2020-11-11

SSS EN SINTUIE
CNS AND SENSES

How would a human’s senses compare to the

rest of the animal world?
• Vision? Human can see a candle flame 48 km away (dark, clear night)
• Hearing? Human can hear a watch ticking 6 m away (quiet place)
• Taste? Human can taste a teaspoon of sugar in 7,5 liters of water.
Houseflies are 10 million times more sensitive to the taste of sugar.
• Smell? Human can smell a single drop of perfume in a three-room
apartment.
• Touch? Human can feel on its cheek the wing of a bee falling from a
distance of 1 cm.

Die Oog
The Eye

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Suspensoriese ligament Siliaarspier Agterste kamer met glasvog

Suspensory ligament Cilliary muscle Posterior cavity with vitreous humour

Voorste kamer met

watervog Geelvlek met sentrale fovea
Anterior chamber with
Yellow spot with central fovea
aqueous humour

Kornea
Cornea
Pupil
Pupil Blindevlek
Blind spot
Iris
Iris

Konjunktiva
Conjunctiva
Optiese senuwees
Choroied Retina Optical nerve
Choroid Sklera
Sclera Retina
Pupil mechanism

Pupil meganisme

How do we see?

Lens
Items reflect bends the The photoreceptors
light.
light and convert the image to Brain interprets
Light enters the focuses electrical impulses. impulses as an
eye through the it on the Impulses are sent to image.
cornea and the back of the the brain.
pupil.
eye.

Hoe sien ons?

Voorwerpe Lens breek Die fotoreseptors

reflekteer lig. die lig en skakel die beeld om
Lig gaan die oog fokus dit op in elektriese impulse. Brein interpreteer
binne deur die agterkant van Impulse word na die impulse as ’n beeld.
kornea en pupil. die oog. brein gestuur.

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Interesting facts about eyes.

• An average person blinks 12 times per minute.
• Our human eye is 576 mega pixel.
• Corneas are the only tissue that don’t require blood.
• The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams.
• It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
• Geckos and moths see colour in the dark.
• Owl’s eyeballs are tubular in shape – that is why the bird cannot move
its eyes.
• Octopus eye has a rectangular pupil, but no cornea.

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Can you name the parts? / Kan jy die dele benoem?

Die Oor
The Ear

stapes
Halfmaanvormige kanale

malleus inkus
pinna
oorskulp
Vestibulêre tak

Tak van
koglea
Koglea
Uitwendige
gehoorgang
Eustachiusbuis
timpanum
Rondevenster

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How do we hear?

Sound Movement in the

waves Brain receives
middle ear cause
Sound waves impulses,
cause waves in the cochlea.
move to the interprets it and
movement Hair cells are
inside of the ear. in the identifies what is
stimulated and send
middle ear. heard.
impulses to the brain.

Hoe hoor ons?

Beweging in
Klankgolwe Brein ontvang
Klankgolwe die middeloor
veroorsaak impulse,
beweeg na die veroorsaak golwe
beweging interpreteer
binnekant van wat haarselle prikkel
in die dit en sê wat
die oor. en impulse na die
middeloor. gehoor word.
brein stuur.

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Can you name the parts? / Kan jy die dele benoem?

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Hearing facts…
• The stapes is the smallest bone in your body = 2,5 mm (size of a grain of rice)
• Inner ear reaches its full adult size when the fetus is 20 – 22 weeks old.
• Hearing loss is the #1 disability in the world (76,3% of people loose their
hearing at age 19 and over).
• The biggest cause of loss of hearing is exposure to loud sounds (85
decibels or more).
• Your ears are never inactive, not even when you're asleep. Your brain
just doesn't react to the input.
• Cats have a hearing range between 100 and 60 000 Hz.
• A dog hears sounds with a frequency as high as 40 000 Hz.
• The elephant has a hearing range of between 1 and 20 000 Hz. The very low
frequency sounds are in the infrasound range. Humans cannot hear sounds
in this range.
• Humans hear frequencies between 20 and 20 000 Hz.

Die Tong
The Tongue

Blue whale has

the largest
tongue. 5,5 m
long and 5-8 tons.

Giraffes tongue
can be 50 cm
long.

The Aardvark’s
tongue is adapted for
eating termites. It is
30 cm long and
covered in thick,
sticky saliva to trap
the termites.

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Die neus
The nose

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How does the sense of smell work?

Odour The brain
Stimulus is
molecules A stimulus interprets the
converted to an
dissolve in the occurs in the impulse and
impulse and is
moisture of the receptors. identifies what
sent to the brain.
mucous glands. you smell.

Hoe werk die reuksintuig?

Reukmolekules Prikkel word Die brein

’n Prikkel op omgeskakel in ’n interpreteer
los op in die
die reseptore impuls en word die impuls en
vog van die
ontstaan. na die brein sê wat geruik
slymvliese.
gestuur. word.

Interesting facts about the nose…

• The human nose can remember up to 50 000 different types of scents.
• You cannot talk while inhaling through your nose.
• Your thumb is the same length as your nose.
• A healthy adult nose produce one litre of mucus a day.
• We breath in and out 23 000 times a day.
• Sneezing with your eyes open is impossible.

Die vel
The skin

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Sweat pore Hair

Sweet porie Haar

Oil gland
Olie klier
Sweat tube
Sweetbuis Muscle
Spier
Sweat gland
Sweet klier Hair follicle
Haarfollikel

Blood capillaries
Bloedhaarvate

Pain Touch
Pyn Aanraking/Tas
Vry senuwee punte Skyfies van Merckel

Touch Cold
Aanraking/Tas Koue
Liggaampies van Meissner Eindknoppe van Krause

Heat Pressure
Hitte Druk
Liggaampies van Ruffini Liggaampies van Pacini

How does our sense of touch work?

Cells Receptors The brain

Stimulus is
(receptors) in surrounding interprets the
converted to an
the skin are the nerve ends impulse and
impulse and is
stimulated, e.g. in the skin are identifies what
sent to the brain.
cold. stimulated. is felt.

Hoe werk ons tassintuig?

Selle Reseptore Prikkel word Die brein

(reseptore) omring die omgeskakel in ’n interpreteer
in vel word senu-eindpunte impuls en word die impuls en
gestimuleer, bv. in die vel en na die brein sê wat gevoel
koue. word geprikkel. gestuur. word.

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Interesting things about your skin…

• The skin is the human body’s largest organ.
• The average skin, stretched out is 2 m2.
• Skin accounts for around 15% of your body weight.
• Every minute we shed 30 000 – 40 000 skin cells.
• Over 50 % of the dust in your home is actually dead skin.
• The body has about 3 000 000 sweat glands.
• Every 28 days your skin’s outer layer renews itself.
• The thinnest skin is found on your eyelids (0,02mm)
• The thickest skin is found on your feet (1,4 mm).
• On average, 14 species of fungi live between your toes.
• Scar tissue lacks hair and sweat glands.

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Protection / Beskerming

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Parts of the brain / Dele van die brein

Cerebrum
Serebrum

Corpus callosum

Hypothalamus
Hipotalamus
Pituitary gland
Pituïtêre klier
Cerebellum
Serebellum Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord/rugmurg

Can you name the parts? / Kan jy die dele benoem?

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Facts on the brain…

• Humans have the largest brain in relation to body size.
• Average human brain weighs about 1 400g.
• The human brain has about 100 billion neurons.
• 5 – 10 minutes of oxygen loss can lead to brain damage.
• The brain is 73% water. It takes only 2% dehydration to affect your
attention, memory and other cognitive skills.
• A jellyfish and starfish has no brain.
• The elephant has the largest brain of any land animal.
• An ostrich is one of the world’s largest land animals, yet its brain is smaller
than its eye. This is because of the small brain cavity in the skull of the
ostrich and the need for a large field of vision to watch for predators.

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Spinal cord / Rugmurg

Dendrites
Dendriete
Cell body
Selliggaam
Nucleus
Nukleus
Nodes of Ranvier
Knope van Ranvier
akson

Myelin sheath
axon

Miëlien skede

Terminals
Eindpunte

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How do we react to a stimulus?

The brain interprets

the impulse,
Stimulus is The stimulus sends impulse to
Impulses
observed, is converted muscles to perform
are sent to
e.g. you see a to an electrical the appropriate
the brain.
snake. impulse. movement, e.g. to
run away.

Hoe reageer ons op ’n stimulus?

Die brein interpreteer
Stimulus word Die stimulus Impuls die impuls, stuur
waargeneem, word word na impuls na spiere om
bv. jy sien ’n omgeskakel in die brein gepaste beweging uit
slang. ’n elektriese gestuur. te voer, bv. jy hardloop
impuls. weg.

skin
Receptor Sensory neuron
vel
Reseptor Sensoriese neuron

stimulus

Interneuron

Effector (muscle)
Effektor (spier)
Spinal cord
Rugmurg
Motor neuron

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Can you name the parts? / Kan jy die dele benoem?

Hipotalamus

KOUD WARM

Vasokonstriksie vasodilasie

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Some of the effects of drugs and alcohol on the

brain are:
 Stress decreases
 Concentration decreases
 Reflexes are delayed
 Reaction time decreases
 Affects co-ordination
 Causes drowsiness
 Brings about a change in emotions
 Can lead to vomiting and respiratory problems
 In extreme cases it can lead to a coma and
Enkele van die effekte van alkohol en sometimes even death.
dwelms op die brein:
 Spanning verlaag
 Konsentrasievermoë neem af
 Reflekse vertraag
 Reaksietempo vertraag
 Tas koördinasie aan
 Veroorsaak lomerigheid
 Bring ‘n verandering in emosies teweeg
 Kan lei tot braking en
asemhalingsprobleme
 In uiterste gevalle kan dit tot komas en
selfs die dood lei.

Oefening Bl 85 - 86

Exercise pp. 85 - 86

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