Decision Making Workbook

1) The  survival  results  of  a  drug  trial  comparing  two  different  drugs  to  a  placebo  are  
presented  below.  Decide  whether  the  following  conclusions  follow:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a) Patients   prescribed   Drug   A   had   better   survival   compared   to   those   prescribed  
Drug  B.  
b) Median  survival  time,  the  time  it  took  for  50%  of  the  patients  in  a  particular  
treatment  group  to  die,  was  longest  in  the  group  receiving  Drug  B.  
c) After  13  months  most  of  the  patients  had  died.      
d) For   most   of   the   study   the   placebo   group   had   the   highest   percentage   of  
patients  alive.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2)   The   table   below   shows   the   breakdown   of   two   types   of   hospital   admissions   and  
their  associated  costs  over  5  years.  Decide  whether  the  following  conclusions  follow:    
 

 
 
 
a) There   were   more   in-­‐patient   admissions   than   emergency   room   admissions  
between  2012  than  2016.    
b) The  average  rate  of  increase  in  emergency  room  admissions  over  5  years  was  
greater   than   the   rate   of   increase   in   in-­‐patient   admissions   for   the   same  
period.  
c) There   were   consistently   only   twice   as   many   in-­‐patient   admissions   as  
emergency  room  admissions.    
d) The   number   of   emergency   room   admissions   increased   by   about   10%   each  
year.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3)  The  graph  below  shows  the  number  of  beats  per  minute  (BPM)  for  four  people’s  
top  5  favourite  songs.  Song  1  is  their  favourite,  song  5  is  their  5th  favourite.  Decide  
whether  the  following  conclusions  follow:    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a) Alison  generally  favours  songs  with  fewer  BPM  than  the  other  three.  
b) Elijah’s   favourite   song   has   more   BPM   than   all   the   other   people’s   favourite  
song.    
c) Women  usually  like  fewer  BPM  in  their  music  than  men.    
d) Albie’s   top   five   favourite   songs   are   spread   across   a   wider   range   of   speeds  
than  the  other  people’s.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
4)  The  chart  below  shows  the  total  monthly  sales  of  3  restaurant  branches  in  a  city.  
Decide  whether  the  following  conclusions  follow:    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a) In   the   month   of   March,   the   branch   which   generated   the   lowest   amount   of  
sale  was  the  Lakeside  branch.  
b) The  Parkside  branch  generated  more  sale  than  the  Lakeside  branch  in  July    
c) The  highest  total  amount  of  sale  for  all  three  branches  was  generated  in  the  
month  of  January.    
d) The   only   months   which   saw   the   City   Centre   branch’s   sales   fall   lower   than   the  
preceding  month  were  March  and  July.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5)  In  order  to  win  a  large  prize  at  a  carnival  Amelia  must  guess  what  4-­‐digit  number  a  
random   number   generator   will   create.   Amelia   knows   the   first   digit   is   always   a   1,   the  
second  digit  can  only  be  either  7  or  0,  the  third  digit  can  only  be  a  1,  3,  or  9,  while  
the  fourth  digit  can  be  any  number.  Amelia  thinks  she  has  at  least  a  1  in  100  chance.    
 
Is  Amelia  correct  in  thinking  she  has  at  least  a  1%  chance  of  winning?  
 
a) Yes,  her  chance  of  winning  is  1/14  
b) Yes,  her  chance  of  winning  is  1/60  
c) No,  her  chance  of  winning  is  1/60  
d) No,  her  chance  of  winning  is  1/14  
 
6)  Jacob  is  playing  a  card  game  with  a  standard  deck  of  52  cards  (13  cards  of  each  
suit).  He  is  the  first  to  draw  a  card  and  hopes  it  will  be  either  an  Ace  or  a  black  card.  
 
Is  the  chance  for  Jacob  to  draw  either  and  Ace  or  a  black  card  greater  than  1/2?  
 
a) Yes,  the  chance  to  draw  an  Ace  or  black  card  is  13/26  
b) Yes,  the  chance  to  draw  an  Ace  or  black  card  is  7/13  
c) No,  the  chance  to  draw  an  Ace  or  black  card  is  7/13    
d) No,  the  chance  to  draw  an  Ace  or  black  card  is  13/26  
 
7)   Oliver   is   in   line   to   win   one   of   three   new   tablets.   Contestants   need   to   draw   one   of  
3  red  chips  in  a  jar  to  win.  At  the  start  of  the  contest  there  were  44  yellow  chips  27  
green  chips  and  25  blue  chips.  So  far  39  people  have  drawn  a  chip  and  1  tablet  has  
been  won.  
 
Are  Oliver’s  chances  of  winning  now  better  than  if  he  had  drawn  first?  
   
a) Yes,  his  probability  was  1/33  but  is  now  1/30  
b) Yes,  his  probability  was  1/30  but  is  now  1/39  
c) No,  his  probability  was  1/30  but  is  now  1/39    
d) No,  his  probability  was  1/30  but  is  now  1/30    
 
8)  Abigail  cannot  decide  whether  she  wants  to  have  chicken,  salmon,  pork,  or  turkey.  
She  decides  to  flip  a  coin  if  she  gets  2  heads  in  a  row  she  will  have  chicken,  if  she  gets  
a  heads  and  then  a  tails  she  will  have  salmon,  if  she  gets  tails  and  then  heads  she  will  
have  pork,  and  finally  if  she  flips  2  tails  she  will  have  turkey.  Her  first  flip  was  tails.    
 
Has  the  chance  that  Abigail  will  have  turkey  doubled?  
 
a) Yes,  her  chance  was  1/4  and  is  now  0/4  
b) Yes,  her  chance  was  1/4  and  is  now  1/2  
c) No,  her  chance  was  1/4  and  is  now  1/2  
d) No,  her  chance  was  1/4  and  is  now  0/4  
 
 
9)   A   fragrance   company   have   fragrances   made   up   of   the   ingredients   in   the   key  
below.   Some   fragrances   only   have   one   ingredient   whereas   others   are   a   mixture   of  
ingredients.  
 
Based   on   the   diagram,   how   many   fragrances   consisted   of   a   mixture   of   bergamot,  
citrus,  and  sandalwood?  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a) 15  
b) 10  
c) 12    
d) 5  
 
 
 
10)  The  barman  prepared  25  cocktails  decorated  with  lemons.  Of  these,  1  in  5  also  
had  fresh  mint.  For  each  drink  with  fresh  mint  he  prepared  another  2  without  mint.  
All  other  drinks  had  one  lemon  and  one  cherry  per  cocktail.  How  many  cherries  did  
he  need  for  the  order?  
 
a) 15  cherries  
b) 10  cherries  
c) 5  cherries  
d) 25  cherries  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11)  All  soft  drinks  are  sweet.  Sweet  beverages  are  artificially  coloured.    
 
Circle  ‘Yes’  if  the  conclusion  does  follow.  Circle  ‘No’  if  the  conclusion  does  not  follow.  
   
All  soft  drinks  are  artificially  coloured           Yes/No  
Some  red  coloured  soft  drinks  are  sour           Yes/No  
Some  sweet  beverages  are  soft  drinks           Yes/No  
All  green  beverages  are  sweet.             Yes/No  
Some  soft  drinks  are  naturally  coloured           Yes/No  
 
12)  Most  athletes  are  good  runners.  All  good  runners  wear  light-­‐weight  shoes.  
   
Circle  ‘Yes’  if  the  conclusion  does  follow.  Circle  ‘No’  if  the  conclusion  does  not  follow.  
   
No  athletes  wear  light-­‐weight  shoes             Yes/No  
Some  good  runners  do  not  wear  light-­‐weight  shoes         Yes/No  
Some  athletes  wear  light-­‐weight  shoes           Yes/No  
Some  good  runners  wear  regular  sport  shoes         Yes/No  
Most  athletes  wear  light-­‐weight  shoes           Yes/No  
 
13)  All  Europeans  of  African  descent  have  dark  skin,  some  individuals  with  dark  skin  
are  vitamin  D  deficient.    
 
Circle  ‘Yes’  if  the  conclusion  does  follow.  Circle  ‘No’  if  the  conclusion  does  not  follow.  
 
All  Europeans  of  African  descent  are  vitamin  D  deficient       Yes/No  
Some  Europeans  of  African  descent  are  vitamin  D  deficient       Yes/No  
No  vitamin  D  deficient  European  has  fair  skin         Yes/No  
Some  vitamin  D  deficient  individuals  live  in  Europe         Yes/No    
Some  Europeans  of  African  descent  have  fair  skin         Yes/No  
 
14)   Olympic   triathlon   and   decathlon   athletes   are   taking   part   in   a   display   for   the  
opening   ceremony.   All   male   triathlon   athletes   are   to   hold   red   rings   and   all   female  
decathlon   athletes   are   to   hold   blue   rings.   The   rest   of   the   triathlon   and   decathlon  
athletes  will  hold  green  rings.  
   
Circle  ‘Yes’  if  the  conclusion  does  follow.  Circle  ‘No’  if  the  conclusion  does  not  follow.  
   
All  decathlon  athletes  are  holding  green  rings.         Yes/No  
Some  triathlon  athletes  are  holding  red  rings.         Yes/No  
All  female  triathlon  athletes  are  holding  green  rings.       Yes/No  
Some  decathlon  athletes  are  holding  green  rings.         Yes/No  
There  are  the  same  number  of  red  and  blue  rings  being  held.     Yes/No  
 
 
 
15)   It   is   Mother’s   day   and   five   friends   are   buying   flowers   for   their   moms,   each  
picking  her  mom’s  favorites.  They  ordered  five  bunches:  one  with  lilies,  one  with  lilac  
and  the  others  with  roses.  Each  bunch  is  a  different  colour.  Denise  picked  the  orange  
flowers,  but  these  were  not  roses.  Flavia  picked  yellow,  Mary  red,  and  Diane  purple  
flowers.  Anne  chose  the  white  roses.  Only  two  mothers  received  roses  on  Mother’s  
day  and  neither  bunch  was  purple.    
 
Which  of  the  friends  are  siblings?  
   
a) Denise  and  Diane  
b) Flavia  and  Anne  
c) Mary  and  Denise  
d) Flavia  and  Diane  
 
16)  Each  of  the  five  friends  has  a  pet.  Together  they  have  two  cats,  two  dogs  and  a  
gold   fish.   There   are   two   white   and   two   black   pets.   Jeffrey   jogs   with   his   black   dog  
every   morning.   His   wife,   Michaela,   is   allergic   to   cats.   Joshua   helps   pet-­‐sitting  
Jeffrey’s  and  Michaela’s  pets  when  needed,  but  not  on  Sundays  when  he  refreshes  
his  pet’s  water  tank.  This  Sunday  Joshua  will  visit  Corina  and  Minna  to  see  Corina’s  
new  black  cat.    
 
Who  has  a  white  cat?  
 
a) Joshua  
b) Michaela  
c) Corina  
d) Minna  
 
17)   Four   friends   go   out   for   an   Italian   pasta   dinner.   They   order   tortellini,   ravioli,  
penne   and   spaghetti,   each   with   a   different   specialty   sauce.   The   sauces   available  
were   cheese,   ragu,   fungi   and   pesto.   Brandon   ordered   ravioli   with   cheese   and   Kim  
wanted  penne.  James  does  not  like  fungi  or  ragu  sauce,  but  loves  pesto.  Claudia  does  
not  like  fungi  either,  but  ordered  ragu  with  tortellini.    
 
Who  ordered  spaghetti  and  who  likes  fungi?  
 
a) Claudia&  Brandon  
b) Brandon  &  James    
c) Kim  &  Brandon  
d) James  &  Kim  
 
 
 
 
 
 
18)  Should  we  introduce  nationwide  guaranteed  minimum  income  to  reduce  
poverty?  
 
Select  the  strongest  argument  from  the  statements  below.  
 
a) Yes,  giving  people  money  ensures  more  children  will  be  fed  better.    
b) Yes,   by   providing   everyone   with   a   guaranteed   income   higher   than   the  
poverty  limit,  fewer  people  will  be  impoverished.  
c) No,  giving  everyone  money  will  merely  cause  them  to  loose  the  motivation  to  
work  and  become  impoverished.  
d) No,  the  cost  of  giving  everyone  money  will  bankrupt  the  country.  
 
19)   Should   all   gluten   be   made   illegal   to   protect   people   with   celiac   disease   from  
having  a  reaction  to  it?  
 
Select  the  strongest  argument  from  the  statements  below.  
 
a) Yes,  if  gluten  is  illegal  someone  with  celiac  disease  cannot  access  it  and  have  
a  reaction  to  it.  
b) Yes,  gluten  causes  weight  gain  if  eaten  in  excess.  
c) No,  people  with  celiac  disease  do  not  care  if  you  eat  gluten.  
d) No,  gluten  is  an  important  ingredient  in  many  foods.  
 
20)  Should  all  public  payphones  be  removed  to  save  taxpayers  money?  
 
Select  the  strongest  argument  from  the  statements  below.  
 
a) Yes,   the   latest   usage   reports   show   that   very   few   calls   are   placed   in   a   fiscal  
year.    
b) Yes,  the  tax  revenue  due  to  profits  from  the  few  calls  made  on  public  phones  
is  minimal.  
c) No,  red  phone  booths  are  an  iconic  image  and  should  not  be  removed.    
d) No,  public  payphones  are  run  by  private  businesses  at  no  cost  to  taxpayer.  
 
21)   Should   the   selective   breeding   of   brachycephalic   dogs   (pugs,   boxers,   bulldogs,  
etc.)   be   banned   to   reduce   the   number   of   health   problems   these   breeds   are   now  
prone  to?  
   
Select  the  strongest  argument  from  the  statements  below.  
 
a) Yes,  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  selective  breeding  of  brachycephalic  
breeds   in   particular   has   lead   to   an   overwhelming   set   of   debilitating   health  
problems  for  these  breeds.  
b) Yes,   on   average   a   pug   born   today   will   suffer   from   airway   obstruction,   an  
inability   to   properly   close   its   eyes,   and   infections   of   the   skin   folds   on   its  
snout.  
 c) No,  brachycephalic  breeds  have  become  some  of  the  highest  priced  and  most  
in  demand  breeds  of  dogs  due  to  the  perceived  “cuteness”  of  having  a  short  
snout.  
d) No,  responsible  ownership,  not  responsible  breeding  practices,  is  important.