INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Received: 09.03.2021
Accepted: 24.06.2021
Published: 13.09.2021
Citation: Shukla A, Vishwakarma AK,
ONO H, Habibi MS (2021) Using
Quantum GIS for Real-Time
Monitoring of Groundwater Quality:
A Case Study of Gorakhpur City,
India. Indian Journal of Science and
Technology 14(30): 2472-2482. https
://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v14i30.410
∗ needs great attention of all concerned because it is the only source of water
Corresponding author.
veravilla007@gmail.com
Funding: None
Competing Interests: None
Copyright: © 2021 Shukla et al. This
is an open access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
Published By Indian Society for
Education and Environment (iSee)
ISSN
Print: 0974-6846
Electronic: 0974-5645
https://www.indjst.org/
Using Quantum GIS for Real-Time Monitoring of
Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of Gorakhpur City, India
Ashutosh Shukla1 ∗ , Ajey Kumar Vishwakarma2 , Hiroko ONO3 ,
Mustafa Said Habibi4
1 M. Eng, Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
2 B. Tech, Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur,
Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Professor, Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
4 Doctoral Student, Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
Abstract
Objective: This study involves application of Geographic Information System
(GIS) technique for assessment of the groundwater quality using the features
and working of the GIS software for plotting the geospatial data which is very
useful in monitoring the groundwater quality for effective management. The
groundwater quality in the Gorakhpur district has special significance and
for industrial, domestic and irrigation water supply. Method: The groundwater
samples were collected manually from the available water sources from 150
locations distributed in Gorakhpur city. Quantum GIS was used for WQI &
spatial-distribution data maps of 150 Samples. WQI and weighted overlay maps
were produced, which provide a better understanding of the existing water
Quality Scenario of Gorakhpur City. WQI classifies water into five categories
that are Excellent, Good, Poor, Very Poor & Water unsuitable for drinking
purposes. The weighted overlay maps were created in the study area from
the spatial distribution of seven water quality parameters. Finding: Quality
analysis of the drinking water such as spatial distribution maps of individual
water quality parameters, Water Quality Index was found and various stress
zones in Gorakhpur City were identified. According to WQI, out of 150 samples,
only 3 samples were found of Poor Ground Water for drinking purposes
sampled inwards Purdilpur (Ward 42), Dilejakpur (Ward 38) and Alhadadpur
(Ward 55) with WQI of 103.54, 100.17 and 100.11, respectively. The best water
sample is that whose WQI is the least. Shaktinagar (Ward 37) was found
to have the best results with a WQI of 59.05 i.e., good water. None of the
samples were found as ‘Excellent’. Novelty: This study proposed a concept
of assessment and categorization of the groundwater quality based on WQI,
which took 7 parameters into consideration so that proper steps of monitoring,
and management can be done to stop the deterioration of the quality of water.
Keywords: Ground water; Water Quality Index (WQI); Weighted Overlay; GIS;
IDW Surface Interpolation; Spatial Distribution
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1 Introduction
Groundwater quality is governed by Chemical, biological and physical parameters. It is less prone to biological pollution than surface water
which is always in contact with soil, rocks and foreign materials. But freedom from biological pollution itself does not make it eligible for
drinking purposes. Various materials and minerals could be present in it either in the dissolved or dispersed form. These materials and
minerals are very hard to detect from the naked eyes and most of it doesn’t affect the human body are even beneficial up to some extent. But
some of them are highly toxic and if taken in higher concentration could be fatal for the living being.
Groundwater is susceptible to soil properties and aquifer level. The property of groundwater is dependent on depth of the water into the
ground and surrounding soil strata (1) . Also, the water quality of groundwater depends on the rainfall, as after every rainfall the percolation
through the soil layers from pores and cracks occurs causing the change in water quality as percolation of water takes the contaminants and
soil pollutants along with it.
IS code 10500:2012- “Drinking water specification” provides acceptable and permissible values of various water quality parameters for
drinking purposes. The electrical conductivity does not affect the drinking water quality but is used for irrigation purposes. BIS have
mentioned irrigation standards for electrical conductivity, which have been used in this paper (2) . The water having the quality parameters
under acceptable levels is the best for drinking purposes. In the absence of other sources, the water source containing parameters within
permissible limits is accepted as water sources for drinking purposes. Water having quality parameters crossing permissible values are not
chosen for drinking purposes.
In a research by Central Ground Water Board, 2013, it has been mentioned that all the values of water are under the permissible limit
and the Gorakhpur city, which is very prone to flood and water logging during the monsoon season, the quality parameters are susceptible
to change since past 6 years. The growing population and industries have increased the water consumption, generation of wastewater and
effluent to rivers that have become the source of contamination for the groundwater. Therefore, to determine the quality of groundwater from
India Mark II pumps and pumps at shallow depth of less than 50 m, it was found that the pumps at shallow depth had 25% more total dissolved
solid (TDS) and hardness (3) . This study was done in an urban area of Gorakhpur and a semi-urban area of Khorabar. In the same year i.e.,
2014, the water quality index (WQI) was too calculated for different locations of the Gorakhpur City to compare the quality of the water by
standard methods as it is the best tool to classify the different areas according to their water qualities (2) . Earlier, WQI and weighted overlay
analysis were used as imperative tools for classifying the Lucknow sector into regions of safe and unsafe water thus, (2) .
It has been found that the increment in the level of physical and chemical parameters of the groundwater raises significantly in the urban
areas. In a study TDS, turbidity, alkalinity and hardness exceeded the acceptable limits but were below the permissible limits (4) .
Observing the role and significance of WQI in assessing the water quality, we determined the groundwater quality of Gorakhpur city was
by calculating WQI for respective locations. We used this water quality data for creating and publishing the spatial distribution maps. The
determined water quality data was compared with the guidelines for drinking water provided by BIS (IS: 10500-2012).

2 Study Area and physiographic characteristics

Gorakhpur city is situated along the bank of Rapti river in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India and near the border with
Nepal (5) (6) . The Gorakhpur City occupies the extreme North-Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh and lies between 260 70’ and 260 83’ North latitudes
and 830 32’ and 830 44’ East longitudes. The geographical area of Gorakhpur District is 141.02 km2 . Gorakhpur City is the headquarters of its
district. The district is in the Central Ganges Plain (Plate-I). Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation (GMC) with a population of about 6.7 Lac is
the Gorakhpur City’s only municipal corporation. Population density of the city is 4776 persons per km2 . There are a total of 70 wards in the
city (7) (supplementary table 1). Figure 1 presents the physical map of the Gorakhpur city depicting all the 70 wards.
The normal rainfall is tuned to 733.4 mm. The most rainfall in the area occurs during the south-west monsoon during mid-June to
September. In the rest of the year, the rainfall is sporadic and scanty. The drainage system of the district represents a part of the Ganges basin
and Ghaghara sub-basin. The main river system is controlled by the Rapti River it’s affluent in the city. The Gorakhpur City’s geology is a
primarily river born alluvium. Few mineral products are mined here with the most common being a nodular limestone conglomerate known
as canker and saltpeter.

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Fig 1. Ward list of area

3 Water Supply System

The existing source of water supply in the city is groundwater. Presently, there are 108 tube wells and 37 Mini tube-wells working in the
city. The average discharge of water from these tube-wells is 0.71MLD, which makes a total of 102.8 MLD. The total length of water supply
distribution lines is 908.73 km. There is no source of surface water in the Gorakhpur City, but the city proposes for surface water supply for
which survey is going by U.P. Jal Nigam. The per capita water supply in the city is 135 LPCD. The quality of the water supply is 95% (Ministry
of Urban Development). There are 126735 households in GMC out of which 76060 households (60%) have tap water connections. Remaining
50675 households directly depend on groundwater (8) .

4 Materials and Methods

The groundwater samples were collected manually from the available water sources (Domestic Hand Pumps/ India Mark 2 Hand Pump) of
150 locations, which are approximately equally distributed in the Gorakhpur city. The parameters analyzed to determine water quality are
pH, turbidity, chloride, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, and total dissolved solids. All the 150 samples were tested in a
laboratory in two phases. In the first phase, 120 sample data were tested, and the result was used for spatial distribution and weighted overlay
analysis and mapping using Quantum GIS (QGIS) software. In the second phase, water quality data of the remaining 30 points were tested
and matched with the parameter values derived from the plotted maps using QGIS software. A plug-in known as ‘Point Sampling Tool’ was
used for determination of the attribute data at any unknown point on the map. After that, the error analysis was done for these 30 points.
Following activities were performed step by step to achieve the aim and Figure 2 presents the flowchart of the methodology adopted in the
present study.

• Identification of 150 water samples uniformly distributed over the study area

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• Collection of groundwater samples from hand pumps of 150 locations in Polyethylene bottles. The bottles used were clean and neat
and as per IS: 3025 (Part-1) (1987).
• Collection of GPS coordinates of the collection sites and plotting of points using QGIS Software.
• All the samples were tested in a laboratory for quality parameters and designated by a sample number (SMN). The laboratory facility
was provided by the Public Health Engineering Laboratory of Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur.
• WQI was calculated for the comparison of groundwater quality between different locations of the city.
• Based on the spatial distribution maps, safe and unsafe zones of water quality were demarcated by taking in account water quality
parameter and water quality index

Fig 2. Flow chart of methodology

5 Parameters studied
There are large numbers of physical and chemical parameters of water, which need to be observed while determining the water quality and
classifying water into the different categories like drinking purposes, irrigation etc. In the study, the seven physical and chemical parameters
were tested, Table 1 shows the list of parameters used in studying the water quality with information on testing methods adopted according
to the reference Additionally, Table 2 shows the water quality specification for different physical and chemical parameters of water with
information on acceptable limit, permissible limit according to the reference.

6 Quantum GIS and its application

Quantum GIS also known as QGIS) is a free & open-source, cross-platform desktop GIS software. It supports viewing, editing, and analysis of
geospatial data. It provides many the plug-in that increases the functionality of QGIS software. Like other GIS software, It is a system designed
for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing data and attributes associated, which are spatially referenced to the Earth. GIS software is great
for creating solutions for water resources, like water quality assessment and management of water resources on a local or regional scale. Many

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Table 1. Water quality tests and references

SN Parameter Testing Method/ Instrument Reference
1 pH Colorimetric method IS:3025 (11)-1983
2 Turbidity Nephelometric method IS:3025 (10)-1984
3 Chloride Argentometric method IS:3025 (32)-1988
4 Electrical Conductivity (EC) Conductivity Meter IS:3025 (14)-1984
5 Total Alkalinity (TA) Indicator method IS:3025 (23)-1986
6 Total Hardness (TH) EDTA method IS:3025 (21)-2009
7 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Gravimetric method IS:3025 (16)-1984

Table 2. Water quality specifications

SN Parameter Acceptable limit Permissible limit Reference
1 pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation IS:10500- 2012
2 Turbidity, NTU, max 1 5 IS:10500- 2012
3 Chloride, mg/l 250 1000 IS:10500- 2012
4 EC, µ S/cm 2000 Not Specified BIS (2)
5 TA, mg/l (as CaCO3), max 200 600 IS:10500- 2012
6 TH, mg/l (as CaCO3), max 200 600 IS:10500- 2012
7 TDS, mg/l, max 500 2000 IS:10500- 2012

hydrologists use GIS technology for integration of various data applications into one and manageable system (9) . QGIS too includes a function
to interpolate the data and find out the value of any parameter at any GPS coordinate. We used QGIS for creating and publishing the spatial
distribution and weighted overlay map of the water quality variables. Figure 2: Flowchart of the methodology for determining water quality
and classifying areas from excellent to unsuitable for drinking.

7 Tools for data analysis

For analysis of the collected data and to achieve results, we used certain tools to analyze, store, arrange and get to a reliable number which
could represent the water quality of groundwater. For such purposes, the WQI is considered as the best tool for analyzing many parameters
by a single number. For The interpolation of data, between two points was performed to create the colour-coded spatial distribution maps.
The colour intensity in the spatial distribution map was depicted in gradient way from low to high and it decreases when we move away from
points and increases while we move towards the point.

8 Calculation of WQI and classification

WQI indicates the overall water quality at a certain point and time in a single-digit number based on the value analysis of various water
quality parameters. The main aim of finding the WQI is to convert the complex water quality data into meaningful information, which
could be easily understood and used for other purposes such as planning and decision making. For this, the groundwater samples which
were collected manually from the hand pumps and Mark 2 are the main source of drinking water for the people living in those areas of the
Gorakhpur city.

For computing the water quality index, the following three steps were adopted.

Step 1: Each physical and chemical parameter of water was acknowledged with a weight Wi according to its relative importance in the overall
water for drinking purposes. Table 3 presents the details on the weight and relative weight of each parameter.

Step 2: Relative weights were for each parameter was computed using the following equation,

Wir = Wi /∑ni=1 Wi

Where, relative weight is denoted by Wir ,

Weight of each parameter is denoted by Wi and the number of parameters is represented by n.
Step 3: For each parameter, qi, a rating scale representing quality is assigned by the following equation

qi = (Ci /Si ) × 100

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Table 3. Relative weight of quality parameters

SN Parameter Wi (Weight) Wir (Relative Weight)
1 pH 5 0.208
2 Turbidity 2 0.083
3 Chloride 4 0.167
4 EC 3 0.125
5 TA 3 0.125
6 TH 3 0.125
7 TDS 4 0.167
Σ Wi = 24 Σ Wir =1.0

where quality rating is denoted by qi, Ci represents concentration of each parameter in water sample in mg/l, Si is the acceptable value for the
chemical parameter in sample of water represented by Si in mg/l according to guidelines of IS: 10500-2012 (Indian drinking water standards).

WQI Equation:For each physical and chemical parameter, SI value was determined in mg/l, which was used to determine water quality index
according to the equation given below:

SIi = qi × Wir

WQI = ∑ SIi

WQI = (qipH × WirpH ) + (qiTurbidity × WirTurbidity ) + (qiChloride × WirChloride ) +

(qiElctricalConductivity × WirElectricalConductivity ) + (qiTotalAlkalinity × WirTotalAlkalinity ) +
(qiTotalHarness × WirTotalHardness ) + (qiTotalDissolvedSolid × WirTotalDissolvedSolid )

SIi = Wi *qi , WQI =∑ SIi , SIi represents sub-index of the ith parameter, ith parameter concentration denotes qi rating, the number of
parameters is represented by n.
The computed water quality index values were classified into 5 types from “excellent water” to “water unsuitable for drinking” as depicted
in Table 4.

Table 4. WQI Classification (2)

WQI Value Water Quality (WQ)
<50 Excellent
50-100 Good water
100-200 Poor water
200-300 Very poor water
>300 Water unsuitable for drinking

9 Interpolation of the water quality data

Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was used for interpolation of the data of water quality parameters to determine the values at
unknown points, It is assumed that contribution of nearby values to the interpolated values is often more than the distant observations. In
other words, an inverse relation exists between the influence due to a known data point and the distance from unknown location used for
estimation. The advantage of IDW is that it is intuitive and efficient. Furthermore, uneven distribution of data clusters results in introduced
errors.
In interpolation with the IDW method, a weight is assigned to the point to be measured. Amount of this weight depends on the distance
between one point and another unknown point. These weights are controlled on the bases of power of 10. An increase in power of 10 causes
a decrease in effect of the points which are far. Lesser power distributes the weights more uniformly between neighboring points. In this
method, the distance between the points counts, so the points of equal distance have equal weights. The weight factor is calculated using the
following equation.
α −α
i )/(∑ i = 1 Di )
βi = (D−
n

Where,

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β i = the weight of the ith point

Di = the distance between point i and the unknown point
α i = the power ten of weight.
Water quality test data (data available as supplementary table)
Derived Data of 30 Locations from QGIS (data available as supplementary table)

10 Statistical Analysis of Result

The statistical analysis of the test data of 150 samples was done, Table 5 presents the descriptive statistics of each parameter with information
on acceptable and permissible limits according to BIS below:

Table 5. Descriptive statistics and concentration standards and guidelines of groundwater quality parameters
Standard Limit (BIS)
Parameter Max Min Mean Mode Median S.D.
Acceptable Permissible
pH 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation 150 8.0 6.0 7.25 7.5 7.5 0.404
TU (NTU) 1 5 150 0.5 0.1 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.05
CH (mg/l) 250 1000 150 204 45 110.53 138 104 41.96
EC (µ S/cm) 2000 Not Specified 150 1342 478 848.5 856 856 136.46
TA (mg/l CaCO3) 200 600 150 259 90 184.16 198 186 35.14
TH (mg/l CaCO3) 200 600 150 315 80 193.49 205 190 46.85
TDS (mg/l) 500 2000 150 1007 359 636.38 642 642 102.34

Further, the statistical analysis of the errors associated with computed data of 30 samples was done and Table 6 shows the descriptive
statistics of these samples for each parameter with information on error associated with each parameter.

Table 6. Descriptive statistics of errors b/w test data andderived data from QGIS
Parameter N Min Max Mean Absolute Error Standard Deviation Root Mean Square Error
pH 30 0.001 0.861 0.298 0.227 0.372
TU (NTU) 30 0.000 0.121 0.022 0.032 0.038
CH (mg/l) 30 0.07 79.04 29.118 20.968 35.677
EC (µ S/cm) 30 3.27 258.90 99.604 80.211 127.045
TA (mg/l CaCO3) 30 1.17 54.61 24.204 14.699 28.190
TH (mg/l CaCO3) 30 3.05 70.23 27.979 18.052 33.134
TDS (mg/l) 30 1.25 194.77 75.067 60.105 95.537

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Fig 3. (a) Spatial Distribution Map for pH, (b) Spatial Distribution Map for Chloride, (c) Spatial Distribution Map for Turbidity, (d) Spatial Distribution Map
for Electrical Conductivity

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Fig 4. (a) Spatial Distribution Map of WQI, (b) Spatial Distribution Map of Total Alkalinity, (c) Spatial Distribution Map of TDS, (d) Spatial Distribution Map
for Total Hardness

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11 Discussion
1. PH
The value of pH varied from 6.0 to 8.0 with the mean value of 7.25 ± 0.404. According to BIS (IS: 10500-2012), the acceptable and
permissible limits for pH are ‘6.5-8.5’ and ‘no relaxation’respectively. The observed values are within the permissible limit, so the
water quality is safe.

2. Turbidity
The value of turbidity varied from 0.1 NTU to 0.5 NTU with the mean value of 0.11 ± 0.05 NTU. According to BIS (IS: 10500-2012),
the acceptable and permissible limits for turbidity are 1 NTU and 5 NTUrespectively. The observed values are within the permissible
limit, so the water quality is safe.

3. Chloride
Concentration of chloride mostly lied from 45 mg/l to 204 mg/l with the mean value of 110.53 ± 41.96 mg/l. According to BIS (IS:
10500-2012), the acceptable and permissible limits for chloride are 250mg/l and 1000mg/lrespectively. The observed values are within
the permissible limit, so the water quality is safe.

4. Electrical Conductivity
The value of electrical conductivity varied from 478 µ S/cm to 1342 µ S/cm with the mean value of 848.5 ± 136.46 µ S/cm. According to
BIS (Irrigation Standard), the acceptable and permissible limits for electrical conductivity are 2000 mg/l and ‘Not Specified’respectively.
The observed values are within the permissible limit, so the water quality is safe.

5. Total Alkalinity
The Concentration of total alkalinity varied from 90 mg/l to 259 mg/l as CaCO3 with the mean value of 184.16 ± 35.14 mg/l as
CaCO3 . According to BIS (IS: 10500-2012) the acceptable and permissible limit for total alkalinity are 200 mg/l and 600 mg/l as
CaCO3 respectively. The observed values are within the permissible limit, so the water quality is safe.

6. Total Hardness
The value of total hardness varied from 80 mg/l to 315 mg/l as CaCO3 with the mean value of 193.49 ± 46.85 mg/l as CaCO3. Accord-
ing to BIS (IS: 10500-2012), the acceptable and permissible limit for total hardness is 200 mg/l and 600 mg/l as CaCO3 respectively.
The observed values are within the permissible limits, so the water quality is safe.

7. Total Dissolved Solid

Total dissolved solids varied from 359 mg/l to 1007 mg/l with the mean value of 636.38 ± 102.34 mg/l. According to BIS (IS: 10500-
2012), the acceptable and permissible limits for total dissolved solid are 500 mg/l and 2000 mg/l respectively. The observed values are
within the permissible limits, so the water quality is safe.

8. Water Quality Index

After obtaining the test data for 150 samples, for each of the samples the water quality index has been calculated. As per the WQI
classification of water, the wards with groundwater samples classified as ‘Poor water’ are Purdilpur (Ward 42), Dilejakpur (Ward 38)
and Alhadadpur (Ward 55) with WQI of 103.54, 100.17 and 100.11 respectively. The best water sample is those whose WQI is the
least. Shaktinagar (Ward 37) is found to have best results with a WQI of 59.05 i.e., Good water. None of the samples has been found as
‘Excellent’. The mean value of WQI has been found 76.20 ± 6.239 for the study area. The overall water quality is found safe.

12 Conclusion
The present study assessed the Ground Water Quality of the Gorakhpur City by analyzing the 150 groundwater samples for which the tests
were completed as per the guidelines laid down by BIS (IS: 3025). Out of 150 samples only one sample was found whose pH was of poor quality.
The total alkalinity, total hardness and total dissolved solid of groundwater raised issues because about one-third of the samples crossed the
acceptable limits, but not the permissible limits as per guidelines of BIS (IS: 10500-2012). The turbidity, chloride, and electrical conductivity
of groundwater for all the samples were below the acceptable limit. As per WQI, out of 150 samples, only 3 samples were found showing Poor
Groundwater for drinking purposes sampled inwards Purdilpur (Ward 42), Dilejakpur (Ward 38) and Alhadadpur (Ward 55) with WQI of
103.54, 100.17 and 100.11, respectively. The best water sample is that whose WQI is the least. Shaktinagar (Ward 37) is found to have best
results with a WQI of 59.05 i.e., good water. None of the samples were found as ‘Excellent’.
Hence the overall water quality of groundwater of Gorakhpur City is within permissible limits for all the measured seven parameters and
the water quality is safe corresponding to these seven parameters.

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