FACULTY OF PETROLEUM AND MINING ENGINEERING

2019

SURFACE
TENSION


COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE FORCES

 ABD-ELRAHMAN EL-SAYED MOHAMED / PETROLEUM / SEC 2
 MO’MEN AHMED ABD-ELKADER MOHAMED / REFINING / SEC 3
 RAGAB ABD-ELWAKEL SAAD ELADLY / REFINING / SEC 2

DR \ HAMDY AHMED ELKADY

b

COHESIVE FORCE
.are attractive forces between similar molecules
.Ex-  between water-water molecules

Cohesive forces are the intermolecular forces (such as those

from hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces) which cause a
tendency in liquids to resist separation. These attractive forces exist
between molecules of the same substance. For instance, rain falls in
droplets, rather than a fine mist, because water has strong cohesion
which pulls its molecules tightly together, forming droplets. This
force tends to unite molecules of a liquid, gathering them into
relatively large clusters due to the molecules' dislike for its
.surrounding

ADHESIVE FORCE
.are attractive forces between molecules of different materials
.Ex- water molecule and silica

Your hands get wet when you touch water due to adhesive forces
.between water and skin

Adhesive forces are the attractive forces between unlike molecules.

They are caused by forces acting between two substances, such as
mechanical forces (sticking together) and electrostatic forces
.(attraction due to opposing charges)
WETTING
Wetting is the ability of liquids to form interfaces with solid surfaces.
To determine the degree of wetting, the contact angle (q) that is
formed between the liquid and the solid surface is measured. The
smaller the contact angle and the smaller the surface tension, the

greater the degree of wetting

Wetting Dewetting

 Adhesion Forces>  Adhesion Forces<

Cohesive Forces Cohesive Forces

Spreading of the liquid on  The liquid pulls

the surface of the solid. itself together into
the shape of a
 droplet.

 Contact
 Contact Angle q : p/2 <q
Angle q : 0<  q  <  p/2 < p
SURFACE TENSION
the attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by  
the molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface molecules into
the bulk of the liquid and makes the liquid assume the shape having
.the least surface area

Water droplet lying on a damask. Surface tension is high enough to

.prevent floating below the textile

Surface tension
.is net effect of cohesive forces in downward direction on any surface  
when temperature of a liquid media is increased , cohesive force between
.molecules are decreased and hence surface tension will decrease

Surface tension is proportional to the strength of the cohesive force,

which varies with the type of liquid. Surface tension  is defined
to be the force F per unit length exerted by a stretched liquid
membrane:

CAPILLARY ACTION

 is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the

assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces
like gravity. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between
the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the
tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface
tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid)
and adhesive forces between the liquid and container will act to
propel the liquid.

Application in petroleum field

Proper estimation of the surface tension of oil-gas systems is
important in a number of reservoir engineering calculations.
The surface tension is required to predict the capillary pressure
of the oil in a porous solid. The surface tension also influences
 .the relative gas/liquid phase permeabilities

For pure components it has been experimentally observed that

there is an almost linear dependence between the reciprocal of
.the viscosity, η, and the logarithm of the surface tension, σ
The surface tensions have been measured of eight North Sea
reservoir fluids (7 oil mixtures and 1 gas condensate mixture)
flashed to standard conditions (1 atm and 15 °C). The surface
tensions were measured with an MOM Lauda Ring
Tensiometer. The thermalization time was chosen long enough
to allow surface equilibrium. For the temperatures reported,
repeated measurements on the same sample showed no time
effect. The densities were measured with an Anton Paar-DMA
602H apparatus. The surface tension results for the 8
mentioned petroleum mixtures. pure component data for
ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, benzene,
toluene (1) and cyclohexane (4) have been used to develop the
 .procedure of the following section
Experimental surface tension data for a reservoir fluid (5) has
been used to test the predictive capabilities of the calculation
.procedures at higher pressures