2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution
2018
Energy Storage Sizing Method Considering
V2G Response Capability
Jia-min Chen, Yong-hai Xu
State Key Laboratory for Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China
Electric Power University), Changping District, Beijing, China
 At present, optimal sizing of energy storage considering V2G
Abstract—Utilizing V2G technology, plug-in electric
vehicles(PEVs) can behave as mobile energy storage units to
participate in power grid operation. Based on the traffic behavior
characteristics, the V2G response capability boundaries of PEVs
considering time, energy and battery restraint is constructed.
Then, the PEVs connected to the grid are divided into two types:
responsive/non-responsive. Finally, the Monte Carlo method is
used to establish the T-limit V2G response capability forecast
models for individual PEV and PEV groups respectively. On the
other side, the value-at-risk(VaR) method is introduced to energy
storage capacity sizing, based on which, a reliability-at-risk(RaR)
model is built to calculate the conventional storage capacity under
a certain confidence level of power system reliability . Finally, the
feasibility and effectiveness of the methods proposed above are
proved in the examples.
Index Terms—plug-in electric vehicles;V2G response capability;
Monte Carlo; energy storage; value-at-risk(VaR); power system
reliability.
I. INTRODUCTION
U nder the background of the global energy revolution, the
electric vehicle has become an inevitable trend in the
development of the automotive industry due to its advantages
in solving environmental pollution and energy shortages.
Therefore, as early as the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period,
China has proposed to fully support the development of electric
vehicle research and industrialization development, and
released policies such as car purchase subsidies and vehicle
purchase tax to actively promote the construction of electric
vehicle market. The "13th Five-Year Plan" clearly defines the
strategic position of developing electric vehicles, which aims to
maintain more than 5 million electric vehicles by 2020.
PEVs have the dual characteristics of mobile load and energy
storage [3]. Research shows that cars are parked 90% of the day.
Based on V2G technology, a large number of PEVs can become
the distributed energy storage unit to participate in the grid
operation, which will reduce the original energy storage
capacity as well as effectively improve the reliability and
economy of the power grid.
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has become one of the research hotspots. However, in most
capacity sizing studies, there is a lack of accurate assessment of
the V2G capability of PEVs. Reference [4] calculated energy
storage capacity for three energy management modes:
disordered charging, ordered charging, ordered charging and
discharging, but the PEV travel demand was not considered; In
[5], the PEV mobile energy storage system model was
established considering the owner's use requirements, but the
owner's constraint model was too single to meet the uncertainty
of travel behavior.
As a means of transportation, the premise of PEV
participating in the grid interaction is that it does not affect the
owner's travel, but the travel behavior is random, which brings
difficulties to the accurate evaluation of the PEV's V2G
response capability. Reference [7] defines the concept of “V2G
usable capacity”, which is used to characterize the capability of
PEVs participating in the grid; In [8], the PEV group in parking
lot was taken as the research object, and the PEV group energy
storage capacity model was established, but the discharge
capacity was not considered; Reference [9] proposed an
accurate V2G response capability model for PEVs as well as
the response boundary. However, the researches above on the
response capacity of V2G have not considered its application.
Based on the full consideration of the V2G response
capability of PEVs, this paper sizes energy storage capacity
with the goal of power supply reliability. Firstly, the V2G state
of PEVs are described and classified, then the T-limit V2G
response capability forecast models for individual PEV and
PEV groups are established respectively. In the capacity sizing
process, a reliability-at-risk(RaR) model based on the value-at-
risk(VaR) method is proposed to determine the energy storage
capacity under a certain reliability confidence level. Finally, the
feasibility and effectiveness of the established models are
analyzed through a case study.
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II. ANALYSIS OF V2G RESPONSE CAPABILITY OF PEV e ei  t  ei  t  p pi  t  pi  t 
eimax
A. V2G Response Constraints eineed pic
Unlike traditional energy storage, a PEV can only participate ei  t0  a
ti t0 tid t
in grid interaction as an energy storage unit when it is connected eimin pid

to the grid. For the grid, whether the PEV is connected to the tia t0 tid t
grid will directly affect its available energy storage capacity. c) type 3
e ei  t  ei  t 
Secondly, as a means of transportation, PEV should give p pi  t  pi  t 
eimax
priority to their traffic behavior, that is, they do not affect the
eineed pic
user's travel plan. In addition, the PEV battery itself has a more ei  t0 
stringent SOC limits as well as charge and discharge power tia t0 tid t
eimin pid
limits. It can be seen that the PEV can not be used as the energy
tia t0 tid t
storage unit of the grid at any time, and not all power can be
d) type 4
used for response either. If you want to submit your file with Fig. 1. V2G response capability boundaries diagram.
one column electronically, please do the following: Where, t0 is the current moment, t ai , tbi are the time PEV
1) Time constraint: The time for the electric vehicle to access arrives and leaves, p ci ,p di are rated charging and discharging
and leave the grid is determined by the users. The energy power, e max
i ,e min
i are upper and lower limits of PEV battery
storage capacity of the PEV that is not connected to the grid is need
capacity, e i is user’s power expectation before leave. The
regarded as 0. mathematical expression is as follows:
2) Energy constraint: In order not to affect the user's travel,
eimax  eiN SoCimax
it is necessary to ensure that the remaining power can meet the  min (1)
ei  ei SoCi
N min
travel needs when the PEV leaves the grid.
3) Battery constraint: includes SOC-limit constraint and d next  Wi
charge and discharge power constraint. eineed   eimin (2)
100
B. V2G Response Capability Forecast Model of Individual Where, (SoCmin i ,SoCmax
i ) is SOC limit of PEV battery, eNi is
PEV rated capacity of PEV battery, dnext is distance of next travel,Wi
Different PEVs differ in terms of SOC state, stopping time, is consumption per 100 kilometers of PEV
and distance of next trip, which can not be described by a single e +/-
i (t), p +/-
i (t) are response capacity and power boundary
mathematical model. Therefore, this paper improves the V2G respectively. e+/- i (t) also means fastest energy storage path and

responsiveness model proposed in reference [11]. According to slowest energy storage path, the area enclosed by it is the
the different SOC state and future driving plan, the PEVs responsive range of the V2G. According to the response
connected to the grid are divided into four types, and the capability boundary, PEVs can be classified into two types:
response capability boundaries at the current time are responsive and non-responsive.
constructed according to the V2G response constraints, as
shown in Figure 1. Non-responsive PEVs
e e t 

i e t 

i
p pi  t  pi  t 
PEVs in the following two states are considered not to have
eimax V2G responsiveness:
need
e i pic 1) At present, the battery power is lower than the lower limit
tia t0 tid t of the battery capacity (type 1), which is as follows:
eimin
ei  t0  ei  t0   eimin (3)
tia t0 tid t
a) type 1
2) Even if the PEV is forced to charge at its rated power until
e e t 

i ei  t  p p t 

pi  t 
it leaves, it still cannot meet the user’s power expectation (type
i
eimax 2), which is as follows:
 
need
e
ei  t0   picic tid  t0  eineed
i pic
(4)
ei  t0  t a
t0 td
t
Non-responsive PEVs will not participate in V2G.
i i
eimin
a
t i t0 t
i
d
t
b) type 2 Responsive PEVs
Different from non-responsive PEV, responsive PEV has
respond power to participate in V2G (type 3, type 4) before
leaving, which is the main research object of this paper.

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 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

Therefore, for this type of PEV, mathematical model of the uncertainty of grid operation and the behavior of PEVs bring a
response capability boundary is constructed as follows: huge challenge to the calculation of energy storage capacity.
  pi i  t  t0  +ei  t0  , 
 c c

Based on the value-at-risk(VaR) theory, this paper proposes a

 min   t0  t  ti
d
(5) reliability-at-risk (RaR) model considering V2G, which shows
ei  t     e
 i
max


 advantages in determining the traditional energy storage

 0 t  tid capacity at a certain reliability confidence level.
  t  t0  pid / id  ei  t0  ,  When sizing the energy storage capacity, the most extreme
max  t  tid power defect conditions should be considered, such as voltage
min 
ei  t    
ei  pi i ti  t , ei 
need c c d
 (6)
interruption or island operation caused by grid faults, where

 0 t  tid V2G and traditional energy storage are required to achieve
power support for the load within a certain period of time.
Based on the response capability boundary model above,
First, the power deficiencies function is established:
with the current state taken as the initial state, and the response ts T
time parameter added, a V2G response capability forecast f  ts , T    Pload  t  dt E rsp  ts , T  (10)
ts
model is established which can quantify the V2G capability in
Where, f(ts,T) corresponds to the loss function in VAR, ts is
a limited response time. The model can be described as follows:
the fault start time, T is expected support time, Pload(t) is the load
 
ei ts  T rsp  ei  ts  charge
 power , Ersp is the response capability of PEVs.
rsp

ei ts , T rsp
  (7)
ei  ts   ei ts  T


rsp
discharge  Select the energy storage capacity EBESS as the critical value,
when:
f  ts , T   E BESS
rsp
Where, ts is response start time, T is response period. (11)
C. V2G Response Capability Forecast Model of PEVs It is considered that the power supply reliability is satisfied.
The response capability of PEV groups can be obtained by Assume confidence variable β∈(0,1), decision variable T∈
adding each PEV in the group, therefore the response capability R, the formula (12) is defined as the RaR, which of the system
boundary and the V2G response capability forecast model of period, which expressed the minimum of traditional energy
PEVs can be established as follows: storage capacity that may satisfy the reliability of the power
E  /   t    ei /   t  (8) supply due to the uncertainty of the fault start time and the
i behavior of PEVs. The model minimizes the energy storage
E rsp
t ,T   
rsp d rsp
e t ,T  rsp
(9) cost while meeting power supply reliability.
 
s i i s
i
EBESS (T )  min E BESS : P  f  ts , T   E BESS    (12)
D. Monte Carlo Simulation start

The number of PEVs in the group, the characteristics of the put in the number of PEV M，
T rsp and t s

PEV battery and the behavior of PEVs are the main influencing i=0

factors of the V2G response capability [6]. Although the travel extract travel characteristics of a PEV

behavior of PEV is random, studies shown that the behavioral

NO
characteristics of a large number of PEVs show a certain Is it
responsive?

probability distribution. Therefore, Monte Carlo Simulation YES

builed V2G response capacity
boundary model ei  t 
/

(MCS) is used in this paper to determine parameters needed in

calculate T-limit V2G response
the model by extracting the travel behavior of each PEV. capability ersp  ts , T rsp 

The calculation process of V2G response capability of PEVs     

E rsp ts , T rsp  E rsp ts , T rsp  ersp t s , T rsp 

based on MCS is shown in Figure 2. i=i+1

NO
iM?
III. THEORY OF RELIABILITY-AT-RISK YES

In recent years, the upgrading and change of power load

put out aggregate V2G response capacity

structure and demand have put forward higher requirements on end

Fig. 2. Flow chart of EV groups V2G response capability calculation with

the reliability of power system. As an operation backup, the MCS.
energy storage device can quickly provide active response
support under extreme conditions such as power shortage, IV. CASE ANALYSIS
voltage interruption and island operation, which is an effective
means to improve power system reliability. However, the A. Scenario Description
This article takes a commercial office area as an example.

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 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution
Figure 3 shows daily load in this area. Suppose that there are
300 vehicles in the scenario, including 60 PEVs of 20%
penetration rate and the PEVs will be charged at rated power
immediately after connected to the charging piles. Referring to
BYD E6, the rated capacity of vehicle battery is 82kW•h, the
power consumption of 100 kilometers is 18 kW•h and the upper
and lower limits of SOC are 95% and 20% respectively. This
research is aimed at the future scenario, which assumed that all
charging piles are equipped with V2G technology and the rated
charging and discharging power is 7kW with 90% efficiency.
According to the “Statistics of The Annual Report of Beijing
Traffic in 2011”, the arrival time to work of private cars is about
8:45, obeying the normal distribution of N (8.75,0.62); The
departure time is 17:12, which is subject to the Cauchy
distribution of C (0.75,17.2); The driving distance abides the
gamma distribution of G (5,1/3) and the SOC arriving time
obeys the the normal distribution of N(0.5,0.42) in [0.1, 0.95].
Fig. 3. Daily load curve of a commercial office area.
B. Analysis on Response Capability of PEV
According to the V2G response capability model, simulative
calculation is used to calculate the response capability of the
PEVs in the above scenario.
Taking different Trsp (1H, 0.5h, 0.25h) as examples, the V2G
response capability at different times in a day are shown in
Figure 4 respectively. Through the comparisons, the V2G
response capability of PEVs is improved with the increase of
response period, but the main influencing factors have changed.
The response capability curve (Trsp =0.25h) reaches to 110kW•h
and remains stable in [10:00,16:30] period, which indicates that
the power rating is the main limiting factor at this time. The
response curve (Trsp =1h) continues to rise after 10:00, and the
maximum value is about 390kW•h, proving that battery power
is the key factor.
Fig. 4. V2G response capability at different Trsp.
C. Analysis on Energy Storage Capacity Sizing
Taking the 20% penetration rate in the above scenario as an
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example, the energy storage capacity is calculated under
different expected support time T (1H, 0.5h, 0.25h) and
different reliability confidence level β(100%-80%). The
simulation results are shown in Figure 5.
Fig. 5. Energy storage capacity at different T and β.
According to Figure 5, both T and β have a significant impact
on the configuration of energy storage capacity. Under the same
β, the storage capacity improves with the increase of T, but they
are not directly proportional to each other. When β=98%, the
results of energy storage capacity under the condition of T=1h,
0.5h and 0.25h are 238.9kW h, 104.2 kW h and 49.5kW h
respectively. The reason is that the response capability of PEVs
will reach the limit gradually as the support time increases. In
the power grid, the expected support time (T) can reflect some
island operation capability, and the confidence degree β can
also be used to measure the reliability of power supply.
Therefore, in application, suitable support time and confidence
level can be chosen according to the specific requirements of
the power grid.
With the development of the PEV market, the penetration
rate of PEV s will continue to rise in the future. The curve in
Figure 6 shows the relations between energy storage capacity
and penetration rate when β=90% and T =0.5h. The results
indicate that the increase of penetration rate can effectively
reduce the energy storage capacity.
Fig. 6. Storage capacity at different PEV penetration rate.
V. CONCLUSION
In view of the insufficient analysis of the response capability
of PEVs in the research of energy storage sizing of PEVs, this
paper analyzes the V2G response capability of PEVs. Firstly,
four typical PEV response capability boundaries are
constructed, and a time-limited V2G response capability
foracast model can be established. Based on this, Monte Carlo
simulation method is used to realize the quantitative calculation
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Jia-min Chen (1994-), female, postgraduate in North China Electric Power
University, engaged in solid-state transformers and power quality.
E-mail：378036903@qq.com.
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