmenti
ssuspended
unl
esshecommi tanotheroff
encewit
hinaspecifi
edperi
od
ofbetween3y ears.
(
ii
).Af
tert
hecompl
eti
onofPriv
ati
zat
ionofAi
rTanzani
aunder
whatl
awswit
hthecorpor
ati
onbeestabl
i
shed?

Aft
erCompl
eti
onoft hepri
vati
zati
onofAi
rTanzani
a,i
twi
l
l
beorest
abl
i
shedundert hefol
lowingl
aworl
aws: t
he
Compani
esAct,Cap.212

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyFastTr
uck?

Fastt
ruckist
heti
mef r
amewithi
nwhichtheCiv
ilCases
shoul
dbeconduct
ed.Simpl
yisthef
ixedperi
odforhear
ing
anddeter
mini
ngCivi
lMatt
ers.

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyPr
event
ionofCor
rupt
ionBur
eau?

Prev enti
onofCor
rupti
onBureauisthebur eauestabl
ished
undert hePrev
ent
ionofCorrupti
onAct,1971, Cap.329to
takenecessarymeasureforprevent
ionofcor r
upti
ont o
i
nv estigat
eandprosecut
eoffencessubjecttoDPP’s
directi
onandadvi
ceont hebestway stopr ev
entcorrupti
on.

Quest
ion:Whatdoyouunder
standby
:
(
a).Guardi
anadLit
em;

Guar
dianadlit
em, i
sapersonappointedtodefendanacti
on
orot
herproceedi
ngoronbehalfofmi nororpersonunder
di
sabi
li
ty.Guardi
anadLi
tem isappointedbytheCourt.Or
der

231
 XXXIRule3(1)oftheCivi
lProcedureAct.i
tempower st
he
CourttoappointaGuardi
anforsuitwheretheminorisa
defendant
.AlsotheCourtisempower edtoappointt
he
Guardianf
orthesuitwherethedefendantisofunsound
mind.SeeRule15ofOr derXXXIofCPC.

(
b).TheExecut
ordesont
ort
.

Referstoaper sonwhodeal swi t

hadeceasedperson’
s
property(i
es)wi t
houtt heauthorit
yofar ight
ful
per
sonal
representati
veoroft heCourt.Iti
st heonewhobeingneit
her
ExecutornorAdmi nistrat
orintermediatewit
hgoodsofthe
deceased.Her endershi mselfli
able,notonl
ytoanacti
onby
ri
ghtfulpersonr epresentati
vebutal sotobesuedbythe
credit
or(s)orlegatee( s)oft
hedeceased.

(
ii
).Tel
ltheCounci
lwhatdothef
oll
owi
ngmean?
(
a).JudgmentonAdmission;

TheJudgmenti nAdmi ssi

oni senteredwher ethedef endant
admi tstheclai
m.Thedef endantmayadmi tt
hecl aim or
clai
msi nf ul
lorinpar t
.Wher ethecl aimisadmi tt
edi npart,
j
udgmentoradmi ssionmaybeent er edtotheextentof
defendant’sadmi ssionasf arasispr act
icabl
eanddepend
ont henatureoft hesuit.Andwher eheadmi tstheclai min
full
,judgmentwi l
l beenteredagainsthi mforthePl ainti
ffhas
thepr ayedforintheplaint.Thedef endantmayadmi tclaim
orclaimsor all
yori nwriti
ng.Note:readorseeOr derI X,r
ule
8oft heCi vi
lProcedureAct .

(
b).ConsentJudgment
;

232
 Consenti
st hejudgmentt
hatisconsent
edtobyt hepart
ies
tothesui
t.Iti
sent er
edwhenthepart
iesmakeset tl
ement
outofcourtandtheconsentf
ormsjudgmentoft heCourt;
thati
swhati sagreedbyt
heparti
esfrom pr
ovi
sionsand
termsofjudgment .

Quest i
on:(
i)
.Tellt
heCounci lwhati
ngredientsarerequir
edto
constit
uteavali
dmar ri
age?
Ingr
edientsarer
equiredtoconstit
uteav al
idmar r
iage:
1).theremustbeav oluntar
yunion;
2).Theunionmustbebet weenamanandawoman;
3).Theunionmustbei ntendedtolastfortherestofthei
rjoi
nt
l
ives. SeeSect ion9oft heLawofmar ri
ageAct,1971.

(
ii
).howmanywi
tnessesar
erequi
redf
orav
ali
dmar
ri
age?

Atleast2wit
nessesarer
equi
redforaval
idmarr
iage.See
secti
on27(1)oftheLawofMarr
iageAct,
1971.

Questi
on:(
i)
.Underwhatl
awsar
ethepower
soft
hePr
esi
dent
exer
cisedi
nCri
minalLaw?

Thepowersoft
hepresi
dentexer
cisedincri
minallawar
e
gover
nedbyArt
icl
e45oftheConstitut
ionofTanzani
a.

(
ii
).WhatdoesSubj
udi
cemeans?

Subj
udi
cei
sgov
ernedbysect
ion8oft
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e
Act
.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
snonadmi
ssi
ondat
es?

………………………

233
(
iv)
,Whatl
awgov
ernsSur
renderf
orf
ugi
ti
ves?

TheExtradi
ti
onAct,No.15/
1965gov
ernssur
renderof
fugi
ti
vesoffender
s.

(
v).Whatl
awgov
ernsi
nvest
igat
ionaf
orei
gnpol
i
ceof
fi
cer
?

……………………………….
.

Questi
on:Whoarethefol
l
owi
ng:
(
a).Justi
ceofPeace?

Justofpeacei st
heper sonappointedbyt heMinist
erfor
LegalandConst i
tut
ionAf f
air
esunderPar tVIofthe
Magistrat
eCour t
.Act,1984toexercisecer t
ainj
udici
al
funct
ionssuchasar restorodderthearrestofanyperson,
i
ssuewar rantofarr
estorsummons.

(
b).Super
visor
yMagi
str
ate?

Supervi
sor yMagistr
ateisaResi dentMagist
rateappointed
bytheChi efJusti
ceundersect i
on15oft heMagi st
rat
eCour t
Act,t
obeaResi dentMagi st
rat
ei nchar
geofaRegi on.Hei s
appointedtoper f
orm supervi
sory,admi
nistr
ati
veandj udici
al
funct
ionsr equi
redtobeper for
medbyaResi dentMagistrat
e
Inchargeoft heRegion.

(
c).NextofKi
n?

NextofKi
narethenear
estbl
oodr
elat
ivesoraper
sonoft
he
cl
osestbl
oodrel
ati
ons.

Questi
on:(
i)
.Howcananonci
ti
zenacqui
rei
nter
estonl
andi
n
Tanzani
a?

234
 Non- cit
izencanonl yacquireinterestinlandi nTanzani af
or
i
nv estmentpur poses.Sowhenheappl yforar i
ghtof
occupancyhi sappl icati
onmustbeaccompani edbya
certi
ficateofappr ovalgrant
edbyTanzani aInv estment
Cent reunderTanzani aInvestmentAct .1997, andot her
document swhichmaybepr escribedbyt hatActandt he
LandActNo.4/ 1999oranyot herlaw.Thenapr ocedur ewill
fol
lowt hus; 1).
TheCommi ssi
onerwi l
lmakeof ferinwr it
ingofar ightof
Occupancypersect i
on27ofThel andActNo.4/ 1999;
2).Accept anceofOf f
erofRightofOccupancysect ion28t he
LandAct .
3).Af t
ertheaccept anceofOf f
erofRi ghtofOccupancy ,t
he
Commi ssionerwillgrantaGr antedRightofOccupancyby
i
ssui ngaCer ti
fi
cat eofOccupancyseesect i
on29oft he
LandActNo. 4/1999.

(
ii
).Whati
saposit
ionofaCor
por
ateBodywher
ebyci
ti
zenshol
d
major
it
yshar
es?

Accordingt osection19(2)oftheLandActNo. 4/1999as

amendedbyAct4/ 2004wheremajor i
tyshareholdersofa
CorporateBodyar eno-ci
ti
zenobtainappr oveunder
TanzaniaI nvestmentAct,1997showt hattheint
erestinland
i
sforinv estmentpur pose.Thus,i
tappear sthat,
wher ethe
majori
tyshar eholdersarecit
izensthereisnoneedoft he
sai
dappr oval.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Underwhatci
rcumstancescanami norbe
compell
edtopayforgoodshetookundercredi
t?

235
 Undersect ion11( 2)oft heLawofCont ractAct ,Cap.345.An
agreementbyami nori sv oidbecauseami noris
i
ncompet enttocont ract,howev er,section4oft heSal eof
GoodsActandsect ion65oft heLawofCont ractAct ,
provi
desf orcircumst anceswher et hemi nori srequiredto
paygoodshet ookundercr edit.Bot hpr ov ionssay sthat;
wheret hemi nori ssuppl i
edwi t
hnecessar ieswi llberequir
ed
topayf orthem.
Note:sect i
on4ofCap. 214r equi r
esmi norwhohasenj oyed
somebenef itthatisnecessar ytohi m accor dingt ohis
sit
uationinl i
fetopay .Sect ion68oft hel awofCont r
actsays
that,
theper sonsuppl i
esnecessar iest omi norori ncapable
personbecomesent itl
edt ober eimbur sedf rom thepr opert
y
ofthatmi norori ncapabl eper son.Not eal sot hat;Itmaybe
saidthat,necessar iesar et hingsorser viceswi thoutwhich
anindividualcannotr easonabl yexist,e.g.f oodandshel ter
.

(i
i
).Underwhatcir
cumst
ancescanamanbecompel
l
edt
opayf
or
goodstakenundercr
edi
tbyhi
swife.

Themancanbecompelledt
opayforgoodst
akenbyhis
wif
eundercr
edi
t;wher
egoodst
akenarenecessar
ies
sui
tabl
etohi
sfamil
y.

Quest
ion:Whati
sthedif
ferencebet
weenar
restbef
orej
udgment
andat
tachmentbefor
ejudgment?

(1).Arrestbeforejudgmentarisesinthecir
cumstances
providedf orunderOrderXXXVI ,Rul
e1oft heCiv
ilProcedur
e
Act.Thesear e:
(a).
Wher edef endantwit
hintenttodelaythePlai
nti
fforto
236
avoi danypr ocessoft heCour tort oobst ructordel ay
execut ionofanydecr eet hatmaybepassedagai nsthi m
doesanyoft heactenumer atedunderRul e1( a)(i
)–( i
ii)e.g.
abscondsorl eav est hel ocal l
imi tsoft hej ur i
sdicti
onoft he
cour t;or (
b) .
Wher ehei saboutt ol eav ethecount ryunderci rcumst ances
whi char elikelyt hatt hej udgmentordecr eemaybepassed
agai nsthi m wi l
lbeobst ructedordel ayed.
(2).Inar restbef or ejudgment ,thedef endanti sarrest edand
requi r
edbyCour ttoshowcausewhyheshoul df urnish
secur it
yf orhi sappear ance.Not e: I
fhef ailstoshowcause,
hewi l
lber equi redt odeposi tinCour tmoneyorot her
proper tysuf fi
cientt oanswert hecl aim agai nsthim ort o
furnishsecur it
yf orhi sappear ancependi ngdet ermi nat i
onof
thesui tandt il
lsat i
sfact ionofanyDecr eepassedagai nst
him.seeRul e30, OrderXXXVIoft heCi vi
l Procedur eAct .
(3).Andasf orat tachmentbef orej udgmentt hesamear i
ses
i
nci rcumst ancespr ov idedunderr ule6( 1)ofOr derXXXVI .
Adef endanti st heRul ecal ledt of urnishsecur it
yf or
product ionoft hepr oper ty.Attachmentbef orejudgment
ari
seswher e; t
hedef endantwi thi ntentt oobst r
uctordel ay
execut ionofdecr eet hatmaybepassedagai nsthi m;
a).Want stodi sposet hewhol eoranypar tofhispr oper t
y;or
b).Want st oremov ethewhol epr oper tyoranypar tofhi s
proper tyf rom t hel ocal l
imi t
sofj urisdictionoft heCour t.
Brieflyt hus; thedi fferencebet weenar restbef orejudgment
andat tachmentbef orej udgmenti st hat ,i
nar restbef or e
j
udgmentRul e1ofOr derXXXVIpr ov i
desf orthesi tuation

237
 wherethedefendantmaybecal ledupont ofur
nishsecuri
ty
forhi
sappearancebef or
etheCour t
,whereas;the
att
achmentbeforejudgmentt heprovi
sionofRule6,Order
XXXVIprovi
desf orsit
uati
onswher ethedefendantmaybe
call
edupontof urni
shsecuri
tyforproducti
onofproperty
.

Quest
ion:
Whatar
erequi
rementt
oConst
it
utesav
ali
dmar
ri
age?

Ther equir
ementt oconst it
uteav ali
dmar ri
agear e:
1).Parti
esmustf reel
yandv oluntari
lyconsentt omar r
iageas
persection13oft helawofMar r
iageAct ,
1971.2) .Par
ties
theretomustbeofmi nimum ager equiredt omar ryasper
section16oft heLawofMar ri
ageAct , 1971;
3).Mar r
iagemustwi tnessedbyatl east2compet ent
witnesses; 4).Par
tiesmustnotbewi t
hi naprohibited
rel
ationship; 5).Eit
herpar tymustnot
haveanot hersubsi st
ingmar r
iage;and 6)
.
Themar ri
ageshoul dnotbeofat empor ar
ynatureorf ora
l
imi t
edper iod.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Wher
etheWi
l
lisnotwr
it
ten,
whatLawgov
ernsi
t?

TheOr
alwi
l
lisgov
ernedbyRul
eonWi
l
lsGN.436/
1963.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyHonor
aryMagi
str
ate?

HonoraryMagi
str
ateisthepersonappoi
ntedundersect
ion
16oftheMagistr
ateCourtActbytheMini
steri
n
consul
tati
onwit
hChiefJusti
cesoast otr
yfrom t
imetotime

238
 speci
fi
edcasesorper
for
m anyj
udi
cial
act
ion.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm Assessor
s?

Assessorsareper
sonscal
l
edt
oassi
stt
heCour
ttot
ry
cer
taincases.

(
iv)
.Howmanyki
ndsofPowerofAt
tor
neyav
ail
abl
e?

There2powersofAtt
orneynamely:
1).Speci
fi
cPowerofAtt
orney;and
2).Gener
alPowerofAtt
orney

Questi
on:(i
).Whati
ssecur
it
yforcost
sasappl
i
edi
ntheCour
tof
AppealofTanzani
a?

AsfarasSecurit
yforCostsisconcernedintheCour
tof
AppealofTanzaniatheappel
lanti
srequir
edunderRule83(
1)
oftheCourtofAppealRules,
1979,whenlodginga
memor andum ofappeal
,todeposi
tthesecurityf
ort
hecosts
ofappeal.

(i
i
).Whati
ssecur
it
yforcost
sasappl
i
edi
ntheCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e
Code?

Thesecur it
yforcostsundertheCi
vi
lProcedur
eCodeis
governedbyOr derXXV,i
tmayberequir
edbythePl
aint
if
f
wherei sresi
dinginTanzani
aanddoesnotpossesany
suf
ficientimmov ablepr
opert
iesi
nsuit
.
239
Quest
ion:
Disti
ngui
shbet
weenGener
all
and,
Vil
l
agel
andand
Reser
vedland?

Adi stinctionbet weengener al l

andv il
lageandr eservedland
i
spr ovidedundersect ion2oft heLandActNo.4/ 1999as
revisedNo. 4/2004.
1).Gener alLandi sapubl iclandwhi chnotreser vedlandor
Vill
agel andandi ncludesun- occupiedorun- usedv i
ll
ageland;
2).Vi l
lageLandi slanddecl aredt obev il
l
agel andandi n
accor dancewi thsection7oft heVill
ageLandActNo. 5/1999.
Itincludesal soanyt r
ansferofl andtransfer
redt oav i
ll
age;
and 3).Reser
v edl andi sa
l
andr eferredt obysect ion60oft heLandAct , No.4/ 1999
e.g.Landr eservedf orpublicut i
li
ti
es,Hazardousl andet c

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Canyoument
iont
hreemaj
orchar
gesbroughtbyt
he
LandActNo.4/
1999andt
heVil
l
ageLandActNo.5/
1999?

3maj orchangesbroughtbyt helandActNo.4/ 1999andthe

Vil
lageLandActNo.5/ 1999ar e:
1).TheAct sest
abli
shLandCour t
;
2).TheAct sent
it
leeverywomant oacqui re,hol
d,useand
dealwithlandli
keanyman, i
.e.provi
def orequal r
ight
s
betweenwomanandmant oacqui r
e,hold, useanddealwi
th
l
and; and 3).theActest abli
shcat egori
esof
l
and.Actpr ovi
desexpressinginvolvementofwomeni n
settl
ementofdisputeofland.

(
ii
).Underwhatpr
ovi
sioncant
hePr
esi
dentr
evoket
her
ightof
Occupancy
?

240
 Thepresi
dentcanrevoket
her
ightofoccupancyunder
sect
ion45oftheLandActNo.
4/1999asamendedbyt he
sameActNo.4/ 2004.

Quest
ion:
Whatdoyouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng?
1)
.Locusinquo;

Refer
st othepl
aceinwhichi sthesceneofanev ent,thati
s
thepl
acei nwhichoraplacewher etheall
egedtransaction
tookpl ncr
ace.I imi
nalcasesi ti
softenref
erredtoasascene
ofcri
me.I nci
vi
lcasesrelat
ingtoimmov ablepropert
iesitis
wheretheimmov abl
eproper t
yissit
uated.

2)
.St
atusquo;

Meanst
heSt
atei
nwhi
cht
hingsar
eorwer
e.

3)
.St
atusquoant
e.

Ref
erst
othest
ateoft
het
hingsbef
ore.

Quest
ion:
Ment
iont
hepersonwhohavepower
sint
hef
oll
owi
ng:
1)
.Thepowert
oextendt
imefi
li
ngasuit
;

Thepowertoextendt
imet of
il
easuiti
sv est
edint
he
Mini
sterr
esponsi
blef
orLegalAff
air
s.Seesecti
on44oft
he
LawofLimit
ati
onAct,1971.

2)
.Thepowertoext
endper
iodoft
imet
ofi
l
ea(
WSD)Wr
it
ten
St
atementofDef
ence;

Thecour
thaspowertoext
endper
iodoft
imet
ofi
l
eWr
it
ten
Stat
ementofDef
ence.

3)
.Apowert
ofi
l
enot
iceofMot
iont
otheCour
tofAppeal
of
241
Tanzani
a.

TheAppel
l
anthaspowertofi
l
eaNot
iceofMot
iont
othe
Cour
tofAppeal
ofTanzani
a.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Whatistheremedyavai
labletothepart
yont hedat
e
t
hesuitofcal
ledonforhear
ingthedefendantfai
ltoappear?

Theremedyavai
labl
et othedefendantwhofai
lstoappear
ondatet
hesuiti
scalledonf orheari
ngist
oapplytothe
cour
twhichpassanEx- Par
tedecreeforanOrdertosett
he
Decr
eeaside.

(i
i
).Whenappl
yi
ngf
orSt
ayofPr
oceedi
ngs,
whatshoul
dapar
ty
demonst
rat
e?

Thepar tyapply
ingf orStayofProceedingmustshowthat
,
1).ThereisanAbuseofCour tprocess;or
2).Takingforpur posedel ay
;
3).Clai
m ordef encesetupv est
suponnonsol i
dbasi
s;
4).Proceedingsar efr
ivolousandv exat
ious.

Quest
ion:Whatwil
ltheCour
tconsi
deri
ntheappl
i
cat
ionf
or
adopt
ionofachil
d?

Intheappli
cati
onf oradopt i
onofachil
dt heCour t
consider
s2t hi
ngsnamel y;
1).Whethertheapplicantisafitper
sontobegrantedan
OrderofAdopt i
on;and
2).WhethersuchOr derwillbeinthebesti
nter
estsoft
he
i
nfant’swelf
are.SeeI nthematterofTheAdoptionAct
;
subjectI
nfantSharmi nJalal
u[1986]TLR218

242
(i
i
).t
ell
theCounci
ltheCourtCompetentt
ofoll
owi
ngcases:
TheCourtcompet
enttohearthef
oll
owingcasesar
e:

1)
.Pi
racy-
--
-Hi
ghCour
t

2)
.Sedi
ti
ousOf
fences-
--
-Resi
dentMagi
str
ateCour
t

3)
.Inf
ant
ici
de-
--Hi
ghCour
t

Questi
on:Whatpre-st
epsarerequi
redt
obefulf
il
ledbef
oret
he
fol
lowi
ngproceedingsar
einst
itut
edinCour
t;
1).Sui
tsagai
nsttheGovernment;

Bef
orefi
li
ngasuitagainstt
hegovernmentonemustser
vea
90daysnoti
ceofint
entiontosuethegover
nment
,tothe
Gover
nmentandAt t
orneyGeneral
.

2)
.TheSui
tagai
nstt
heLocal
gov
ernment
;

Bef
oresuingLocalgover
nmentonemustser
veatl
east30
day
snoticetotheAuthor
ity
.

3)
.Asui
tagai
nstPubl
i
cCor
por
ati
on;

I
nsuitagai
nstPubl
icCor
por
ati
on;
onemustl
ookatr
elev
ant
Actest
abli
shi
ngit
.

4)
.Apet
it
ionf
orDi
vor
ce;

Bef
orefi
l
ingapeti
ti
onf
ordiv
orce,
Peti
ti
onmustr
efert
he
di
sput
etoMarri
ageConci
l
iat
oryBoar
d.

5)
.ARepr
esent
ati
vesui
t;

243
 Bef
orefi
l
ingarepresentat
ivesuit
,onemustappl
yforl
eave
toi
nst
it
utearepresentat
ivesui
t.seeOr
der1,Rul
e8(1)oft
he
CPC.

6)
.Appl
i
cat
ionf
orPr
erogat
iveOr
der
s.

Beforeappl
yi
ngforPr
erogat
iveOrder,t
heappli
cantmust
applyforl
eavet
omakeapplicat
ionforthesame.

Quest
ion:Whatdoyouunder
standbythefol
l
owing:
1)
.(JALA)theJudi
cat
ureandAppli
cat
ionofLawsAc;

JALAisanactwhichwasenactedin1961andr ev
ised2002
i
tdeclar
esjur
isdi
cti
onoftheHighCourtandSubordinat
e
Court
s.Iti
sanActtoapplyandrecogni
zecert
ainlawse.g.
cer
tai
nEnglandActstoapplyl
ocall
y.

2)
.Recept
ionCl
ause;

Recept
ionClauseistheClauseinTanganyi
kaOrderi
n
Counci
lthatempower sourCourtst
oapplyEngl
andLaws
nd
whichwereenforcedinEnglandbef
ore22 July1920.

3)
.Oust
ercl
ause;

AnOust erClauseref
erstheprovi
sionint
heAct/
Lawthat
oustthejuri
sdict
ionofCourt
st odeter
mineort
rymat
ters
rel
ati
ngt othatActorLaw.

Quest
ion:(
i)
.Whatdoyouunderst
andbyBonaf
idePur
chaserof
Legal
Estat
ef orVal
uewi
thoutNot
ice?

Bonaf
idepur
chaserofl
egal
Est
atef
orv
aluewi
thoutnot
ice
244
 ari
seswhereaBankerwhohassecuredalegalTi
tl
eby
taki
ngalegalMort
igagemakesadvancewit
houtnoti
ceof
thepri
orEqui
tabl
eTite.Seepage393oft
l heShel
dons
Pract
iceandLawofBanking.
(
ii
).Whati
smar
ketov
ert
?

MarketOvertsimplymeansOpenMar ket
.Itisanopen,
publ
icandlegall
yconst i
tut
edmar ketoff
air.
Notethat:t
hegoodsmustbesucht hi
ngsast hesel
ler
prof
essestotradeinandsal emustbemadeopenl ybetween
sunri
seandsunset .SeeRaidvs.Commi ssi
onerofPoliceof
theMetropoli
s[1973]1QB551
(
ii
i)
.Whati
sal
ter
nat
ivev
erdi
ct?

AlternativeVerdicti
sav erdictofnotgui lt
yoftheof f
ence
actuallychanged, butgui l
tofsomel esserof f
encenot
speci f
icall
ychanged.Al ternativeverdictisonlyper mitt
ed
wher et hereisinsuf
fi
cientev i
dencet oest abl
i
shmor e
seriousof fencebuttheev i
dencegi veni ssuffi
cienttopr ov
e
alesserof f
ence.Iti
sgov ernedbysect i
on305ofCr i
minal
Procedur eActandi tariseswher eischar gedwit hoffence
undersect i
ons294–298oft hePenal Codebut ,isnotfound
guiltywi t
hof f
encechar gedbutt hathei sguil
tywi thany
otherof fenceunderthesai dsect i
ons.

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbySuoMot
tu?
Suomot t
oi salat
inmaxi
m meani
ngoni
tsownmot
ion,
see
prev
iousdiscussi
on.

245
Quest
ion:Tel
ltheCounci
lthedi
ff
erencebetweenGr
ant
edRi
ght
ofOccupancyandDeri
vati
veri
ghtofoccupancy?

Thedi ff
erencebet weent het woi spr ovi
dedi nsect i
on2of
TheLandActNo.4/ 1999.
GrantedRi ghtofOccupancyi st heRi ghtofOccupancy
grantedunderandi naccor dancewi ththeLandActNo.
4/1999sect ions27- 30; whil
e,
Deriv
at i
veRi ghtofOccupancymeansar i
ghtt ooccupyand
uselandcr eatedoutofRi ghtofOccupancyandi ncl
udesa
l
ease, sublease, l
icense, aUsufr uctuaryri
ght ,andany
i
nterestanal ogoust ot hosei nt
er ests.
Notet hus;Der i
vativeRi ghtofOccupancyi screatedoutRi
ght
ofOccupancyi .e.therecannotbeader ivati
ver i
ghtof
occupancyi nabsenceofGr antedRi ghtofOccupancy .

Questi
on:(
i)
.Canyout
ellt
heCouncil
thedif
fer
enceExecut
ory
Contr
act,
Execut
edCont
ractandPastConsi
derat
ion?

Executor
yCont ractref
erstoacont ractt
hatisyettobe
done/carr
iedout .
ExecutedContractistheContractthathasalreadybeeng
carr
iedoutbybot hpar
t i
es;
and
PastConsiderationistheconsi
derationthatcomprisesan
acti
onorabstinencewhi chwasmadeandnoti nresponseto
al
linducedbyt hesubsequentpr omise.

(i
i
).WhatistheRol
eoftheWar
dLandTr
ibunal
andwhati
sit
s
Pecuni
aryJuri
sdi
cti
on?

TheRol
eofWar
dTr
ibunal
ist
omedi
ateLanddi
sput
eandor

246
 todeterminelanddisput
es.
Pecuniaryjur
isdi
cti
onofWardTri
bunali
sli
mit
edto3mil
li
on
shil
l
ings.Seesection15oft
heLandDisput
esCour
tsAct
,No.
2/2002
Quest
ion:(i
).Tel
ltheCounci
lwhatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
he
Pri
maf aci
eev i
dence?
Primaf acieevi
dencer eferst oevidencet hati
ssuf fici
entt o
dischargeeasilyevidenti
al burdenofpr oofthatmaybe
suffi
cienttodischargedper suasi
vebur denofpr oofi fno
evidencei sinr
ebut t
alistender ed.Iti
st heevi
denceoff acts
thatis,ofsuffi
cientweightt ojustif
yar easonablei nference
ofitexistencebutitdoesnotamountt oconcl usiveev idence
ofthatf act. Not
e:Per suasi ve
burdenorl egalburdenist hebur denwhi chiscarr i
edbyt he
partywhoasamat t
eroflawwi lll
ooset hecasei fhef ail
st o
provet hefacti
ni ssue.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
st Fl
andby“ agr
ant
eDel
i
cto”
Fl
agranteDelicto;i
salati
nmax i
m meani ngtheveryactof
commi t
tingacr ime,meani
ngintheofanof f
ence.The
phraseismostcommonl yappli
edtoasi tuat
ioninwhicha
personfindshisorherspouseintheactofcommi t
ti
ng
adult
ery.Aper sonwhokill
shisorherspousei nthi
s
si
tuati
onhemayhav eadefenceofprovocation.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyKi
tef
lyi
ng?

Ki
tefl
yi
ngisdef
inedundersect
ion332B(
5)ofthePenal
Codetomeanobtai
ningmoneyorcredi
tbychequeonan
247
 accountwhichhasinsuffi
cientornofundsatal
l.Theuseof
Fraudul
entcheque,
billorreceiptorov
erdr
aftt
oabanker.

(
iv)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
heMoneyLaunder
y?

MoneyLaundryi
stheprocessofcl
ear
inglegalmoneyi
.e.
i
nvest
ing/
usingpr
oceedsofcri
meinlawfulbusi
ness.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Canyoudist
inguishCommonmi st
akes,
Mut
ual
mist
akesandUnil
ater
alMistakesinCont
ract
?

(1).CommonMi stakear iseswher ebot hpar t

iest oan
agreementar eunderami sunder standi ng.Thati s, asingle
mist akeshar edbybot hpar ti
es.I nthismi staket her eisaf ul
l
consensusadi dem andt hemi staker ender sacont ractvoid
onlyi fitrobsi tofal lsubst ance.
2).Mut ual Mistakear isewher eeachpar tymisunder stands
theot her ,notet hat;i
nt hismi staket her enor eal consensus
adi dem, butt hecont ractisnev ert hel essv ali
donl yifonce
i
nter pretationofwhatwasagr eedcanbededucedf rom the
parties’ wor dsandconduct .Other wiset hemi stakei s
oper ati
v eandt hecont racti sv oid.
3).Uni l
at eralMi stakear i
sesonl ywhenonepar tytoa
cont ractisundermi sunder standi ng.I tmakest hecont ract
voidi fitrelatest othef undament al natur eoft heof ferand
theot herpar t
yneworoughtt ohav eknownofi t.

(i
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyMi
srepr
esent
ati
on,
Frust
rat
ion
andFor
ceMajeur
e?

Misr
epr
esent
ati
on;
isthestat
ementoraconductwhich
conv
eysafal
seorwrongimpressi
on.I
tisunt
ruest
atement
248
 offact
,madebyonepartyt
otheotheri
nthecauseof
negoti
ati
ngacont
ractt
hati
nducestheotherpar
tyt
oent
eri
n
tothecontr
act
.

Frustr
ati
on;ref
erstothedischar
geofacontr
actr
ender
ed
i
mpossi bl
eofperformancebyexter
nalf
orcesbey
ondthe
contemplat
ionoftheparti
es.

ForceMaj eure;descri
besevent spossi
blyaffecti
ngt he
contractandt hatarecompletelyoutsi
departiescont r
ol.
Suchev entsar enormall
yli
stedi nful
ltoensurethere
enforceabi l
i
ty, t
heyincl
udeact sofGode. g.f
ires,winds,
fl
oods, earthquake, t
hunder
stor m,rai
nsandal lothernatural
catastrophes.

Questi
on:(i
).Whatdoyouunder
standbyReci
procal
Enf
orcement
suspensi
onofAdv ocat
es?

Recipr
ocalEnforcementSuspensi
onofanAdvocateari
ses
whereanadv ocatehasbeensuspendedi
nTanzania,
suspensi
onappl i
estotheCommonweal t
hCountr
ies.

(i
i)
.Canaconvict
ionber
eachedsol
elyont
heev
idenceofaco-
accusedper
son?

Yes,aconvi
ctioncanbereachedsol
elyontheev i
denceof
theco-
accusedperson,butasamatterofprudenceitneed
becorr
oborated.SeeMrossoJ.,nBushi
i r
iAmi r
ivs.Republ
ic
[
1992]TLR65
(i
i
i).Howtheev
idenceofaper
sonunder18y
ear
sbeconsi
der
ed
bythecourt
?

249
 Beforethecour tconsideringtheevidenceofaper sonunder
18y ear
s, i
tmusthav er egardofthef oll
owing;
1).I
ftheper sonwhoi sunder18y earsdoesnotf allwi t
hin
thecategoryofachi ldoft enderyearsaspersect i
on127( 5)
oftheEv i
denceAct ,1967, thecourtwi l
ltr
eathim orheras
compet entwitnesstot estif
y.
2).Butifthatpersondoesf all
wit
hint hecategoryoft he
chil
doft enderyears,theCour twil
lconductVoi r
edi re.
Note:achi l
doft endery earsmeansachi l
doforbel owt he
apparentageof14y ear s.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Underwhatci
rcumstancescanaCour
tconsi
dera
per
sonnotacompet entwi
tness.

Thecircumstancesunderwhi chaCour tcanconsidera

personnotacompet entwi
tnessaregov ernedbysecti
on
127(1)oftheEvidenceAct.theseare
1).Wheretheper soncannotunderstandt hequesti
onputt
o
hi
m; and
2).Suchpersoncannotgi verati
onalanswer st
ot he
questi
onsputt ohim.

(
ii
).Whati
sSt
atut
orymeet
ing?

Stat
utor
ymeeting;i
sgov ernedbysect i
on113(1)oft he
st
CompaniesAct,Cap.212, i
tisthe1 Generalmeet i
ngoft he
companyincor
poratedasCompanyLi mi
tedbysharesor
CompanyLimit
edbyguar anteehavingshar
ecapital.Itmust
beheldwit
hin1mont hornotmor ethan3mont hsfrom the

250
 dat
eatwhichthecompanyisenti
tl
etocommencebusiness.
Bef
orehol
dingsuchmeeti
ngthecompanymustissueevery
memberastatut
oryr
eportatl
eastwit
hin14day
s.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sfal
sei
mpr
isonment
?

FalseImpr i
sonmentisat respassagainstapersonby
i
mpr i
soninghim wit
houtlawf ul
lycause.Iti
saconfi
nement
ofaper sonwithoutajustcauseorexcuse.
Not e:El
ementsar e:
1).Theremustt otalr
estr
ai ntoftheperson;
2).Ther est
rai
ntmustbyanot herperson;
3).Theremustbeuseoff or ce.

Questi
on:Inthefol
l
owingpr
oceedi
ngsment
iont
hedocument
s
thepar
tiesandtheCourt
?
1).Asuit;

Asuitisinsti
tut
edbyaPl ai
nt,
part
iesarePl
aint
if
fand
Defendant.Andwherecourtswheresameisinsti
tut
edar
e
HighCour tandSubor
dinateCour
tthereto.

2)
.St
ayofExecut
ionofaDecr
ee;

Thedocumentusedintheappli
cat
ionf
orstayofexecuti
on
i
schambersummonssuppor tedbyaff
idavi
t.Appl
icat
ion
maybemadet othecourtt
hatpasseddecreeortoappell
ate
cour
t.Par
ti
esareAppli
cantandRespondent.

3)
.Obj
ect
ionPr
oceedi
ngs;

Object
ionProceedingisfi
l
edbyusingchambersummons
supportedbyaff
idavi
t.Part
iesar
eAppli
cant
sand

251
 Respondent
s.I
tisf
il
edt
otheCour
twhi
chhaspassedt
he
Decree.

4)
.Appeal
;

Appeali
sprefer
redbywayofpetit
ion;
Par
ti
esareAppel
lant
andRespondent.Cour
tdependsonwhatcour
thaspassed
deci
sionoror
derappealedfr
om.

5)
.Wi
ndi
ngupofaCompany
;

I
nwindingupcompanyt hepeti
ti
onisfi
led.Par
ti
esare
Pet
it
ionerandRespondent.TheCour
tistheHighCourt
.

6)
.Mat
ri
moni
alPr
oceedi
ngs;

I
nMat ri
monial
Proceedi
ngsthePeti
ti
oni
sf i
led.Par
ti
esare
Peti
ti
onerandRespondent
.Cour
tisanyexcepttheCour
tof
Appeal.

7)
.Adopt
ionPr
oceedi
ngs;

Appl
icat
ionforAdopt
ionor
derismadebychamber
summonssuppor t
edbyaffi
davi
t.Par
ti
esaret
heAppl
i
cant
andSubjectI
nfant
.TheCourti
stheHighCour
t.

8)
.Di
sput
esont
heHouseRent
;

ThedisputeontheHouseRenti
si nst
it
utedbyfi
l
li
ngan
appl
i
cation.Part
iesar
etheAppl
icantandRespondent
.The
Cour
tisDistri
ctLandandHousi
ngTr i
bunal.

Quest
ion:Whatdoy ouunderst
andby
:
1)
.Mis-j
oinderofCharges;

252
 Mis-joi
nderofchargesari
seswherechargesarewrongl
y
j
oined.Ithappenswheretheof f
enceswerecommittedat
diff
erentplacesandondiff
erentdateext
endi
ngoverav er
y
considerableper
iodofti
meandt hereisnot
hingt
oshowt hat
theywer econti
nuesoff
ences.

2)
.Al
ter
nat
iveCour
t;

Alt
ernat
iveCourtari
seswherefactsal
l
egedinacasemaybe
suchast oi
ndicat
ethatoneofthetwooffenceswer e
commi t
ted.I
tmaybepr efer
redwheretheaccountantis
al
legedtohaveoccasionedlossofacert
ainsum ofmoney.

3)
.ACont
ingentFee;

AConti
ngentFeer
efer
stot
hepay
mentt
otheCounsel
by
t
hecli
ent………………………..

4)
.Legal
AidBr
ief
;

……………………………………….

5)
.Sov
erei
gnI
mmuni
ty;

Soverei
gnImmunityrefer
st otheexempti
onofthesoverei
gn
orotherheadofsoverei
gnst at
eandforei
gngovernmental
Departmentsf
rom thejur
isdict
ionofot
herCountr
y’sCourt
s.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyPr
ofessi
onal
Negl
i
gence?

ProfessionalNegl
igenceari
seswhenapossessedofa
specialSkil
lbecomesnegligenti
nhi
sprof
ession.I
toccur
s
whenhef ai
lstoshowt heskil
l
sofanav
eragenumberofhis
253
 pr
ofessi
onandcausesl
osst
ohi
scl
i
ent
.

(
ii
).Howdoy
ouf
il
easui
tagai
nstanI
ncor
por
atedAssoci
ati
on?

……………………………………

(
ii
i)
.Howdoy
ouf
il
easui
tagai
nstaFi
rm ofPar
tner
s?

Procedureoff
il
li
ngsuitagai
nstaFir
m ofPart
nersis
governedbyOrderXXIX,Rul
e1(1)oftheCPC.Thati
s,AFi
rm
ofPartnermaysuedinthenameoft heFi
rm.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyAl
ter
nat
iveChar
ge?

……………………………………….
.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyAl
ter
nat
iveConv
ict
ion?

……………………………………….

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sacaut
ionedst
atement
?

Cauti
onedSt atementisthewarningnormal l
ygi
venbyPoli
ce
Offi
cerwhenar resti
ngapersonhehasr easont
obeli
evethat
suchaper sonhascommi t
tedanof f
ence.SuchaPolice
Offi
cerwar nsthepersonarrest
edthat,hehastheri
ghtto
remainsi
lentbut ,
shouldhesayany t
hing,whati
ssaidmay
beusedagai nsthimintheCour t
.

Quest
ion:(i
).Tel
ltheCounci
l
,whati
sthedi
ff
erencebetweena
Member sVolunt
aryWindi
ngupofaCompanyandCr edi
tors
Windi
ngup?

1)
.Thedi
ff
erencebet
weentheMembersVol
unt
aryWindi
ng
upofCompanyandCredi
tor
sWindi
ngupofaCompanyis

254
 Credi
torWindi
ngupisini
ti
atedbycredi
tor
swhendir
ect
ors
fai
lstomakedeclar
ati
onofsolvencywi
thi
n12months;
whereas;
Member sWindi
ngupofaCompanyi si
nit
iat
edbymembers.

2).InCreditorsWindingup;Normall
yLiqui
datorisappoint
ed
byCr editor
sandCompany .ButwheretheCompanyappoi nts
diff
erentper son,t
hepersonnominatedbyCr edit
orswil
lbea
Liquidator,
wher eas;
InMember sWi ndi
ngup, t
heLiqui
datorisappointedby
member safterholdi
ngageneralmeetingoftheCompany .

3).InCr edit
orsWi ndingup, Nor
mallywhereisv acancyi
n
officeofLiqui dator,Creditorsmayf i
ll
thatvacancysav e
wher et
heLi quidatori sappoi nt
edbyorundert hedirect
ionof
theCour t
,wher eas;
TheMember sWi ndingupt hevacancyinoff
iceofLi qui
dator
i
sf iledbyCompanygener al smeeti
ngsubjecttoany
arrangement switht heCr editor
s.

(
ii
).Whati
sthedi
ffer
encebetweenaWindi
ngupbyaCour
tand
Windi
ngupsubj
ecttoanOrderoftheCour
t.

Seet
hef
oll
owi
ngnot
icei
ntheot
hernot
ebook…………………

Quest
ion:Defi
nethefoll
owi
ngt
erms:
1)
.Int
erl
ocutoryOrder
s

Int
erl
ocutor
yOr dersaresomet i
mesrefer
redt
oasa
temporar
yOr ders.Theyareorderst
hataregr
ant
edat
speci
alheari
ngpendi ngtheoutcomeofthemainhear
ingof
255
 thecase.Theyar egover
nedbyt
hepr ovi
sionofOrderXXXVI
I
andsection68(e)oftheCPC.N:
B.Applicati
onforsuch
order
sisr equi
redtobemadeafternoti
cet oot
herpart
y.See
OrderXXVI I
,Rule8oftheCPC.

2)
.Wast
edCost
s;

WastedCost s,
arecost
swhi chcannotbeattr
ibut
edtothe
costofinst
it
uti
ngandconduct i
ngacase.Theyarecosts
i
ncurredbyanyimproper,un-
reasonabl
eornegli
gentactor
omissionofthepart
ytothecase.

Quest
ion:Whatl
awy
erswoul
dexpectt
ofi
ndi
nAdv
ocat
e’s
Chambers?

Thef ol
lowingwoul dbeexpect
edt
obef
oundi
nAdv
ocat
e’s
chamber s:
1).Lawl i
brary
2).Supportingstaff
.
3).Stati
oner i
es
4).Furnit
ure
5).Stamps
6).Businessl i
cense

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatr
ight
sar
edi
scussedi
nTheSexual
off
ences
Act
,No.4/1998?

Theri
ghtsdi
scussedint
hesexual
off
encesAct
,1998ar
e:
(1)
.Per
sonali
ntergr
it
y

256
(
2).Digni
ty
(
3).Li
berty
(
4).Securi
tyofwomenandchi
l
dren

(
5).Whoi
sachi
l
dinLaw?

Theterm chi
l
dinl awdef ersdependingont helawpr ovidi
ng
fort
hesame.Sect ion2oft heChi l
drenandy oungper sons
Act,Cap13definest heterm chi
ldtomeant hepersonunder
theageoftwelvey ears.Butsecti
on3( 5)ofthesameActas
amendedbySOSPA( SexualOf f
encesSpecial Pr
ovisi
onAct )
tal
ksofachildoflesst han18y earsofAge.

Quest
ion:Whatar
ethemaj orconsi
der
ati
onsCour
tsshoul
dtake
i
ntoaccountwhengrant
ingbailt
oanaccusedper
son?

Majorconsiderat
ionCourtsshoul
dtakei
ntoaccountwhen
granti
ngbailtoanaccusedpersonaredi
vi
dedi ntotwo
categori
es,
namel yStat
utoryoneandNonstatutoryone.

StatutoryConsi der
ati
onsar epr ovidedforunderSect i
on
148(5)oft heCr imi
nalPr ocedureAct .Thesear e:
(1)Cer t
if
icatebyDPP( DirectorofPubl i
cPr osecut
ion)
(2).PreviousConv i
cti
on
(3).Fail
uret ocomplywi thpr evi
ousbai lcondit
ionsimposed
bycour t.
(4).Commi ssionofanot heroffencewhi l
eonbai l
(5).Accused’ sownprof essionandsaf ety

Non–St
atut
oryConsi
der
ati
onsar
e:

257
 1).Likeli
hoodofappl icanttoabscond
2)Likelihoodofappl icanttocommi tanotheroff
enceif
rel
easedonbai l
3).Ifapplicantwi ll
ber el
easedt her
eislikel
ihoodofaff
ect
ing
peaceandgoodor der
4).Seriousnessoft heof f
ence
5).Reliabil
it
yoft hesur eti
es
6).Appl i
cant’sr esi
denceordomi ci
l
e
7).Lengt hoft imet heappl icanthasbeeni ncustody
8).Nat ureoft heof fencei nsupportofthecharge9).Ageof
applicant10) .Healthcondi ti
onoftheappl i
cant

Quest
ion:
(i)Whathappensi
fThi
rdPar
tyf
ail
stoappeari
nCour
t?

IfThi
rdpart
yfai
lstoappeari
nCourtthedef
endanti
senti
tl
ed
underOrderI
,Rule19(
1)(
a)oftheCiv
ilpr
ocedur
eActto
appl orExpar
yf teJudgmentagai
nsthim.

(
ii
).Whatar
econt
ent
sofThi
rdPar
tyNot
ice?

ContentsofThirdpartyNoticear egovernedbyOr derI

,Rule
15oftheCi vi
lProcedureAct .Thesear e;
1).Thenatureoftheplainti
ff’
scaseagai nsttheDefendant
2).ThenatureoftheDef endant ’
sclai
m agai nstThir
dpar t
y
3).Thereli
efclai
medbyDef endantagai nstThirdParty
4).Theperiodwithi
nwhi chtheThi rdPar tymayf i
l
edef ense;
and5).Theconsequencesoft hefail
urebyt heThirdPartyto
fi
ledefensewithi
nspecifiedper i
od.

(
ii
i)
.Whopl
eadsmi
ti
gat
ionofdamages?
258
 TheDef
endanti
stheonewhopl
eadsmi
ti
gat
ionofdamages

Quest
ion:
Whatwoul dtheCourtdowit
htheaccusedper
soni
fhe
pl
eadssuccessf
ull
ythedefenseofi
nsani
ty?

Thepr oceduret obef oll

owedbyCour twhenaccusedpl eads
successf ul
lyt
hedef enseofi nsanityisgov ernedbySect i
on
219(3) (
a)and( b)oft heCr i
mi nalProcedureAct .Thesear e:
1).Wher eaccusedcoul dhav ebeensent encedt odeathor
sufferedimprisonmentf orat erm notlesst han7y ears,
the
Cour tisrequiredt osubmi trecordsofpr oceedi ngsorcopy
ofittot heMinisterandi tismeanwhi l
er equiredtocommi t
accusedi ntocust odyascr iminallunatic.
2).Wher etheaccusedcoul dhav ebeensent encedforaterm
oflesst han7y ear si mprisonment ,theCour tisentit
ledto
exerciseitsdi
scr etionofdeal i
ngwi thhim undert hesecton8
oftheMent al
Di seasesActCap98.

Quest
ion:Whatdothefol
l
owinglawsrel
atet
o:
1)
.TheIndi
anSuccessi
onActof1865

TheIndianSuccessi
onActof1865r
elat
est
oInher
it
anceand
Succession

2)
.TheLandRegi
str
ati
onAct
,334.

Thel
andRegi
str
ati
onAct,334r
elat
estother
egi
str
ati
onof
l
andandmatt
erspert
aini
ngtot
it
letol
and.

3)
.Regi
str
ati
onofDocument
sAct
,Cap117

Regist
rat
ionofDocument
sAct,cap117rel
atest
othe
regi
str
ati
onofdocumentsnotr
egist
rabl
eunderCap334

259
 abov
e.

4)
.Capi
tal
Mar
ket

CapitalMarketr el
atest otheestabli
shmentofCapi t
al
marketandSecur i
tiesAut hor
it
y .
Note: est
abli
shmentoft heAuthori
tyisintendedtopromote
andfaci l
i
tat
et hedev elopmentofanor derly
,fai
r,and
suf
ficientCapitalmar ketandSecur i
ti
esI ndustr
yinTanzani
a
andthebusi nessofst ockexchange.

5)
.Judi
cat
ureandAppl
i
cat
ionofLawsAct
,1960(
JALA)

JALA, 1960rel
atest
othedecl
arati
onofjuri
sdi
cti
onofHigh
CourtandCour t
sSubordi
nat
ethereto.Al
soappl
iesand
recognizest
heappli
cat
ionofcert
ainLawsofourCourt
se.g.
Engli
shLaws.

6)
.Insur
anceAct
,1996

I
nsuranceAct,
1996rel
atest
ot hecarr
yingonofInsur
ance
busi
nessinTanzani
aandrel
atedmat t
ers.Not
e:theActli
ft
s
monopolyposi
ti
oninofNICandallowsittooper
ateoutsi
de
theCountr
y

7)
.Banki
ngandFi
nanci
alI
nst
it
uti
onAct

BankingandFinanci
alI
nst
it
uti
onActrel
atest
oconsol
i
dat
ion
oftheLawrelati
ngtobusi
nessofbanki
ngand
260
 har
moni
zat
ionoft
heoper
ati
onoff
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons

8)
.LawRef
orm andFat
alAcci
dentAct
,1968

LawRef
orm andFatalAcci
dentAct,1968r
elat
est
othe
appl
i
cat
ionf
orPrerogati
veOrders.

Questi
on:(
i)
.Whatar
ethr
eepossi
bleof
fencesonachar
geof
murder?

Threepossibleoff
encesont
hechar
geofmur
derar
e:
1).Murderitsel
f
2).Manslaughter
3).I
nfanti
cide

(
ii
).Cant
her
ebeahost
il
ewi
tnessf
ordef
ense?

Yes,
ther
ecanbehost
il
ewi
tnessf
ordef
ense.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatar
ePr
erogat
iveOr
der
s?

Prerogati
veOr dersaretheOr dersissuedbyHi ghcour t
againstpubli
cof fi
ci
alsorpubl icbodiesexerci
singJudicialor
quasijudi
cialfuncti
ons.Or dersareissuedagainstthem
whent hei
rdeci si
onsaret aint
edbef oreil
l
egali
tyor
i
rrati
onali
tyorwher etheiractionsordecisionsaretainted
withprocedural i
mpropriety.

(
ii
).Whocanappl
yforPr
erogat
iveOr
der
s?

Anyper
soncanappl
yforPr
erogat
iveor
der
s

(
ii
i)
.Ment
iont
hePr
erogat
iveOr
der
s.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ePr
erogat
iveOr
der
s:

261
 Cer
ti
orar
i,Mandamus,
Prohi
bit
ion,
(
iv)
.CanaCompanyappl
yforPr
erogat
iveOr
der
s?

Yes,
aCompanycanappl
yforPr
erogat
iveor
der
s

(
v).CanaPr er
ogati
veOrderbemadeagainstaChri
sti
an
Organi
zat
ion,orI
slami
cOr gani
zat
ionoranyRel
i
giousInst
it
uti
on?

No, Prer
ogativeOrderscannotbemadeagai nstChr i
sti
an
Organizati
on,orIsl
ami cOrgani
zati
onoranyRel i
gious
Insti
tuti
onbecauset heOrdersareappli
edforinmat t
ers
raisi
ngquest i
onsofPublicLaw.Inotherwords,theorders
areusedagai nstPubli
cAut hor
it
ieswheret
her i
ghtatissue
i
sapubl i
cright.

Questi
on:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm Par
li
amenti
s
Supreme;

Theterm parli
amentissuprememeansthatt heparli
ament
haspowert oenactorrepealanyl
aw.Inotherwor ds,i
tis
onl
ythepar l
iamentthathaspowertoenactorr epealanylaw.
PerArti
cl
e64oft heConst i
tut
ionoft
heUni t
edRepubl icof
Tanzani
a,1977.

(
ii
).Howwouldyoupr
oceedtodef
endacli
entwhosecasei
n
r
espectofLawi
sbarr
edbylawLimit
ati
on?

Undersection44( 1)oft helawofli

mitat
ionAct,No.10/1971,
i
tistheMi nisterforlegal Aff
air
swhohaspowert oextend
ti
meaf t
ert hesuitisbar redbylaw.Appl
icat
iontothe
Mini
sterforext ensionoft imeinor
dertofil
ethesuitwould
beappropriate.

262
(i
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbypr
ospect
usi
nrel
ati
ont
o
company.

Prospectusinrelat
iontoCompanyisdefi
nedundersect
ion
2(1)oftheCompani esAct
,Cap.
212.i
tisadocumentinv
iti
ng
thePublictoinvestinshar
esordebent
ureofPubl
ic
Company .

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyMal
i
ciousPr
osecut
ion?

Maliciousprosecut ioni stheinst it

uti
onofl egalproceedings
againstaper son.Iti sonl yacti
onabl eint ortifthe
proceedingswer euni nit
iatedbot hmal ici
ousl yandwi thout
reasonableandpr obabl ecauseandt heywer eunsuccessf ul
.
Thet ortofmal i
ciouspr osecutionmayconsi stofthe
i
nstituti
onofcr iminal orbankr upt cyproceedi ngsagainst
anotherorliquidationpr oceedingsagai nstacompany .It
mayal soconsi stofPr ocuringthear restandi mpri
sonment
ofanot herbymeansofj udici
al process,Ci vi
lorCr i
minal,or
tocauseexecut i
ont oi ssueagai nstthepr opertyofjudgment
debtor.Inthistortdamagemustbepl eadedandpr oved.

(i
i
) .Whatwoul
dhappeninthef
oll
owingsi
tuati
on:
1).OneofthePlai
nti
ff
sdoesnott
urnupont hehear
ingdat
e?

Thepr ocedur eincaseofnon-at

tendanceofoneoft he
Plaint
iffsont heheari
ngdateisgovernedbyOr derIXRule10
ofCi v
ilPr ocedur
eCode.Ther ul
eempower sthecourtatt
he
suittopr oceedinthesamewayasi fal
lthePlaint
if
fshad
appear ed, ormakesuchorderasitthi
nkf i
t.

2)
.Oneoft
heDef
endant
sdoesnott
urnupont
hehear
ingdat
e?
263
 Andwhereoneoft heDefendant
sdoesnotappearont he
heari
ngdate,
OrderIX,Rul
e11oft heCivilProcedureCode
requi
rest
heCourttoproceedwiththesuit.Ther ul
ealso
requi
rest
hecourtatthesamet i
meofpr onounci ngjudgment,
tomakesuchorderagainstthedefendantwhohasf ail
edto
appearasi
tdeemsf it
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Def
ineordescr
iber
ecept
ioncl
ause.

Recepti
onClausei
st heCl
auseintheTanganyikaOr
derin
Council
,1920,whi
chprovi
desfortheappli
cat
ionofEngli
sh
LawsinTanzaniathatwer
einforceinEngl
andbeforeJuly
22,1920.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyAnnual
ret
urn?

Annual Returnisadocumentt hatr egist

eredCompani esar e
acqui
redbyl awt osubmi ttothecompanyRegi stry
,usually
eachy ear.TheAnnual Returnincl
udesi nteral
i
a; t
headdr ess
andoccupat ionofallpastandpr esentmember sand
numberofshar esheldbyeachofexi sti
ngmember satthe
dateofr etur
n,addressofr egi
steredof f
iceofthecompany ,
dir
ectorsandcer tai
ncompanydebt s.Annualr
eturninopen
topublicinspecti
on.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyAnnual
Gener
alMeet
ing?

Theannual generalmeeti
ngisthemeeti
ngofcompany
member srequiredbylawtobeheldever
ycalendaryear
.Iti
s
requir
edtobehel dnotmoret
han15mont hsaft
erholdi
ngof
thelastpr
oceedi nggener
almeeti
ng.

264
(
iv)
.Def
ineSpeci
alf
indi
ng?

Speci alFindingi sthef i

ndi
ngofCour ti
fitappearsthat,an
evidenceonr ecordofcour tthattheaccuseddidt heactor
omi ssionchar gedbutwasi nsanesoasnott obe
responsi bleforhi sactionatthetimewhent heactwasdone
oromi ssionwasmade.Ori tisaf indi
ngonpar ti
cular
quest ionoff actwi thoutgeneralconclusi
oninCr i
mi nal
Casesast ogui l
tyori nCivi
lCasesi nfavourofPlainti
ffor
Def endant .

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Cant
heaccusedObj
ectanassessor
?

I
tdependswhet hertheopini
onoftheassessori
sbinding.If
i
tisnotbindi
ngt heaccusedcannotobj
ecttheassessore.g.
i
nmur dercases.

(
ii
).Whi
chl
awgov
ernanI
nquest
?

I
nquesti
sgov
ernedbyt
heI
nquestAct
,No.17/
1980

(
ii
i)
.Whi
chl
awcr
eat
est
heOf
fi
ceoft
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance?

Theof
fi
ceofMi
nist
erofFi
nancei
scr
eat
edunder
……………….
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Def
inewat
chi
ngbr
ief

Watchingbri
efrefer
stothesit
uationwherebyanAdvocate
i
nCour twhosenamei snotintheCourt’
srecor
ddeni
edt he
ri
ghttoaddresstheCourt.Hei
sr equi
redtomerel
ywatch
becausehehasnol ocusstand
265
(
ii
).Whati
sjoi
ntst
ockCompany
?

JointSt
ockCompanyist heCompanyhavingajoi
ntst
ockor
capit
alwhi
chisdiv
idedintonumeroust
ransfer
abl
eshares,
orconsi
stsoft
ransfer
ablestock.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
sSubsi
diar
yCompany
?

Subsi
diar
yCompanyi sacompanycontr
oll
edbyanot
her
Company( hol
dingorpar
entCompany
)

Quest
ion:(
i)
.CanaParl
i
amentdel
i
ber
ateonaFi
nanci
alBi
l
loni
ts
ownmot on(
i suomot
to)
No,theParl
iamentcannotdeliber
ateonaFinancialBil
lon
i
tsownmot ion(suomotto)becauset heBi
l
lsori
ginatefrom
theGovernmentandaretabledbythesamet othehouse.
SeeArti
cl
e99oft heConstit
uti
onoft heUnit
edRepublicof
Tanzani
a.

(
ii
).Howi
stheconst
it
uti
onCour
tcomposed?

Composi t
ionoftheConstit
uti
onCour ti
sprovi
dedforunder
Arti
cle127(1)oftheUnionConsti
tut
ion.Halfmembersof
publi
coftheCour tarefr
om Tanzani
aMai nl
andwhi l
ethe
otherhal
fisfrom Zzanzi
bar.

(
ii
i)
.Whoaddsorsubt
ract
smat
ter
sint
heUni
onConst
it
uti
on?

Thepar
li
amentofTanzani
aaddsorsubt
ract
smat
ter
sint
he
Uni
onConst
it
uti
on.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbySummar
ydi
smi
ssal
?
266
 Summar ydismissali
stheterminat
ionofanemployee’
s
contr
actofservicebytheemployerforgr
ossmisconduct
.
Terminat
ionismadewi thoutgi
vingtheempl
oyeethe
requi
redperiodofnoti
ce.

(
ii
).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbypai
dupshar
es?

………………………………………………….

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyi
ssuedupshar
es?

………………………………………………….

(i
v).Whatdoyouunder
standbyi
nher
entpower
s.DoesCour
tof
AppealhaveI
nher
entPowers?

Inherentpowersaret hepowersvestedintheCourtto
exerci
seitsdiscr
etioninCivi
lorCri
mi nalmatter
sreasonabl
y
andjudici
all
ysoast omeettheendsofj usti
ceorprevent
abuseofCour tprocess.InCi
vilmatt
er sthePoweris
governedbythepr ovisi
onsofSecti
on95oft heCiv
il
ProcedureAct.

(
v).Whatdoy
ouunder
standbysubsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ions?

Subsidi
ar ylegi
slati
onsar edelegatedorsubordinat
e
l
egislat
ions.Theyar elegisl
ationsmadeunderpower s
conferr
edbyActofPar l
iamentof tencall
edParentActin
otherwor ds,subsidi
arylegi
slationarerul
esandr egul
ati
ons
andBy l
awspassedbyMi ni
sters,Munici
palorCity
Authori
tiesorot herauthori
ti
esemanat i
ngfr
om t hepowers
deri
vedf rom apr i
ncipall
egisl
ationpassedbyt heparl
iament.

267
Quest
ion(
i)
.Wher
eCor
onerdoessubmi
tshi
srepor
t?

Wher etheCor oner’

sfindingsdi
sclosesuffi
cientgr
ounds
makingachar geagainstanyinconnect i
onwi t
hithewil
l
submi trecor
dsofI nquesttoDPPasperSect ion28of
Inquest.Butonci r
cumst ancesotherthanthoseinSect
ion
28,theCor onershallr
ecor dtot
heRegi str
aroftheHigh
Court.

(
ii
).Canany
oneappeal
agai
nstt
hef
indi
ngofaCor
oner
?

………………………………………………………….
.

(
ii
i)
.Whatl
awgov
ernsSov
erei
gnI
mmuni
ty?

……………………………………………………….
.

(
iv)
.Inwhatsi
tuat
ioncanonecl
aim Speci
aldamage?

………………………………………………….
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.HowmanyAccount
sshoul
danAdv
ocat
emai
ntai
n?

TheAdvocat
eshoul
dmai nt
ainTwoAccount
s,namel
y:cl
i
ent
andAdv
ocatesAccount
s.

(i
i
).Whatmoneydoy
ouputi
nAdv
ocat
eAccountasopposedt
o
cl
ient
sAccount
?

Moneypaidtot
heAdvocat
eforser
vicesof
fer
edar
e
deposi
tedi
nAdvocat
eAccount
.

(
ii
i)
.Howdoest
hePenal
Codedef
inei
nsani
ty?

268
 ThePenal CodeofTanzaniadoesnotdef i
nethet erm
i
nsanity.Butreadingcaref
ull
ySecti
on13ofPenal Code,one
maysayt heCoder ef
erstothetermi nsani
tyasanydi sease
aff
ectingaper son’smindast obeincapableof
understandingwhathei sdoingorofknowi ngt hatheought
nottodot heactormaket heomissionconstituti
ngt he
off
ence.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyl
egal
insani
ty?

Legalinsanit
yoccur swhereaper sonhasanydi seaseof
mindisr enderedincapableofunderst
andingwhathei s
doingorofknowi ngtatheoughttodot heactoromi ssion
consti
tutingtheof f
ence.I
tisgovernedbyprovisionofAnd
thelawonI nsanityisbasedonthecaseofRepubl i
cv s.
DanielM’naght en(1843)
(
ii
).Howarenat
ural
just
iceappl
i
edi
nCr
imi
nal
aswel
lasi
nCi
vi
l
matter
s?

Natur
aljusticeinCr i
minalandCivilmatter
sisappli
edas
fol
l
ows: (1)Byaf fordi
ngbot hpart
iestothecasefairheari
ng
(2)
.Bybei ngimpar ti
ali.
e.notfav
ouringanyparty
;andl ast
ly
(3)
.Bywi thdrawingf r
om thecasewhi chMagist
rateorJudge
hasaninterestini t
.

(
ii
i)
.Whohast
her
ightofspeechi
nCour
ti.
e.whost
art
sandwho
f
oll
ows?

………………………………………………….

269
(
iv)
.Whatl
awgov
ernspr
ofessi
onal
Conf
ident
ial
i
ty?

TheLawsgov er
ningprof
essi
onalconf
ident
ial
i
tyar
e:
(1)Adv ocat
esAct,Cap341.
(2).Tanganyi
kaLawsocietyAct
,Cap337
Quest
ion:(
i)
.Whatar
ethr
eepr
inci
plesofEt
hicsanAdv
ocat
eis
boundtoabide?

Thet hreepr i
nci
pleEthi
csanAdv ocat eisboundtoabidear
e:
(1).Dutyofsecr ecybetweenhi m andhi scli
ents
(2).Toconductt heaffair
sofhi sclienttothebestofhis
profession,abil
i
tyanddi l
igence
(3).Nott outnoradvert
isehisbusi ness
(4)Topr operlymanagehi sclient
s’ accounts.

(i
i)
.DoesanAdvocatehaveadut
ytoci
teacasei
nCour
twhi
chi
s
complet
elyagai
nsthi
scli
ent
scase?

No,t
heAdv ocat
ehasnodut
ytociteacasei
nCour
twhi
chi
s
complet
elyagai
nsthi
scl
i
ent
’scase.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whomayqual i
fyt
ocont
estasapr
esi
dentoft
he
Uni
tedRepubli
cofTanzani
a?

Anypersonmaycont estasthepr esidentoftheUnited

Republi
cofTanzaniaprovi
deshe/ shehast hequali
fi
cations
provi
dedforunderArti
cle39(1)(a)–( e)oftheConstitut
ion
oftheUnit
edRepublicofTanzani a.Thequal i
fi
cat
ionsar e:
1).Cont
estantmustbeaTanzani anci ti
zenbybir
th
2).mustnotbebelowt heageof40y ears
3).Mustbeamemberofpol i
ticalPar tyandthenomi neeof

270
 poli
ti
calpart
y
4).Mustbequali
fi
edf orbeingappoint
edmemberof
parl
iamentormemberoft heHouseofRepresentat
ives;and
5).Mustnothavebeenconv i
ctedbyanyCourtofevading
Governmentfor5lastproceedingyear
softhedateof
general
electi
on.

(i
i
).Isi
tpossi
blef
ort
hepr
esidentoft
heUni
tedRepubl
icof
Tanzani
atobesummonedtoappearint
heCourtandt
esti
fy?

No,accor
dingtoSect
ion8(2)ofthePr
esi
dent
ialAff
airs,
Act
apresi
dentcannotbesummonedt ot
est
if
ybeforetheCour
t
ofl
aw.Hei snotcompell
abl
ewi t
ness.

(
ii
i)
.Whoappoi
ntst
hemember
soft
heConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
t?

Themember softheConstit
uti
onalCourtareappoint
edby
theUnit
edRepubli
cofTanzaniaandt heRevoluti
onar
y
GovernmentofZanzi
bar.SeeArti
cle127(1)oftheUnion
Consti
tut
i 13thAmendment
on, .

(
iv)
.Whati
stheconceptofequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw?

Theconceptofequal i
tybeforet hel awi ncludesthef ol
lowing:
(1)thatPenalLawshouldnotber etrospect i
vee.g.The
Economi cSabotagesSpecial ProvisionAct ,1983.
(2).Presumpti
onofinnocencef oral l
.Lawshoul dbewel l
knowni nadvance.Rulesshoul dbemadecl earforeverybody
toknow (
3).Publ i
cof f
icersshouldbel i
able
samewayasor dinar
ypeopl e.(4).St atutesshoul densure
j
ust i
ce.Ifl
awdoesnotaccor djustice, thenthereisnoRul e
ofLaw.
271
 Theconceptofequal i
tybeforet heLawmeansaccor dingto
thepr of
essorDiceyequal subject i
onofal l
classestothe
ordinaryl
awoft helandadmi ni
st eredbytheor di
narylaw
Cour t
s.Thatis,offi
ci
alsorot herpeopl earenotexempt ed
from thedutyofobediencet ot heLawwhi chgov er
nsot her
citi
zensnorar etheyexempt edf rom juri
sdict
ionofthe
ordinarytr
ibunal
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Def
iner
ightt
oli
feAr
ti
cle14oft
heConst
it
uti
on

(
ii
).Defi
nefr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onArti
cle18oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
r
ightofexpr
essi
ngoneself
,bei
nfor
medandseekinf
ormati
on
wit
houtli
mit
ati
on

(
ii
i)
.Defi
nether
ightofwor shi
pArti
cle19of,r
ightt
opr
ofess
r
eli
gionofhi
schoice,
righttospr
eadandpreach.

Quest
ion:
whatwil
lhappeni
fthefol
lowi
ngtakespl
ace?
(
1).Pr
osecut
ordoesnotonthedateofhear
ingcr
iminal
case

Wher etheprosecut or/complai

nantdoesnotappearont he
hearingofCriminal casetheCour tshallunderSection222of
theCr i
minalProcedur eactdot hef ol
lowing:(I
)Dismisst he
chargeandacqui taccusedper son;or(II
).Ifi
tdeemsf itto
adjournthecasef oranot herhearingdateandmayr elease
accusedonbai lorr emandhi mi npr i
sonort akesuchot her
securit
yforappear ance.

(
2).Pl
aint
if
fdoesnotappearont
hehear
ingdat
e?

Wheret
hePlai
ntif
fdoesnotappearonthehear
ingdat
ethe
Cour
tshal
lunderOrderI
X,Rul
e8di smi
ssthesuitf
orwantof

272
 pr
osecut
ion.

(
3).Def
endanti
sabsentont
hehear
ingdat
e?

Theconsequencesoft
heabsenceoft
hedef
endantont
he
hear
ingdate…………………………….

(
4).Def
endantdoesnotf
il
eWr
it
tenSt
atementofDef
ense?

………………………………………

Quest
ion:
Whati
stheRi
ghtofPr
oper
ty?

Ri
ghtofPr oper
tyi
sgover
nedbyAr ti
cle24ofthe
Consti
tut
ion.Si
mplymeansrightt
oownpr opert
yandget
pr
otecti
onf ort
hatpr
oper
ty.Ownershi
pmustbel awf
ul.

Quest
ion:(
i)I
sitcorr
ectunderourl
awt
hatawi
feobl
i
gedt
o
maint
ainherhusband

Normal ly
,thewifeisnotobli
gedtomai ntai
nherhusband
exceptwher eherhusbandorf ormal husbandiswhol eor
parti
allyi
ncapacit
atedfrom earni
ngal iveli
hoodbyr easonof
ment alorphysi
calinj
uryoril
l-
health.Howev er,
theCour ti
s
requi
r edtohaveregardedthemeansofsuchwi fe.See
Secti
on115oft helawofMar ri
ageAct ,1971.

(
ii
).Whoi
sanadv
ocat
eunderourl
aw?

Accordi
ngtoSect
ion3oftheAdvocat
esAct
,Cap.341,
Advocat
eistheof
ficeroft
heHi
ghCour t
.

(
ii
i)
.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyi
nter
locut
oryr
uli
ng?

273
 I
nterl
ocut
oryRuli
ngistheDecisi
onororderonpart
icul
ar
i
nterl
ocut
oryappli
cati
onpendi
ngt heout
comeofthemai n
heari
ngofthecase.Thati
s,i
tismadependingthedisposal
oftheorf
urtheror
ders.

(
iv)
.Canoneappeal
agai
nstI
nter
locut
oryr
uli
ng?

Appeal agai
nstinter
locutoryrul
ingunlessint
erlocutor
y
decisionorordertheeffectoffinal
lydeter
miningt hesui
tor
Cri
mi nalchargeorsuitincaseofCour tofAppeal .See
Section74(2)oftheCi v
ilProcedureActandSect ion5(2)(d)
oftheAppel l
ateJuri
sdictionAct,1979asamendedWr it
ten
Laws( Mi
sc.Amendment s)ActNo.25/ 2002.

Questi
on:Whatdoy ouunder
standbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(
1).Funct
usoffi
cio

Funct usoffi
ciomeanshav i
ngdischar
gedhisduty,thusin
mat tersofjudici
alproceedi
ngsonceadecisionhasbeen
reachedandmadeknownt otheparti
es,
theadjudicati
ng
Tribunal/Courtther
ebybecomesFunct usoffi
cio.

(
2).Gar
nishee

Garni
sheeisadebtori
nwhosehandsadebthasbeen
att
ached.HeiswarnedbytheCour
ttopayt
hedebtto3rd
part
yrathert
hantohiscr
edit
or.

(
3)i
psof
act
o

I
psoFact
oisaLat
inwor
dmeani
ngbyt
hemer
efact

274
(
4).Ej
usdem gener
is

Ejusdem generi
ssimpl
ymeansofthe“samekindornatur
e”.I
tis
ther ul
ethatwherepar
ti
cul
arwor
dsarefoll
owedbygeneralword,
thegeneralwordsarel
imit
edtot
hesameki ndasthepart
icul
ar
wor ds.

(
5).Consensusadi
dem

Consensusadi dem meansanagreementastosamething.

Ittheagreementbycontr
acti
ngparti
est
oidenti
calt
erms,
thatisnecessar
yforthefor
mati
onofalegall
ybindi
ng
contract
.

(
6)Fl
agr
ant
edel
i
cto

Fragr
antdelict
osimplymeansthecommi ssionofanoff
ence.
The phr aseismostcommonl yappli
edtothesit
uati
onin
whichaper sonfi
ndshisorherspouseintheactof
commi t
ti
ngadul t
ery
.

Quest
ion:
(i)
.Whoi
sobj
ect
ori
nlaw?

Theobject
ori
nlawistheonewhoobject
sthegr
antof
probat
eorlet
ter
sofadmini
str
ati
on.

(
ii
).Whatar
einst
rument
susedbyobj
ect
ori
nfi
l
inganobj
ect
ion?

…………………………………….

(
ii
i)
.Whi
chLawgov
ernst
hef
oll
owi
ng?

275
 (
1).Mi
ning

Miningisgover
nedbyt
heMi
ningAct
,1979
(
2).Legalpr
ofessi
on

…………………………butal
soseeabov
e

(
3).For
eigni
nst
rument
s

For
eignInv
estmenti
sgover
nedbyt
heTanzani
a
I
nvestmentAct26/
1997

(
4)Bur
eaudeChange

Bur
eaudechangei
sgovernedbytheForeignExchange
Act
,No1/1992alsoBankinganFinanci
alinst
it
uti
onAct
no12/
1991

(
5).Mar
ineI
nsur
ance

I
sgov
ernedbyI
nsur
anceAct
,1996.

Quest
ion:
(i)whatdoesdol
ii
ncapaxmean?
Dolii
ncapaxmeansi ncapabl
eofcr ime.Note:UnderSect i
on
15(1)oft hePenal CodeasamendedbySOSPAt heperson
undertheageof10y earscannotbef oundgui
ltyofany
off
ences, thusthisistheconclusivepresumption.Undersub
secti
on2oft hesameSect i
on, apersonundertheageof12
yearsarepr esumedt obedol iincapax;butt
hepr esumption
mayber ebuttedwher eatthesamet i
meofdoi ngt heactor
makingt heomi ssiontheunder12y earshadcapaci t
yto
knowt hatheoughtnott odot heactormaket heomi ssi
on.

276
 Seeal
soSubsecti
on3ofSect
ion15oft
hePenal
Codeas
amendedbySOSPA

(
ii
).Whati
scont
ri
but
orynegl
i
gence?

Contri
butoryNegligencemeansaper son’scar
elessnessf or
hi
sownsaf etyorinter
estwhichcontri
butesmater i
all
yto
damagesuf feredbyhim asar esul
tofpartl
yofhisownf aul
t
andpar t
lyofthefaultofanotherper
sonorpersons.
Note:theeffectofContri
butorynegl
igenceist
or educet he
Plai
nti
ff’
sdamaget oanamountt hattheCourtthinksjust
andequitable.

(
ii
i)
.Whati
swar
rantofar
rest
?

Thewarrantofarresti
st heawr it
tendocumenti ssuedbyt he
Courtf
orthearrestofaper sonallegedtohav ecommi tted
theoff
ence,underSection13( 1)
(a)ofthecriminalProcedure
Act.WardSecretaryorSecretaryoftheVil
lageCounci lcan
i
ssuewar r
ant.

(
iv)
.Whati
sSummons?

Summonsi saCour tOrdert

oani ndi
vidual
toappeari
nCourt
ataspecif
iedplaceandtime.Note:Thetermisusedi
nboth
Cri
minalandcivil
cases.UnderSecti
on13(1)(
b)ofAvil
lage
Counci
lcanissuesummons.

(
v).Whati
sRemov
alOr
der
?

…………………………………….
.

Quest
ion:
Cany
out
ell
theCounci
lther
emedi
esav
ail
abl
efort
he

277
fol
lowi
ngci
rcumstances:
(1)
.Aparti
sdissat
isf
iedwit
hthedeci
sionofRegi
onal
Housi
ng
Tri
bunal

Theremedyavai
lablet
oapartywhoisdissat
isf
iedwi
th
Regi
onalHousi
ngTr i
bunal
decisi
oni
stobr i
ngthematt
erby
wayofappealt
ot heHousi
ngAppealTr
ibunal.

(
2).Apar
tyi
sdi
ssat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedeci
sionofi
ndust
ri
alCour
t.

Ther emedyav ai
labletothepar tyaggr i
ev edbyt hedeci sion
oftheIndust ri
alCour tist
oappl ybeforet hesameCour tfor
revi
sion;butwher et heparty’sdissatisfacti
onbydeci sionof
theIndustri
al Courtisongr oundsofl ackofj ur
isdicti
on, the
remedyav ailableforsuchpar t
yi storeferthemat t
ert othe
ful
lBenchoft heHi ghCour twher ethesamewi l
l behear d
anddet er
mi nedperSect i
on27( 1) (
c)oft heIndust r
ial Court
Act,1993. Note:Accor dingt o
Section27(1) (
c)oft heSameAct ,everyawar danddeci sion
ofIndustri
alCour tisfinalandi snotl i
abletobechal lenged,
revi
ewed, quest i
onedorcal ledinanyCour t
.

(
3).Apar
tyi
sdi
ssat
isf
iedwi
thanawar
dofAr
bit
rat
or

Apartaggr
ievedwit ht
heAwardofarbi
trator
.Seeprev i
ous
di
scussi
on.Correctanswer–AwardofAr bit
rat
orisfinaland
bi
ndingonthepartiescl
aimi
ngunderthem respect
ively.

Quest
ion:
Namef
ivesour
cesofLawi
nTanzani
a:

Fi
vesourcesoflawi
nTanzani
aar
e:
1)Const
itut
ion

278
 2).Statutes
3).Internat
ionallaw
4).Precedents
5)Bi l
ateral
Agr eements/Tr
eati
es.
Anot her–Cust omar yandI
slamicl
aw.

Quest
ion:
Br i
efl
ytellt
heCounci
lthel
awswhi
chest
abl
i
sht
he
fol
l
owingInsti
tut
ions:

1)Commer
cial
Cour
t

Lawest abl
ishi
ngCommer
cial
Cour
tref
ert
hepr
evi
ous
Discussion

2)HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on

…………………………………….

3)Regi
str
arofPol
i
tical
par
ti
es

…………………………………….

4)Cour
tofAppeal

………………………………………

Quest
ion:
Whati
sther
elat
ionshi
pofaBankerandaCust
omer
?

Therelati
onshi
pofaBankerandaCust
omerist
hatof
Credi
toranddebtor
.SeeShel
don’
sPr
acti
ceandl
awof
Banki
ng,page186-187.

Quest
ion:Whati
sther
elat
ionshi
pofabankerandCust
omer
?

279
 Therel
ati
onshi
pofaBankerandCustomeri
sthatofcredi
tor
anddebtor
.SeeShel
don’
sPract
iceandLawofBanking,pp
186-
187.

Quest
ion:
Def
inet
heGar
nisheeOr
der
.

TheGar ni
sheeor deri sorderoft heCour t, Obtainedby
j
udgmentcr editorat tachi
ngf undsi nt hehandoft hi
r dpar ty
whoowest hej udgmentcr edi tormoney ,war ningt het hi rd
par t
yt hegar nisheenott oreleaset hemoneyat t achedunt i
l
directedbyt hecour tt odoso.SeeShel don’ sPr act i
ceand
LawofBanki ng, page195.( Simpl y:Gar nisheeOr deri st he
OrderofCour tser vedonaGar nisheeat tachingadebti nhi s
hands.Gar ni sheei saper sonwhohasbeenwar nedbya
Cour tt opayadebtt oat hi
rdpar tyr at hert hant ot heowner )
.
Not es: BankerandCust omer–dut yofsecr ecy .Thegui di
ng
caseont hissubj ecti sTouni erv s.Nat ional Prov incial Bank
(1923)i nt hiscaset hecour thel dt hatt hebanker ’
sobl i
gat i
on
secr ecyr egar dinghi sCust omer ’saf f airswasal egalone
arisingoutofcont racti mpliedi nther el
at i
onofBankerand
cust omer ,butt hatt hedut yofsecr ecyi snotabsol utebuti s
qual i
fied.TheCour tci t
edthef ol
lowi ngqual if
icat i
onsas
exampl es: a).wher ethe
disclosur eisundercompul sionbyl aw; b).
wher etherei sadut yt opubl i
ct odi scl ose;
c).wher ether ei sint erestoft heBankr equi r
edi sclosur e;and
d).wher ediscl osur ei smadebyexpr essori mpl iedconsent
of
cust omer .

280
Questi
on:Namedi
ffer
entsent
encest
hatcanbegi
vent
oaper
son
convi
ctedofcr
imi
naloff
ence.

Generall
yspeaking,t
hetypeofpunishment/sentencetobe
gi
vent oaper sonconvi
ctedofcri
minalof
fencei nanycase
i
sdetermi nedbypenalt
yprovi
sionsExample:Penal Code
Cap.16.Asf arastheSubordi
nateCourtareconcer ned
pr
ovidesthef oll
owi
ngtypeofpunishment/sentences

*
Death;RM wi
thext
endedj
uri
sdi
cti
on
*
impri
sonment;
*
Corporal
puni
shment;

*Fine;
*Forfei
tur
e;
*PaymentofCompensat ion;
*Orderoffindi
ngsecuri
tytokeeppeaceandbegoodof
behav i
or; *Probat
ion;
*Costsaspersect i
on345ofCr i
minalProcedur
eAct
.Cap20;
*Poli
cesuper v
isi
on

Notes:
-Thecourtmayimposesentenceothert
hanthat
provi
dedby stat
uteseesecti
on27(3)ofthePenal
Code
Cap16t hati
sapersonli
abletoi
mprisonmentmaybe
summonedt opayfi
neinsteadofi
mpr i
sonment.

ThecourtsPowert osent
enceisprov
idedbysection170of
TheCr i
minalProcedur
eActCap.20.
Also,t
heCour t
’spowertoimposeCorpor
al puni
shmentis
l
imitedbyprovisi
onsoftheCorpor
alPunishmentAct,Cap17.

281
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