Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Is Systematic Mandibular Retention Mandatory? A Systematic Review
Is Systematic Mandibular Retention Mandatory? A Systematic Review
Is Systematic Mandibular Retention Mandatory? A Systematic Review
2018 CEO
Original Article Published by / EAll rights reserved / Tous droits re´dite´ par Elsevier Masson SAS´serve´s
Article original
Hajar Ben Mohimd*, Loubna Bahije, Fatima Zaoui, Abdelali Halimi, Hicham Benyahia
1
female patients, thin cortical bone and different end treatment criteria, in order
treatment using aligners were associated to ensure the durability of the achieved
with a higher rate of mandibular anterior outcomes. Maintaining tooth alignment
crowding relapse. However, due to the involves placing a retention device, most
low level of evidence of the included often fixed in the mandibular arch. The
studies, as well as the heterogeneity of orthodontist ensures the control and
protocols between the studies, it was not follows up during a period of time, which
possible to determine factors truly varies depending on patient’s motivation.
involved in mandibular crowding relapse. However, a few patients may come back
Future reliable prospective studies are displaying relapse, particularly in the
required to provide unbiased and mandibular crowding situations. This
quantifiable results. leads us to the questions: is relapse
ineluctable? Is a systematic mandibular
retention device mandatory? And for how
2018 CEO. Published by Elsevier long must it be maintained, controlled or
Masson SAS. All rights reserved even renewed?
These issues raise concerns about the
factors responsible for relapse of anterior
Key-words mandibular incisor crowding over middle
or a long-term period and in the presence
of which we should systematically
· Relapse.
provide a bonded retainer and maintain it.
· Anterior
reoccurrence of the existing teeth and
occlusal disorders before orthodontic
treatment [1]. Mandibular incisor
crowding is one of the most relapsing
mandibular crowding. malocclusions [2–5].
Several factors have been reported in the
Stability.
literature, mainly, residual growth,
gender, extraction or non-extraction
· Systematic review.
treatment, expansion, periodontium, third
molars...[6]. Highlighted by “evidence
based dentistry”, this review is aimed to
Introduction identify the factors, which are truly
In our everyday practice, we have to face involved in the relapse of anterior
treatment options for different types of mandibular crowding.
malocclusions, using different treatment d’appareillage, la forme des incisives et la
modalities, the aim being to recover a qualite de l’occlusion dentaire. La divergence
dental occlusion with respect to the chez les patientes de sexe feminin, une corticale
· Recidive.
evidence based dentistry », ce travail
s’interessera a ` mettre en evidence les
facteurs reellement impliqu es dans la r
· ecidive de l’encombrement
mandibulaire anterieur.
· Encombrement mandibulaire anterieur. Materials and methods
Search strategy
Stabilite.
A systematic search was performed based
· Revue systematique.
on electronic search of several databases
(PubMed, Science direct, Cochrane library)
including articles published from January
Introduction 2005 up to December 2016. The search was
limited to the following search terms
Dans notre pratique quotidienne, on est expressed in English and French:
confronte a ` differentes malocclusions a` traiter “posttreatment stability or relapse”
par differents moyens th erapeutiques, le but associated with “mandibular anterior
etant de retrouver une occlusion dentaire alignment” or “mandibular incisor
respectant les differents crit eres de fin de alignment” or “mandibular dental arch
traitement cens es assurer la perennit e du r alignment” or “mandibular crowding”.
esultat. Le maintien de l’alignement dentaire
fait appel a` la mise en place d’une contention, Selection criteria
le plus souvent fixe au niveau de l’arcade
mandibulaire. L’orthodontiste assure le controle Selection of the studies was performed
et le suivi pendant une p^ eriode variable en based on well-defined criteria: only
randomized trials, prospective and
fonction de la motivation du patient.
retrospective studies, cohorts, case reports
Cependant, le retour de quelques patients
published between 2005 and 2016, either in
avecune recidive n’est pas rare surtout cellede French or English were selected. Patients
l’encom- brement mandibulaire. Ceci nous have to wear a fixed or removable retainer
engage a` nous demander si la recidive est in for at least 6 months before removal, and
eluctable ? Faut-il prescrire syst ematiquement have to follow up at least 3 years a post
une contention mandibulaire ? Et pour quelle retention period.
duree faut-il la main- tenir, la controler et m^
eme la renouveler ?^
Data extraction
Ces questions nous amenent a ` nous interroger
sur les facteurs responsables de la recidive de For each of the screened articles, we read
the title and abstract, or even some
Fig. 1: Flux diagram used for litterature data extraction and analysis.
Fig. 1 : Diagramme de flux utilise pour le recueil et l’analyse des donn ees bibliographiques.
— extraction or non-extraction treatment; mandibular arch crowding [14,15,18].
— residual growth; Moreover, the mesial drift of the molars
— facial divergence; reduces the intermolar width, the increase
— periodontium type of retainer; of which has been associated with a
— incisor morphology and occlusion better stability [19]. The results of these 2
quality at the end of treatment. studies are consistent with the data
reported by Kahl-Niekel et al. [20].
Treatment with and without extractions Inversely, the results concluded by Uhde
et al. [21] and
Long-term stability of incisor alignment — les traitements avec ou sans extractions ;
is one of the main goals of the — la croissance residuelle ;
orthodontic treatment. The influence of — la divergence faciale ;
the decision whether to extract or not on — le parodonte, le type d’appareillage ;
this stability has been discussed by — la morphologie des incisives et la qualite de
several studies [7–9]. In our systematic
l’occlusion de fin de traitement.
review, we found 6 included studies
comparing extraction or non-extraction
Traitement avec ou sans extractions
treatments in terms of relapse of
mandibular incisor crowding (Table II).
La stabilite a ` long terme de l’alignement incisif
Indeed, Zafarmand et al. [10],
Francisconi et al. [11], Heiser et al. [12] est un des objectifs principaux du traitement
and Erdinc et al. [13] reported no orthodontique. L’influence de la decision
significant difference between the two d’extraire ou non sur cette stabilit e a fait
protocols; this result was in line with l’objet de plusieurs etudes [7–9] Dans notre
Rossouw et al. [9,14] and revue systematique, nous avons trouve 6
etudes incluses comparant le traitement avec et
Artun et al. results [15]. However, Freitas sans extractions en termes de recidive de
et al. [16] as well as Myser et al. [17] l’encombre- ment mandibulaire incisif (Tableau
reported more mandibular incisor II). En effet, Zafarmand et Qamari [10],
crowding relapse in patients treated with Francisconi et al. [11], Heiser et al. [12] et
extractions. This may be explained by the Erdinc et al. [13] ont rapporte l’absence de diff
fact that the distal movement of the erence significative entre les deux protocoles en
canine towards a wider part of the arch termes de recidive, r esultat qui s’accorde avec
leads to an increase of the intercanine
celui de Rossouw et al. [9,14] et A rtun et al.
width. And, this expansion has been yet
strongly incriminated in the relapse of [15]. Toutefois, Freitas et al. [16] ainsi que
bimaxillaires et ceux traites par les extractions monomaxil- mandibular rotation, thus leading to a reduction or a
laires (Tableau III). Il n’existe aucune difference significative total loss of the interincisor contacting point, and a
entre les deux protocoles en termes de recidive de l’encom- subsequent decrease of the interincisor angle [36].
brement mandibulaire. Ces donnees concordent avec les Richardson [37] and Perera [38] also concluded in
resultats des etudes qui ont compar e le traitement des mal- their studies that the anterior rotation of the mandible
might contribute to the occurrence of a late incisor
occlusions de classe II division 1 avec et sans extractions des
crowding.
4 premolaires [9,15,29], contrairement a` Kahl-Nieke et al.
qui ont rapporte une diff erence significative entre les
traitements avec et sans extractions [20]. Cependant, Our research identified 4 included studies (Table IV)
l’echantillon de cette etude comportait a ` la fois les investigating the implication of residual growth
malocclusions de classe I, II et III. following the end
Table III Tableau III
Included study comparing treatments of Class II Etude incluse comparant le traitement des malocclusions de malocclusions
with monomaxillary vs bimaxillary extractions. Classe II par extractions monomaxillaires vs bimaxillaires.
Authors / Auteurs Sample characteristics / Caracteristiques de Conclusion / Conclusion
l’echantillon
Janson et al. Group 1: 19 patients, mean age 14.04 years, No significant difference in incisor
[28] extraction of 2 maxillary premolars, out of which alignment stability in class II patients
patients with mandibular stripping / Groupe treated with
: 19 patients, age moyen 14,04 ans,^ extractions extractions monomaxillary or bimaxillary
de 2 premolaires maxillaires, dont (P < 0.05) / Aucune difference significative
patients avec stripping mandibulaire Group dans la stabilite de l’alignement incisif chez
2: 47 patients, mean age 13.03 years, les sujets de classe II traites avec extractions
extraction of the 4 premolars / Groupe 2 : 47 monomaxillaires ou bimaxillaires (p < 0,05)
patients, age moyen 13,03 ans, extractions de
4^ premolaires
Sub-group from group 2 = with extraction of the
premolars (initial IIRcomparable to group 1) /
Sous-groupe issu du groupe 2 = avec
extractions des 4 premolaires (IIR initiale
comparable au groupe 1
Edgewise treatment, 2 yrs of fixed mandibular
retention, postretention period of 3 years /
Traitements Edgewise, contention
mandibulaire fixe de 2 ans, periode de
postcontention de 3 ans
Residual growth La croissance residuelle
Several patients end their orthodontic treatment when Plusieurs patients terminent leur traitement orthodontique
adolescence is almost achieved and craniofacial growth vers la fin de l’adolescence ou` la croissance craniofaciale est
is still ongoing. The role of this residual growth in the toujours presente. Le r ole de cette croissance r^ esiduelle
relapse of mandibular crowding is still discussed. Indeed, dans la reapparition de l’encombrement mandibulaire est tou-
Bj€ork and Skieller have shown that when metal
jours discute. En effet, Bj ork et Skieller avaient montr€ e gr
implants are placed in the mandibular arch, an excessive
ace^ a` des implants metalliques a ` l’arcade mandibulaire, un
vertical growth occurs in the condyles [30,31], which is
responsible for a mean anterior rotation of the mandible exces de croissance condylienne verticale [30,31] responsable
of about 6 [32]. This growth might have some impact on d’une rotation anterieure de la mandibule de 6 en moyenne
the interincisor relationships and on the arch width as [32]. Cette croissance pourrait avoir un impact sur les rapports
well, and therefore influence the anterior tooth alignment interincisifs ainsi que la largeur d’arcade mandibulaire et donc
[33,34]. Moreover, according to Bj€ork’s findings, the influencer l’alignement dentaire anterieur [33,34]. De plus,
marked anterior rotation is a risk factor for the selon les constatations de Bjork,€ la rotation anterieure
occurrence of mandibular incisor crowding [35]. This is prononcee est un facteur de risque pour l’apparition d’un
explained by the tendency of the incisors to follow the encombrement mandibulaire incisif [35]. Ceci est explique par
Le parodonte
Les dents sont ancrees et d eplac ees au sein de l’os alv eolaire.
Ce deplacement peut etre affect^ e par la densit e osseuse.
Une seule etude incluse a port e sur l’influence de l’os sur le
taux de recidive de l’encombrement mandibulaire en
evaluant la
Table V Tableau V
Study investigating facial divergence. Etude traitant la divergence
faciale.
Authors / Auteurs Sample characteristics / Conclusion / Conclusion
Caracteristiques de
l’echantillon
Goldberg 75 patients (31 males, 44 Crowding relapse was
et al. [49] females) treated with generally minimal /
extractions of the 4 premolars recidiveLa
and d’encombrement
Edgewise mechanics; minimum
etait gen
post retention period of 5 years;
cephalometric measurements eralement minime
(HFA, HFP, IMPA, Female patients with the most
MPA...); measurements on casts (IC, increased facial divergence
IM, showed momultibracket / Les
II, TSALD widths) / 75 patients patientes femmes avec la
divergence faciale la plus
(31 hommes, 44 femmes) traites
augmentee pr esentaient
avec
plus d’encombrement
extraction des 4 premolaires et m ecanique
Female patients with the
Edgewise ; periode highest lower incisor eruption
postcontention minimum de 5 incisive inferior and the most
ans ; mesures facial divergence after end of
cephalometriques (HFA, HFP, IMPA, treatment showed significantly
MPA...) ; mesures sur moulage momultibracket relapse / Les
(largeurs IC, IM, II, patientes
TSALD) avec le plus d’eruption incisive
inf erieure et le plus de
divergence faciale apres fin de
traitement presentaient
significativement plus de
recidive d’encombrement
IC: intercanine; IM: intermolar; II: Irregularity Index; TSALD: tooth size-arch length discrepancies: difference between arch length and teeth diameter.
IC : intercanine ; IM : intermolaire ; II : Index d’Irregularit e ; TSALD : diff erence entre la longueur d’arcade et le diam etre des dents.
structure et l’epaisseur de l’os sur radiographie these results is still discussed. The included
a ` travers deux parametres : l’ study [19] in our review was aimed to identify
epaisseur corticale mandibulaire et la structure the predictive factors for mandibular arch
alveolaire, a` la recherche d’une eventuelle stability in patients treated in mixed dentition,
correlation (Tableau VI). Cette etude a rapport e using a maxillary transpalatal arch and a
mandibular lip bumper, followed by a
plus de r ecidive chez les sujets avec des
multibracket fixed treatment in permanent
corticales minces [55]. Or, il a et e d emontr e
dentition (Table VII). The authors found that
que l’epaisseur de la corticale refl ete la densit e the best predictors for stability were the
osseuse glo- bale [56]. Donc, on peut supposer mandibular intermolar and interpremolar
que les recidives sont plus frequentes chez les widths after an initial treatment phase using a
patients avec un faible support osseux. Ce lip bumper. The probabilities for stability
resultat sugg ere le r ole possible de l’os following retainer removal (mean of 4 years
mandibulaire dans^ la recidive multifactorielle after retention) were increased by 1.52 and
de l’encombrement incisif. En effet, une faible 2.7 respectively, for each millimeter of
epaisseur corticale implique une faible densit expansion in the intermolar and interpremolar
e osseuse et donc moins de soutien osseux pour
widths during treatment. Hence, the crowding
relapse rate was minimal (0.34 mm).
maintenir l’alignement dentaire.
Le type d’appareillage ou la technique utilisee Inversely, Ferris et al. [62] reported a higher
decrease in the intermolar, interpremolar
Dans notre revue systematique, nous avons and intercanine widths of 1.5, 1.2 et 0.9
trouv e 3 etudes incluses evaluant chacune mm, respectively, and Solomon et al. [63]
l’impact d’une technique de traite- ment sur la also reported a significant decrease of 1.2
stabilite a ` long terme de l’alignement incisif mm only for the interpremolar width, while
(Tableau VII). the intercanine and intermolar widths
decreased of 0.4 and 0.6 mm, respectively.
Expansion par le lip bumper The higher relapse rates reported in these
two studies might be related to a greater
Le lip bumper est un dispositif utilise pour r mechanical expansion during the active
eduire l’encombre- ment dentaire [57,58]. En multibracket fixed treatment.
alterant la force des musculatures labiale et
jugale, il permet [59] une augmentation
Treatment with aligners
significative des largeurs intercanine [57,58], Treatment with aligners is an alternative to
interpremolaire [57] et intermolaire [60,61] fixed multibracket fixed treatment. They
ainsi que du perim etre et de la longueur include an aesthetic technique allowing
Authors / Auteurs Sample characteristics / Caracteristiques de l’echantillon Conclusion / Conclusion
Rothe et al. Group 1: relapse with II 6 mm; group 2: control Subjects with thin cortical bones are
[55] significantly more prone to a risk of
group, stable with II 3 mm / Groupe 1 : recidive relapse following orthodontic
avec II 6 mm ; groupe 2 : groupe de controle,^ stable treatment
(P < 0.05) / Les sujets avec des
avec II 3 mm
corticales minces ont significativement
Minimum postretention period of 10 years; plus de risque de recidive apr
measurements: Incisor Irregularity Index (II), es traitement orthodontique
thickness of cortical bone on the panoramic and (p < 0,05)
lateral cephalogram radiographs; assessment of the
trabecular components / Periode postcontention
minimum 10 ans ; mesures : Index d’Irregularit e
incisif (II), epaisseur de la corticale sur panoramique et
tel eradiographie ; evaluation des structures
trabeculaires
16 International Orthodontics 2018 ; X : 1-21
Table VI Tableau VI
Included study focusing the periodontium. Etude incluse int eressant le parodonte.
ORTHO 282 1-19
moving and aligning teeth using a series of minime (0,34 mm). Inversement, Ferris et al. [62]
removable splints. ont rapporte une diminution plus elev ee des
largeurs intermolaire, interpr emolaire et interca-
In the study included in our review [64], the nine de 1,5, 1,2 et 0,9 mm, respectivement et
author reported a higher rate of mandibular Solomon et al. [63] ont signale des diminutions
crowding relapse in patients treated significatives de 1,2 mm pour la largeur
d’arcade [61]. La stabilite a ` long terme de ces
interpremolaire seulement, tandis que les largeurs
resultats est toujours controversee. L’ etude [19]
intercanine et intermolaire ont diminue de 0,4 et
incluse dans notre revue avait comme objectif
0,6 mm. Les taux de recidive plus elev e dans ces
d’identifier les facteurs predictifs de la stabilite de
deux etudes sont peut- etre li^ es a ` une plus
l’arcade mandibulaire chez les patients trait
grande expansion mecanique durant le traitement
es en denture mixte par un arc transpalatin
actif multibague.
maxillaire et un lip bumper mandibulaire suivi par
un traitement multibague en denture permanente Traitement par les aligneurs
(Tableau VII). Les auteurs ont trouve que les
meilleurs predicteurs de la stabilit e etaient les Le traitement par aligneurs est une alternative aux
largeurs inter- molaires et interpremolaires traitements par appareillages fixes. Ils constituent
mandibulaires apr es une phase initiale de une technique esthe- tique permettant le
traitement par lip bumper. Les probabilites de sta- deplacement et l’alignement des dents a` l’aide
bilite apr es d epose de la contention (moyenne de d’une serie de goutti eres amovibles.
4 ans apr es son arret) ont augment^ e de 1,52 et Dans l’etude incluse dans notre revue [64],
2,7 fois respectivement, pour chaque millimetre l’auteur a rapporte un taux de recidive de
d’expansion des largeurs intermolaire et l’encombrement mandibulaire plus
interpremolaire au cours du traitement. Ainsi, le with “Invisalign” compared to those treated
taux de recidive de l’encombrement etait tr es with the conventional appliances (Table VII).
Authors / Auteurs Study designs / Schemas de l’ etude Conclusions / Conclusions
31 patients divided into a stable group and a The stability odds ratio during post-
group with relapse; Cl. I or II malocclusions; retention increases of 1.52 and 2.7
age 9 yrs to T0; T0 to T1: 2 years of lip bumper respectively for each
in mixed dentition / 31 patients divises en 1 mm increase of the intermolar and
groupe stable et groupe avec recidive ; interpremolar distance intermolaire et
malocclusions de Cl. I ou II ; age 9 ans a^ ` T0 ; interpremolaire using the lip bumper /
Raucci et al. T0a` T1 : 2 ans de lip bumper en denture mixte L’ods
[19] de stabilite en postcontention augmente de
T1 to T2: multibracket treatment in permanent
dentition; 2 years minimum of fixed retention; 1,52 et 2,7 respectivement pour chaque
augmentation de 1 mm de la distance
post retention period: meanly 4 years / T1a`
intermolaire et interpremolaire par le lip
T2 : traitement multibague en denture
bumper
permanente ; contention fixe 2 ans
minimum ; periode postcontention : 4 ans en
moyenne
Group 1: passive self-ligating brackets, No significant difference between the
mean age 13.56 yrs; group 2: selfligating brackets and conventional
conventional brackets; initial mean age brackets in terms of stability / Aucune
Yu et al.
13.48 yrs / Groupe 1 : difference
[69] significative entre les brackets autoligaturants
brackets autoligaturants passifs, age moyen^
13,56 ans ; groupe 2 : brackets conventionnels, et les brackets conventionnels en terme de
age moyen initial 13,48 ans^ stabilite
Patients treated with aligners showed
2 groups: Invisalign vs multibracket more relapse compared to those treated
treatment; removable retention; with a
Kuncio et al. postretention period of 3 years / 2 conventional appliance / Les patients
[64] groupes : Invisalign vs multibagues ; traites avec les aligneurs presentaient plus
International Orthodontics 2018 ; X : 1-21
contention amovible ; periode postcontention de 17
de 3 ans recidive par rapport a ` ceux traites par un
appareillage conventionnel
This result may be explained by the short deux systemes entraı ˆnent les memes^
duration of the active treatment (an average of changements dimensionnels [69].
2 weeks between each splint), as well as the Incisor morphology
lack of torque and tooth axis control.
The size and diameter of incisors is one of
the parameters, which have been widely
Treatment with self-ligating devices investigated as factors involved in incisor
alignment instability. The results and
Self-ligating appliances include a system of conclusions of these studies are various. In
brackets for which many benefits have been the study included in our systematic review,
claimed, particularly less friction and shorter no correlation was reported between incisor
treatment time, patient comfort and better morphology and mandibular crowding
outcomes [65–67]. Some searchers presumed relapse [70] (Table VIII).
a higher long-term stability using the self-
ligating appliances due to de light generated Smith et al. and Doris et al. [71,72] reported
forces, allowing a physiological movement of a significant difference between the size of
teeth [68]. In our systematic review, we found incisors and the occurrence of mandibular
only one study comparing self-ligating crowding relapse, with a mean difference in
brackets with the conventional system in the mesiodistal width (MD) of about 0.25
terms of stability (Table VII). The author mm per incisor. Other similar studies found
reported no significant differences between no significant correlation between tooth
the two systems with an equal rate of incisor dimensions and relapse [73,74]. Peck and
crowding relapse, due to the fact that both Peck [75] had suggested the influence of
systems generate the same dimensional incisor morphology, in addition to their
changes [69]. size, on the stability of their alignment.
elev echezlespatientstrait espar« Invisalig » par However, most of these studies assessed a
rapporta ` ceux traites par les appareillages non-treated population in which only the
conventionnels ( Tableau VII). Ce resultat initial casts of the sample were analysed
peut etre expliqu^ e par la courte dur ee du with no long-term follow up. The studies,
traitement actif (une moyenne de 2 semaines which assessed the long-term changes after
entre chaque gouttiere) ainsi que par le manque retainer removal, only found low or
de controle du torque et des axes^ dentaires. inexisting associations between the
irregularity index and incisor morphology
Traitement par les autoligaturants [73,74].
elation n’a et e rapport ee entre la morphologie population non trait ee ou` seuls les moulages
des incisives et la recidive de l’encom- brement initiaux de l’echantillon ont et e analys es sans
mandibulaire [70] (Tableau VIII). suivi a` long terme. Les etudes ayant evalu e les
Smith et al. [71,72] ainsi que Doris et al. ont change- ments a` long terme apres d epose de la
rapporte une difference significative entre la taille contention n’ont trouv e que des
des incisives et la surve- nue de la recidive de associations faibles ou inexistantes entre l’Indice
l’encombrement mandibulaire avec une moyenne d’Irregularit e et la forme des incisives [73,74].
de difference dans la largeur m esiodistale (MD)
d’environ 0,25 mm par incisive. D’autres etudes La qualite de l’occlusion de fin de traitement
semblables n’ont trouve aucune corr elation
significative entre les dimen- sions des dents et la L’occlusion de fin de traitement est un des
recidive [73,74]. Pecket Peck [75] avaient sugger e parametres large- ment consider es comme
l’influence de la forme des incisives, en plus de facteur de stabilit e a ` long terme [76–78].
leur taille, sur la stabilite de leur alignement. Cependant, des etudes recentes n’ont trouve
Cependant, la majorite de ces etudes a evalu e une aucune correlation entre la qualit e des rapports
occlusaux et la recidive [4,79–82].
Table VIII Tableau VIII
Included study on incisor Etude incluse etudiant la forme des
morphology. incisives.
Table IX Tableau IX
Included study on the influence of dental occlusion. Etude incluse traitant l’influence de l’occlusion dentaire.
ORTHO 282 1-19