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Beermom Ism c01
Beermom Ism c01
d1 125 kN B
d2 PROBLEM 1.1
C
A
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are
60 kN welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that d1 30 mm and d 2 50 mm,
125 kN
find the average normal stress at the
0.9 m 1.2 m midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
SOLUTION
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3
d1 125 kN B
d2 PROBLEM 1.2
C
A
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are
60 kN
welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that the average normal stress must
125 kN not exceed 150 MPa in either rod, determine
the smallest allowable values of the diameters
0.9 m 1.2 m
d1 and d2.
SOLUTION
Force: P 60 103 N
Stress: AB 150 106 Pa
2
Area: A d1
4
P P
AB A
A AB
P
d12
4 AB
4P (4)(60 103 )
d12 509.30 106 m 2
AB (150 106 )
d1 22.568 103 m d1 22.6 mm
(b) Rod BC:
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4
PROBLEM 1.3
A
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as
shown. Knowing that P = 10 kips, find the average normal stress at the
30 in. midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
1.25 in.
12 kips
25 in.
0.75 in.
SOLUTION
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5
PROBLEM 1.4
A
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as
shown. Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stresses in
30 in. rods AB and BC are equal.
1.25 in.
12 kips
25 in.
0.75 in.
SOLUTION
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6
1200 N PROBLEM 1.5
A strain gage located at C on the surface of bone AB indicates that the average normal stress
A in the bone is 3.80 MPa when the bone is subjected to two 1200-N forces as shown.
Assuming the cross section of the bone at C to be annular and knowing that its outer diameter
is 25 mm, determine the inner diameter of the bone’s cross section at C.
1200 N
SOLUTION
P P
A
A
Geometry: A (d12 d 22 )
4
4A 4P
d 22 d12 d12
(4)(1200)
d 22 (25 103 )2
(3.80 106 )
222.92 106 m 2
d 2 14.93 103 m d 2 14.93 mm
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7
A PROBLEM 1.6
a
Two brass rods AB and BC, each of uniform diameter, will be brazed together
15 mm at B to form a nonuniform rod of total length 100 m, which will be suspended
B from a support at A as shown. Knowing that the density of brass is 8470 kg/m3,
determine (a) the length of rod AB for which the maximum normal stress in
100 m ABC is minimum, (b) the corresponding value of the maximum normal stress.
b
10 mm
SOLUTION
Areas: AAB (15 mm) 2 176.715 mm 2 176.715 106 m 2
4
ABC (10 mm)2 78.54 mm 2 78.54 106 m 2
4
From geometry, b 100 a
Weights: WAB g AAB AB (8470)(9.81)(176.715 106 ) a 14.683 a
WBC g ABC BC (8470)(9.81)(78.54 106 )(100 a) 652.59 6.526 a
Normal stresses:
At A, PA WAB WBC 652.59 8.157a (1)
PA
A 3.6930 106 46.160 103a
AAB
At B, PB WBC 652.59 6.526a (2)
PB
B 8.3090 106 83.090 103a
ABC
(a) Length of rod AB. The maximum stress in ABC is minimum when A B or
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8
PROBLEM 1.7
0.4 m
C Each of the four vertical links has an 8 36-mm uniform rectangular
0.25 m cross section and each of the four pins has a 16-mm diameter. Determine
0.2 m the maximum value of the average normal stress in the links connecting
B (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.
20 kN E
D
A
SOLUTION
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9
PROBLEM 1.8
B 2 in.
1
Link AC has a uniform rectangular cross section 8
in. thick and 1 in. wide.
12 in.
Determine the normal stress in the central portion of the link.
120 lb
4 in. 120 lb
A
30⬚ C
10 in. 8 in.
SOLUTION
Use the plate together with two pulleys as a free body. Note that the cable tension causes at 1200 lb-in.
clockwise couple to act on the body.
M B 0: (12 4)( FAC cos 30) (10)( FAC sin 30) 1200 lb 0
1200 lb
FAC 135.500 lb
16 cos 30 10 sin 30
1
Area of link AC: in. 0.125 in 2
A 1 in.
8
F 135.50
Stress in link AC: AC AC 1084 psi 1.084 ksi
A 0.125
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10
0.100 m
PROBLEM 1.9
E
P P P Three forces, each of magnitude P 4 kN, are applied to the mechanism
shown. Determine the cross-sectional area of the uniform portion of rod
D BE for which the normal stress in that portion is 100 MPa.
A B C
SOLUTION
ABE 285 mm 2
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11
4 kips PROBLEM 1.10
C
u
in.
6 Link BD consists of a single bar 1 in. wide and
1
2
in. thick. Knowing that each pin has a 83 -in.
B
diameter, determine the maximum value of the
.
12 in average normal stress in link BD if (a) = 0,
(b) = 90.
A 308
D
SOLUTION
(a) 0.
M A 0: (18 sin 30)(4) (12 cos30) FBD 0
FBD 3.4641 kips (tension)
3 1
Area for tension loading: A (b d )t 1 0.31250 in 2
8 2
F 3.4641 kips
Stress: BD 11.09 ksi
A 0.31250 in 2
(b) 90.
M A 0: (18 cos30)(4) (12 cos 30) FBD 0
FBD 6 kips i.e. compression.
1
Area for compression loading: A bt (1) 0.5 in 2
2
F 6 kips
Stress: BD 12.00 ksi
A 0.5 in 2
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12
B D F PROBLEM 1.11
12 ft
For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown, determine the
average normal stress in member BE, knowing that the cross-
A
H sectional area of that member is 5.87 in2.
C E G
9 ft 9 ft 9 ft 9 ft
SOLUTION
Use entire truss as free body.
M H 0: (9)(80) (18)(80) (27)(80) 36 Ay 0
Ay 120 kips
BE 8.52 ksi
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13
45 in. 30 in.
PROBLEM 1.12
A
B C
The frame shown consists of four wooden members, ABC,
480 lb
DEF, BE, and CF. Knowing that each member has a 2 4-in.
4 in. 4 in.
rectangular cross section and that each pin has a 12 -in.
40 in. diameter, determine the maximum value of the average
normal stress (a) in member BE, (b) in member CF.
E F
D 15 in. 30 in.
SOLUTION
Add support reactions to figure as shown.
Using entire frame as free body,
M A 0: 40Dx (45 30)(480) 0
Dx 900 lb
Use member DEF as free body.
Reaction at D must be parallel to FBE and FCF .
4
Dy Dx 1200 lb
3
4
M F 0: (30) FBE (30 15) DY 0
5
FBE 2250 lb
4
M E 0: (30) FCE (15) DY 0
5
FCE 750 lb
Stress in compression member BE:
Area: A 2 in. 4 in. 8 in 2
FBE 2250
(a) BE BE 281 psi
A 8
Minimum section area occurs at pin.
FCF 750
Stress in tension member CF: (b) CF CF 107.1 psi
Amin 7.0
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14
Dimensions in mm PROBLEM 1.13
1150 D
100 An aircraft tow bar is positioned by means of a single
G C 450 hydraulic cylinder connected by a 25-mm-diameter steel
A B rod to two identical arm-and-wheel units DEF. The mass
F
E 250 of the entire tow bar is 200 kg, and its center of gravity
is located at G. For the position shown, determine the
850 500 675 825 normal stress in the rod.
SOLUTION
FREE BODY – ENTIRE TOW BAR:
100
tan 8.4270
675
M E 0: ( FCD cos )(550) R(500) 0
500
FCD (2654.5 N)
550 cos 8.4270
2439.5 N (comp.)
FCD 2439.5 N
CD
ACD (0.0125 m)2
4.9697 106 Pa CD 4.97 MPa
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15
150 mm PROBLEM 1.14
800 N
300 mm 600 mm
A C Two hydraulic cylinders are used to control the position
B
of the robotic arm ABC. Knowing that the control rods
attached at A and D each have a 20-mm diameter and
400 mm D happen to be parallel in the position shown, determine the
average normal stress in (a) member AE, (b) member DG.
E F G
150 mm 200 mm
SOLUTION
4
M B 0: (0.150) FAE (0.600)(800) 0
5
FAE 4 103 N
Area of rod in member AE is A d2 (20 103 ) 2 314.16 106 m 2
4 4
FAE 4 103
Stress in rod AE: AE 6
12.7324 106 Pa
A 314.16 10
(a) AE 12.73 MPa
Use combined members ABC and BFD as free body.
4 4
M F 0: (0.150) FAE (0.200) FDG (1.050 0.350)(800) 0
5 5
FDG 1500 N
Area of rod DG: A d2 (20 103 ) 2 314.16 106 m 2
4 4
FDG 1500
Stress in rod DG: DG 4.7746 106 Pa
A 3.1416 106
(b) DG 4.77 MPa
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16
PROBLEM 1.15
Determine the diameter of the largest circular hole that can be punched into a sheet of polystyrene 6 mm
thick, knowing that the force exerted by the punch is 45 kN and that a 55-MPa average shearing stress is
required to cause the material to fail.
SOLUTION
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17
5
8
in. PROBLEM 1.16
5
8
in.
Two wooden planks, each 12 in. thick and 9 in.
wide, are joined by the dry mortise joint shown.
1 in. 2 in. Knowing that the wood used shears off along its
P' P
2 in. 1 in. 9 in. grain when the average shearing stress reaches
1.20 ksi, determine the magnitude P of the axial
load that will cause the joint to fail.
SOLUTION
Six areas must be sheared off when the joint fails. Each of these areas has dimensions 5
8
in. 1
2
in., its area
being
5 1 5 2
A in 0.3125 in 2
8 2 16
At failure, the force carried by each area is
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18
0.6 in. PROBLEM 1.17
P' P When the force P reached 1600 lb, the wooden specimen shown failed
in shear along the surface indicated by the dashed line. Determine the
average shearing stress along that surface at the time of failure.
Steel 3 in. Wood
SOLUTION
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19
40 mm PROBLEM 1.18
10 mm
A load P is applied to a steel rod supported as shown by an aluminum
8 mm
plate into which a 12-mm-diameter hole has been drilled. Knowing that
12 mm the shearing stress must not exceed 180 MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa
in the aluminum plate, determine the largest load P that can be applied to
the rod.
P
SOLUTION
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20
PROBLEM 1.19
L The axial force in the column supporting the timber beam shown is
P 20 kips. Determine the smallest allowable length L of the bearing
plate if the bearing stress in the timber is not to exceed 400 psi.
6 in.
SOLUTION
Bearing area: Ab Lw
P P
b
Ab Lw
P 20 103 lb
L 8.33 in. L 8.33 in.
b w (400 psi)(6 in.)
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21
PROBLEM 1.20
12 mm Three wooden planks are fastened together by a series of bolts to form
d
SOLUTION
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22
P 5 40 kN PROBLEM 1.21
120 mm 100 mm
A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that is
supported by a concrete footing resting on undisturbed soil.
Determine (a) the maximum bearing stress on the concrete
footing, (b) the size of the footing for which the average bearing
stress in the soil is 145 kPa.
b b
SOLUTION
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23
PROBLEM 1.22
a P a
An axial load P is supported by a short W8 40 column of cross-
sectional area A 11.7 in 2 and is distributed to a concrete foundation
by a square plate as shown. Knowing that the average normal stress in
the column must not exceed 30 ksi and that the bearing stress on the
concrete foundation must not exceed 3.0 ksi, determine the side a of
the plate that will provide the most economical and safe design.
SOLUTION
P
For the column, or
A
P A (30)(11.7) 351 kips
P 351
A 117 in 2
3.0
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24
PROBLEM 1.23
Link AB, of width b = 2 in. and thickness t = 14 in., is used to support the end of a
A
horizontal beam. Knowing that the average normal stress in the link is 20 ksi and
that the average shearing stress in each of the two pins is 12 ksi, determine (a) the
d diameter d of the pins, (b) the average bearing stress in the link.
b t
B
d
SOLUTION
Rod AB is in compression.
1
A bt where b 2 in. and t in.
4
1
P A (20)(2) 10 kips
4
P
Pin: P
AP
and AP d2
4
4 AP 4P (4)(10)
(a) d 1.03006 in.
P (12)
d 1.030 in.
P 10
(b) b 38.833 ksi
dt (1.03006)(0.25)
b 38.8 ksi
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25
P PROBLEM 1.24
12 mm
SOLUTION
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26
PROBLEM 1.24 (Continued)
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27
P PROBLEM 1.25
12 mm
SOLUTION
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28
PROBLEM 1.25 (Continued)
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29
100 mm 175 mm PROBLEM 1.26
D
The hydraulic cylinder CF, which partially controls the position of rod
u
B 208
DE, has been locked in the position shown. Member BD is 15 mm
C
E thick and is connected at C to the vertical rod by a 9-mm-diameter
bolt. Knowing that P 2 kN and 75, determine (a) the average
200 mm shearing stress in the bolt, (b) the bearing stress at C in member BD.
P
A
F
45 mm
SOLUTION
40 9
M c 0: FAB (100 cos 20) FAB (100 sin 20)
41 4
(2 kN) cos 75(175sin 20) (2 kN)sin 75(175cos 20) 0
100
FAB (40 cos 20 9sin 20) (2 kN)(175)sin(75 20)
41
FAB 4.1424 kN
9
Fx 0: C x (4.1424 kN) (2 kN) cos 75 0
41
C x 0.39167 kN
40
Fy 0: C y (4.1424 kN) (2 kN)sin 75 0
41
C y 5.9732 kN
C 5.9860 kN 86.2°
C 5.9860 103 N
(a) ave 94.1 106 Pa 94.1 MPa
A (0.0045 m) 2
C 5.9860 103 N
(b) b 44.3 106 Pa 44.3 MPa
td (0.015 m)(0.009 m)
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30
PROBLEM 1.27
0.4 m
C For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.7, determine (a) the average
0.25 m shearing stress in the pin at B, (b) the average bearing stress at B in
0.2 m member BD, (c) the average bearing stress at B in member ABC,
B knowing that this member has a 10 50-mm uniform rectangular cross
section.
20 kN E
D
PROBLEM 1.7 Each of the four vertical links has an 8 36-mm
A
uniform rectangular cross section and each of the four pins has a 16-mm
diameter. Determine the maximum value of the average normal stress in
the links connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.
SOLUTION
FBD
(a) Shear pin at B. for double shear
2A
where A d2 (0.016) 2 201.06 10 6 m 2
4 4
32.5 103
80.822 106 Pa 80.8 MPa
(2)(201.06 106 )
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31
PROBLEM 1.28
SOLUTION
E 1250 lb
Fx 0: E Bx 0
Bx E
Bx 1250 lb
Fy 0: By 1500 0 By 1500 lb
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32
P' PROBLEM 1.29
150 mm
Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section are joined
by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that P 11 kN,
45⬚⬚
45 determine the normal and shearing stresses in the glued splice.
P
75 mm
SOLUTION
90 45 45
P 11 kN 11 103 N
A0 (150)(75) 11.25 103 mm 2 11.25 103 m 2
P cos 2 (11 103 ) cos 2 45
489 103 Pa 489 kPa
A0 11.25 103
P sin 2 (11 103 )(sin 90)
489 103 Pa 489 kPa
2 A0 (2)(11.25 103 )
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33
P' PROBLEM 1.30
150 mm
Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section are joined
by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that the maximum
45⬚⬚
45 allowable shearing stress in the glued splice is 620 kPa, determine
P
(a) the largest load P that can be safely applied, (b) the corresponding
75 mm
tensile stress in the splice.
SOLUTION
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34
P PROBLEM 1.31
5.0 in.
3.0 in. The 1.4-kip load P is supported by two wooden members of uniform cross section
that are joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Determine the normal and
shearing stresses in the glued splice.
608
P'
SOLUTION
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35
P PROBLEM 1.32
5.0
3.0 in. Two wooden members of uniform cross section are joined by the simple scarf splice
shown. Knowing that the maximum allowable tensile stress in the glued splice is 75 psi,
determine (a) the largest load P that can be safely supported, (b) the corresponding
shearing stress in the splice.
608
P'
SOLUTION
A0 (5.0)(3.0) 15 in 2
90 60 30
P cos 2
A0
A0 (75)(15)
(a) P 1500 lb P 1.500 kips
cos
2
cos 2 30
P sin 2 (1500)sin 60
(b) 43.3 psi
2 A0 (2)(15)
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36
P PROBLEM 1.33
A centric load P is applied to the granite block shown. Knowing that the
resulting maximum value of the shearing stress in the block is 2.5 ksi, determine
(a) the magnitude of P, (b) the orientation of the surface on which the maximum
shearing stress occurs, (c) the normal stress exerted on that surface, (d ) the
maximum value of the normal stress in the block.
6 in.
6 in.
SOLUTION
A0 (6)(6) 36 in 2
max 2.5 ksi
45 for plane of max
| P|
(a) max | P | 2 A0 max (2)(36)(2.5) P 180.0 kips
2 A0
(b) sin 2 1 2 90 45.0
P P 180
(c) 45 cos 2 45 45 2.50 ksi
A0 2 A0 (2)(36)
P 180
(d ) max max 5.00 ksi
A0 36
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37
P PROBLEM 1.34
A 240-kip load P is applied to the granite block shown. Determine the resulting
maximum value of (a) the normal stress, (b) the shearing stress. Specify the
orientation of the plane on which each of these maximum values occurs.
6 in.
6 in.
SOLUTION
A0 (6)(6) 36 in 2
P 240
cos 2 cos 2 6.67 cos 2
A0 36
(a) max tensile stress 0 at 90.0
max. compressive stress 6.67 ksi at 0
P 240
(b) max
2 A0 (2)(36)
max 3.33 ksi
at 45
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38
P PROBLEM 1.35
208
SOLUTION
d o 0.400 m
1
ro d o 0.200 m
2
ri ro t 0.200 0.010 0.190 m
Ao (ro2 ri2 ) (0.2002 0.1902 )
12.2522 103 m 2
20
P 300 103 cos 2 20
cos 2 21.621 106 Pa 21.6 MPa
Ao 12.2522 103
P 300 103 sin 40
sin 2 7.8695 106 Pa 7.87 MPa
2 A0 (2)(12.2522 103 )
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39
P PROBLEM 1.36
SOLUTION
d o 0.400 m
1
ro d o 0.200 m
2
ri ro t 0.200 0.010 0.190 m
Ao (ro2 ri2 ) (0.2002 0.1902 )
12.2522 103 m 2
20
P
Based on | | 60 MPa: cos 2
A0
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40
Q PROBLEM 1.37
12 in. 12 in.
E A steel loop ABCD of length 5 ft and of 83 -in. diameter is placed as
B shown around a 1-in.-diameter aluminum rod AC. Cables BE and DF,
each of 12 -in. diameter, are used to apply the load Q. Knowing that the
9 in. ultimate strength of the steel used for the loop and the cables is 70 ksi,
1 in.
and that the ultimate strength of the aluminum used for the rod is 38 ksi,
A
C determine the largest load Q that can be applied if an overall factor of
safety of 3 is desired.
9 in.
3
8
in.
D
1
2
in.
F
Q'
SOLUTION
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41
PROBLEM 1.38
A B
w
908 Link BC is 6 mm thick, has a width w 25 mm, and is made of a steel with
480 mm a 480-MPa ultimate strength in tension. What was the safety factor used if the
structure shown was designed to support a 16-kN load P?
C
D
SOLUTION
Use bar ACD as a free body and note that member BC is a two-force member.
M A 0:
(480) FBC (600) P 0
600 (600)(16 103 )
FBC P 20 103 N
480 480
Ultimate load for member BC: FU U A
FU 72 103
Factor of safety: F.S. F.S. 3.60
FBC 20 103
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42
PROBLEM 1.39
A B
w
908 Link BC is 6 mm thick and is made of a steel with a 450-MPa ultimate strength in
480 mm tension. What should be its width w if the structure shown is being designed to
support a 20-kN load P with a factor of safety of 3?
C
D
SOLUTION
Use bar ACD as a free body and note that member BC is a two-force member.
M A 0:
(480) FBC 600P 0
600P (600)(20 103 )
FBC 25 103 N
480 480
For a factor of safety F.S. 3, the ultimate load of member BC is
FU (F.S.)( FBC ) (3)(25 103 ) 75 103 N
FU 75 103
But FU U A A 166.667 106 m 2
U 450 10 6
A 166.667 106
For a rectangular section, A wt or w 27.778 103 m
t 0.006
w 27.8 mm
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43
0.75 m PROBLEM 1.40
A
0.4 m Members AB and BC of the truss shown are made of the same alloy. It is known
that a 20-mm-square bar of the same alloy was tested to failure and that an
B ultimate load of 120 kN was recorded. If a factor of safety of 3.2 is to be
1.4 m achieved for both bars, determine the required cross-sectional area of (a) bar
AB, (b) bar AC.
SOLUTION
Fy 0: Ay 28 0
Ay 28 kN
PU 120 103
For the material, U 300 106 Pa
A 400 106
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44
PROBLEM 1.40 (Continued)
PU A
(a) For member AB: F.S. U AB
FAB FAB
(F.S.) FAB (3.2)(17 103 )
AAB 181.333 106 m 2 AAB 181.3 mm 2
U 300 106
PU A
(b) For member AC: F.S. U AC
FAC FAC
(F.S.) FAC (3.2)(20 103 )
AAC 213.33 106 m 2 AAC 213 mm 2
U 300 106
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45
0.75 m PROBLEM 1.41
A
0.4 m Members AB and BC of the truss shown are made of the same alloy. It is known
that a 20-mm-square bar of the same alloy was tested to failure and that an
B ultimate load of 120 kN was recorded. If bar AB has a cross-sectional area of
1.4 m 225 mm2, determine (a) the factor of safety for bar AB and (b) the cross-
sectional area of bar AC if it is to have the same factor of safety as bar AB.
SOLUTION
Fy 0: Ay 28 0
Ay 28 kN
PU 120 103
For the material, U 300 106 Pa
A 400 106
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46
PROBLEM 1.41 (Continued)
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47
A
PROBLEM 1.42
600 lb/ft
35⬚ Link AB is to be made of a steel for which the ultimate normal stress is
E
B C D 65 ksi. Determine the cross-sectional area of AB for which the factor
of safety will be 3.20. Assume that the link will be adequately
5 kips reinforced around the pins at A and B.
1.4 ft 1.4 ft 1.4 ft
SOLUTION
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48
16 kN PROBLEM 1.43
Two wooden members are joined by plywood splice plates that are fully glued on
the contact surfaces. Knowing that the clearance between the ends of the members
is 6 mm and that the ultimate shearing stress in the glued joint is 2.5 MPa,
determine the length L for which the factor of safety is 2.75 for the loading shown.
L
6 mm
125 mm
16 kN
SOLUTION
2.5 MPa
all 0.90909 MPa
2.75
On one face of the upper contact surface,
L 0.006 m
A (0.125 m)
2
Since there are 2 contact surfaces,
P
all
2A
16 103
0.90909 106
( L 0.006)(0.125)
L 0.14680 m 146.8 mm
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49
16 kN PROBLEM 1.44
For the joint and loading of Prob. 1.43, determine the factor of safety when
L = 180 mm.
PROBLEM 1.43 Two wooden members are joined by plywood splice plates that
L
6 mm are fully glued on the contact surfaces. Knowing that the clearance between the
ends of the members is 6 mm and that the ultimate shearing stress in the glued
joint is 2.5 MPa, determine the length L for which the factor of safety is 2.75 for
the loading shown.
125 mm
16 kN
SOLUTION
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50
PROBLEM 1.45
Three 34 -in.-diameter steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to
a wooden beam. Knowing that the plate will support a load P = 24 kips and that
the ultimate shearing stress for the steel used is 52 ksi, determine the factor of
safety for this design.
SOLUTION
2
3
For each bolt, A d2 0.44179 in
2
4 44
PU A U (0.44179)(52)
22.973 kips
Factor of safety:
PU 68.919
F. S . F. S . 2.87
P 24
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51
PROBLEM 1.46
Three steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to a wooden beam.
Knowing that the plate will support a load P = 28 kips, that the ultimate shearing
stress for the steel used is 52 ksi, and that a factor of safety of 3.25 is desired,
determine the required diameter of the bolts.
SOLUTION
24
For each bolt, P 8 kips
3
PU P 4P
U U 2 U2
A 4
d d
4 PU (4)(26.0)
d 0.79789 in. d 0.798 in.
U (52)
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52
PROBLEM 1.47
1
2 P
c
b
40 mm
SOLUTION
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53
PROBLEM 1.48
For the support of Prob. 1.47, knowing that the diameter of the pin is
d 16 mm and that the magnitude of the load is P 20 kN, determine
(a) the factor of safety for the pin, (b) the required values of b and c if the
factor of safety for the wooden members is the same as that found in part a
for the pin.
d
1
2 P PROBLEM 1.47 A load P is supported as shown by a steel pin that has
been inserted in a short wooden member hanging from the ceiling. The
1 ultimate strength of the wood used is 60 MPa in tension and 7.5 MPa in
P
c 2
shear, while the ultimate strength of the steel is 145 MPa in shear.
Knowing that b 40 mm, c 55 mm, and d 12 mm, determine the
b load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired.
40 mm
SOLUTION
P 20 kN 20 103 N
(a) Pin: A d2 (0.016) 2 2.01.06 106 m 2
4 4
P P
Double shear: U U
2A 2A
PU 2 A U (2)(201.16 106 )(145 106 ) 58.336 103 N
PU 58.336 103
F .S. F .S. 2.92
P 20 103
(b) Tension in wood: PU 58.336 103 N for same F.S.
PU PU
U where w 40 mm 0.040 m
A w(b d )
PU 58.336 103
bd 0.016 40.3 103 m b 40.3 mm
w U (0.040)(60 106 )
Shear in wood: PU 58.336 103 N for same F.S.
PU P
Double shear: each area is A wc U U
2 A 2wc
PU 58.336 103
c 97.2 103 m c 97.2 mm
2w U (2)(0.040)(7.5 106 )
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54
PROBLEM 1.49
SOLUTION
A (a d )t
PU U A
PU (a d )t
F .S. U
P P
Solving for a,
( F .S .) P 3 (3.60)(2.5)
ad
U t 4 (36) 14
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55
PROBLEM 1.50
SOLUTION
A (a d )t
3 1
2 0.31250 in 2
4 4
PU U A
(36)(0.31250) 11.2500 kips
PU 11.2500
F .S . 4.50
P 3.5
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56
A PROBLEM 1.51
1
2
in. Link AC is made of a steel with a 65-ksi ultimate normal stress and has
a 14 12 -in. uniform rectangular cross section. It is connected to a
8 in.
support at A and to member BCD at C by 34 -in.-diameter pins, while
member BCD is connected to its support at B by a 165 -in.-diameter pin.
B C D All of the pins are made of a steel with a 25-ksi ultimate shearing stress
and are in single shear. Knowing that a factor of safety of 3.25 is
6 in. 4 in. desired, determine the largest load P that can be applied at D. Note that
P link AC is not reinforced around the pin holes.
SOLUTION
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57
PROBLEM 1.52
A Solve Prob. 1.51, assuming that the structure has been redesigned to use
5
16
-in-diameter pins at A and C as well as at B and that no other changes
1
2
in. have been made.
8 in.
PROBLEM 1.51 Link AC is made of a steel with a 65-ksi ultimate
normal stress and has a 14 12 -in. uniform rectangular cross section. It is
B C D connected to a support at A and to member BCD at C by 34 -in.-diameter
pins, while member BCD is connected to its support at B by a 165 -in.-
6 in. 4 in. diameter pin. All of the pins are made of a steel with a 25-ksi ultimate
P shearing stress and are in single shear. Knowing that a factor of safety of
3.25 is desired, determine the largest load P that can be applied at D.
Note that link AC is not reinforced around the pin holes.
SOLUTION
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58
250 mm PROBLEM 1.53
400 mm
Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two horizontal
A
B
250 mm members AD and EG has a 10 40-mm uniform rectangular cross
section and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension of
C 400 MPa, while each of the pins at C and F has a 20-mm diameter and
D are made of a steel with an ultimate strength in shear of 150 MPa.
E
Determine the overall factor of safety for the links CF and the pins
F G
connecting them to the horizontal members.
24 kN
SOLUTION
A d2 (0.020) 2 314.16 106 m 2
4 4
FU 2 U A (2)(150 106 )(314.16 106 ) 94.248 103 N
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59
250 mm PROBLEM 1.54
400 mm
Solve Prob. 1.53, assuming that the pins at C and F have been replaced
A
B
250 mm by pins with a 30-mm diameter.
C PROBLEM 1.53 Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two
D horizontal members AD and EG has a 10 40-mm uniform rectangular
E cross section and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension of
F 400 MPa, while each of the pins at C and F has a 20-mm diameter and
G
are made of a steel with an ultimate strength in shear of 150 MPa.
Determine the overall factor of safety for the links CF and the pins
24 kN connecting them to the horizontal members.
SOLUTION
A d2 (0.030) 2 706.86 106 m 2
4 4
FU 2 U A (2)(150 106 )(706.86 106 ) 212.06 103 N
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60
Top view PROBLEM 1.55
200 mm 180 mm
12 mm
In the structure shown, an 8-mm-diameter pin
8 mm is used at A, and 12-mm-diameter pins are
A B C used at B and D. Knowing that the ultimate
shearing stress is 100 MPa at all connections
and that the ultimate normal stress is 250 MPa
A
B
C in each of the two links joining B and D,
B determine the allowable load P if an overall
factor of safety of 3.0 is desired.
20 mm P 8 mm
8 mm
D D
Front view 12 mm
Side view
SOLUTION
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61
PROBLEM 1.56
Top view
200 mm 180 mm
12 mm In an alternative design for the structure of
Prob. 1.55, a pin of 10-mm-diameter is to be
8 mm used at A. Assuming that all other
A B C specifications remain unchanged, determine
the allowable load P if an overall factor of
safety of 3.0 is desired.
B
A C
B PROBLEM 1.55 In the structure shown, an 8-
mm-diameter pin is used at A, and 12-mm-
20 mm P diameter pins are used at B and D. Knowing
8 mm
8 mm that the ultimate shearing stress is 100 MPa at
D D all connections and that the ultimate normal
stress is 250 MPa in each of the two links
Front view 12 mm joining B and D, determine the allowable load
Side view P if an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is
desired.
SOLUTION
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62
C PROBLEM 1.57
SOLUTION
3
M A 0 : (2.4) P 2.4W1 1.2W2
5
5 5
P W1 W2
3 6
Design criterion: D PD L PL PU
PU D PD (0.90)(12 103 ) (1.25)(1.0628 103 )
PL
L 1.6
5.920 103 N
3 5.92 103
(a) Allowable load. m m 362 kg
5 9.81
Conventional factor of safety:
P PD PL 1.0628 103 5.920 103 6.983 103 N
PU 12 103
(b) F. S. F. S. 1.718
P 6.983 103
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63
P P PROBLEM 1.58
SOLUTION
D PD L PL PU
D PD L PL
(a) PU
1 3
(1.2) 160 (1.5) 2 195
2 4 PU 629 lb
0.85
Conventional factor of safety:
1
P PD PL 160 0.75 2 195 372.5 lb
2
PU 629
(b) F. S. F. S. 1.689
P 372.5
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64
15 m 25 m 3m PROBLEM 1.59
B
In the marine crane shown, link CD is known to have a
uniform cross section of 50 150 mm. For the loading
shown, determine`` the normal stress in the central portion
35 m of that link.
C 80 Mg
15 m
D
A
SOLUTION
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65
0.5 in. PROBLEM 1.60
Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to pin B of the assembly shown.
B Knowing that a pin of 0.8-in. diameter is used at each connection,
1.8 in. determine the maximum value of the average normal stress (a) in link
5 kips
5 kips
AB, (b) in link BC.
0.5 in.
A 60⬚
45⬚ 1.8 in.
SOLUTION
Law of Sines:
FAB FBC 10
sin 45 sin 60 sin 95
FAB 7.3205 kips
FAB 7.3205
(a) Stress in AB : AB AB 14.64 ksi
Anet 0.5
FBC 8.9658
(b) Stress in BC: BC BC 9.96 ksi
A 0.9
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66
0.5 in. PROBLEM 1.61
For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.60, determine (a) the average
B shearing stress in the pin at C, (b) the average bearing stress at C in
1.8 in.
member BC, (c) the average bearing stress at B in member BC.
5 kips
5 kips
PROBLEM 1.60 Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to pin B of the
0.5 in.
60⬚ assembly shown. Knowing that a pin of 0.8-in. diameter is used at each
A
45⬚ 1.8 in. connection, determine the maximum value of the average normal stress
(a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.
SOLUTION
Law of Sines:
FAB FBC 10
FBC 8.9658 kips
sin 45 sin 60 sin 95
FBC
(a) Shearing stress in pin at C.
2 AP
AP d2
(0.8)2 0.5026 in 2
4 4
8.9658
8.92 8.92 ksi
(2)(0.5026)
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67
PROBLEM 1.61 (Continued)
FBC
(b) Bearing stress at C in member BC. b
A
A td (0.5)(0.8) 0.4 in 2
8.9658
b 22.4 b 22.4 ksi
0.4
FBC
(c) Bearing stress at B in member BC. b
A
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68
PROBLEM 1.62
SOLUTION
At each bolt location the upper plate is pulled down by the tensile force Pb of the bolt. At the same time, the
spacer pushes that plate upward with a compressive force Ps in order to maintain equilibrium.
Pb Ps
Fb 4 Pb
For the bolt, b or Pb b db2
Ab db2 4
Ps 4 Ps
For the spacer, s or Ps s (d s2 db2 )
As (d s db2 )
2
4
Equating Pb and Ps ,
b db2 s (d s2 db2 )
4 4
b 200
ds 1 d 1 (16) d s 25.2 mm
s b 130
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69
P PROBLEM 1.63
B
80 mm
M
A
60 mm
SOLUTION
Use piston, rod, and crank together as free body. Add wall reaction H
and bearing reactions Ax and Ay.
M A 0 : (0.280 m) H 1500 N m 0
H 5.3571 103 N
Use piston alone as free body. Note that rod is a two-force member;
hence the direction of force FBC is known. Draw the force triangle
and solve for P and FBE by proportions.
(b) BC 41.4 MPa
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70
4 in.
12 in.
4 in. PROBLEM 1.64
E
2 in. B D Knowing that the link DE is 18 in. thick and 1 in. wide, determine
C J D
the normal stress in the central portion of that link when
6 in. (a) 0, (b) 90.
8 in.
A
F
60 lb
SOLUTION
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71
1 in. 1500 lb PROBLEM 1.65
750 lb
A 85 -in.-diameter steel rod AB is fitted to a round hole near end C of
A 4 in.
D the wooden member CD. For the loading shown, determine (a) the
750 lb maximum average normal stress in the wood, (b) the distance b for
B which the average shearing stress is 100 psi on the surfaces indicated
C by the dashed lines, (c) the average bearing stress on the wood.
b
SOLUTION
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72
PROBLEM 1.66
D D
Front view In the steel structure shown, a 6-mm-
diameter pin is used at C and 10-mm-
18 mm 6 mm diameter pins are used at B and D. The
ultimate shearing stress is 150 MPa at all
connections, and the ultimate normal
A B stress is 400 MPa in link BD. Knowing
B C
that a factor of safety of 3.0 is desired,
Side view
160 mm 120 mm determine the largest load P that can be
P applied at A. Note that link BD is not
reinforced around the pin holes.
A
B
Top view C
SOLUTION
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73
D
PROBLEM 1.67
40⬚ P
A 30⬚ Member ABC, which is supported by a pin and bracket at C and a cable
BD, was designed to support the 16-kN load P as shown. Knowing that
B
the ultimate load for cable BD is 100 kN, determine the factor of safety
0.6 m with respect to cable failure.
C
0.8 m 0.4 m
SOLUTION
Use member ABC as a free body, and note that member BD is a two-force member.
M c 0 : ( P cos 40)(1.2) ( P sin 40)(0.6)
( FBD cos 30)(0.6)
( FBD sin 30)(0.4) 0
1.30493P 0.71962FBD 0
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74
PROBLEM 1.68
SOLUTION
For shear, A dL
P all A all dL
For tension, A d2
4
P all A all d 2
4
Equating, all dL all d2
4
Solving for L, Lmin alld/4 all
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75
2.4 kips PROBLEM 1.69
1.25 in.
2.0 in.
SOLUTION
A0 (2.0)(1.25) 2.50 in 2
P U A0
Normal stress: cos 2 PU ,
A0 cos 2
PU , U A0
( F. S .)
P P cos 2
P U A0
Shearing stress: sin cos PU ,
A0 sin cos
PU , U A0
( F. S.)
P P sin cos
U A0 U A0
Equating,
P cos 2
P sin cos
sin 1.3
Solving, tan U 0.520 (a) opt 27.5
cos U 2.5
U A0 (12.5)(2.50)
(b) PU 7.94 kips
cos
2
cos 2 27.5
PU 7.94
F. S. F. S. 3.31
P 2.4
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76
2.4 kips PROBLEM 1.70
1.25 in.
2.0 in.
SOLUTION
2 A0U (2)(2.50)(1.3)
sin 2 0.90278
PU 7.2
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77
PROBLEM 1.C1
Element n A solid steel rod consisting of n cylindrical elements welded together is subjected to the
Pn
loading shown. The diameter of element i is denoted by di and the load applied to its
lower end by Pi with the magnitude Pi of this load being assumed positive if Pi is
directed downward as shown and negative otherwise. (a) Write a computer program
that can be used with either SI or U.S. customary units to determine the average stress
in each element of the rod. (b) Use this program to solve Problems 1.1 and 1.3.
Element 1
P1
SOLUTION
Force in element i:
It is the sum of the forces applied to that element and all lower ones:
i
Fi P
k 1
k
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78
PROBLEM 1.C2
SOLUTION
P = 20 kN
Forces in links.
F.B. diagram of ABC:
M C 0: 2FBD ( BC ) P( AC ) 0
FBD P( AC )/2( BC ) (tension)
M B 0: 2FCE ( BC ) P( AB) 0
FCE P( AB)/2( BC ) (comp.)
(i) Link BD. (ii) Link CE.
Thickness t L Thickness t L
ABD t L ( wL d ) ACE tL wL
BD FBD / ABD CE FCE / ACE
(iii) Pin B. (iv) Pin C.
B FBD /( d 2 /4) C FCE /( d 2 /4)
(v) Bearing stress at B. Shearing stress in ABC under Pin B.
Thickness of member AC t AC FB AC t AC ( wAC /2)
Fy 0: 2FB 2 FBD
Sig Bear B FBD /(dt AC )
(vi) Bearing stress at C. 2 FBD
AC
Sig Bear C FCE /( dt AC ) AC wAC
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79
PROBLEM 1.C2 (Continued)
Program Outputs
Input data for Parts (a), (b), (c):
P 20 kN, AB 0.25 m, BC 0.40 m, AC 0.65 m,
TL 8 mm, WL 36 mm, TAC 10 mm, WAC 50 mm
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80
PROBLEM 1.C2 (Continued)
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81
PROBLEM 1.C3
0.5 in.
Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to Pin B of the assembly
shown. Each of the three pins at A, B, and C has the same diameter d
and is double shear. (a) Write a computer program to calculate for
B values of d from 0.50 to 1.50 in., using 0.05-in. increments, (i) the
1.8 in.
5 kips maximum value of the average normal stress in member AB, (ii) the
5 kips average normal stress in member BC, (iii) the average shearing stress
0.5 in. in pin A, (iv) the average shearing stress in pin C, (v) the average
60⬚
A bearing stress at A in member AB, (vi) the average bearing stress at C
1.8 in.
45⬚ in member BC, and (vii) the average bearing stress at B in member BC.
(b) Check your program by comparing the values obtained for
d 0.8 in. with the answers given for Problems 1.60 and 1.61. (c) Use
C
this program to find the permissible values of the diameter d of the
pins, knowing that the allowable values of the normal, shearing, and
bearing stresses for the steel used are, respectively, 22 ksi, 13 ksi, and
36 ksi. (d) Solve Part c, assuming that a new design is being
investigated in which the thickness and width of the two members are
changed, respectively, from 0.5 to 0.3 in. and from 1.8 to 2.4 in.
SOLUTION
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82
PROBLEM 1.C3 (Continued)
Program Outputs
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83
PROBLEM 1.C3 (Continued)
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84
PROBLEM 1.C4
SOLUTION
(b) When 38.66°, tan 0.8 and cable BD is perpendicular to the lever arm BC.
(c) F .S . 3.579 for 26.6; P is perpendicular to the lever arm AC.
Note: The value F . S . 3.579 is the smallest of the values of F.S. corresponding to 38.66 and the
largest of those corresponding to 26.6. The point 26.6, 38.66 is a “saddle point,” or
“minimax” of the function F .S . ( , ).
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85
P
a PROBLEM 1.C5
b
A load P is supported as shown by two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross
section that are joined by a simple glued scarf splice. (a) Denoting by U and U ,
respectively, the ultimate strength of the joint in tension and in shear, write a
computer program which, for given values of a, b, P, U and U , expressed in either
SI or U.S. customary units, and for values of from 5 to 85 at 5 intervals, can be
used to calculate (i) the normal stress in the joint, (ii) the shearing stress in the joint,
a
(iii) the factor of safety relative to failure in tension, (iv) the factor of safety relative
to failure in shear, and (v) the overall factor of safety for the glued joint. (b) Apply
this program, using the dimensions and loading of the members of Probs. 1.29 and
1.31, knowing that U 150 psi and U 214 psi for the glue used in Prob. 1.29, and
that U 1.26 MPa and U 1.50 MPa for the glue used in Prob. 1.31. (c) Verify in
each of these two cases that the shearing stress is maximum for a 45.
P'
SOLUTION
F
Normal stress: ( P/ab) sin 2
Area
V
Shearing stress: ( P/ab) sin cos
Area
(iii) F.S. for tension (normal stresses):
FSN U /
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86
PROBLEM 1.C5 (Continued)
Program Outputs
Problem 1.29
a 150 mm
b 75 mm
P 11 kN
U 1.26 MPa
U 1.50 MPa
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87
PROBLEM 1.C5 (Continued)
Problem 1.31
a 5 in.
b 3 in.
P 1400 lb
U 150 psi
U 214 psi
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88
PROBLEM 1.C6
SOLUTION
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89
PROBLEM 1.C6 (Continued)
Program Outputs
(b) Problem 1.55. Data: d1 8 mm, d 2 12 mm, U , 250 MPa, U 100 MPa, F .S . 3.0
Pall 3.72 kN. Stress in Pin A is critical.
(c) Problem 1.56. Data: d1 10 mm, d 2 12 mm, U 250 MPa, U 100 MPa, F .S . 3.0
Pall 3.97 kN. Stress in Pins B and D is critical.
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90