AGECHM1: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

NAME:________________________ RATING:__________________

GROUP #:_____________________ DATE:____________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
PROPERTIES AND TESTS FOR ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

OBJECTIVES

1. To observe the chemical properties of both aldehydes and ketones

2. To compare the properties of aldehydes and ketones with other hydrocarbons
3. To prepare other hydrocarbon derivatives from specific reactions of aldehyde and ketone
4. To work safely and efficiently in the laboratory

MATERIALS & REAGENTS

A. Materials
Test tubes, Test tube Rack, Test Tube holder, Test tube brush, Pasteur pipettes, Watch glass, Evaporating
dish, 250 mL Beaker, Splinters, Bunsen Burner, Wire gauze, Tripod, pH papers, Litmus papers

B. Reagents
Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Bezaldehyde, Methanol, 95% Ethanol, 95% Isopropanol, Acetone, K2Cr2O7
Solution, Conc. H2SO4, 2,4 – DNPH in Methanol, Sat. Sol’n of NaHSO 3, Conc. NaOH, Benedict’s Reagent,
Fehling’s A & B Reagents, Schiff’s Reagent, 0.5% Sodium Nitroprusside Solution, Distilled water, Ice cubes

RUBRICS FOR SCORING

For Procedures:
 2 points is given for every short procedure done that requires an immediate written observation
o 1 point for doing the procedure correctly
o 1 point for the answer
 An extra 3 points may be given for long procedures that requires 5 – 15 minutes to perform;
 An extra 5 points for procedures that require 16 – 30 min. to perform on the average
 An extra 8 points for procedures that require 31 – or more minutes to perform on the average
 3 points is given for every generalization or conclusion made
o 1 point is to be deducted from the score for every mistake identified by the instructor
 1 point is given for items that do not require performing a procedure

For Questions for Research:

 1 point is given for each correct answer to an enumeration.
 2 points is given to every correct definition answer.
o 1 point is to be deducted from the score for every mistake identified by the instructor
 4 points is given for other questions.
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o 4 – excellent – 1 mistake or missing concept identified

o 3 – Good – 2 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 2 – Fair – 3 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 1 – Poor – 4 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 0 – The answer is totally different from the expected response

PROCEDURES & OBSERVATIONS:

A. CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

1. Reaction with Strong Oxidizing Agent

a. Get four (4) clean and dry test tubes and label them as test tube 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively.
 To test tube 1 (TT1), place 1 mL of Formaldehyde
 To test tube 2 (TT2), place 1 mL of Acetaldehyde
 To test tube 3 (TT3), place 1 mL of Benzaldehyde
 To test tube 4 (TT4), place 1 mL of Acetone
b. Cautiously add 3 drops of 1% potassium dichromate solution to each carbonyl solutions.
c. Acidify with each solution with 3 drops of conc’d sulfuric acid with caution.
d. Observe and write your results if there are changes in the color of each of the carbonyl solutions.

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e. Write the equation for the reactions in the boxes below.

2. Brady’s Test

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a. Get four (4) clean and dry test tubes and label them as test tube 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively:
 To test tube 1 (TT1), place 1 mL of Formaldehyde
 To test tube 2 (TT2), place 1 mL of Acetaldehyde
 To test tube 3 (TT3), place 1 mL of Benzaldehyde
 To test tube 4 (TT4), place 1 mL of Acetone
b. Add 1 mL of 2, 4 – Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine solution to each test tube containing the carbonyl
solutions.
c. Acidify each solution with 3 drops of conc’d sulfuric acid with caution (check acidity using BLP).
d. Observe if there are any changes in the color of each carbonyl solutions. Write your results below.

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e. What is Brady’s test for? ________________________________________________

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3. Benedict’s Test

a. Get four (4) clean and dry test tubes and label them as test tube 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively:
 To test tube 1 (TT1), place 1 mL of Formaldehyde
 To test tube 2 (TT2), place 1 mL of Acetaldehyde
 To test tube 3 (TT3), place 1 mL of Benzaldehyde
 To test tube 4 (TT4), place 1 mL of Acetone
b. Add 2 mL of Benedict’s reagent to each test tube containing the carbonyl solutions
c. Place the test tubes in a boiling water bath for 3 minutes
d. Observe for any color change or formation of a precipitate in each of the carbonyl solutions.

TABLE 1: Results and Observations

Carbonyl Color of Solution Upon addition of Results after the Hot water
Solutions Benedict’s Reagents bath

Formaldehyde

Acetaldehyde

Benzaldehyde

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Acetone

4. Fehling’s Test

a. Get two (2) clean and dry test tubes and label them as test tube 1, and 2 respectively.
 To test tube 1 (TT1), place 1 mL of Acetaldehyde
 To test tube 2 (TT2), place 1 mL of Acetone
b. Add 1 mL of Fehling’s reagent A and 1 mL of Fehling’s reagent B respectively to each of the
solutions in the test tubes. Carefully shake the test tubes to completely mix the contents.
c. Place the test tubes in a boiling water bath for 3 minutes
d. Observe for any color change or formation of a precipitate.

TABLE 2: Results and Observations

Color of Solution Upon addition of Results after the Hot water
Test Solutions Fehling’s Reagents A & B bath

Acetaldehyde

Acetone

Based on the results and observations of the above procedures:

In which solution was the Fehling’s test positive? ______________________________

What is the positive results for Fehling’s test? _________________________________

In which solution was the Fehling’s test came-out negative? Why? Explain your answer.

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What can you say about the Benedict’s Test and Fehling’s test as to their results with both aldehydes
and ketones?

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Can you use these test to differentiate between an aldehyde and a ketone? __________

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B. SPECIFIC TESTS FOR ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

1. Schiff’s Test

i. Get two (2) clean and dry test tubes and label them as test tube 1 and 2 respectively.
 To test tube 1 (TT1), place 5 drops of Acetaldehyde and 1 mL of ethanol
 To test tube 2 (TT2), place 5 drops of Acetone and 1 mL of ethanol
ii. Add 10 drops of Schiff’s reagent. Let the solutions stand for a minute then observe.

Observations: __________________________________________________________

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2. Legal’s Test

e. Place 2 mL of acetone in a clean and dry test tube

f. Add 5 drops of 0.5% Sodium Nitroprusside and note all changes that occurred

Observation: ___________________________________________________________

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g. Add 10 drops of concentrated NaOH solution (check alkalinity using RLP).

h. Observe for further changes in the solution and write your observations below.

Note: This test may also be used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in urine.

Observations: __________________________________________________________

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3. Reaction of Aldehydes with Strong Bases

a. Get two (2) clean and dry test tubes and label them as test tube 1 and 2 respectively:
 To test tube 1 (TT1), place 1 mL of Formaldehyde
 To test tube 2 (TT2), place 1 mL of Acetaldehyde

b. Add 1 mL of concentrated solution of NaOH in each solutions of aldehyde. Shake to mix the
contents.
c. Place the test tubes in a boiling water bath for 2-3 minutes.
d. Observe in which test tube was a brown resinous substance formed?

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e. What do you call the reaction between formaldehyde and concentrated NaOH or KOH?

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f. Write the equation for this reaction

g. What do you call the reaction between acetaldehyde and concentrated NaOH or KOH?

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h. Write the equation for this reaction

CONCLUSIONS

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH

1. Aside from the oxidation of primary alcohols, give another method of preparing an aldehyde. Discuss
and illustrate the mechanism of formation.
2. What are acetals and hemiacetals? Illustrate their formation and cite their importance in biological
processes.
3. What is chloral hydrate? How is it formed? What is its importance? Discuss.
4. Write the structural formula of (a) diphenyl ketone and (b) dibenzyl ketone. What are their IUPAC name?
and what are their uses or importance? Discuss each.
5. What are ketals and hemiketals? Explain briefly. Illustrate their mechanism of formation.
6. Cite two methods of preparing Ketones aside from the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Show by using
equations their mechanism of formation.

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7. Describe the expected positive result of (a) Benedict’s test, (b) Fehling’s test, and (c) Tollen’s test?
Discuss also their applications.

REFERENCES:

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