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Matrices and Linear Transformations
Matrices and Linear Transformations
Suppose {e1 , e2 , e3 ,, en } is a basis for a vector space V over 𝕂 and for v~ V suppose
that v~ a1e1 a2 e2 a3 e3 an en , then the coordinate vector of v~ relative to the basis
{ei } is the column vector
a1
a2
v e a3
~
an
Example 1: Let 𝑣̃ = (4,3) ∈ ℝ2 and f1 (1,3), f 2 (2,5) be a basis of ℝ2. Find the
coordinate vector of v~ relative to the basis { f i }.
2 4
solving these simultaneously gives 9 and 14 .
3 5 3
14
Therefore, ( 4,3) 14 f1 9 f 2 and v~ f .
9
Solution: Set
2t 2 5t 6 1 (1) 2 (t 1) 3 (t 2 2t 1)
Exercise: Let V be the vector space of 2 2 matrices over ℝ. Find coordinate vector of
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
the matrix A V relative to the basis , , , where
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 3
A .
4 7
MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF LINEAR OPERATORS
T (en ) an1e1 an 2 e2 an 3e3 ann en
a11 a 21 a n1
a a 22 a n 2
[T ]e 12
a a 2 n a nn
1n
Example 1: Find the matrix representation of 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by
T ( x, y) (2 y,2 x y) relative to the standard basis e1 (1,0), e2 (0,1) of ℝ2 .
0 2
Therefore, [T ]e
2 1
Example 2: Let 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 be a linear mapping defined by T ( x, y) (4 x 2 y,2 x y).
Compute the matrix of T in the basis e1 (1,1), e2 ( 1,0)
1 2 a, 1 b, 2 b a, 1 b so
Now,
3 2
So [T ]e
1 2
Example 3: Let V be a vector space of polynomials in t of deg 3 and let D : V V be
d
the differential linear mapping defined by D( f (t )) ( f (t )). Compute the matrix of D
dt
with respect to the basis {1, t , t , t }.
2 3
Solution:
D(1) 0 0 1 0 t 0 t 2 0 t 3
D(t ) 1 11 0 t 0 t 2 0 t 3
D(t 2 ) 2t 0 1 2 t 0 t 2 0 t 3
D(t 2 ) 3t 2 0 1 0 t 3 t 2 0 t 3
So
0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
[D]=
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0
Exercise:
Solution:
So
1 2 3 a
1 2 b 1 c, 2 b c, 3 a b
1 c
Therfore,
Since T ( x, y, z ) (2 y z, x 4 y 2 z,3x)
T ( f1 ) T (1,1,1) (3,3,3) 3 f1 6 f 2 6 f 3
T ( f 2 ) T (1,1,0) (2,3,3) 3 f1 6 f 2 5 f 3
T ( f 3 ) T (1,0,0) (0,1,3) 3 f1 2 f 2 f 3
3 3 3
[T ] f 6 6 2
6 5 1
c
~
[v ] f b c also
a b
So that
3a
T (v ) f 2a 4b
~
a 6b c
Thus
3 3 3 c 3a
[T ] f [v ] 6 6 2 b c 2a 4b T (v~ ) f
~
6 5 1 a b a 6b c
Exercise:
Let T be the linear mapping 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by T ( x, y) (5x y,3x 2 y). Find the
matrix of T with respect to the basis f1 (1,2), f 2 (2,3). Verify that [T ] f [v~] T (v~) f for
a vector v~ in ℝ2 .