biodiesel

Challenges and future prospects

• Catalyst instability

Although the production of biodiesel involves a relatively simple chemical

process, there is potential for various contaminants to be present in the fuel.
These contaminants include water, alcohol, free fatty acids, catalyst and the
products of oxidation.
Water: Water contamination, substantially reducing catalytic efficiency of base catalysts such as
(KOH)potassium hydroxide. (high pH)
Catalyst & Products of the oxidation: the CaO(Calcium oxide) catalyst easily deactivated by
water or CO2 (carbon dioxide). Due to the adsorption of carbon dioxide and humidity, the
Calcium oxide surface is readily contaminated by moisture attachments and transforms to
CaCO3(Calcium carbonate) then to Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide). therefore, due to the
instability of Calcium oxide catalyst which commonly suffers from Ca2+ (Calcium ions)
leaching problem.

• Low recovery rate

Feedstock sources and supply:
Availability of economical feedstock, flexibility and security are essential.
A diverse portfolio of agricultural products for biodiesel is needed. Diversification of the feedstock
basis is an ambitious goal.
• There are rising demands for lower-cost feedstocks (used vegetable oils, tallow), posing
collection problems.
• The use of human food/animal feed for production of biodiesel
• short-term solution only.

Long-term strategies can be approached

• by a combination of traditional breeding, genetic engineering (quality and quantity of fatty
acids exhibiting a combination of improved fuel properties) and materials science.
• Use of edible feedstock, including palm oil, for biodiesel production is just a transition
phase of the industry.

The best sources of biodiesel are waste (waste vegetable oils) and other rotational crops (such as
mustard) and non-foodstock oils.
 • Future prospects
• both biodiesel and hydrodiesel could benefit from the availability of highly unsaturated
algal oil using (selective) hydrogenation processes.
• Next-generation biodiesel needs to be feedstock rather than foodstock based.

And the next I would like to mention effect on the process efficiency which
specifically is the fuel quality

Current specifications, which are not globally uniform, are hindering the market.
The very small and fragmented biodiesel industry produces different grades of quality
Good product quality control concerns, in particular, two main technical barriers:
1. oxidative stability and other degradation phenomena in summer and cold-flow properties
(CFPs) in winter. Storage should be minimised and logistics improved. Different
feedstocks yield different biodiesel fuels.
2. Alternative feedstocks have an impact on cold-flow properties. Improving cold-weather
performance to broaden use of biodiesel required.

• Future prospects
Specifications need to be revisited and biodiesel quality standards are to be harmonized worldwide
to facilitate global trading of biodiesel and diesel vehicles.
There exists an urgent need for creation of an (International Organization for Standardization)
ISO biofuels technical committee.
Quality assurance at the highest level has to be addressed.

Impacts of biodiesel production:

Biodiesel feedstocks include many crops that would otherwise be used for human consumption
directly, or indirectly as animal feed. that could otherwise be devoted to food production. As a
result, some research suggests that biodiesel production may give rise to several undesirable
developments.
generate particularly high (greenhouse gas) GHG emissions: Biofuel feedstocks grown on land
cleared from tropical forests, such as soybeans in the Amazon and oil palm in Southeast Asia.
can result in higher crop prices which leads to higher food prices
• The future exception to increase biodiesel yield and lower the operational costs, certain
technological advancements,
• Developing novel catalysts with higher activities that could facilitate greater yields in
shorter time with lesser refining difficulties.
• Radical innovations for separating and refining crude biodiesel.
• Enacting new policies that will favor sustained biodiesel production.

Plant economics

A critical issue in biodiesel production is economic viability. It is crucial for any biodiesel project
to develop relationships with potential stakeholders, partners, suppliers and government agencies,
to make a project feasible. At present, the most destabilizing factors facing the biodiesel industry
are
• rising costs and higher taxes.
• Diesel prices are high but vegetable oil prices are even higher.
• The economics of the inordinately high feedstock prices
(resulting from Asian food oil demands, transportation costs, market speculation), which cause
shrinking margins, is now holding the industry back globally.

And all those factors are leading to unsubsidized biodiesel production unviable in most countries.

Future prospects
competitive pricing with petroleum diesel without tax incentives.
Production of sustainable biodiesel as cost efficient
as petroleum processes requires economy of scale and adequate logistics.

The modern world is facing numerous challenges such as energy security, oil price, climate
changes, and all these are directly or indirectly harming the environment. So, in this regard,
biofuels are expected to be most valuable to alleviate such problems in a very sustainable way. No
doubt, biofuel/biodiesel are a fast-growing research field and fast-moving industry. Additionally,
the understanding of how the production of the biofuels is going to be affected by the future
climatic changes is very vital, so that sustainable biofuels economy could be achieved.