GEOLOGIC

PROCESSES
and
HAZARDS
KEY QUESTIONS:
• What are the different geologic hazards?
• What does a hazard map show?
• How do humans cause some geologic hazards and
how do we prepare for such?
GEOLOGIC GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES HAZARDS
• Are naturally occurring events • Are extreme natural event in
that directly or indirectly the crust of the Earth that
impact the geology of the Earth poses threat to life and
property.

Plate tectonics, weathering, earthquake, Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami

volcanic eruptions, mountain formation, or tidal waves and landslides
deposition, erosion, drought, flooding,
landslides.
EARTHQUAKE
• Is the minimal to rapid shaking of the
ground due to the movement of rocks
along faults on Earth’s crust.

Plates Rocks Energy is Earthquake

move break released
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

• GROUND SHAKING -most obvious hazard earthquakes cause

• SURFACE FAULTING -breaking of the ground

• LANDSLIDES -downward movement of the soil

• LIQUEFACTION -saturation of soil with water

• TSUNAMIS -shaking happens on the seafloor

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

• Occurs when magma is released

from a volcano
VOLCANIC HAZARDS

• TEPHRA -consists of pyroclastic flow

• PYROCLASTIC FLOW -dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash
and hot gases

• LAHAR -mixture of rock and water that flows down the slope of a volcano

• LAVA FLOWS AND DOMES -composed of viscous magma/lava being erupted onto the surface

• POISONOUS GASES -are gases released during volcanic eruption

HAZARDS

• Are phenomena (natural or non-

made) which poses threat to
humans, animals, properties and
environment.
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS

NATURAL ANTHROPOGENIC

Earthquakes Deforestation
Volcanic Eruptions Mining
Landslides Climate Change
Tsunamis
Climate / Weather Hazards
LANDSLIDES

• Is the movement of rock down a

slope.

• This is a natural hazard but

human activities may speed up or
trigger its occurrences.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT TRIGGER
LANDSLIDES

• Overloading slopes • Land pollution / Land degradation

• Mining • Excavation of archeological remains
• Land use • Cutting of trees
• Excavation/displacement of rocks
• Quarrying
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES

• Property damage, injuries and death

• Water supplies, fisheries, sewage, disposal systems, forest,

clams, roadways

• Cost to repair structures, loss of property value, disruption of

transportation routes, medical costs, indirect cost Lost timbers
Lost fish stocks
HAZARD MAP
• Illustrates areas that are exposed
or prone to a particular hazard

• Used to mitigate the potential

negative effects of hazards.

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/gisweb-hazard-
maps
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES / HAZARDS

EARTHQUAKE VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Ground shaking Tephra fall
Ground rupture (formation breaks on the ground) Pyroclastic flow
Liquefaction Lahar
Landslides Lava flow and Lava dome
Tsunamis Release of harmful gases
PERFORMANCE TASK 4.1