Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Emporium of The Viking Age Between: Hedeby in Wulfstan's Days: A Danish East and West
Emporium of The Viking Age Between: Hedeby in Wulfstan's Days: A Danish East and West
When Wulfstan reported at the court of zone between Danish, Frisian, German/Sax-
King Alfred the Great (871-899)' on his jour- on and Slavic interests and settlements.3
ney frorn Hedeby to Truso, the Danish empo- According to the fürst written record in
rium of Hedeby on the border of the Frank- the Frankish Royal Annals, King Godfrid
ish Empire and later German kingdom was gathered in 804 with his fleet and his cavalry
experiencing rapid growth.2 Due to its key at Sliestkorp/Hedeby, a place at the south-
geographical position at the narrowest part ern border of his realm near an earthwork
Flg. i. Early Middle-Age
tmde routes. Drawing: R.
of the Cimbric peninsula between the North that protected the Danish border, the so-
Kühn, Stiftung Schleswig- Sea and the Baltic basin, this place developed called Danevirke.4 Four years later, after the
Holsteinische Landesmuseen from a maritime landing place and naval base destruction of the emporium Rene, he went
Schleswig. After Lebecq of the Danish kings to an international em- once again with his fleet to that place that
1998:76, fig. 9. porium. Its Situation was also within a border was now named portus.5 It is presumed that
79
•006 iinoqB UB§sq A^pAbij s^Aq Xj3A U33q 3ABq ISTIUI UIJOJ STqi pUB '
-apaH :(/oi :qiooz) ||ij-[ 'Zi UTOJJ UAVOU^J SppOUI JBJ9A3S 3JB Xq3p3T^ UT
•gzz :Yr6\f -91
•^ooz ipiimps
01 •Xqgpsj-^ UT 3uo puB 'B5[JTg UT auo 'puBpo^j uo
-uasrj 'sjBunq sip, joj iroz S31IJ auo :opjBg sqj UT siuyod JBDOJ aajqa qajA\j
•d ' - j 6oz :-( JO 3 U ^ J 3pTAV B puij OJ i3 (z "§T j aas) sajBjd
'SUI3JsXs SpBJJ pUE 3IUJOUO33 JBUOI§3J-J9JUT o saods puij uA\ou5j Zi auj^ '(9# '^ '^M)
35JSIJBAJJUUB U3Q '3JpA3>J
3i|l ui 3joj luauiujojd s^qspaj^ 01 O||3TU sdBqjsd 'ajsBd pa^ddB >[JBp B SAVOTJS
•3 Aq 'UIUIOD 'SJ3J "t/i
(£ZSi7/£ooz q^) Ä\ppap-[ TJJOJJ
6 3lp JO |TjBUJS B pUB p3p|T§ 3JB (W6 3ABJ§
'susmpads n jo jreu puooas ai^j SBAV Xqspsjq jo uinuoduia aqj B^JTg UJOJJ S3JB]d JDBJUT 9Ip 'j3AO3JOJ/\ 'UJD
jo X^pXaq 9i|j jEip so£6i 3i|i SB Xp^a SB pasod f I-ZI BÖ JO lp§U9J B 9ABq 'SppTJ [BJUOZTJOIJ
•i jstj aas '
-dns '3)IS 3l|3 UO 5JJOM Oa SJOJBABDX3 X]JB3 9tp OAU JO 3UO UT JpOUI 93B|J3JUT ÜB IpTAV p3JBJ
•Zooz jo 9uo 'uqn5[UB{ jjgqjs^ 'JBTJSIBUJ pug poi -O33p X|UTBUJ 3JB qOT^AV 'S91B]d JSB3 3UJ^
:zooz -§o|O9Bq3JB jo SDu^punqB 3tp jo ssn^Dsg ZI '(z 'STj) squiOD suoq jo jgpuB aiTsoduioo
$I 'UOT§3J Stqi JO S3ABJ§ JSqtUBqO UA\OU5J |BJ3 p3pTS-3|§uTS 01 Suopq qDTqAS. 'ssjBjd quioo
sip, oj
-A3S 91p, UT !U3S3jd JOU 3JB Xaip, pUB '3S9/)^ J3S szuojq jo uonnquiSTp puB uoponpojd aip Xq
jjodsirejj 3tp joj iod3pj; B SB
AqgpaH :(Zoi :qiooz) TJTH
-o^ jo ausujgpass sqi uiojj UA\OU>[ Xpo jej os U33S XpBap aq UBO ajoj STqj 006 punojy n -(i
'.toi :Vg6i puiAupc; ;6 "§ij si sdXj sii|3 jo quioo B 'pUB|J3juiq S(Xq3p3]^ uj pUB UBTABUTpUBDg 3U,!
:g66i boaqaq 'iS -§ij 'zoz-£6i tl-s§uipunojjns SJT puB sqr^j UT uA\oir>[un SJB lp JO 5JJOAU3U
iz '§y '£9^-09^ J33B] pUB OO6 pimOJE UIOJJ S3JB|d qtUOD JSBD p35[UT| Xqapgj^
isdBui OAU
XjTjBnb 3S3UJL 'pUB|B3^ UO 3Jpq JO )U3UI9p |BUOpBUJ33UT ÜB Sy OI ('S9UBQ
TjJIAV 'E£S6l Ut[n5JUB{ 'II
•6 :z96i jpqduiB^) iZzz "O^ -J3S Slip 9lp UIOJJ JU3UJ§BJJ §UO|-UIO Z '||BUJS Xq iCqvcflivpj puB SUOXB^ sqj Xq y
Xq psassaiB ST ^JJBUJUSQ aSy-Sui^T^Y ui SBA\y sqa jo ajvfidvz
iiooz PJOJBJAJ ;666i jnBq -oi 3J3A\a siqa jo squioD UBUJJOp|B^J JO
•QII :zooz
JBlp U3UTUIJJ lg JO Xjl i SJBJ aip 01
ij UBjd 'qi'z
-6 -upiA aqa UT asnoq aid pajBp-ujoD B ui punoj -oy) 'S3UBQ 3t[i 01 nqvqiW]-[ jo
SBAV sdXa siqj jo quioo B 'aiis ISBJ siqi ay SB puB suoxBg-ojSuy aqi 01 wncfiypj w SB
•Zooz •BT§uTJBqao"| jsddf^ UT Japx s^ uJBSjasdn JBJ 'SUBUJJ9Q 3qi Ol CfJimSVlIS JO <liOCftS3l^ SB
i^-zg :oooz UBUISBJS| i o z UA\ou5[ SBAV Xqspgj^ jo uinuodiua auj^
SB pSOT/\ pUB 3UTU^J SJ3ATJ 3lp pUB
:^66i punq :6i :£g6i poo^ -Z
UOXB§-O|§Uy 3>[T| SUA\OJ JUBlJoduiT 6'B3§ 3U]Bg 3TJ1 OJ SS900B S(UJOp
iZoz :S66i
OSJB jnq 'BTSTJJ UT punoj SJSM ssjBjd quioo -§Up[ UBUJJ3^)/U1ST5[UBJ;.J 91^3 JOJ SDUBlJoduiT
-AVOJJOJ '<,£ :^66i punBjAj i6gi 3S3qj 'B3JB B9g qUOJ^ 3qi UT 'a 3UJOS jo SBM qDTqM ainoj B 'uapAjaeT^ 3qi BTA
aas 'X 'SpUB|pOOA\1 puB B^JTQ oa dn gjqjsssDOB
uopnqmsTpX||BTJ3S3JJ33
-ipip UT osp SBM XqapsT^ '§UT
01 §uio§ sjuBi|DJ3tu yuzy aoj
-JBJB3S JO aOUBlJOdlUT 3qj SSpTSSg g'3DUBDTJTU
:(-jj ZZ :zZ6i) J3§uis3|q35 -9
SATSpap B psXBjd 'S3UnjU3D MjOI OJ M,6 -§TS XJBJTJTUI SJT puB japjoq I^STUBQ
jo sjBunq psqsTUjnj A"|ipTJ |BJ3A9S m jnoqjBu B SB aouBajoduj] scUoMsai
3JB A"3tp 3J3qAV 'pUBpO^) JT SB SUI33S JT SpJO39J U3)1TJA\J 3UJL z'3SBCl 9p^-U JBUOHBU
3TJ1 Joj 'ssiBjd quioD szuojq 3S3ip jo uopnq -J91UT ÜB SUTUTBJUTBIU puB Supoajs Xq S§UT>[
-TJjsjp puB uop3npojd sqi UT 3|oj ppsds B
passsssod Ä"q3p3]_[ )Bqi jssSSns spuu suj^ ^(i7 3UJ J3AO 35JB1 Öl pUB 9q]^J UT 9JJU30 3DJ9UJUJO3
•§TJ) J3UJOO UJ31S3A\qjJOU 3U,1 JOJ SS3J JO 3JOUJ A\3u B qsTjqBjsg oa ayqB SBAV uiopSupj ^ST
'jjBduiBj jBjnDjp-Tuias aqj apisuj BSJB 3UJL 'SUOXBg-O|§Uy pUB SUBTSTJJ 'S
psinquisip SJB qDTqAX (£ -§TJ 3U1 U93AVJ9q UiaisXs SuTpBJJ pUB
aas) S3iB]d quioo szuojq jo sjuauiSBJj B3§ ipjojsj aqa UT 3JOUI puB ajoui
fz JO AVOU A\OU>[ 3AV '^OOZ 30UTS -JBd pBq 5[jBiuu3Q XjnjusD H jg sqi Xg
|BJ31U OpBUJSJsXs UJOJJ -:iU9S9jd 3JB 9'dioc{i$3tfs UT
oi7 J9AO SB 'tunuotfiua IJSTUBQ 3ip UT UOUTUJOO ^^ UTOJJ siuBqDjsui pgoBjdsip sip papias 3q
Fig. 2. Top: distribution
map ofbronze com.bpla.tes
in Northern Europe.
Bottom: additions to finds
list.
^•-Broe
(?/ M f^Botvalde
b «' Barshalderl
vic people) with the different known grave centuries is the expression of a Continental,
types in Hedeby18 has been strongly rejected.'9 Frisian-Saxon population.20
18. Steuer 1984!); see also Steuer's opinion that the Scandinavian por- But for early medieval vessels the pas-
Brather 2004: 277-279, tab. 5.
19. Arents 1992, part i: 208-
tion of Hedeby's population amounted only sage via the Linifjord was also of high impor-
219; Eisenschmidt 2004: 301. to 5-10% of the total depends on the premise tance; this is signalled by niany central places
20. Steuer I984a: 362 ff. that the lack of grave goods in the 9* and ioth or 'productive' sites. In the eastern Limfjord
4 =detector-find 2003/4385 modities such äs wool, textiles and nietal,'67 hiddle style (see Fig. 15), three specimen from
5 = stray find 1980 (Drescher including perhaps also silver from English Jankuhn's and Steuer's excavations and four
W447) mines for the Hedeby coinage,168 there are from systematic metal detecting. Only one
6 = detector-find Hb now from metal-detector surveys more ob- specimen (see Fig. 15, #3) is made of silver
2003/850 jects of Anglo-Saxon ornamental metalware with niello inlay; all the other strap ends are
7 = detector-find 2004!6299 from the 9th and ioth centuries found in Den- cast in a bronze alloy. All of these fmds be-
Photo: C. Dannenberg, mark.169 These items cannot be explained long to distinct types within the large group
Stiftung Schleswig-
easily äs loot or booty from the British Isles of Anglo-Saxon strap ends of the Trewhid-
Holsteinische Landesmuseen
because they often are simple objects for dle style and cannot be geographically at-
Schleswig.
everyday use. In his thesis on insular metal- tributed. Perhaps the worn-out, fragmented
work in Scandinavia, especially in Norwegian strap end excavated 1936 by Jankuhn (see
graves, Wamers also treats a small group of Fig. 15 #i) belongs to a group characterised
179. Whitby: Peers &
strap ends decorated in the Trewhiddle style'70 by looped Trewhiddle style animals in inter-
Radford 1943: 56 ff., no. 39,
fig. n,i; Wilson 1964: 196, from a possible hoard and a male grave in Nor- lace. Close parallels in design and size come
cat. 110.117, pl. XL. Cottam: way and one bronze example from the south- from Northumbrian Yorkshire: a strap end
Haldenby 1990: 57, fig. 4,16. ern settlement in Hedeby (Fig. 15, #2).'7T was found in the monastery of Whitby and
They seem to be a variant of Strap ends of this type are not related another fragmented example at the 'produc-
two distinct Northumbrian
primarily with an ecclesiastical context, like tive' site of Cottam.179
groups: Thomas 2001: 40,
fig. 4.2; see also Bailey 1993; most of the other insular fmds in Scandi- Besides these strap ends we also have
Philpott 1999. navia.172 These strap ends are presumably two very simple hooked tags cast in bronze
Fiv.
o
18. Metal-detected Anglo-Scandinavian
o
metal-
workfrom Hedeby:
Strap-ends ofthe multi-headed:
2 = Hb 2003/3445
4 = Hb 2003/4344)
Double rim types:
i = Hb 2003/679
3 = Hb 2003/827
5 = Hb 2003/4202
Photo: C. Dannenberg, Stiftung Schleswig-
Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schleswig.
References
Abels, R. 1998: Alfred the Great. War, King- Bailey, R.N. 1970: An Anglo-Saxon pin-
ship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. head from Pontefract. Yorkshire Archae-
Harlow. ologicalJournal 42, 405-406.
Andersen, H.H. 1987: Vorchristliche Königs- Bailey, R.N. 1993: An Anglo-Saxon strap-end 207. "Yet the reports ofOttar
gräber in Dänemark und ihre Hinter- from Wooperton. Archaeologia Aeliana 5, and Wulfstan, late ninth-
gründe — Versuch einer Synthese. Ger- 87-91. century voyagers who reached
the court of King Alfred and
mania 65,159-173. Bartczak, A., Jagodziriski, M.F. & Suchodol- who both visited Hedeby, äs
Aner, E. 1952: Das Kammergräberfeld von ski, S. 2004: Monety z VIII I IX w. od- well äs other market places,
Haithabu. Offa 10, 61-115. krytewJanowiePomorskim, gm. Elblag— should serve äs a reminder that
Aner, E. 1962: Zur Schwedenherrschaft in dawnym Truso. Wiadomosci Numizmaty- Scandinavian manufacturing
and trading centres like these
Haithabu. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für czne 48, 21-48.
are likely to have been within
Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte 87, 37- Bately, J. 2007: Ohthere and Wulfstan in the the collective experience ofthe
56. Old English Orosius. In Bately & Englert Scandinavians who invaded
Arents, U. 1992: Die wikingerzeitlichen (eds) 2007, 18-39 andsettledEngland." Hall
Grabfunde von Haithabu (Kreis Schles- Bately, J. & Englert, A. (eds), Ohthere's Voy- 2000: 315.
208. Hill 2OOia: 75 ff.
wig-Flensburg). Unpublished PhD ages. A late oth-Century account of voyages 209. Meier 1998: 277 ff.;
thesis, Christian-Albrechts University, along the coasts of Norway and Den- Müller-Wille et al. 2002:
Kiel. mark and its cultural context. Roskilde. 21-29.