Voting

Voting
• One of the privileges in a democracy is the right to vote for our
representatives . This extends to the right to vote for our choice
in almost anything, like our favorite ice cream flavor, or our
favorite basketball team.
Plurality Method of Voting
• Each voter votes for one candidate, and the candidate with
the most votes wins.
• The winning candidate does not have to have a majority of
the votes.
• The problem with plurality voting is that alternative choices
are not considered.
Majority Method of Voting
• When an issue requires a majority vote, it means that more
than 50% of the people voting must vote for the issue.
• This is not the same as a plurality, in which the person or issue
with the most votes wins.
• The winner must have at least half of the total number of
voters plus one.
Unanimous Method of Voting
• Each voter votes for one candidate, and a candidate, in order
to win, must get all the votes.
Determining the Winner Using Plurality Voting
• Fifty people were asked to rank their preferences of five
universities, using 1 for their favorite and 5 for their least
favorite. This type of ranking of choices is called a preference
schedule. The results are shown in the table below.
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2

• Which university would be the favorite using the plurality

voting system?
Which university would be the favorite using
the plurality voting system?
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score = 0
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score = 17
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score = 8
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score = 11 + 9 = 20 (Winner)
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 3 + 2 = 5
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Borda Count Method of Voting

• If there are n candidates or issues in an election, each voter

ranks the candidates or issues by giving n points to the voter’s
first choice, n - 1 points to the voter’s second choice, and so
on, with the voter’s least favorite choice receiving 1 point.
• The candidate or issue that receives the most total points is
the winner.
Borda Count Method of Voting
Using the Borda count method, each first-place vote receives 5
points, each second-place vote receives 4 points, each third-
place vote receives 3 points, each fourth-place vote receives 2
points, and each last-place vote receives 1 point.
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score= (17x1)+(11x2)+(9x2)+(8x2)+(3x4)+(2x2)=89
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score= (17x5)+(11x1)+(9x1)+(8x1)+(3x1)+(2x1)=118
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score= (17x4)+(11x3)+(9x4)+(8x5)+(3x3)+(2x3)=192 Winner
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score= (17x2)+(11x5)+(9x5)+(8x3)+(3x2)+(2x4)=172
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score= (17x3)+(11x4)+(9x3)+(8x4)+(3x5)+(2x5)=179
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Plurality with Elimination Voting
• In Plurality with Elimination Voting, the choice with the lowest
number of first-place votes is eliminated. The rankings of those
who were ranked lower than the eliminated choice are adjusted
one step higher.
• The process is repeated until there are only two choices left with
the choice with the most number of first-place votes emerging
as the winner.
• Only one choice is eliminated per step unless there is a tie for
the least number of first-place votes. Then those who tied for
the least number of votes are eliminated simultaneously
provided there will still be at least two remaining choices left.
Plurality with Elimination Voting
• Fifty people were asked to rank their preferences of five
universities, using 1 for their favorite and 5 for their least
favorite. The results are shown in the preference schedule
below.
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2

• Which university would be the favorite using the plurality with

elimination voting method?
Plurality with Elimination Voting
University Ranking

FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
 Plurality with Elimination Voting
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score = 0 Eliminate
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score = 17
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score = 8
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score = 11 + 9 = 20
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 3 + 2 = 5
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2

University Adjusted Ranking

NU 1 4 4 4 4 4
DLSU 2 3 2 1 2 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 3 2
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
 Plurality with Elimination Voting
University Adjusted Ranking

NU 1 4 4 4 4 4 Score = 17
DLSU 2 3 2 1 2 3 Score = 8
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 3 2 Score = 11 + 9
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 3 + 2 Eliminate
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2

University Adjusted Ranking

NU 1 3 3 3 3 3
DLSU 2 2 2 1 1 2
ATENEO 3 1 1 2 2 1

Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
 Plurality with Elimination Voting
University Adjusted Ranking

NU 1 3 3 3 3 3 Score = 17
DLSU 2 2 2 1 1 2 Score = 8 + 3 = 11 Eliminate
ATENEO 3 1 1 2 2 1 Score = 11 + 9 + 2 = 22

Total 17 11 9 8 3 2

University Adjusted Ranking

NU 1 2 2 2 2 2

ATENEO 2 1 1 1 1 1

Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Plurality with Elimination Voting
University Adjusted Ranking

NU 1 2 2 2 2 2 Score = 17

ATENEO 2 1 1 1 1 1 Score = 11 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 33 Winner

Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Pairwise Comparison Voting
• Pairwise Comparison Voting requires the choices to be paired off
with each other. All possible pairings are considered. The
choices are compared on a one-on-one basis with the choice
with the most number of first-place votes emerging as the
winner of the head-to-head comparison and is given 1 point
while the loser is given 0 points.
• It is possible for a head-to-head comparison to end in a tie. The
two choices are then given half a point each.
• The choice with the most number of points at the end of all
head-to-head comparisons wins.
• If a choice wins all its head-to-head comparisons, it follows that
it should be the winner. It is called the Condorcet winner.
Pairwise Comparison Voting
• Fifty people were asked to rank their preferences of five
universities, using 1 for their favorite and 5 for their least
favorite. The results are shown in the preference schedule
below.
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2

• Which university would be the favorite using the pairwise

comparison voting method?
Pairwise Comparison Voting
University Ranking

FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Pairwise Comparison Voting
University Ranking
FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score =11 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 33 winner
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score = 17

FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score = 3
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score = 17 + 11 + 9 + 8 + 2 = 47 winner

FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score = 3
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score = 17 + 11 + 9 + 8 + 2 = 47 winner

FEU 5 4 4 4 2 4 Score = 0
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 17 + 11 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 50 winner
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Pairwise Comparison Voting
University Ranking
NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score = 17
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score = 11 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 33 winner

NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score = 17
ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score = 11 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 33 winner

NU 1 5 5 5 5 5 Score = 17
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 11 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 33 winner

DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score = 17 + 8 + 3 = 28 winner

ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score = 11 + 9 + 2 = 22
Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
Pairwise Comparison Voting
University Ranking
9
DLSU 2 3 2 1 3 3 Score = 17 + 9 + 8 = 34 winner
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 11 + 3 + 2 = 16

ATENEO 4 1 1 3 4 2 Score = 11 + 9 = 20
UP 3 2 3 2 1 1 Score = 17 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 40 winner

Total 17 11 9 8 3 2
 Pairwise Comparison Voting
University

FEU NU DLSU ATENEO UP total

FEU 1 0 0 0 1
NU 0 0 0 0 0
DLSU 1 1 1 1 4 win
ATENEO 1 1 0 0 2
UP 1 1 0 1 3
total