Lecture 3 External Pressure C1c8e496 66e8 4086 A720 0e726ced7edf

Lecture -3 – External Pressure
• Full vacuum (FV): a condition where the internal absolute pressure is 0 psi (0 kPa)
and the external absolute pressure on the vessel is 15 psi (100 kPa) (see UG-116).
• When the pressure outside the vessel chamber is causing the vessel to compress or
bend then it is called as subject to external pressure.
• Conditions when pressure can be under vacuum:-
 When Vessel is under Vacuum.

 In Jacketed vessel where Jacket inside pressure is more than inner shell inside
pressure.
 In Jacketed vessel where Jacket inside pressure is less than atmospheric
pressure.
• Concept of line of support for cylindrical vessels
 It is a support location where we consider that the cylinder is supported or

separated. Following are the locations to be considered as line of supports ( As
per UG-28)
 Stiffening ring that meets the requirements of UG-29.
 A jacket closure of a jacketed vessel that meets the requirements of 9-5
 A cone-to-cylinder junction or a knuckle-to cylinder junction of a toriconical
head or section that satisfies the moment of inertia requirement of 1-8.
• Significance of L/D0 and D0/t ratios:-
 Higher L/Do ratio, increases the unsupported span and vessel becomes
unstable against external pressure
 Higher Do/t ratios makes vessel weaker and unstable.
EXPRESS ENG SOLUTIONS – These notes are for study purpose only. For design refer Latest Code VersionPage 1
• Length to be considered in L/Do ratio
• When cone to cylinder junction is not a line of support:-

 The required thickness of the cone, knuckle or toriconical section shall not be
less than the required thickness of the adjacent cylindrical shell.
 The reinforcement requirement of 1-8 shall be satisfied when a knuckle is not
provided at the cone-to-cylinder junction
• When cone to cylinder junction is a line of support.

 When the cone-to-cylinder or the knuckle-to-cylinder junction is a line of
support, the moment of inertia shall be provided in accordance with 1-8.
(1) Cylindrical Shells.
• UG-28 THICKNESS OF SHELLS AND TUBES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
 Cylindrical Shells and Tubes.
The required minimumthickness of a cylindrical shell or tube under external

pressure, either seamless or with longitudinal butt joints, shall be determined by the
following procedure:
Nomenclature
A = factor determined from Figure G in Subpart 3 ofSection II, Part D and used to enter
the applicablematerial chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D.For the case of
cylinders having Do/t values lessthan 10, see (c)(2).
B = factor determined from the applicable materialchart or table in Subpart 3 of Section

II, Part D formaximum design metal temperature [seeUG-20(c)]
Do = outside diameter of cylindrical shell course or tube
E = modulus of elasticity of material at design temperature.For external pressure

design in accordancewith this Section, the modulus of elasticity to beused shall be
taken from the applicable materialschart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D.
(Interpolationmay be made between lines for intermediatetemperatures.)
L = total length, in. (mm), of a tube between tubesheets,or design length of a vessel
section betweenlines of support (see Figure UG-28.1). A line of supportis:
(a) a circumferential line on a head (excludingconical heads) at one-third the depth
of the headfrom the head tangent line as shown on FigureUG-28;
(b) a stiffening ring that meets the requirementsof UG-29;
(c) a jacket closure of a jacketed vessel thatmeets the requirements of 9-5;
(d) a cone-to-cylinder junction or a knuckle-tocylinderjunction of a toriconical
head or sectionthat satisfies the moment of inertia requirementof 1-8
P = external design pressure [see Note in (f)]
Pa = calculated value of maximum allowable externalworking pressure for the assumed

value of t, [seeNote in (f) below]
Ro = outside radius of spherical shell
t = minimum required thickness of cylindrical shell ortube, or spherical shell, in. (mm)
t s = nominal thickness of cylindrical shell or tube, in.(mm)
(1) Cylinders having Do/t values ≥ 10:
Step 1.
Assume a value for t and determine the ratios L/Do and Do/t.
Step 2.
Enter Figure G in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part Dat the value of L/Do determined in Step 1. For
values ofL/Do greater than 50, enter the chart at a value of L/Do = 50. For values of L/Do less
than 0.05, enter the chartat a value of L/Do = 0.05.
Step 3
.Move horizontally to the line for the value of Do /t determined in Step 1. Interpolation may
be made for intermediate values of Do /t; extrapolation is not permitted. From this point of
intersection move vertically downward to determine the value of factor A.
Step 4.
Using the value of A calculated in Step 3, enter the applicable material chart in Subpart 3 of
Section II,Part D for the material under consideration. Move vertically
to an intersection with the material/temperature line for the design temperature (see UG-
20). Interpolation may be made between lines for intermediate temperatures.
If tabular values in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D are used, linear interpolation or any other
rational interpolation method may be used to determine a B value that lies between two
adjacent tabular values for a specifictemperature. Such interpolation may also be used to
determinea B value at an intermediate temperature thatlies between two sets of tabular
values, after first determiningB values for each set of tabular values.
In cases where the value of A falls to the right of the endof the material/temperature line,
assume an intersectionwith the horizontal projection of the upper end of the
material/temperature line. If tabular values are used, the last(maximum) tabulated value
shall be used. For values of Afalling to the left of the material/temperature line, seeStep 7.
Step 5.
From the intersection obtained in Step 4, move
horizontally to the right and read the value of factor B.
Step 6.
Using this value of B, calculate the value of themaximum allowable external working
pressure Pa usingthe following equation:
Step 7.
For values of A falling to the left of the applicablematerial/temperature line, the value of Pa
can be calculatedusing the following equation:
If tabular values are used, determine B as in Step 4 and apply it to the equation in Step 6.
Step 8.
Compare the calculated value of Pa obtained inStep 6 or Step 7 with P. If Pa is smaller than P,
select a largervalue for t and repeat the design procedure until a valueof Pa is obtained that
is equal to or greater than P.
(2) Cylinders having Do /t values < 10:
Step 1. Using the same procedure as given in (1), obtainthe value of B.

For values of Do/t less than 4, the value offactor A can be calculated using the following
equation:
For values of A greater than 0.10, use a value of 0.10.
Step 2.
Using the value of B obtained in Step 1, calculatea value Pa1 using the following equation:
Step 3.
Calculate a value P a 2 using the followingequation:
where S is the lesser of two times the maximum allowablestress value in tension at design
metal temperature, fromthe applicable table referenced in UG-23, or 0.9 times theyield
strength of the material at design temperature. Valuesof yield strength are obtained from
the applicable externalpressure chart as follows:
(a) For a given temperature curve, determine the B valuethat corresponds to the right-hand
side terminationpoint of the curve.
(b) The yield strength is twice the B value obtained in(a) above.
Step 4.
The smaller of the values of Pa1 calculated inStep 2, or Pa2 calculated in Step 3 shall be used
for themaximum allowable external working pressure Pa. Compare
Pa with P. If Pa is smaller than P, select a larger valuefor t and repeat the design procedure
until a value for Pais obtained that is equal to or greater than P.
 Example-1
Design Pressure = 12.5barg = 1.25 MPa

Design Internal temp = 150 Deg Cel
Corrosion allowance = 1.5 mm
Shell I.D = 1000 mm
MOC = SA 516 Gr. 70
Type of joint = Type 1
Degree Of Radiography = Full
Design External pressure = FV = 15 Psi
Design External Temp = 150 Deg Cel
Nominal thk For Internal Pressure tn = 8 mm
Soln
Graphical Method
STEP-1 :- Calculation of L/Do & Do/t ratios
Shell I.D ( D) = 1000 mm

Shell O.D ( Do) = I.D + 2 x tn = 1000+2 x 8 = 1016 mm
Corroded I.D = D + 2 x CA
= 1000 + 2 x 1.5 = 1003 mm
h = Inside corroded depth of head = ( I.D / 4)+CA = (1000 / 4)+1.5 = 251.5 mm
L = Length between the line of supports
= T.L to T.L length + 2 x h/3
= 8100 + 2 x 251.5/3 = 8267.6667 mm
Thickness, t = tn – CA = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm
L / Do = 8267.6667 / 1016 = 8.1374
Do / t = 1016 / 6.5 = 156.307
STEP-2 :- Calculation of Factor A
Calculate Factor A with L/Do & Do/t ratios from Fig. G of ASME Sec II Part D
= 0.000075
STEP-3 :- Identification of correct material Temp Chart From ASME Sec II Part D
For MOC SA 516 Gr.70 , CS -2 is applicable chart.
STEP-4 :- Calculate Factor B from material Temp Chart From ASME Sec II Part D
 As Factor A falls on Left side of the curve , Factor B can not be calculated.
STEP-5 :- Calculate Value of E from material Temp Chart From ASME Sec II Part D
Value of E = 200 x 103 MPa
STEP-6 :- Calculate Allowable Pressure Pa
Design Pressure P = 15 Psi = 15 / 145.0368 = 0.1034 MPa

As Pa < P , Selected thickness is not sufficient, we have to choose 1 of the following
options.
1. Increase Shell Thickness and repeat steps 1-6 Until we get Pa > P.
2. Add stiffener on shell and calculate new L and repeat steps 1-6 Until we get Pa > P.
3. Add stiffeners on shell and reduce L and also increase Thickness t and repeat steps 1-
6 Until we get Pa > P.
As increasing shell thickness for external pressure will increase the weight and cost
significantly, we are here first going with Option 2 i.e. Addition of stiffener ring at the centre
of shell.

= 1000 + 2 x 1.5 = 1003 mm
h = Inside corroded depth of head
= (I.D / 4)+CA = (1000 / 4)+1.5 = 251.5 mm
= Stiffener to Line of Support Dist + 2 x h/3
= 4050 + 251.5/3 = 4133.8333 mm

L / Do = 4133.8333 / 1016 = 4.0687
Do / t = 1016 / 6.5 = 156.307

Calculate Factor A with L/Do & Do/t ratios from Fig. G of ASME Sec II Part D
= 0.00016
 As Factor A falls on Left side of the curve , Factor B can not be
calculated.
STEP-5 :- Calculate Value of E from material Temp Chart From ASME Sec II Part D
Value of E = 200 x 103 MPa

As Pa > P , Selected thickness and No of stiffeners are Sufficient.
Tabular Method

L / Do = 8267.6667 / 1016 = 8.1374
Do / t = 1016 / 6.5 = 156.307
Calculate Factor A with L/Do & Do/t ratios from Tabular Values of Fig. G from ASME Sec II
Part D
 From Page No 982 we don’t have L/Do value of 8.1374 @ Do/t 156.307 , so let’s
interpolate and calculate the value of Factor A @ 150 Do/t @ 8.466 L/Do
 From Page No 984 we don’t value of Factor B corresponding to Factor A (0.7422 x

10-4 ) @ 150 deg Cel, so let’s interpolate and calculate the value of Factor B @ 0.7422
x 10-4 of Factor A
 As Factor B = 7.355 MPa

As Pa < P , Selected thickness is not sufficient, we have to choose 1 of the following
options
As increasing shell thickness for external pressure will increase the weight and cost
significantly, we are here first going with Option 2 i.e. Addition of stiffener ring at the centre
of shell.

= 1000 + 2 x 1.5 = 1003 mm
h = Inside corroded depth of head
= (I.D / 4)+CA = (1000 / 4)+1.5 = 251.5 mm
= Stiffener to Line of Support Dist + 2 x h/3
= 4050 + 251.5/3 = 4133.8333 mm

L / Do = 4133.8333 / 1016 = 4.0687
Do / t = 1016 / 6.5 = 156.307

L / Do = 4133.8333 / 1016 = 4.0687
Do / t = 1016 / 6.5 = 156.307
Part D
 From Page No 982 we don’t value of Factor A corresponding to Do/t ratio of 156.307
@ L/Do 4.0687 , so let’s interpolate and calculate the value of Factor A @ 8.466 L/Do
Part D
= 0.1342 x 10-3 = 0.00016144
 From Page No 984 we don’t value of Factor B corresponding to Factor A
(0.1614 x 10-3 ) @ 150 deg Cel, so let’s interpolate and calculate the value of
Factor B @ 0.1614 x 10 -3 of Factor A
 As Factor B = 16.1219 MPa

(2) Spherical Shells.
The minimum required thicknessof a spherical shell under external pressure, either
seamlessor of built-up construction with butt joints, shall bedetermined by the following
procedure:
Step 1.
Assume a value for t and calculate the value offactor A using the following equation:
Step 2.
Using the value of A calculated in Step 1, enterthe applicable material chart in Subpart 3 of
Section II, Part D for the material under consideration. Move verticallyto an intersection
with the material/temperatureline for the design temperature (see UG-20).
Interpolationmay be made between lines for intermediate temperatures.
If tabular values in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part Dare used, linear interpolation or any other
rational interpolationmethod may be used to determine a B value thatlies between two
In cases where the value at A falls to the right of the endof the material/temperature line,
shall be used. For values at Afalling to the left of the material/temperature line, seeStep 5.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Using the value of B obtained in Step 3, calculatethe value of the maximum allowable
external workingpressure Pa using the following equation:
Step 5. For values of A falling to the left of the applicablematerial/temperature line, the
value of Pa can be calculatedusing the following equation:
If tabulated values are used, determine B as in Step 2and apply it to the equation in Step 4.
Step 6.
Compare Pa obtained in Step 4 or Step 5 with P.If Pa is smaller than P, select a larger value
for t and repeatthe design procedure until a value for Pa is obtained
that is equal to or greater than P.
 Example-2
Internal Pressure = 12.5 kg/cm2 (g)

External Pressure = 15 psig = 0.1034 MPa
Internal & External design temp = 150 Deg Cel
Corrosion allowance = 3 mm
Shell I.D = 1000 mm
MOC = SA 387 Gr. 11, Class 1
Nominal Thickness = 8 mm
Type = Spherical Shells
Soln
Graphical Method
STEP-1 :- Calculation of Ro/t ratio

Outside radius ( Ro ) = Do/2
= 1016/2 = 508 mm
Available Thickness ta = tn – thinning allowance (Assuming 15% thinning )
= 8 - 0.15 x 8 = 8 – 1.2 = 6.8 mm

Thickness, t = ta – CA = 6.8 – 3.0 = 3.8 mm
Ro / t = 508 / 3.8 = 133.684

Calculate Factor A is calculated by the following formula
= 0.000935
For MOC SA 387 Gr. 11 Class 1, CS -2 is applicable chart.
 As Factor A falls under the curve , Factor B can be calculated.
STEP-5 :- Calculate Value of B from material Temp Chart From ASME Sec II Part D
Value of B = 84 MPa
As Pa > P , Selected thickness is Sufficient.
(3) Conical Shells.
 Conical Shell Under external Pressure:-
1. When cone to cylinder junction is not a line of support.
 The required thickness of the cone, knuckle or toriconical section shall not be less
than the required thickness of the adjacent cylindrical shell.
 The reinforcement requirement of 1-8 shall be satisfied when a knuckle is not
provided at the cone-to-cylinder junction.
2. When cone to cylinder junction is a line of support.
1. When α < 60 deg
 The procedure is same as that of cylinders under external pressure with
following modifications.
 Length L will be replaced by effective length Le as defined in UG-33(g).
 Thickness t will be replaced by effective thickness te = t cos α
 Outside diameter Do will be replace by large end outside diameter of
cone DL
2. When α > 60 deg
 The thickness of the cone shall be the same as the required thickness for
a flat head under external pressure, the diameter of which equals the
largest diameter of the cone (see UG-34).
Length Le is selected as per UG-33(g) the cone type from fig UG-33.1
 Example-3
Internal Pressure = 12.5barg = 1.25 MPa

Design internal & External temp = 150 Deg Cel
Cone to Cylinder Junction = Line of Support
Cone Large end and Small end I.D = 1000 mm and 500 mm
MOC = SA 516 Gr. 70
Nominal Thickness tn = 8 mm
Length of cone Lc = 866 mm
Half apex angle α = 30 Deg
Soln
Graphical Method
STEP-1 :- Calculation of Le/D L & DL/te ratios
Large end Outside Dia of Cone( DL) = Large I.D + 2 x tn
= 1000 + 2 x 8 = 1016 mm
Small end Outside Dia of Cone( DS) = Small I.D + 2 x tn
= 500 + 2 x 8 = 516 mm
Effective cone length
Le = 652.909 mm

te = t cos α = 6.5 x cos 30 = 5.629 mm
STEP-1 :- Calculation of Le/DL & DL/te ratios
Le / DL = 652.909 / 1016 = 0.6426

DL / te = 1016 / 5.629 = 180.493

Calculate Factor A with Le/DL & DL/ te ratios from Fig. G of ASME Sec II Part D
= 0.00092
Value of B = 84 MPa
(4) Torispherical Head.
Procedure is exactly same as that of spherical shell with only difference in the value of Ro.
Where,
Ro = For torispherical heads, the outside radius of the crown portion of the head
The minimum required thickness under external pressure, either seamlessor of built-up
construction with butt joints, shall be determined by the following procedure:
Step 1.
Assume a value for t and calculate the value offactor A using the following equation:
Step 2.
Using the value of A calculated in Step 1, enterthe applicable material chart in Subpart 3 of
Section II, Part D for the material under consideration. Move verticallyto an intersection
with the material/temperatureline for the design temperature (see UG-20).
Interpolationmay be made between lines for intermediate temperatures.
If tabular values in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part Dare used, linear interpolation or any other
rational interpolationmethod may be used to determine a B value thatlies between two
In cases where the value at A falls to the right of the endof the material/temperature line,
shall be used. For values at Afalling to the left of the material/temperature line, seeStep 5.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Using the value of B obtained in Step 3, calculatethe value of the maximum allowable
external workingpressure Pa using the following equation:
Step 5. For values of A falling to the left of the applicablematerial/temperature line, the
value of Pa can be calculatedusing the following equation:
If tabulated values are used, determine B as in Step 2and apply it to the equation in Step 4.
Step 6.
Compare Pa obtained in Step 4 or Step 5 with P.If Pa is smaller than P, select a larger value
for t and repeatthe design procedure until a value for Pa is obtained
that is equal to or greater than P.
Example – 4
Shell I.D = 1000 mm
Type of head = Torispherical Head
Soln
Graphical Method
Outside Crown radius ( Ro ) = I.D + tn
= 1000 + 12 = 1012 mm
= 12 - 0.15 x 12 = 12 – 1.8 = 10.2 mm
Ro / t = 1012 / 7.2 = 140.555
= 0.0008893
STEP-4:- Calculate Factor B from material Temp Chart From ASME Sec II Part D
Value of B = 82.5 MPa
(5) Ellipsoidal Head.
Procedure is exactly same as that of spherical shell with only difference in the value of Ro.
Where,
Ro = for ellipsoidal heads, the equivalent outside spherical radius taken as KoDo
Ko = factor depending on the ellipsoidal head proportions Do/2ho (see Table UG-33.1)
ho = one-half of the length of the outside minor axis of the ellipsoidal head, or the outside
height of the ellipsoidal head measured from the tangent line (head-bend line)
Example – 5
Shell I.D = 1000 mm
Type of head = Ellipsoidal Head
Sol n
Graphical Method
Head Skirt O.D ( Do) = I.D + 2 x tn = 1000+2 x 10 = 1020 mm
Outside Depth Of Head ( ho ) = Inside Depth + tn = (I.D / 4) + tn
= (1000/4) + 10 = 260 mm
Outside major to minor Diameter ratio = (Do / 2ho) = 1020 /( 2 x 260) = 1.9615
Factor Ko = Ko Do = 0.88429 ( By Interpolation)
Outside Crown radius ( Ro ) = Ko Do = 0.88429 x 1020 = 901.9758 mm
= 10 - 0.15 x 10 = 10 – 1.5 = 8.5 mm
Ro / t = 901.9758 / 5.5 = 163.995
= 0.0007622
Value of B = 78 MPa
EXERCISE
 Example-1

Shell I.D = 1000 mm
Head Type = Spherical Shell
Solve by Tabular Method
 Example-2
Internal Pressure = 12.5barg = 1.25 MPa

Design internal & External temp = 150 Deg Cel
Cone to Cylinder Junction = Line of Support
Cone Large end and Small end I.D = 1000 mm and 500 mm
MOC = SA 516 Gr. 70
Nominal Thickness tn = 8 mm
Length of cone Lc = 866 mm
Half apex angle α = 30 Deg
Head Type = Conical Shell
 Example – 3
Shell I.D = 1000 mm
Type of head = Torispherical Head
 Example – 4
Shell I.D = 1000 mm
Type of head = Ellipsoidal Head

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Lecture -3 – External Pressure

• Conditions when pressure can be under vacuum:-

 When Vessel is under Vacuum.

• Concept of line of support for cylindrical vessels

 It is a support location where we consider that the cylinder is supported or

• Significance of L/D0 and D0/t ratios:-

• When cone to cylinder junction is not a line of support:-

• When cone to cylinder junction is a line of support.

• UG-28 THICKNESS OF SHELLS AND TUBES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE

 Cylindrical Shells and Tubes.

The required minimumthickness of a cylindrical shell or tube under external

B = factor determined from the applicable materialchart or table in Subpart 3 of Section

Do = outside diameter of cylindrical shell course or tube

E = modulus of elasticity of material at design temperature.For external pressure

P = external design pressure [see Note in (f)]

Pa = calculated value of maximum allowable externalworking pressure for the assumed

Ro = outside radius of spherical shell

t s = nominal thickness of cylindrical shell or tube, in.(mm)

(1) Cylinders having Do/t values ≥ 10:

(2) Cylinders having Do /t values < 10:

Step 1. Using the same procedure as given in (1), obtainthe value of B.

For values of A greater than 0.10, use a value of 0.10.

Design Pressure = 12.5barg = 1.25 MPa

STEP-1 :- Calculation of L/Do & Do/t ratios

Shell I.D ( D) = 1000 mm

STEP-2 :- Calculation of Factor A

STEP-6 :- Calculate Allowable Pressure Pa

Design Pressure P = 15 Psi = 15 / 145.0368 = 0.1034 MPa

STEP-1 :- Calculation of L/Do & Do/t ratios

Thickness, t = tn – CA = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm

STEP-2 :- Calculation of Factor A

Design Pressure P = 15 Psi = 15 / 145.0368 = 0.1034 MPa

STEP-1 :- Calculation of L/Do & Do/t ratios

 From Page No 984 we don’t value of Factor B corresponding to Factor A (0.7422 x

Design Pressure P = 15 Psi = 15 / 145.0368 = 0.1034 MPa

STEP-1 :- Calculation of L/Do & Do/t ratios

Thickness, t = tn – CA = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm

STEP-1 :- Calculation of L/Do & Do/t ratios

 As Factor B = 16.1219 MPa

Design Pressure P = 15 Psi = 15 / 145.0368 = 0.1034 MPa

As Pa > P , Selected thickness and No of stiffeners are Sufficient.

Internal Pressure = 12.5 kg/cm2 (g)

STEP-1 :- Calculation of Ro/t ratio

= 8 - 0.15 x 8 = 8 – 1.2 = 6.8 mm

Ro / t = 508 / 3.8 = 133.684

STEP-2 :- Calculation of Factor A

STEP-6 :- Calculate Allowable Pressure Pa

Design Pressure P = 15 Psi = 15 / 145.0368 = 0.1034 MPa

As Pa > P , Selected thickness is Sufficient.

 Conical Shell Under external Pressure:-

1. When cone to cylinder junction is not a line of support.

Internal Pressure = 12.5barg = 1.25 MPa

STEP-1 :- Calculation of Le/D L & DL/te ratios

Large end Outside Dia of Cone( DL) = Large I.D + 2 x tn

Thickness, t = tn – CA = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm

STEP-1 :- Calculation of Le/DL & DL/te ratios

Le / DL = 652.909 / 1016 = 0.6426