CHAPTER 1: HUMAN BODY-AN

ORIENTATION

ANATOMY
-study of the STRUCTURE and SHAPE of the BODY and its PARTS
PHYSIOLOGY
-study of how the BODY and its PARTS WORK/FUNCTION
ANATOMY – LEVELS OF STUDY
GROSS ANATOMY
-LARGE STRUCTURES
-EASILY OBSERVABLE
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
-VERY SMALL STRUCTURES
CAN ONLY BE VIEWED WITH A MICROSCOPE

LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

CHEMICAL LEVEL
-ATOMS COMBINE
TO FORM
MOLECULES
 CELLULAR LEVEL
-CELLS ARE MADE
UP OF MOLECULES

TISSUE LEVEL
-TISSUES CONSIST
OF SIMILAR TYPES
OF CELLS

ORGAN LEVEL
-ORGANS ARE
MADE UP OF
DIFFERENT TYPES
OF TISSUES

ORGAN SYSTEM
LEVEL
-ORGAN SYSTEMS
CONSIST OF
DIFFERENT
ORGANS THAT
WORK TOGETHER
CLOSELY

ORGANISMAL
LEVEL
-HUMAN
ORGANISMS ARE
MADE UP OF MANY
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
ORGAN SYSTEMS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 -FORMS THE EXTERNAL BODY COVERING
-PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUE FROM INJURY AND DRYING OUT
-SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D
-LOCATION OF CUTANEOUS NERVE RECEPTORS

SKELETAL SYSTEM
-PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS BODY ORGANS
-PROVIDES MUSCLE ATTACHMENT FOR MOVEMENT
-SITE OF BLOOD CELL FORMATION
-STORES MINERALS

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
-ALLOWS LOCOMOTION
-MAINTAINS POSTURE
-PRODUCES HEAT

NERVOUS SYSTEM
-FAST-ACTING CONTROL SYSTEM
-RESPONDS T INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGE
-ACTIVATES MUSCLES AND GLANDS

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
-SECRETES REGULATORY HORMONES
-REPRODUCTION AND METABOLISM
CARDIOVASULAR SYSTEM
-TRANSPORTS MATERIALS IN BODY VIA BLOOD PUMPED BY HEART
-OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS AND WASTES
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-RETURNS FLUIDS TO BLOOD VESSELS
-DISPOSES OF DEBRIS
-INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY-DESTROYS BACTERIA AND TUMOR CELLS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-KEEPS BLOOD SUPPLIED WITH OXYGEN
-REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-BREAKS DOWN FOOD
-ALLOWS FOR NUTRIENT ABSORPTION INTO BLOOOD
-ELIMINATES INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL

URINARY SYSTEM
-ELIMINATES NITROGENOUS WASTES
-MAINTAINS ACID-BASE BALANCE
-REFYKATION OF MATERIALS
-WATER AND ELECTROLYTES

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
-PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRIG

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES
 -KEEPS THE BPDY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DISTINCT FROM THE
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT-THE SKIN AND MEMBRANES

MOVEMENT
-LOCOMOTION
-MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES

RESPONSIVENESS
-ABILITY TO SENSE CHANGES AND REACT

DIGESTION
-BREAK-DOWN AND DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS

METABOLISM
-ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITHIN THE BODY
-PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
-MAKING BODY STRUCTURES

EXCRETION
-ELIMINATION OF WASTE FROM METABOLIC REACTIONS

REPRODUCTION
-PRODUCTION OF FUTURE GENERATION
-PROVIDES NEW CELLS FOR GROWTH AMD REPAIR

GROWTH
-INCREASING OF CELL SIZE AND NUMBER
SURVIVAL NEEDS
NUTRIENTS
-CHEMICALS FOR ENERGY AND CELL BUILDING
-INCLUDES CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, VITAMINS AND
MINERALS

OXYGEN
-REQUIRED FOR CHEMICAL REACTION

WATER
-60-80% OF BODY WEIGHT
-PROVIDES FOR METABOLIC REACTION
-STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE
-ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MUST BE APPROPRIATE

HOMEOSTASIS
-MAINTENANCE OF A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT=A DYNAMIC
STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
-MUST BE MAINTANED FIR NORMAL BODY FUNCTIONING AND TO SUSTAIN
LIFE

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
-A DISTURBANCE IN HOMEOSTASIS RESULTING IN DISEASE

MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS
-THE BODY COMMUNICATES THROUGH NEURAL AND HORMONAL
CONTROL SYSTEMS

RECEPTOR
 -RESPONDS TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT (STIMULI)
-SENDS INFORMATION TO CONTROL CENTER

CONTROL CENTER
-DETERMINES SET POINT
-ANALYZES INFORMATION
-DETERMINES APPROPRIATE RESPONSE

EFFECTOR
-PROVIDES A MEANS FOR RESPONSE TO THE STIMULUS

INTEGRATO
RECEPTOR EFFECTOR RESPONSE
R

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
-INCLUDES MOST HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
-SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS OR REDUCES ITS INTENSITY
-WORKS LIKE AHOUSEHOLD THERMOSTAT
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
-INCREASES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS TO PUSH THE VARIABLE FARTHER
-IN THE BODY THIS ONLY OCCURS IN BLOOD CLOTTING AND BIRTH OS A
BABY
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
SPECIAL TERMINLOGY IS USED TO PREVENT MISUNDERSTANDING
EXACT TERMS ARE USED FOR POSITION, DIRECTION, REGIONS, STRUCTURES

ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL/CEPHA TOWARD THE HEAD THE FOREHEAD IS
LAD END OR UPPER PART SUPERIOR TO THE
OF A STRUCTURE OR NOSE
THE BODY; ABOVE
INFERIOR/CAUDAL AWAY FROM TH THE NAVEL IS
HEAD END OF INFERIOR TO THE
TOWARD THE LOWER BREASTBONE
PART OF A
STRUCTURE OF THE
BODY; BELOW
ATERIOR/VENTRAL TOWARD OR AT THE THE BREASTBONE IS
FRON OF THE BODY; ANTERIOR TO THE
IN FRONT OF SPINE
POSTERIOR/DORSAL TOWARD OR AT THE THE HEART IS
BACKSIDE THE BODY; POSTERIOR TO THE
BEHIND BREASTBONE
MEDIAL TOWARD OR AT THE THE HEART IS MEDIAL
MIDDLE LINE OF THE TO THE ARM
BODY; ON THE INNER
SIDE OF
LATERAL AWAY FROM THE THE ARMS ARE
MIDLINE OF THE LATERAL TO THE
BODY; ON THE OUTER CHEST
SIDE OF
INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN A MORE THE ARMPIT IS
MEDIAL AND A MORE INTERMEDIATE
LAERAL STRUCTURE BETWEEN THE
BREASTBONE AND
SHOULDER
PROXIMAL CLOSE TO THE ORIGIN THE ELBOW IS
OF THE BODY PART PROXIMAL TO THE
OF THE POINT OF WRIST(MEANING THAT
ATTACHMENT OF A THE ELBOW IS CLOSER
LIMB TO THE BODY TO THE SHOULDER OR
TRUNK ATTACHMENT POINT
 OF THE ARM THAT
THE WRIST IS
DISTAL FARTHER FROM THE THE KNEE IS DISTAL
ORIGIN OF A BODY TO THE THIGH
PART OR THE POINT
OF ATTACHMENT OF
A LIMB TO THE BODY
TRUNK
SUPERFICIAL TOWARD OR AT THE THE SKIN IS
BODY SURFACE SUPERFICIAL TO THE
SKELETON
DEEP AWAY FROM THE THE LUNGS ARRE
BODY SURFACE; DEEP TO THE RIB
MORE INTERNAL CAGE

BODY LANDMARKS
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
 NASAL  CEPHALIC
 ORAL  FEMORAL
 CERVICAL  OCCIPITAL
 ACROMIAL  DELTOID
 THORACIC  SCAPULAR
 BRACHIAL  VERTEBRAL
 ANTECUBITAL  LUMBAR
 ABDOMINAL  SACRAL
 UMBLICAL  GLUTEAL
 CARPAL  POPLITEAL
 DIGITAL  SURAL
 OUBIC
 PATELLAR
 CRURAL (LEG)
  TARSAL
 ORBITAL
 BUCCCAL
 STERNAL
 AXILLARY
 PELVIC
 COXAL
 FEMORAL
 FIBULAR

BODY PLANES
MEDIAN(MIDSAGITTAL)
FRONTAL(CORONAL) PLANE
TRANSVERSE PLANE

BODY CAVITIES
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
CRANIAL CAVITY
SPINAL VAITY
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY
DIAPHRAGM
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
 RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT LEFT UPPER QUADRANT

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT LEFT LOWER QUADRANT

ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS

HEART
LUNGS
LIVER
DIAPHRAGM
SPLEEN
STOMACH
LARGE INTESTINE(COLON) AND SMALL INTESTINE
RECTUM

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
RIGHT EPIGASTRIC LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIA REGION HYPOCHONDRIA
C REGION C REGION

RIGHT LUMBAR UMBLICAL LEFT LUMBAR

REGION REGION REGION
RIGGHT ILIAC HYPOGASTRIC LEFT ILIAC
REGION REGION REGION