xf.

kr
d{kk 10 ds fy, ikB~;iqLrd

2018-19
 ISBN 81-7450-646-2
izFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr
izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
tuojh 2007 ek?k 1928 q
bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu%
iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
iqueqæZ .k q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr
vDrwcj 2007 dk£rd 1929 osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU;
izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph
tuojh 2009 ikS"k 1930 tk,xhA
fnlacj 2009 ikS"k 1931 q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok
fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh
uoacj 2010 dkfrZd 1932 la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA

tuojh 2012 ikS"k 1933 ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
fnlacj 2012 vxzgk;.k 1934 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
vDrwcj 2013 vkf'ou 1935 u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
tuojh 2014 ikS"k 1935 108] 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
fnlacj 2014 ikS"k 1936 cuk'kadjh III bLVst
cSaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
fnlacj 2015 ikS"k 1937 uothou VªLV Hkou
fnlacj 2016 ikS"k 1938 Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
ekpZ 2018 IkQkYxqu 1939 lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
PD 70T RSP lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k
ifj"kn~ ] 2007 izdk'ku lg;ksx
vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % ,e- fljkt vuoj
eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy
` 140.00
eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- laiknd % js[kk vxzoky
isij ij eqfnzrA mRiknu lgk;d % vkse izdk'k

izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd

lTtk ,oa vkoj.k
vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan 'osrk jko
ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk fp=kkadu
,l-Mh-vkj- fizaVlZ] ,&28] osLV T;ksfr uxj] yfyr oqQekj ekS;kZ
yksuh jksM] 'kkgnjk] fnYyh&110094 }kjk eqfnzrA

2018-19
 vkeq[k

jk "Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa ds LowQyh thou dks ckgj ds thou
ls tksMk+ tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr ds foijhr gS ftlds izHkkoo'k
gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj ds chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA ubZ jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij
vkèkkfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrdsa bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSAa bl iz;kl esa
gj fo"k; dks ,d eT+kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izof` Ùk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA
vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr cky&osQa fær O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dki+Qh
nwj rd ys tk,¡xAs
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa ds izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa
dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus ds nkSjku vius vuqHko ij
fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vkt+knh nh tk, rks
cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk
ds fofo/ lk/uksa o lzksrksa dh vusn[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk
,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus ds fy, t+:jh gS fd ge
cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd
ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s mn~ns'; LowQy dh nSfud ft+anxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dki+Qh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud
le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh t+:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd dSysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls
f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu ldsA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl
ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r
dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko djus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ
fy, ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpkas ds euksfoKku
,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl
dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus ds ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr
,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA

2018-19
 (iv)

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr ds ifjJe
ds fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ foKku ,oa xf.kr ds lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k izksi+Qslj
t;ar fo".kq ukjyhdj vkSj bl iqLrd dh eq[; lykgdkj bafnjk xk¡/h jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;
dh izksi+sQlj ih- flaDys;j ,oa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; osQ iwoZ izksi+sQlj th-ih- nhf{kr dh fo'ks"k
vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus
osQ fy, ge muds izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSAa ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksua s
vius lalk/uksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge fo'ks"k
:i ls ekè;fed ,oa mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izkis + sQlj e`.kky ehjh
vkSj izksi+sQlj th- ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr jk"Vªh; fujh{k.k lfefr }kjk iznÙk cgqewY; le;
,oa ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkh ÑrK gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus ds
izfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn
yh tk losQA

u;h fnYyh funs'kd

20 uoacj 2006 jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~

2018-19
 izLrkouk

dks Bkjh vk;ksx osQ xBu osQ le; ls gh vusd lfefr;k¡ fo|ky;&ikB~;Øe dks
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, vFkZi.w kZ vkSj jkspd cukus osQ fy, u;h&u;h fof/;ksa dk irk yxkrh vk
jgh gSA o"kks± osQ fodflr Kku osQ vk/kj ij ^jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk* (,u-lh-,iQ-) dks
vfre
a :i 2005 esa fn;k x;kA bl iz;kl esa ljdkj us xf.kr osQ f'k{k.k ls lacfa /r ,d ^jk"Vªh; iQksdl
lewg* dk xBu fd;kA 2005 esa tkjh dh xbZ jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg us viuh fjiksVZ esa xf.kr osQ vè;kiu
vkSj vf/xeu dks vf/d mÙke cukus osQ fy, ,d jpukRed n`f"Vdks.k izLrqr fd;kA
bl n`f"Vdks.k dk lkj ;gh gS fd LowQy esa izos'k ikus ls igys gh cPps ftl xf.kr dks vius
ifjos'k esa iz;ksx djrs jgrs gSa] mlls os LokHkkfod :i ls ifjfpr gks tkrs gSaA ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k]
n`f"Vdks.k] ikB~;iqLrdksa bR;kfn dk fuekZ.k bl Kku osQ vk/kj ij bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, ftlls fd
cPps xf.kr dk vkuan mBk ldsa vkSj ;g le> losaQ fd xf.kr lw=kksa vkSj dyu&fofèk;ksa dks ykxw
djus osQ {ks=k dh vis{kk dgha vf/d roZQ nsus dh ,d fof/ gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj vè;kidksa dks
pkfg, fd os xf.kr dks ,d LokHkkfod vkSj vius vkl ikl ls tqM+h ?kVukvkas osQ :i esa le>us
dk iz;kl djsaA xf.kr i<+krs le; gekjk è;ku fo'ks"khdj.k vkSj O;kidhdj.k djus dh ;ksX;rk
fodflr djus] vFkZiw.kZ leL;kvksa dks izLrqr ,oa gy djus] izfr:iksa vkSj laca/ksa dks ns[kus vkSj
xf.krh; miifÙk dk roZQlaxr fparu dks ykxw djus dh vksj osaQfær djs vkSj mijksDr lHkh dk;Z ,sls
okrkoj.k esa djsa ftlesa cPps xf.kr dks ,d cks> u le>saA
blh n'kZu dks è;ku esa j[kdj d{kk 1 ls ysdj d{kk 12 rd osQ xf.kr dk ikB~;Øe fodflr
fd;k x;k vkSj ftls ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr us ikB~;iqLrd esa izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
fo'ks"k :i ls ikB~;iqLrd rS;kj djrs le; eksVs rkSj ij fuEufyf[kr ekxZfunsZ'kksa dks è;ku esa
j[kk x;k gSA
l iqLrd dh iBu&lkexzh cPps }kjk igys ls i<+h xbZ iBu&lkexzh vkSj mlosQ vuqHkoksa ls
lacaf/r gksA
l 'kCn leL;kvksa lfgr bl iqLrd dh Hkk"kk Li"V] ljy vkSj vlafnX/ gksuh pkfg,A
l cPpksa osQ ifjos'k esa mifLFkr fLFkfr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ladYiukvksa@izØeksa ls ifjfpr djkuk
pkfg,A
l izR;sd ladYiuk@izØe osQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ vusd mnkgj.k vkSj iz'u nsus pkfg,A
blls ;g lqfuf'pr gks tkrk gS fd vyx&vyx lanHkZ esa cPps ckj&ckj ladYiuk@izØe
dk iz;ksx dj ldsaA ;gk¡ ^vusd* dk iz;ksx lhfer vFkZ esa fd;k x;k gS vkSj bruk Hkh u
gks fd og cPpksa osQ fy, cks> c<+k nsA

2018-19
 (vi)

l cPpksa dks leL;kvksa osQ fofHkUu gyksa dks ns[kus vkSj mUgsa izkIr djus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr
dhft,A
l tgk¡ rd laHko gks lds cPpksa dks iz;qDr ifj.kkeksa dk iz;ksx djus osQ fy, izsfjr dhft,A
l lHkh miifÙk;ksa dks vuqns'kkRed fof/ ls izLrqr djuk pkfg, ftlls fd f'k{kkFkhZ fn, x,
rdks± osQ izokg dks ns[k losQA gekjk eq[; è;ku mu miifÙk;ksa ij gksuk pkfg, tgk¡ y?kq vkSj
Li"V rdZ xf.krh; fparu vkSj roZQ.k dks izcy cuk nsrk gSA
l tc dHkh laHko gks] ,d ls vf/d miifÙk;k¡ nh tkuh pkfg,A
l f'k{kkFkhZ dks vius roZQ O;Dr djus dh Li"V ,oa rk£OkQd fof/ fodflr djus esa lgk;rk
nsus osQ fy, iz;qDr miifÙk;ksa vkSj gyksa dk iz;ksx ekè;e osQ :i esa djuk pkfg,A
l lHkh T;kferh; jpukvksa osQ lkFk jpuk dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj ykxw fd, tkus okys pj.kksa dh
miifÙk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A rnuqlkj jpuk,¡ djrs le; cPpksa dks ;gh lc djus osQ fy,
izf'kf{kr djuk pkfg,A
l blosQ fy, vusd LFkkuksa ij ,sls fdLls&dgkfu;k¡] fp=k] dkVZwu vkSj ,sfrgkfld fVIif.k;k¡
nsuh pkfg, tks cPpksa osQ fy, i<+kbZ dks vf/d jkspd cuk nsA
l vf/d vfHk#fp j[kus okys f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, oSdfYid iz'ukofy;ksa dks lfEefyr djuk
pkfg, ijarq ;s iz'u ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gksus pkfg,A
l lHkh iz'ukofy;ksa dh mÙkjekyk nhft, vkSj mu iz'uksa osQ gy@laosQr nhft, ftudh cPpksa
dks vko';drk gksA
l tc dHkh laHko gks] laoS/kfud ekuksa dks lapfjr djuk pkfg,A
bl ikB~;iqLrd dk vè;;u djrs le; vki ;g ns[ksaxs fd ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr us bu
rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls bl iqLrd osQ l`tu ls cPpksa dks xf.kr osQ vUos"k.k osQ
fy, LFkku miyC/ djkus vkSj xf.krh; :i esa roZQ nsus dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djus dks è;ku esa
j[kdj fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh bl iqLrd esa nks ifjf'k"Vµxf.kr esa miifÙk;k¡ vkSj xf.krh; fun'kZu
fn, x, gSaA bUgsa bl iqLrd esa mu cPpksa osQ fy, j[kk x;k gS] tks buosQ iBu esa #fp j[krs gksa]
vkSj bl le; bldk LFkku osQoy ,sfPNd iBu osQ fy, gh gSA le; varjky esa bu fo"k;ksa dks
eq[; ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
igys dh Hkk¡ fr ;g ikB~;iqLrd Hkh ,d lkewfgd iz;kl gSA fiQj Hkh] bl ckj Vhe osQ ckjs
esa ,d vizkf;d ckr ;g jgh gS fd fofHkUu izdkj osQ LowQyksa osQ vè;kidksa dks bl iqLrd osQ
fodkl osQ izR;sd pj.k ij bldk vfHkUu vax cuk;k x;k gSA gekjk ;g fo'okl gS fd f'k{kd
viuh fo'ks"k d{kkvksa osQ cPpksa dh #fp osQ vuqlkj mnkgj.k vkSj iz'u nsdj bl izØe esa yxkrkj
viuk ;ksxnku nsrs jgsaxsA var esa ge ;g vk'kk djrs gSa fd bl ikB~;iqLrd esa lq/kj ykus osQ fy,
vè;kid vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks viuk lq>ko Hkstrs jgsaxsA
ijohu flaDys;j
th-ih- nhf{kr

2018-19
 ikB~ ; iq L rd fodkl lfefr

foKku ,oa xf.kr osQ lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k

t;ar fo".kq ukjyhdj] behfjVl izkis + Qs lj] vè;{k] vkbZ-;w-lh-,-,-] x.ks'kf[kaM] iwuk fo'ofo|ky;] iw.ks
eq[; lykgdkj
ih- flaDys;j] funs'kd] jk-'kS-v-iz-i- ,oa izkis + Qs lj] xf.kr] b-xk¡-jk-eq-fo-] u;h fnYyh
th-ih- nhf{kr] izkis + Qs lj (lsokfuo`Ùk) xf.kr vkSj [kxksfydh foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ
eq[; leUo;d
gqoQq e flag] izkis + Qs lj (lsokfuo`Ùk)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh
lnL;
vatyh yky] ih-th-Vh- (xf.kr)] Mh-,-oh- ifCyd LowQy] lsDVj&14] xqMx+ k¡o
vk'kqrks"k osQ- o>yokj] izkis + Qs lj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] ubZ fnYyh
ch- ,l- mikè;k;] izkis + Qs lj] vkj- vkbZ- bZ-] eSljw
t;arh nÙkk] ih-th-Vh-] lyoku ifCyd LowQy] xqMx+ k¡o
egsUæ 'kadj] ysDpjj (,l-th-) (lsokfuo`Ùk)] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh
efudk vxzoky] xzhu ikoZQ] u;h fnYyh
,u- Mh- 'kqDyk] izkis + sQlj (lsokfuo`Ùk)] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ
jke vorkj] izkis + sQlj (lsokfuo`Ùk) ,oa ijke'kZnkrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh
jkek ckykth] Vh-th-Vh- (xf.kr)] ds-oh- esx ,sMa lsVa j] lsVa tkUl jksM] caxykSj
'kf'k/j txnh'ku] f'k{kd vkSj lnL;] xojfuax dkma fly] lsVa j iQkWj yfuZxa ] caxYkkSj
,l- osQ- flag xkSre] izkis + Qs lj (lsokfuo`Ùk)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh
oa fnrk dkyjk] ysDpjj] loksnZ ; dU;k fo|ky;] fMfLVªDV lsVa j fodkliqjh] fnYyh
oh- ,- lqtkrk] Vh-th-Vh-] osQa æh; fo|ky; u- 1] okLdks] xksvk
oh- ek/oh] Vh-th-Vh-] laLÑfr LowQy] pk.kD;iqjh] u;h fnYyh

2018-19
 (viii)

lnL;&leUo;d
vkj-ih- ekS;]Z izkis + Qs lj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh

fganh :ikarjdrkZ
th-ih- nhf{kr] izkis + Qs lj (lsokfuo`Ùk)] xf.kr vkSj [kxksfydh foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ
egsUæ 'kadj] ysDpjj (,l-th-) (lsokfuo`Ùk)] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh
,p- ih- flUgk] C-210, jktkthiqje] y[kuÅ
oh- ih- flag] izkis + Qs lj (lsokfuo`Ùk)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh

fganh&leUo;d
lqj's k oqQekj flag xkSre] izkis + Qs lj (lsokfuo`Ùk)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh

2018-19
 vkHkkj

i fj"kn~ ikB~;iqLrd dh leh{kk osQ fy, vk;ksftr dk;Z'kkyk osQ fuEufyf[kr izfrHkkfx;ksa dk
muosQ cgqeYw ; ;ksxnku osQ fy, gkfnZd vkHkkj izdV djrh gS% ekyk e.kh] Vh-th-Vh-] vfeVh
baVjus'kuy LowQy] lsDVj & 44 uks,Mk_ ehjk egknsou] Vh-th-Vh-] ,Vkfed ,uthZ lasVªy
Ldwy&4] v.kq'kfDr uxj] eqacbZ_ j'eh jk.kk] Vh-th-Vh-] Mh-,-oh- ifCyd LowQy] iq"ikatyh ,aDyso]
ihreiqjk] fnYyh_ eksgEen dkfle] Vh-th-Vh-] ,aXyks vjSfcd lhfu;j lsosaQMjh LowQy] vtesjh xsV]
fnYyh_ ,l-lh- jkmVks] Vh-th-Vh-] lsaVªy LowQy iQkj frCcfr;al] gSIih oSyh] elwjh_ jkosQ'k dkSf'kd]
Vh-th-Vh-] lSfud LowQy] oaaqQtiqjk] djuky_ v'kksd oqQekj xqIrk] Vh-th-Vh-] tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;]
nq/uksbZ] xksyikM+k_ 'kadj feJk] Vh-th-Vh-] Mh-,e-,l-] vkj-vkbZ-bZ-] Hkqous'oj_ mn; flag] ysDpjj]
xf.kr foHkkx] ch-,p-;w-] okjk.klh_ ch-vkj-gkaMk] behfjVl izksi+sQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- fnYyh_ eksfudk
fla g ] ys D pjj] Jhjke dkW y s t ] (fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;)] yktiruxj] u;h fnYyh_
th- Jhgjh ckcw] Vh-th-Vh-] tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;] ljiqj] dkxt+ uxj] vnhykckn_ vt; oqQekj
flag] Vh-th-Vh-] jketl lhfu;j lsosaQMjh LowQy ua- 3, pk¡nuh pkSd] fnYyh_ eqosQ'k oqQekj vxzoky]
Vh-th-Vh-] ,l-,l-,-ih-th-ch-,l-,l- LowQy] lsDVj&V, MkW- vacsMdj uxj] u;h fnYyhA
ifj"kn~ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- esa fganh :ikarj.k osQ iqujoyksdu gsrq vk;ksftr dk;Z'kkyk esa fuEufyf[kr
lgHkkfx;ksa dh cgqeYw ; fVIif.k;ksa osQ fy, vkHkkjh gS % vt; oqQekj flag] Vh-th-Vh-] jketl lhfu;j
lsoQas Mjh LowQy ua- 3, pk¡nuh pkSd] fnYyh_ izkis + sQlj fctsaæ flag] vè;{k] xf.kr vè;;u'kkyk]
foØe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu_ th-Mh- <y] jhMj (v-izk-) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh_ uan fd'kksj oekZ]
ysDpjj] ,p-bZ-,l-&II, xf.kr foHkkx] jkT;'kSf{kd vuq- ,oa izf'k- ifj-] gfj;k.kk] xqM+xk¡o_
ih-osQ- frokjh] lgk;d vk;qDr (v-izk-)] osaQæh; fo|ky; laxBu_ lfork xxZ] ih-th-Vh-] loksZn;
dU;k fo|ky;] pk¡n uxj] u;h fnYyh_ lq/k xqIrk] Vh-th-Vh-] loksZn; dU;k fo|ky;] voafrdk]
jksfg.kh] çksi+sQlj jke vorkj (v-çk) ijke'kZnkrk] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] ,-osQ- o>yokj]
izkis + sQlj] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
ifj"kn~ daI;wVj izHkkjh] nhid diwj_ Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj] ujs'k oqQekj] ujfxl bLyke_
dkWih laiknd] ,y- vkj- Hkkjrh] vo/ fd'kksj ¯lg] eukst eksgu_ izwiQ jhMj] fjrq >k vkSj
cchrk >k] ,-ih-lh- dk;kZy;] Mh-bZ-,l-,e- dk iz'kklu] izdk'ku foHkkx vkSj ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
lfpoky; ds ;ksxnku ds iz;klksa ds izfr Hkh vkHkkj izdV djrh gSA

2018-19
2018-19
 fo"k; lwph
vkeq[k (iii)

izLrkouk (v)

1. okLrfod la[;k,¡ 1
1.1 Hkwfedk 1
1.2 ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk 2
1.3 vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; 8
1.4 vifjes; la[;kvksa dk iquHkZze.k 13
1.5 ifjes; la[;kvksa vkSj muosQ n'keyo izlkjksa dk iquHkzZe.k 17
1.6 lkjka'k 21
2. cgqin 23
2.1 Hkwfedk 23
2.2 cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa dk T;kferh; vFkZ 25
2.3 fdlh cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa vkSj xq.kkadksa esa laca/ 31
2.4 cgqinksa osQ fy, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe 36
2.5 lkjka'k 40
3. nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 42
3.1 Hkwfedk 42
3.2 nks pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 43
3.3 jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk xzkiQh; fof/ ls gy 49
3.4 ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus dh chtxf.krh; fof/ 56
3.4.1 izfrLFkkiu fof/ 56
3.4.2 foyksiu fof/ 60
3.4.3 otz&xq.ku fof/ 64
3.5 nks pjksa osQ jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe esa cnys tk ldus okys lehdj.k 70
3.6 lkjka'k 76

2018-19
 (xii)

4. f}?kkr lehdj.k 78
4.1 Hkwfedk 78
4.2 f}?kkr lehdj.k 79
4.3 xq.ku[kaMksa }kjk f}?kkr lehdj.k dk gy 82
4.4 f}?kkr lehdj.k dk iw.kZ oxZ cukdj gy 85
4.5 ewyksa dh izo`Qfr 98
4.6 lkjka'k 100
5. lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 102
5.1 Hkwfedk 102
5.2 lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 104
5.3 A.P. dk nok¡ in 110
5.4 A.P. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx 118
5.5 lkjka'k 128
6. f=kHkqt 130
6.1 Hkwfedk 130
6.2 le:i vko`Qfr;k¡ 131
6.3 f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk 136
6.4 f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy, dlkSfV;k¡ 143
6.5 le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy 155
6.6 ikbFkkxksjl izes; 158
6.7 lkjka'k 168
7. funs'Z kkad T;kfefr 170
7.1 Hkwfedk 170
7.2 nwjh lw=k 171
7.3 foHkktu lw=k 178

2018-19
 (xiii)

7.4 f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy 185

7.5 lkjka'k 190
8. f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 191
8.1 Hkwfedk 191
8.2 f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr 193
8.3 oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr 201
8.4 iwjd dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr 207
8.5 f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,¡ 210
8.6 lkjka'k 215
9. f=kdks.kfefr osQ oqQN vuqiz;ksx 216
9.1 Hkwfedk 216
9.2 Å¡pkb;k¡ vkSj nwfj;k¡ 217
9.3 lkjka'k 227
10. o`Ùk 228
10.1 Hkwfedk 228
10.2 o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk 229
10.3 ,d ¯cnq ls ,d o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh la[;k 232
10.4 lkjka'k 237
11. jpuk,¡ 238
11.1 Hkwfedk 238
11.2 js[kk[kaM dk foHkktu 238
11.3 fdlh o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk 243
11.4 lkjka'k 244
12. o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 245
12.1 Hkwfedk 245

2018-19
 (xiv)

12.2 o`Ùk dk ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy & ,d leh{kk 246

12.3 f=kT;[kaM vkSj o`Ùk[kaM osQ {ks=kiQy 248
12.4 lery vko`Qfr;ksa osQ la;kstuksa osQ {ks=kiQy 254
12.5 lkjka'k 261
13. i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 262
13.1 Hkwfedk 262
13.2 Bkslksa osQ ,d la;kstu dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy 263
13.3 Bkslksa osQ ,d la;kstu dk vk;ru 269
13.4 ,d Bksl dk ,d vkdkj ls nwljs vkdkj esa :ikarj.k 273
13.5 'kaoqQ dk fNUud 277
13.6 lkjka'k 284
14. lkaf[;dh 285
14.1 Hkwfedk 285
14.2 oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè; 285
14.3 oxhZo`Qr vka¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd 298
14.4 oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d 304
14.5 lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dk vkys[kh; fu:i.k 316
14.6 lkjka'k 321
15. izkf;drk 323
15.1 Hkwfedk 323
15.2 izkf;drk & ,d lS¼kafrd n`f"Vdks.k 325
15.3 lkjka'k 342
ifjf'k"V 1 – xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ 344
ifjf'k"V 2 – xf.krh; fun'kZu 369
mÙkj@ladsr 382

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 1

okLrfod la[;k,¡ 1
1.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk 9 esa] vkius okLrfod la[;kvksa dh [kkst izkjaHk dh vkSj bl izfØ;k ls vkidks
vifjes; la[;kvksa dks tkuus dk volj feykA bl vè;k; esa] ge okLrfod la[;kvksa
osQ ckjs esa viuh ppkZ tkjh j[ksaxsA ;g ppkZ ge vuqPNsn 1-2 rFkk 1-3 esa /ukRed iw.kk±dksa
osQ nks vfr egRoiw.kZ xq.kksa ls izkjaHk djsaxsA ;s xq.k gSa% ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe (dyu
fof/) (Euclid’s division algorithm) vkSj vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; (Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic) A
tSlk fd uke ls fofnr gksrk gS] ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe iw.kk±dksa dh foHkkT;rk
ls fdlh :i esa lacaf/r gSA lk/kj.k Hkk"kk esa dgk tk,] rks ,YxksfjFe osQ vuqlkj] ,d
/ukRed iw.kk±d a dks fdlh vU; /ukRed iw.kk±d b ls bl izdkj foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gS fd 'ks"kiQy r izkIr gks] tks b ls NksVk (de) gSA vki esa ls vf/drj yksx 'kk;n
bls lkekU; yach foHkktu izfØ;k (long division process) osQ :i esa tkurs gSaA ;|fi ;g
ifj.kke dgus vkSj le>us esa cgqr ljy gS] ijarq iw.kk±dksa dh foHkkT;rk osQ xq.kksa ls lacafèkr
blosQ vusd vuqiz;ksx gSaA ge buesa ls oqQN ij izdk'k Mkysaxs rFkk eq[;r% bldk iz;ksx
nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa dk egÙke lekiorZd (HCF) ifjdfyr djus esa djsaxsA
nwljh vksj] vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dk laca/ /ukRed iw.kk±dksa osQ xq.ku ls
gSA vki igys ls gh tkurs gSa fd izR;sd HkkT; la[;k (Composite number) dks ,d
vf}rh; :i ls vHkkT; la[;kvksa (prime numbers) osQ xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ;gh egRoiw.kZ rF; vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; gSA iqu%] ;g ifj.kke
dgus vkSj le>us esa cgqr ljy gS] ijarq blosQ xf.kr osQ {ks=k esa cgqr O;kid vkSj lkFkZd
vuqiz;ksx gSaA ;gk¡] ge vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; osQ nks eq[; vuqiz;ksx ns[ksaxsA ,d

2018-19
2 xf.kr
rks ge bldk iz;ksx d{kk IX esa vè;;u dh xbZ oqQN la[;kvksa] tSls 2 , 3 vkSj 5
vkfn dh vifjes;rk fl¼ djus esa djsaxsA nwljs] ge bldk iz;ksx ;g [kkstus esa djsaxs fd
p
fdlh ifjes; la[;k] eku yhft, q
( q ≠ 0) , dk n'keyo izlkj dc lkar (terminating)

gksrk gS rFkk dc vlkar vkorhZ (non-terminating repeating) gksrk gSA ,slk ge p osQ gj
q
q osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu dks ns[kdj Kkr djrs gSaA vki ns[ksaxs fd q osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu
ls p osQ n'keyo izlkj dh izo`Qfr dk iw.kZr;k irk yx tk,xkA
q
vr%] vkb, viuh [kkst izkjaHk djsaA
1.2 ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk
fuEufyf[kr yksd igsyh* ij fopkj dhft,%
,d foozsQrk lM+d ij pyrs gq, vaMs csp jgk FkkA ,d vkylh O;fDr] ftlosQ ikl
dksbZ dke ugha Fkk] us ml foozsQrk ls oko~Q&;q¼ izkjaHk dj fn;kA blls ckr vkxs c<+ xbZ
vkSj mlus vaMksa dh Vksdjh dks Nhu dj lM+d ij fxjk fn;kA vaMs VwV x,A foosQz rk us
iapk;r ls dgk fd ml O;fDr ls VwVs gq, vaMksa dk ewY; nsus dks dgsA iapk;r us fooszQrk
ls iwNk fd fdrus vaMs VwVs FksA mlus fuEufyf[kr mÙkj fn;k%
nks&nks fxuus ij ,d cpsxk_
rhu&rhu fxuus ij nks cpsaxs_
pkj&pkj fxuus ij rhu cpsaxs_
ik¡p&ik¡p fxuus ij pkj cpsaxs_
N%&N% fxuus ij ik¡p cpsaxs_
lkr&lkr fxuus ij oqQN ugha cpsxk_
esjh Vksdjh eas 150 ls vf/d vaMs ugha vk ldrsA
vr%] fdrus vaMs Fks\ vkb, bl igsyh dks gy djus dk iz;Ru djsaA eku yhft,
vaMksa dh la[;k a gSA rc mYVs Øe ls dk;Z djrs gq,] ge ns[krs gSa fd a la[;k 150 ls
NksVh gS ;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA
;fn lkr&lkr fxusa] rks oqQN ugha cpsxkA ;g a = 7p + 0 osQ :i esa ifjo£rr gks tkrk
gS] tgk¡ p dksbZ izko`Qr la[;k gSA
* ;g ^U;wesjslh dkmaV~l* (ys[kdx.k ,- jkeiky vkSj vU;) esa nh igsyh dk ,d ifjo£rr :i gSA

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 3

;fn N%&N% fxusa] rks 5 cpsaxsA ;g a = 6q + 5 osQ :i esa ifjo£rr gks tkrk gS] tgk¡
q dksbZ izko`Qr la[;k gSA
ik¡p&ik¡p fxuus ij] 4 cpsaxsA ;g a = 5s + 4 esa ifjo£rr gks tkrk gS] tgk¡ s dksbZ
izko`Qr la[;k gSA
pkj&pkj fxuus ij] 3 cpsaxsA ;g a = 4t + 3, esa ifjo£rr gks tkrk gS] tgk¡ t dksbZ
izko`Qr la[;k gSA
rhu&rhu fxuus ij 2 cpsaxsA ;g a = 3u + 2 esa ifjo£rr gks tkrk gS] tgk¡ u dksbZ
izko`Qr la[;k gSA
nks&nks fxuus ij] 1 cpsxkA ;g a = 2v + 1, esa ifjo£rr gks tkrk gS tgk¡ v dksbZ izko`Qr la[;k gSA
vFkkZr~] mijksDr izR;sd fLFkfr esa] gekjs ikl nks /ukRed iw.kk±d a vkSj b gSa (fy, x,
mnkgj.k esa b osQ eku Øe'k% 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 vkSj 2 gSa)A buesa a dks b ls Hkkx nsus ij 'ks"k r
cprk gS (mijksDr esa r osQ eku Øe'k% 0, 5, 4, 3, 2 vkSj 1 gSa) vFkkZr~] r Hkktd b ls NksVk
gSA tSls gh ge bl izdkj osQ lehdj.k fy[krs gSa] ge ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk
(Euclid’s division lemma) dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSa] ftls izes; 1-1 esa fn;k tk jgk gSA
vc viuh igsyh ij okil vkus ij] D;k vki dksbZ ckr lksp dj crk ldrs gSa
fd bl igsyh dks oSQls gy djsaxs\ gk¡! vki 7 osQ ,sls xq.ktksa dks [kksft, tks mijksDr lHkh
izfrca/ksa dks larq"V djasA tk¡p vkSj Hkwy fof/ ls (LCM dk iz;ksx djosQ) vki Kkr dj
ldrs gSa fd vaMksa dh la[;k 119 FkhA
bl ckr dk vuqHko djus osQ fy, fd ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk D;k gS] iw.kk±dksa
osQ fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,%
(i) 17, 6 (ii) 5, 12 (iii) 20, 4
tSlk fd geus igsyh okys mnkgj.k esa fd;k Fkk] ;gk¡ Hkh ge izR;sd ;qXe osQ fy,
laca/ fy[k ldrs gSa tSlk fd uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
(i) 17 = 6 × 2 + 5 (17 esa 6 nks ckj tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k 5 cprk gS)
(ii) 5 = 12 × 0 + 5 (;g laca/ blfy, lgh gS] D;ksafd 12] 5 ls cM+k gS)
(iii) 20 = 4 × 5 + 0 (20 esa 4 ik¡p ckj tkrk gS vkSj oqQN 'ks"k ugha cprk)
vFkkZr~ /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a vkSj b osQ izR;sd ;qXe osQ fy,] geus ,slh iw.kZ la[;k,¡ q
vkSj r Kkr dj pqosQ gSa fd
a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b gSA

2018-19
4 xf.kr
è;ku nhft, fd q ;k r 'kwU; Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
vc vki /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a vkSj b osQ fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa osQ fy, iw.kk±d q vkSj r
Kkr djus dk iz;Ru dhft,%
(i) 10, 3 (ii) 4, 19 (iii) 81, 3
D;k vki è;ku ns jgs gSa fd q vkSj r vf}rh; gSa\ ;s gh osQoy ,sls iw.kk±d gSa] tks
izfrca/ksa a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b dks larq"V djrs gSaA vkius ;g Hkh le> fy;k gksxk fd ;g
yach foHkktu izfØ;k osQ vfrfjDr oqQN Hkh ugha gS] ftls vki brus o"kks± rd djrs pys
vk, gSa rFkk q vkSj r dks Øe'k% HkkxiQy (quotient) vkSj 'ks"kiQy (remainder) dgk tkrk gSA.
bl ifj.kke dk vkSipkfjd dFku fuEufyf[kr gS%
s 1.1 (;wfDyM foHkktu izefs ;dk) : nks /ukRed iw.kk±d a vkSj b fn, jgus ij] ,slh
ize;
vf}rh; iw.kZ la[;k,¡ q vkSj r fo|eku gSa fd a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b gSA
bl ifj.kke dh tkudkjh laHkor% cgqr igys le; ls Fkh] ijarq fyf[kr :i esa bldk
loZiFz ke mYys[k ;wfDyM ,yhesVa l
~ (Euclid's Elements) dh iqLrd VII esa fd;k x;kA
;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe (dyu fof/) blh izesf;dk (Lemma) ij vk/kfjr gSA
,YxksfjFe lqifjHkkf"kr pj.kksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk gksrh
gS] tks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh leL;k dks gy djus
dh ,d izfØ;k ;k fof/ iznku djrh gSA
'kCn ^,YxksfjFke* 9oha 'krkCnh osQ ,d iQkjlh
xf.krK vy&[okfjT+keh osQ uke ls fy;k x;k gSA
okLro esa] 'kCn ^,ytcjk* (Algebra) Hkh bUgha dh
fyf[kr iqLrd ^fglkc vy&T+kcj ok vy eqdkcyk*
ls fy;k x;k gSA
eqgEen bCu ewlk vy&[okfjT+keh
izefs ;dk ,d fl¼ fd;k gqvk dFku gksrk gS (780 – 850 lk-;q-)
vkSj bls ,d vU; dFku dks fl¼ djus esa iz;ksx
djrs gSaA
;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa dk HCF ifjdfyr djus dh ,d
rduhd gSA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a vkSj b dk HCF og lcls cM+k
iw.kk±d d gS] tks a vkSj b nksuksa dks (iw.kZr;k) foHkkftr djrk gSA

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 5

vkb, lcls igys ,d mnkgj.k ysdj ns[ksa fd ;g ,YxksfjFe fdl izdkj dk;Z
djrk gSA eku yhft, gesa iw.kk±dksa 455 vkSj 42 dk HCF Kkr djuk gSA ge cM+s iw.kk±d
455 ls izkjaHk djrs gSaA rc ;wfDyM izesf;dk ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
455 = 42 × 10 + 35
vc Hkktd 42 vkSj 'ks"kiQy 35 ysdj] ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus ij] gesa
izkIr gksrk gS%
42 = 35 × 1 + 7
vc] Hkktd 35 vkSj 'ks"kiQy 7 ysdj] ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus ij] gesa
izkIr gksrk gS%
35 = 7 × 5 + 0
è;ku nhft, fd ;gk¡ 'ks"kiQy 'kwU; vk x;k gS rFkk ge vkxs oqQN ugha dj ldrsA
ge dgrs gSa fd bl fLFkfr okyk Hkktd] vFkkZr~ 7 gh 455 vkSj 42 dk HCF gSA vki
bldh lR;rk dh tk¡p 455 vkSj 42 osQ lHkh xq.ku[kaMksa dks fy[kdj dj ldrs gSaA ;g
fof/ fdl dkj.k dk;Z dj tkrh gS\
bldk dkj.k ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe gS] ftlosQ pj.kksa dks uhps Li"V fd;k
tk jgk gS%
nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa] eku yhft, c vkSj d (c > d) dk HCF Kkr djus osQ fy, uhps
fn, gq, pj.kksa dk vuqlj.k dhft,%
pj.k 1 : c vkSj d osQ fy, ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,A blfy,] ge ,sls
q vkSj r Kkr djrs gSa fd c = dq + r, 0 ≤ r < d gksA
pj.k 2 : ;fn r = 0 gS] rks d iw.kk±dksa c vkSj d dk HCF gSA ;fn r ≠ 0 gS] rks
d vkSj r osQ fy,] ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,A
pj.k 3 : bl izfØ;k dks rc rd tkjh jf[k,] tc rd 'ks"kiQy 0 u izkIr gks tk,A blh
fLFkfr esa] izkIr Hkktd gh okafNr HCF gSA
;g ,YxksfjFe blfy, izHkko'kkyh gS] D;ksafd HCF (c, d) = HCF (d, r) gksrk gS] tgk¡
laosQr HCF (c, d) dk vFkZ gS c vkSj d dk HCFA
mnkgj.k 1 : 4052 vkSj 12576 dk HCF ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djosQ
Kkr dhft,A

2018-19
6 xf.kr
gy :
pj.k 1 : ;gk¡ 12576 > 4052 gSA ge 12576 vkSj 4052 ij ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus
ij] izkIr djrs gSa%
12576 = 4052 × 3 + 420
pj.k 2 : D;ksafd 'ks"kiQy 420 ≠ 0 gS] blfy, ge 4052 vkSj 420 osQ fy, ;wfDyM
izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djosQ fuEufyf[kr izkIr djrs gSa%
4052 = 420 × 9 + 272
pj.k 3 : ge u, Hkktd 420 vkSj u, 'ks"kiQy 272 dks ysdj ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx
djosQ] fuEufyf[kr izkIr djrs gSa%
420 = 272 × 1 + 148
vc] ge u, Hkktd 272 vkSj u, 'ks"kiQy 148 ij ;wfDyM izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djosQ
izkIr djrs gSa%
272 = 148 × 1 + 124
vc] ge u, Hkktd 148 vkSj u, 'ks"kiQy 124 ij ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx
djosQ izkIr djrs gSa%
148 = 124 × 1 + 24
vc] ge u, Hkktd 124 vkSj u, 'ks"kiQy 24 ij ;wfDyM izefs ;dk yxk dj] izkIr djrs gS%a
124 = 24 × 5 + 4
vc] ge u, Hkktd 24 vkSj u, 'ks"kiQy 4 dks ysdj ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk
iz;ksx djosQ] izkIr djrs gSa%
24 = 4 × 6 + 0
;gk¡ 'ks"kiQy 0 izkIr gks x;k gSA blfy, izfØ;k ;gk¡ lekIr gks tkrh gSA pw¡fd bl fLFkfr
esa Hkktd 4 gS] blfy, 12576 vkSj 4052 dk HCF 4 gSA
è;ku nhft, fd HCF (24, 4) = HCF (124, 24) = HCF (148, 124) =
HCF (272, 148) = HCF (420, 272) = HCF (4052, 420) = HCF (12576, 4052) gSA
;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe u osQoy cM+h la[;kvksa osQ HCF ifjdfyr djus esa mi;ksxh
gS] vfirq ;g blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;g mu ,YxksfjFeksa esa ls ,d gS] ftudk
oaQI;wVj esa ,d izksxzke osQ :i esa lcls igys iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
fVIi.kh :
1. ;wfDyM foHkktu izefs ;dk vkSj ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe ijLij brus var£ufgr gaS fd
yksx izk;% ;wfDyM foHkktu izefs ;dk dks gh ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dgrs gSAa
2. ;|fi ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk@,YxksfjFe dks osQoy /ukRed iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, gh

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 7

fy[kk x;k gS] ijarq bls lHkh iw.kk±dksa ('kwU; dks NksM+dj vFkkZr b ≠ 0) osQ fy, ykxw fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ;|fi] ge ;gk¡ bl rF; ij fopkj ugha djsaxsA
;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk@,YxksfjFe osQ la[;kvksa osQ xq.kksa ls lacaf/r vusd
vuqiz;ksx gSaA ge bu vuqiz;ksxksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k uhps ns jgs gSa%
mnkgj.k 2 : n'kkZb, fd izR;sd /ukRed le iw.kk±d 2q osQ :i dk gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd
/ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d 2q + 1 osQ :i dk gksrk gS] tgk¡ q dksbZ iw.kk±d gSA
gy : eku yhft, a dksbZ /ukRed iw.kk±d gS rFkk b = 2 gSA rc ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe
ls] fdlh iw.kk±d q ≥ 0 osQ fy, a = 2q + r gS tgk¡ r = 0 gS ;k r = 1 gS] D;ksafd
0 ≤ r < 2 gSA blfy,] a = 2q ;k a = 2q + 1 gSA
;fn a = 2q gS rks ;g ,d le iw.kk±d gSA lkFk gh] ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d ;k rks le
gks ldrk gS ;k fo"keA blfy, dksbZ Hkh /ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d 2q + 1 osQ :i dk gksxkA
mnkgj.k 3 : n'kkZb, fd ,d /ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d 4q + 1 ;k 4q + 3 osQ :i dk gksrk
gS] tgk¡ q ,d iw.kk±d gSA
gy : vkb, ,d /ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d a ysdj] iz'u dks gy djuk izkjaHk djsaA ge
a vkSj b = 4 esa foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
p¡wfd 0 ≤ r < 4 gS] blfy, laHkkfor 'ks"kiQy 0, 1, 2 vkSj 3 gSaA
vFkkZr~ a la[;kvksa 4q, 4q + 1, 4q + 2 ;k 4q + 3 osQ :i dk gks ldrk gS tgk¡ q HkkxiQy
gSA pw¡fd a ,d fo"ke iw.kk±d gS] blfy, ;g 4q vkSj 4q + 2 osQ :i dk ugha gks ldrk
(D;ksafd nksuksa 2 ls foHkkT; gSa)A
blfy,] dksbZ Hkh /ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d 4q + 1 ;k 4q + 3 osQ :i dk gksxkA
mnkgj.k 4 : ,d feBkbZ foozsQrk osQ ikl 420 dktw dh c£iQ;k¡ vkSj 130 cknke dh
c£iQ;k¡ gSaA og budh ,slh <sfj;k¡ cukuk pkgrh gS fd izR;sd <sjh esa c£iQ;ksa dh la[;k
leku jgs rFkk ;s <sfj;k¡ ciQhZ dh ijkr esa U;wure LFkku ?ksjsaA bl dke osQ fy,] izR;sd
<sjh esa fdruh c£iQ;k¡ j[kh tk ldrh gSa\
gy : ;g dk;Z tk¡p vkSj Hkwy fof/ ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq bls ,d Øec¼ :i
ls djus osQ fy, ge HCF (420] 130) Kkr djrs gSaA rc] bl HCF ls izR;sd <sjh
esa j[kh tk ldus okyh c£iQ;ksa dh vf/dre la[;k izkIr gksxh] ftlls <sfj;ksa dh la[;k
U;wure gksxh vkSj ijkr esa ;s c£iQ;k¡ U;wure LFkku ?ksjsaxhA

2018-19
8 xf.kr
vkb,] vc ;wfDyM ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djosQ 420 vkSj 130 dk HCF Kkr djsaA
420 = 130 × 3 + 30
130 = 30 × 4 + 10
30 = 10 × 3 + 0
vr%] 420 vkSj 130 dk HCF 10 gSA
blfy,] izR;sd izdkj dh c£iQ;ksa osQ fy, feBkbZ foozsQrk nl&nl dh <sjh cuk ldrk gSA
iz'ukoyh 1.1
1. fuEufyf[kr la[;kvksa dk HCF Kkr djus osQ fy, ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx
dhft,%
(i) 135 vkSj 225 (ii) 196 vkSj 38220 (iii) 867 vkSj 255
2. n'kkZb, fd dksbZ Hkh /ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d 6q + 1 ;k 6q + 3 ;k 6q + 5 osQ :i dk gksrk gS]
tgk¡ q dksbZ iw.kk±d gSA
3. fdlh ijsM esa 616 lnL;ksa okyh ,d lsuk (vkehZ) dh VqdM+h dks 32 lnL;ksa okys ,d vkehZ
cSaM osQ ihNs ekpZ djuk gSA nksuksa lewgksa dks leku la[;k okys LraHkksa esa ekpZ djuk gSA mu
LraHkksa dh vf/dre la[;k D;k gS] ftlesa os ekpZ dj ldrs gSa\
4. ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djosQ n'kkZb, fd fdlh /ukRed iw.kk±d dk oxZ] fdlh
iw.kk±d m osQ fy, 3m ;k 3m + 1 osQ :i dk gksrk gSA
[laosQr% ;g eku yhft, x dksbZ /ukRed iw.kk±d gSA rc] ;g 3q, 3q + 1 ;k 3q + 2 osQ :i
esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA buesa ls izR;sd dk oxZ dhft, vkSj n'kkZb, fd bu oxks± dks 3m ;k
3m + 1 osQ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA]
5. ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djosQ n'kkZb, fd fdlh /ukRed iw.kk±d dk ?ku
9m, 9m + 1 ;k 9m + 8 osQ :i dk gksrk gSA

1.3 vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr ize;

s
vki fiNyh d{kkvksa esa ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fdlh Hkh izko`Qr la[;k dks mlosQ vHkkT;
xq.ku[kaMksa osQ ,d xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 2 = 2, 4 = 2 × 2,
253 = 11 × 23, bR;kfnA vc] vkb, izko`Qr la[;kvksa ij ,d vU; n`f"Vdks.k ls fopkj
djus dk iz;Ru djsaA vFkkZr~ ;g ns[ksa fd D;k vHkkT; la[;kvksa dks xq.kk djosQ] ,d izko`Qr
la[;k izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA vkb, bldh tk¡p djsaA
oqQN vHkkT; la[;kvksa] eku yhft, 2, 3, 7, 11 vkSj 23 dk dksbZ laxgz yhft,A ;fn
ge bu la[;kvkssa esa ls oqQN ;k lHkh la[;kvksa dks bl izdkj xq.kk djsa fd bu la[;kvksa
dh ge ftruh ckj pkgsa iqujko`fÙk dj ldrs gSa] rks ge /ukRed iw.kk±dksa dk ,d cM+k

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 9

laxgz cuk ldrs gSa (okLro esa] vifjfer :i ls vusd)A vkb, buesa ls oqQN dh lwph
cuk,¡%
7 × 11 × 23 = 1771, 3 × 7 × 11 × 23 = 5313,
2 × 3 × 7 × 11 × 23 = 10626, 23 × 3 × 73 = 8232,
22 × 3 × 7 × 11 × 23 = 21252 bR;kfnA
vc eku yhft, fd vkiosQ laxzg esa] lHkh laHko vHkkT; la[;k,¡ lfEefyr gSaA bl
laxgz dh vkeki (size) osQ ckjs esa vki D;k vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa\ D;k blesa ifjfer
la[;k esa iw.kk±d lfEefyr gSa vFkok vifjfer :i ls vusd iw.kk±d lfEefyr gSa\ okLro
esa] vHkkT; la[;k,¡ vifjfer :i ls vusd gSaA blfy,] ;fn ge bu vHkkT; la[;kvksa
dks lHkh laHko izdkjksa ls la;ksftr djsa rks geas lHkh vHkkT; la[;kvksa vkSj vHkkT; la[;kvksa
osQ lHkh laHko xq.kuiQyksa dk ,d vuar laxzg izkIr gksxkA vc iz'u mBrk gS] D;k ge bl
izdkj ls lHkh HkkT; la[;k,¡ (composite numbers) izkIr dj ldrs gSa\ vki D;k lksprs
gSa\ D;k vki lksprs gSa fd dksbZ ,slh HkkT; la[;k gks ldrh gS tks vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh
?kkrksa (powers) dk xq.kuiQy u gks\ bldk mÙkj nsus ls igys] vkb, /ukRed iw.kk±dksa osQ
xq.ku[kaMu djsa] vFkkZr~ vHkh rd tks geus fd;k gS mldk mYVk djsaA
ge ,d xq.ku[kaM o`{k (factor tree) dk iz;ksx djsxa s ftlls vki iwoZ ifjfpr gSAa vkb,]
,d cM+h la[;k] eku yhft, 32760] ysa vkSj mlosQ xq.ku[kaM uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj djsa%

2018-19
10 xf.kr
bl izdkj] geus 32760 dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa osQ ,d xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa xq.ku[kafMr
dj fy;k gS] tks 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 gSA vFkkZr~ 32760 = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7 × 13
gS] tks vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh ?kkrksa osQ :i esa gSaA vkb, ,d vU; la[;k] eku yhft,
123456789 ysdj mlosQ xq.ku[kaM fy[ksaA bls 32 × 3803 × 3607 osQ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk
gSA fu%lansg] vkidks bldh tk¡p djuh gksxh fd 3803 vkSj 3607 vHkkT; la[;k,¡ gSaA (,slk
gh vusd vU; izko`Qr la[;k,¡ ysdj Lo;a djus dk iz;Ru djsaA) blls gesa ;g vuqeku
;k oaQtsDpj (conjecture) izkIr gksrk gS fd izR;sd HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh
?kkrksa osQ xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa] ;g dFku lR; gS rFkk iw.kk±dksa
osQ vè;;u esa ;g ewy:i ls ,d vfr egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA blh dkj.k ;g dFku
vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic) dgykrk
gSA vkb, bl izes; dks vkSipkfjd :i ls O;Dr djsaA
ize;s 1.2 (vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes;) : izR;sd HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa
osQ ,d xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa O;Dr (xq.ku[kafMr) fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g xq.ku[kaaMu
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMksa osQ vkus okys Øe osQ fcuk vf}rh; gksrk gSA

vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr ize;s osQ :i esa fo[;kr gksus ls

igys] ize;s 1-2 dk laHkor;k loZiFz ke o.kZu ;wfDyM osQ
,yhesaV~l dh iqLrd IX esa lkè; (proposition) 14 osQ
:i esa gqvk FkkA ijarq bldh lcls igys lgh miifÙk
dkyZ izQS fMªd xkWl (Carl Friedrich Gauss) us viuh o`Qfr
fMlDoh'kal vfjfFkesfVdh (Disquisitions Arithmeticae) esa nhA
dkyZ izQS fMªd xkWl dks izk;% ^xf.krKksa dk jktoqQekj* dgk
tkrk gS rFkk mudk uke lHkh le;dkyksa osQ rhu egkure
xf.krKksa esa fy;k tkrk gS] ftuesa vk£dfeMhT+k (Archimedes) dkyZ izSQfMªd xkWl
vkSj U;wVu (Newton) Hkh lfEefyr gSaA mudk xf.kr vkSj (1777 – 1855)
foKku nksuksa esas ekSfyd ;ksxnku gSA
vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dgrh gS fd izR;sd HkkT; la[;k vHkkT; la[;kvksa
osQ ,d xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa xq.ku[kafMr dh tk ldrh gSA okLro esa] ;g vkSj Hkh oqQN
dgrh gSA ;g dgrh gS fd ,d nh gqbZ HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa osQ ,d
xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa] fcuk ;g è;ku fn, fd vHkkT; la[;k,¡ fdl Øe esa vk jgh gSa]

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 11

,d vf}rh; izdkj (Unique way) ls xq.ku[kafMr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ
HkkT; la[;k nh gqbZ gS] rks mls vHkkT; la[;kvksa osQ xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa fy[kus dh osQoy
,d gh fof/ gS] tc rd fd ge vHkkT; la[;kvksa osQ vkus okys Øe ij dksbZ fopkj
ugha djrsA blfy,] mnkgj.kkFkZ] ge 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 dks ogh ekurs gSa tks 3 × 5 × 7 × 2, dks
ekuk tkrk gSA blh izdkj] bUgha vHkkT; la[;kvksa osQ xq.kuiQy osQ fdlh vU; Øe dks
Hkh ge 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 tSlk gh ekusaxsA bl rF; dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa Hkh O;Dr fd;k
tkrk gS%
,d izko`Qr la[;k dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu] mlosQ xq.ku[kaMksa osQ Øe dks NksM+rs gq,
vf}rh; gksrk gSA
O;kid :i es]a tc gesa ,d HkkT; la[;k x nh gqbZ gks] rks ge mls x = p1p2 ... pn,
osQ :i esa xq.ku[kafMr djrs gS]a tgk¡ p1, p2,..., pn bR;kfn vkjksgh Øe esa fy[kh vHkkT;
la[;k,¡ gSAa vFkkZr~ p1 ≤ p2 ≤ . . . ≤ pn gSA ;fn ge leku vHkkT; la[;kvksa dks ,d lkFk
(feyk) ys]a rks gesa vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh ?kkrsa (powers) izkIr gks tkrh gSAa
mnkgj.kkFkZ] 32760 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7 × 13
,d ckj ;g fu.kZ; ysus osQ ckn fd xq.ku[kaMksa dk Øe vkjksgh gksxk rks nh gqbZ la[;k
osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM vf}rh; gksaxsA
vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; osQ xf.kr rFkk vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh vusd vuqiz;ksx gSaA
vkb, buosQ oqQN mnkgj.k dks ns[ksaA
mnkgj.k 5 : la[;kvksa 4n ij fopkj dhft,] tgk¡ n ,d izko`Qr la[;k gSA tk¡p dhft, fd
D;k n dk dksbZ ,slk eku gS] ftlosQ fy, 4n vad 'kwU; (0) ij lekIr gksrk gSA
gy : ;fn fdlh n osQ fy,] la[;k 4n 'kwU; ij lekIr gksxh rks og 5 ls foHkkT; gksxhA
vFkkZr~ 4n osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu esa vHkkT; la[;k 5 vkuh pkfg,A ;g laHko ugha gS
D;ksfa d 4n = (2)2n gSA blh dkj.k] 4n osQ xq.ku[kaMu esa osQoy vHkkT; la[;k 2 gh vk ldrh
gSA vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dh vf}rh;rk gesa ;g fuf'pr djkrh gS fd 4n osQ
xq.ku[kaMu esa 2 osQ vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM ugha gSA blfy, ,slh dksbZ la[;k
n ugha gS] ftlosQ fy, 4n vad 0 ij lekIr gksxhA
vki fiNyh d{kkvksa esa] ;g i<+ pqosQ gSa fd nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa osQ HCF vkSj
LCM vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dk iz;ksx djosQ fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSaA ,slk
djrs le;] bl izes; osQ uke dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k FkkA bl fof/ dks vHkkT;

2018-19
12 xf.kr
xq.ku[kaMu fof/ (prime factorisation method) Hkh dgrs gSaA vkb,] ,d mnkgj.k dh
lgk;rk ls bl fof/ dks iqu% ;kn djsaA
mnkgj.k 6 : la[;kvksa 6 vkSj 20 osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ ls HCF vkSj LCM Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡ 6 = 21 × 31 vkSj 20 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 22 × 51 gSA
tSlkfd vki fiNyh d{kkvksa esa dj pqosQ gSa] vki HCF (6, 20) = 2 rFkk LCM (6, 20)
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60, Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
è;ku nhft, fd HCF (6, 20) = 21 = la[;kvksa esa izR;sd mHk;fu"B vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM
dh lcls NksVh ?kkr dk xq.kuiQy rFkk
LCM (6, 20) = 22 × 31 × 51 = la[;kvksa esa lac¼ izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls
cM+h ?kkr dk xq.kuiQy
mijksDr mnkgj.k ls vkius ;g ns[k fy;k gksxk fd HCF (6, 20) × LCM (6, 20) = 6 × 20
gSA okLro esa] vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dk iz;ksx djosQ ge bldh tk¡p dj ldrs
gSa fd fdUgha nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a vkSj b osQ fy,] HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) =
a × b gksrk gSA bl ifj.kke dk iz;ksx djosQ] ge nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa dk LCM Kkr dj
ldrs gSa] ;fn geus mudk HCF igys gh Kkr dj fy;k gSA
mnkgj.k 7 : vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ }kjk 96 vkSj 404 dk HCF Kkr dhft, vkSj fiQj
budk LCM Kkr dhft,A
gy : 96 vkSj 404 osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS fd
96 = 25 × 3, 404 = 22 × 101
blfy,] bu nksuksa iw.kk±dksa dk HCF = 22 = 4
96 × 404 96 × 404
lkFk gh LCM (96, 404) = = = 9696
HCF(96, 404) 4

mnkgj.k 8 : la[;k 6, 72 vkSj 120 dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ }kjk HCF vkSj LCM Kkr
dhft,A
gy : gesa izkIr gS%
6 = 2 × 3, 72 = 23 × 32 rFkk 120 = 23 × 3 × 5
21 vkSj 31 izR;sd mHk;fu"B vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls NksVh ?kkrsa gSaA

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 13

vr%] HCF (6, 72, 120) = 21 × 31 = 2 × 3 = 6

23, 32 vkSj 51 izR;sd vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM dh lcls cM+h ?kkrsa gS]a tks rhuksa la[;kvksa ls lac¼ gSaA
vr%] LCM (6, 72, 120) = 23 × 32 × 51 = 360

fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd 6 × 72 × 120 ≠ HCF (6, 72, 120) × LCM (6, 72, 120), vFkkZr~
rhu la[;kvksa dk xq.kuiQy muosQ HCF vkSj LCM osQ xq.kuiQy osQ cjkcj ugha gksrk gSA
iz'ukoyh 1.2
1. fuEufyf[kr la[;kvksa oQks vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMksa osQ xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa O;Dr dhft,%
(i) 140 (ii) 156 (iii) 3825 (iv) 5005 (v) 7429
2. iw.kk±dkas osQ fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa osQ HCF vkSj LCM Kkr dhft, rFkk bldh tk¡p dhft, fd
nks la[;kvksa dk xq.kuiQy = HCF × LCM gSA
(i) 26 vkSj 91 (ii) 510 vkSj 92 (iii) 336 vkSj 54
3. vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fof/ }kjk fuEufyf[kr iw.kk±dksa osQ HCF vkSj LCM Kkr dhft,%
(i) 12, 15 vkSj 21 (ii) 17, 23 vkSj 29 (iii) 8, 9 vkSj 25
4. HCF (306] 657) = 9 fn;k gSA LCM (306] 657) Kkr dhft,A
5. tk¡p dhft, fd D;k fdlh izko`Qr la[;k n osQ fy,] la[;k 6n vad 0 ij lekIr gks ldrh gSA
6. O;k[;k dhft, fd 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 vkSj 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 HkkT; la[;k,¡ D;ksa gSAa
7. fdlh [ksy osQ eSnku osQ pkjksa vksj ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk gSA bl eSnku dk ,d pDdj yxkus esa
lksfu;k dks 18 feuV yxrs gSa] tcfd blh eSnku dk ,d pDdj yxkus esa jfo dks 12 feuV
yxrs gSaA eku yhft, os nksuksa ,d gh LFkku vkSj ,d gh le; ij pyuk izkjaHk djosQ ,d
gh fn'kk esa pyrs gSaA fdrus le; ckn os iqu% izkajfHkd LFkku ij feysaxs\
1.4 vifjes; la[;kvksa dk iquHkZez .k
d{kk IX esa] vkidks vifjes; la[;kvksa ,oa muosQ vusd xq.kksa ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k FkkA
vkius buosQ vfLrRo osQ ckjs esa vè;;u fd;k rFkk ;g ns[kk fd fdl izdkj ifjes; vkSj
vifjes; la[;k,¡ feydj okLrfod la[;k,¡ (real numbers) cukrh gSaA vkius ;g Hkh
lh[kk Fkk fd la[;k js[kk ij fdl izdkj vifjfer la[;kvksa osQ LFkku fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA
rFkkfi geus ;g fl¼ ugha fd;k Fkk fd ;s la[;k,¡ vifjes; (irrationals) gSaA bl vuqPNsn
esa] ge ;g fl¼ djsaxs fd 2 , 3 , 5 rFkk] O;kid :i esa] p vifjes; la[;k,¡ gSa]
tgk¡ p ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA viuh miifÙk esa] ge ftu izes;ksa dk iz;ksx djsaxs muesa ls
,d gS vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes;A

2018-19
14 xf.kr

p
;kn dhft, fd ,d] la[;k ‘s’ vifjes; la[;k dgykrh gS] ;fn mls q osQ :i
esa ugha fy[kk tk ldrk gks] tgk¡ p vkSj q iw.kk±d gSa vkSj q ≠ 0 gSA vifjes; la[;kvksa osQ
oqQN mnkgj.k] ftuls vki ifjfpr gSa] fuEufyf[kr gSa%
2,
2, 3 , 15 , π , − 0.10110111011110 . . . , bR;kfnA
3
blls igys fd ge 2 dks vifjes; la[;k fl¼ djsa] gesa fuEufyf[kr izes; dh
vko';drk iM+sxh] ftldh miifÙk vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; ij vk/kfjr gSA
s 1.3 : eku yhft, p ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA ;fn p, a2 dks foHkkftr djrh gS] rks p,
ize;
a dks Hkh foHkkftr djsxh] tgk¡ a ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d gSA
*miifÙk : eku yhft, a osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu fuEufyf[kr :i osQ gSa% a = p1p2 . . . pn
tgk¡ p1,p2, . . . pn vHkkT; la[;k,¡ gSa] ijarq vko';d :i ls fHkUu&fHkUu ugha gSaA
vr%] a2 = ( p1p2 . . . pn) ( p1p2 . . . pn) = p21 p22 . . . p2n
vc] gesa fn;k gS fd p, a2 dks foHkkftr djrh gSA blfy,] vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes;
osQ vuqlkj_ p ,a2 dk ,d vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM gSA ijarq vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes; dh
vf}rh;rk osQ xq.k dk iz;ksx djus ij] ge ik,¡xs fd a2 osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM osQoy p1,
p2, . . ., pn gSaA blfy, p dks p1, p2, . . ., pn esa ls gh ,d gksuk pkfg,A
vc] pwf¡ d a = p1 p2 . . . pn gS] blfy, p, a dks foHkkftr vo'; djsxkA n
vc ge bldh miifÙk ns ldrs gSa fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
;g miifÙk ml rduhd ij vk/kfjr gS ftls ^fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk* (proof by
contradiction) dgrs gSa (bl rduhd dh oqQN foLr`r :i ls ppkZ ifjf'k"V 1 esa dh xbZ gS)A

s 1.4 : 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

ize;
miifÙk : ge blosQ foijhr ;g eku ysrs gSa fd 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
r
vr%] ge nks iw.kk±d r vkSj s ,sls Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd 2 = s gks rFkk s (≠ 0) gksA
eku yhft, r vkSj s esa] 1 osQ vfrfjDr] dksbZ mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM gSA rc] ge bl
* ;g ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 15

mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM ls r vkSj s dks foHkkftr djosQ a izkIr dj ldrs gSa] tgk¡ a
2=
b
vkSj b lgvHkkT; (co-prime) gSaA
vr% b 2 = a gqvkA
nksuksa i{kksa dk oxZ djus rFkk iquO;oZfLFkr djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
2b2 = a2
vr% 2, a2 dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
blfy, izes; 1.3 }kjk 2, a dks foHkkftr djsxkA
vr% ge a = 2c fy[k ldrs gSa] tgk¡ c dksbZ iw.kk±d gSaA
a oQk eku izfrLFkkfir djus ij gesa 2b2 = 4c2, vFkkZr~ b2 = 2c2 izkIr gksrk gSA
bldk vFkZ gS fd 2, b2 dks foHkkftr djrk gS vkSj blhfy, 2, b dks Hkh foHkkftr djsxk
(izes; 1.3 }kjk p = 2 ysus ij)A
vr% a vkSj b esa de ls de ,d mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM 2 gSA
ijarq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd a vkSj b esa] 1 osQ vfrfjDr] dksbZ
mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM ugha gSA
;g fojks/kHkkl gesa bl dkj.k izkIr gqvk gS] D;ksafd geus ,d =kqfViw.kZ dYiuk dj yh
gS fd 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
vr%] ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA n

mnkgj.k 9 : 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

gy : vkb, ge blosQ foijhr ;g eku ysa fd 3 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
a
vFkkZr~] ge ,sls nks iw.kk±d a vkSj b (≠ 0) izkIr dj ldrs gSa fd 3 = b gSA
;fn a vkSj b esa] 1 osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM gks] rks ge ml mHk;fu"B
xq.ku[kaM ls Hkkx nsdj a vkSj b dks lgvHkkT; cuk ldrs gSaA
vr% b 3 = a gSA

nksuksa i{kksa dk oxZ djus rFkk iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij] gesa 3b2 = a2 izkIr gksrk gSA
vr% a2, 3 ls foHkkftr gSA blfy,] izes; 1-3 }kjk 3, a dks Hkh foHkkftr djsxkA

2018-19
16 xf.kr
vr% ge a = 3c fy[k ldrs gSa] tgk¡ c ,d iw.kk±d gSA
a osQ bl eku dks 3b2 = a2 esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
3b2 = 9c2 vFkkZr~ b2 = 3c2
bldk vFkZ gS fd b2, 3 ls foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA blfy, izes; 1-3 }kjk b Hkh 3 ls foHkkftr
gksxkA
vr% a vkSj b esa de ls de ,d mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM 3 gSA
ijarq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd a vkSj b lgvHkkT; gSaA
gesa ;g fojks/kHkkl viuh =kqfViw.kZ dYiuk osQ dkj.k izkIr gqvk gS fd 3 ,d ifjes;
la[;k gSA vr% ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
d{kk IX esa geus crk;k Fkk fd%
l ,d ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk ;ksx ;k varj ,d vifjes; la[;k
gksrh gS rFkk
l ,d 'kwU;srj ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk xq.kuiQy ;k HkkxiQy ,d
vifjes; la[;k gksrh gSA
;gk¡] ge mijksDr dh oqQN fof'k"V fLFkfr;k¡ fl¼ djsaxsA

mnkgj.k 10 : n'kkZb, fd 5– 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

gy : vkb, blosQ foijhr eku ysa fd 5– 3 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
a
vFkkZr~ ge lgvHkkT; ,slh la[;k,¡ a vkSj b (b ≠ 0) Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd 5 − 3= gksA
b
a
vr% 5− = 3 gSA
b
bl lehdj.k dks iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
a
3=5–
b
a
pwf¡ d a vkSj b iw.kk±d gS]a blfy, 5 – ,d ifjes; la[;k gS vFkkZr~ 3 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
b
ijarq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 17

gesa ;g fojks/kHkkl viuh xyr dYiuk osQ dkj.k izkIr gqvk gS fd 5 – 3 ,d ifjes;
la[;k gSA
vr%] ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 5 − 3 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

mnkgj.k 11 : n'kkZb, fd 3 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

gy : vkb, blosQ foijhr eku ysa fd 3 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
a
vFkkZr~ ge ,slh lgvHkkT; la[;k,¡ a vkSj b (b ≠ 0) Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd 3 2= gksA
b

iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij] gesa a izkIr gksxkA

2=
3b
a
pw¡fd 3, a vkSj b iw.kk±d gSa] blfy, ,d ifjes; la[;k gksxhA blfy, 2 Hkh ,d
3b
ifjes; la[;k gksxhA
ijarq blls bl rF; dk fojks/kHkkl izkIr gksrk gS fd 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
vr%] ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd 3 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
iz'ukoyh 1.3
1. fl¼ dhft, fd 5 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
2. fl¼ dhft, fd 3+2 5 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
3. fl¼ dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr la[;k,¡ vifjes; gSa%
1
(i) (ii) 7 5 (iii) 6 + 2
2
1.5 ifjes; la[;kvksa vkSj muosQ n'keyo izlkjksa dk iquHkzZe.k
d{kk IX esa] vkius ;g i<+k gS fd ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ ;k rks lkar n'keyo izlkj
(terminating decimal expansions) gksrs gSa ;k fiQj vlkar vkorhZ (non-terminating
repeating) n'keyo izlkj gksrs gSaA bl vuqPNsn esa ge ,d ifjes; la[;k] eku yhft,
p p
(q ≠ 0) , ij fopkj djsaxs rFkk ;FkkFkZ :i ls bldh [kkst djsaxs fd dk n'keyo
q q
izlkj dc lkar gksxk vkSj dc vlkar vkorhZ gksxkA ge ,slk oqQN mnkgj.kksa }kjk djasxsA
vkb, fuEufyf[kr ifjes; la[;kvksa ij fopkj djsa%
(i) 0.375 (ii) 0.104 (iii) 0.0875 (iv) 23.3408

2018-19
18 xf.kr

375 375 104 104

vc (i) 0.375 = = (ii) 0.104 = =
1000 103 1000 103
875 875 233408 233408
(iii) 0.0875 = = (iv) 23.3408 = =
10000 104 10000 104
tSlk fd dksbZ vk'kk djsxk] bu lHkh dks ,slh ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k
tk ldrk gS] ftudk gj 10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gksxkA vkb, va'k vkSj gj esa mHk;fu"B
xq.ku[kaM dks dkV dj] ;g ns[kus dk iz;Ru djsa fd gesa D;k izkIr gksrk gSA
375 3 × 53 3 104 13 × 23 13
(i) 0.375 = 3
= 3 3
= 3 (ii) 0.104 = = =
10 2 ×5 2 103 23 × 53 53

875 7 233408 2 2 × 7 × 521

(iii) 0.0875 = = 4 (iv) 23.3408 = =
10 4
2 ×5 104 54
D;k vki ;gk¡ dksbZ izfr:i ns[k jgs gSa\ ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd geus ml okLrfod
la[;k dks ftldk n'keyo izlkj ,d lkar n'keyo gS] ,d p osQ :i dh ifjes; la[;k
q
esa cny fy;k gS] tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk gj (vFkkZr~ q) esa osQoy 2 dh ?kkrsa ;k
5 dh ?kkrsa ;k nksuksa dh ?kkrsa gSaA gesa gj blh izdkj dk fn[kuk pkfg,] D;ksafd 10 dh ?kkrksa
esa osQoy 2 vkSj 5 dh ?kkrsa gh xq.ku[kaM osQ :i esa gksaxhA
;|fi geus oqQN de gh mnkgj.k gy djosQ ns[ks gS]a fiQj Hkh vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd
dksbZ Hkh okLrfod la[;k] ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gS] ,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k osQ :i
esa O;Dr dh tk ldrh gS ftldk gj 10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gSA lkFk gh 10 osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM
osQoy 2 vkSj 5 gh gSAa vr% va'k vkSj gj esa ls mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaMksa dks dkVdj] ge Kkr
p
djrs gSa fd ;g okLrfod la[;k osQ :i dh ,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS] tgk¡ q dk
q
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m osQ :i dk gS rFkk n vkSj m dksbZ ½.ksrj (non-negative) iw.kk±d gSAa
vkb, vius ifj.kke dks vkSipkfjd :i ls fy[ksa%
s 1.5 : eku yhft, x ,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gSA rc
ize;
p
x dks osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk q dk
q
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m osQ :i dk gS] tgk¡ n, m dksbZ ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSaA

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 19

vki laHkor% vk'p;Z dj jgs gksaxs fd izes; 1.5 dk foykse D;k gksxk\ vFkkZr~ ;fn
p
gekjs ikl dksbZ ifjes; la[;k osQ :i dh gS rFkk q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m osQ :i
q
p
dk gS] tgk¡ n vkSj m ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSa] rks D;k q
dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksxk\
vkb, vc ns[ksa fd D;k mijksDr dFku osQ lR; gksus osQ dksbZ Li"V dkj.k gSaA vki
a
fu'p; gh bl ckr ls lger gksaxs fd osQ :i dh fdlh Hkh ifjes; la[;k] tgk¡ b,
b

10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gS] dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksxkA vr% ;g vFkZiw.kZ izrhr gksrk gS fd p
q
a
osQ :i dh ifjes; la[;k] tgk¡ q, 2n5m osQ :i dk gS] dks osQ ,sls rqY; ifjes;
b
la[;k osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk,] tgk¡ b, 10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gksA vkb, vius Åij osQ
mnkgj.kksa ij okil ykSV vk,¡ vkSj foijhr fn'kk eas dk;Z djuk izkjaHk djsaA
3 3 3 × 53 375
(i) = 3 = 3 3
= 3 = 0.375
8 2 2 ×5 10

13 13 13 × 23 104
(ii) = = = = 0.104
125 53 23 × 53 103
7 7 7 × 53 875
(iii) = 4 = 4 4
= 4 = 0.0875
80 2 × 5 2 × 5 10

14588 22 × 7 × 521 26 × 7 × 521 233408

(iv) = = = = 23.3408
625 54 24 × 54 104

vr%] ;s mnkgj.k ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd fdl izdkj p osQ :i dh ,d ifjes; la[;k]

q
a
tgk¡ q, 2n5m osQ :i dk gS] dks b osQ ,sls rqY; ifjes; la[;k esa cnyk tk ldrk gS]
tgk¡ b, 10 dh dksbZ ?kkr gSA vr% bl izdkj dh ifjes; la[;k dk ,d lkar n'keyo
izlkj gksxkA vkb, vius ifj.kke dks vkSipkfjd :i ls fy[ksaA
p
s 1.6 : eku yhft,
ize; x=
q
tgk¡ p vkSj q vlgHkkT; gSa] ,d ifjes; la[;k ,slh gS fd
q, 2n5m osQ :i dk gS] tgk¡ n vkSj m ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSaA rc x dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksrk gSA

2018-19
20 xf.kr
vc ge mu ifjes; la[;kvksa dh vksj c<+us dks rS;kj gSa 0.1428571
ftuosQ n'keyo izlkj vlkar vkorhZ gksrs gSaA ,d ckj fiQj] ge 7 10
7
,d mnkgj.k ysdj ns[krs gSa fd blesa D;k gks jgk gSA ge d{kk
30
IX dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ vè;k; 1 osQ mnkgj.k 5 dks ysrs gSa] 28
1 20
ftlesa dk n'keyo izlkj Kkr fd;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ 'ks"k
7 14
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, . . . gSa vkSj Hkktd 7 gSA 60
è;ku nhft, fd ;gk¡ gj 7 Li"V :i ls 2n5m osQ :i dk 56
1 40
ugha gSA vr%] izes;ksa 1-5 vkSj 1-6 ls] dk n'keyo izlkj 35
7
50
lkar ugha gksxkA ;gk¡ 0 'ks"k osQ :i esa ugha izdV gksxk (D;ksa\) 49
rFkk ,d fLFkfr osQ ckn] 'ks"kiQyksa dh iqujko`fÙk izkjaHk gks tk,xhA 10
1 7
blhfy, osQ HkkxiQy esa vadksa osQ ,d CykWd vFkkZr~ 142857
7 30
dh iqujko`fÙk gksxhA
1
geus osQ n'keyo izlkj eas tks ns[kk gS og mu lHkh ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy,
7
lR; gS tks izes;kas 1-5 vkSj 1-6 osQ varxZr ugha vkrh gaSA bl izdkj dh la[;kvksa osQ fy,
ge izkIr djrs gSa%
p
s 1.7 : eku yhft,
ize; x=
q
,d ifjes; la[;k bl izdkj dh gS fd q dk vHkkT;
xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m osQ :i dk ugha gS] tgk¡ n, m ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSaA rc x dk n'keyo izlkj
vlkar vkorhZ gksrk gSA
mijksDr ppkZ osQ vk/kj ij] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh ifjes; la[;k dk
n'keyo izlkj ;k rks lkar gksrk gS ;k vlkar vkorhZ gSA
iz'ukoyh 1.4
1. fcuk yach foHkktu izfØ;k fd, crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ n'keyo izlkj
lkar gSa ;k vlkar vkorhZ gSa%
13 17 64
(i) (ii) (iii)
3125 8 455
15 29 23
(iv) (v) (vi)
1600 343 23 52
129 6 35 77
(vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
2 2 57 75 15 50 210

2018-19
okLrfod la[;k,¡ 21

2. Åij fn, x, iz'u esa mu ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ n'keyo izlkjksa dks fyf[k, tks lkar gSaA
3. oqqQN okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ n'keyo izlkj uhps n'kkZ, x, gSaA izR;sd fLFkfr osQ fy,
fu/kZfjr dhft, fd ;g la[;k ifjes; la[;k gS ;k ughaA ;fn ;g ifjes; la[;k gS vkSj p
q
osQ :i dh gS rks q osQ vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMksa osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\
(i) 43.123456789 (ii) 0.120120012000120000. . . (iii) 43.123456789

1.6 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk%
nks /ukRed iw.kk±d a vkSj b fn, jgus ij] ge a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b dks larq"V djus okyh iw.kZ
la[;k,¡ q vkSj r Kkr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ ,slh la[;kvksa dk vfLrRo gSA
2. ;wfDyM foHkktu ,YxksfjFe% ;g ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk ij vk/kfjr gSA bldk iz;ksx dj
nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a vkSj b, (a > b) dk HCF uhps n'kkZbZ fof/ }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gS%
pj.k 1 : q vkSj r Kkr djus osQ fy, ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk dk iz;ksx dhft,] tgk¡
a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b gSA
pj.k 2 : ;fn r = 0 gS rks HCF = b gSA ;fn r ≠ 0 gS rks b vkSj r ij ;wfDyM foHkktu izesf;dk
dk iz;ksx dhft,A
pj.k 3 : bl izfØ;k dks rc rd tkjh jf[k, tc rd 'ks"kiQy 'kwU; u izkIr gks tk,A bl
fLFkfr okyk Hkktd gh HCF (a, b) gSA lkFk gh] HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, r)
3. vadxf.kr dh vk/kjHkwr izes;%
izR;sd HkkT; la[;k dks vHkkT; la[;kvksa osQ ,d xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa O;Dr (xq.ku[kafMr)
fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g xq.ku[kaMu vf}rh; gksrk gS] bl ij dksbZ è;ku fn, fcuk fd
vHkkT; xq.ku[kaM fdl Øe esa vk jgs gSaA
4. ;fn p dksbZ vHkkT; la[;k gS vkSj p, a2 dks foHkkftr djrk gS rks p, a dks Hkh foHkkftr djsxk]
tgk¡ a ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d gSA
5. miifÙk fd 2, 3 bR;kfn vifjes; la[;k,¡ gSaA
p
6. eku yhft, x ,d ifjes; la[;k gS ftldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gSA rc] ge x dks osQ :i
q
esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa] tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; gSa rFkk q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m osQ :i
dk gS] tgk¡ n, m ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSaA

2018-19
22 xf.kr

p
7. eku yhft, x=
q
,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS fd q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n5m osQ :i dk
gS] tgk¡ n, m ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSa rks x dk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksxkA
p
8. eku yhft, x=
q
,d ,slh ifjes; la[;k gS fd q dk vHkkT; xq.ku[kaMu 2n 5m osQ :i dk
ugha gS] tgk¡ n, m ½.ksrj iw.kk±d gSa rks x dk n'keyo izlkj vlkar vkorhZ gksxkA

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

vkius ns[kk fd%
HCF ( p, q, r) × LCM (p, q, r) ≠ p × q × r, tgk¡ p, q, r /ukRed iw.kk±d gSa
(mnkgj.k 8 nsf[k,)A tcfd fuEu ifj.kke rhu la[;kvksa p, q vkSj r ij ykxw gksrk
gS%
p ⋅ q ⋅ r ⋅ HCF(p, q, r )
LCM (p, q, r) =
HCF( p, q ) ⋅ HCF(q, r ) ⋅ HCF( p, r )
p ⋅ q ⋅ r ⋅ LCM(p, q, r )
HCF (p, q, r) =
LCM( p, q) ⋅ LCM(q, r ) ⋅ LCM( p, r )

2018-19
cgqin 23

cgqin 2
2.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk IX esa] vkius ,d pj okys cgqinksa (polynomials) ,oa mudh ?kkrksa (degree) osQ ckjs
esa vè;;u fd;k gSA ;kn dhft, fd pj x osQ cgqin p(x) esa x dh mPpre ?kkr (power)
cgqin dh ?kkr (degree) dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 4x + 2 pj x esa ?kkr 1 dk
cgqin gS] 2y2 – 3y + 4 pj y esa ?kkr 2 dk cgqin gS] 5x3 – 4x2 + x – 2 pj x esa ?kkr 3 dk
3
cgqin gS vkSj 7u6 – u 4 + 4u 2 + u − 8 pj u esa ?kkr 6 dk cgqin gSA O;atd 1 , x + 2 ,
1 2 x −1
2 bR;kfn cgqin ugha gSAa
x + 2x + 3
?kkr 1 osQ cgqin dks jSf[kd cgqin (linear polynomial) dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
2 2
fy,] 2x – 3, 3 x + 5, y + 2, x− , 3z + 4, u + 1 , bR;kfn lHkh jSf[kd cgqin gSaA
11 3
tcfd 2x + 5 – x2, x3 + 1, vkfn izdkj osQ cgqin jSf[kd cgqin ugha gSaA
?kkr 2 osQ cgqin dks f}?kkr cgqin (quadratic polynomial) dgrs gSaA f}?kkr
s (quadrate) 'kCn ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^oxZ*A 2 x2 + 3x − 2 ,
(quadratic) 'kCn DokMªV
5
u 2 1
y2 – 2, 2 − x 2 + 3 x, − 2u 2 + 5, 5v 2 − v, 4 z 2 + , f}?kkr cgqinksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k
3 3 7
gSa (ftuosQ xq.kkad okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa)A vf/d O;kid :i esa] x esa dksbZ f}?kkr cgqin
ax2 + bx + c, tgk¡ a, b, c okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj a ≠ 0 gS] osQ izdkj dk gksrk gSA ?kkr
3 dk cgqin f=k?kkr cgqin (cubic polynomial) dgykrk gSA f=k?kkr cgqin osQ oqQN
mnkgj.k gSa%
2 – x3, x3, 2 x3 , 3 – x2 + x3, 3x3 – 2x2 + x – 1

2018-19
24 xf.kr
okLro esa] f=k?kkr cgqin dk lcls O;kid :i gS%
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,
tgk¡ a, b, c, d okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj a ≠ 0 gSA
vc cgqin p(x) = x2 – 3x – 4 ij fopkj dhft,A bl cgqin esa x = 2 j[kus ij ge
p(2) = 22 – 3 × 2 – 4 = – 6 ikrs gSaA x2 – 3x – 4 esa] x dks 2 ls izfrLFkkfir djus ls izkIr
eku ^&6*] x2 – 3x – 4 dk x = 2 ij eku dgykrk gSA blh izdkj p(0), p(x) dk x = 0 ij
eku gS] tks – 4 gSA
;fn p(x), x esa dksbZ cgqin gS vkSj k dksbZ okLrfod la[;k gS] rks p(x) esa x dks k ls
izfrLFkkfir djus ij izkIr okLrfod la[;k p(x) dk x = k ij eku dgykrh gS vkSj bls
p(k) ls fu:fir djrs gSaA
p(x) = x2 –3x – 4 dk x = –1 ij D;k eku gS\ ge ikrs gSa %
p(–1) = (–1)2 –{3 × (–1)} – 4 = 0
lkFk gh] è;ku nhft, fd p(4) =42 – (3 × 4) – 4 = 0 gSA
D;ksfa d p(–1) = 0 vkSj p(4) = 0 gS] blfy, –1 vkSj 4 f}?kkr cgqin x2 – 3x – 4 osQ
'kwU;d (zeroes) dgykrs gSaA vf/d O;kid :i esa] ,d okLrfod la[;k k cgqin p(x)
dk 'kwU;d dgykrh gS] ;fn p(k) = 0 gSA
vki d{kk IX esa i<+ pqosQ gSa fd fdlh jSf[kd cgqin dk 'kwU;d oSQls Kkr
fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn p(x) = 2x + 3 dk 'kwU;d k gS] rks p(k) = 0 ls] gesa
3
2k + 3 = 0 vFkkZr~ k = − izkIr gksrk gSA
2
O;kid :i esa] ;fn p(x) = ax + b dk ,d 'kwU;d gS] rks p(k) = ak + b = 0, vFkkZr~
k
−b −b − (vpj in)
k= gksxkA vr%] jSf[kd cgqin ax + b dk 'kwU;d a = x dk xq.kkd a gSA
a
bl izdkj] jSf[kd cgqin dk 'kwU;d mlosQ xq.kkadksa ls lacaf/r gSA D;k ;g vU;
cgqinksa esa Hkh gksrk gS\ mnkgj.k osQ fy,] D;k f}?kkr cgqin osQ 'kwU;d Hkh mlosQ xq.kkadksa
ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa\
bl vè;k; esa] ge bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA ge cgqinksa osQ fy,
foHkktu dyu fof/ (division algorithm) dk Hkh vè;;u djsaxsA

2018-19
cgqin 25

2.2 cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa dk T;kferh; vFkZ

vki tkurs gSa fd ,d okLrfod la[;k k cgqin p(x) dk ,d 'kwU;d gS] ;fn p(k) = 0 gSA
ijarq fdlh cgqin osQ 'kwU;d brus vko';d D;ksa gSa\ bldk mÙkj nsus osQ fy,] loZiFz ke
ge jSf[kd vkSj f}?kkr cgqinksa osQ vkys[kh; fu:i.k ns[ksaxs vkSj fiQj muosQ 'kwU;dksa dk
T;kferh; vFkZ ns[ksaxsA
igys ,d jSf[kd cgqin ax + b, a ≠ 0 ij fopkj djrs gSaA vkius d{kk IX esa i<+k gS
fd y = ax + b dk xzkiQ (vkys[k) ,d ljy js[kk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] y = 2x + 3 dk
xzkiQ ¯cnqvksa (– 2, –1) rFkk (2, 7) ls tkus okyh ,d ljy js[kk gSA
x –2 2

y = 2x + 3 –1 7

vko`Qfr 2.1 ls vki ns[k ldrs

gSa fd y = 2x + 3 dk xzkiQ x–v{k dks
x = –1 rFkk x = – 2 osQ chpks chp]

vFkkZr~ ¯cnq  3,  ij izfrPNsn

 − 0
 2 
djrk gSA vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd
2x + 3 dk 'kwU;d − 3 gSA vr% cgqin
2
2x + 3 dk 'kwU;d ml ¯cnq dk
x-funsZ'kkad gS] tgk¡ y = 2x + 3 dk
xzkiQ x-v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA vko`Qfr 2.1
O;kid :i esa] ,d jSf[kd cgqin ax + b, a ≠ 0 osQ fy,] y = ax + b dk xzkiQ ,d
ljy js[kk gS] tks x-v{k dks Bhd ,d ¯cnq  −b,  ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA vr%] jSf[kd
 0
 a 
cgqin ax + b, a ≠ 0dk osQoy ,d 'kwU;d gS] tks ml ¯cnq dk x–funs'Z kkad gS] tgk¡a
y = ax + b dk xzkiQ x–v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA
vc vkb, ge f}?kkr cgqin osQ fdlh 'kwU;d dk T;kferh; vFkZ tkusA f}?kkr
cgqin x2 – 3x – 4 ij fopkj dhft,A vkb, ns[ksa fd y = x2 – 3x – 4 dk xzkiQ* fdl izdkj
* f}?kkr ;k f=k?kkr cgqinksa osQ xzkiQ [khapuk fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, visf{kr ugha gS vkSj u gh budk
ewY;kadu ls laca/ gSA

2018-19
26 xf.kr
dk fn[krk gSA ge x osQ oqQN ekuksa osQ laxr y = x2 – 3x – 4 osQ oqQN ekuksa dks ysrs gSa] tSls
lkj.kh 2.1 esa fn, gSaA
lkj.kh 2.1

x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

y = x2 – 3x – 4 6 0 –4 –6 –6 –4 0 6

;fn ge mi;ZqDr ¯cnqvksa dks

,d xzkiQ issij ij vafdr djsa vkSj
xzkiQ [khapsa] rks ;g vko`Qfr 2.2 esa
fn, x, tSlk fn[ksxkA
okLro esa fdlh f}?kkr cgqin
ax + bx + c, a ≠ 0 osQ fy, laxr
2

lehdj.k y = ax2 + bx + c osQ xzkiQ

dk vkdkj ;k rks Åij dh vksj
[kqyk dh rjg vFkok uhps dh
vksj [kqyk dh rjg dk gksxk]
tks bl ij fuHkZj djsxk fd a > 0 gS
;k a < 0 gS (bu oØksa dks ijoy;
(parabola) dgrs gSa)A
lkj.kh 2.1 ls vki ns[k ldrs
gSa fd f}?kkr cgqin osQ 'kwU;d –1
rFkk 4 gSAa bl ij Hkh è;ku nhft,
fd –1 rFkk 4 mu ¯cnqv ks a osQ
x–funs'Z kkad gS]a tgk¡ y = x2 – 3x – 4
dk xzkiQ x–v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk
gS A bl iz d kj] f}?kkr cgq i n
x2 – 3x – 4 osQ 'kwU;d mu ¯cnqvksa osQ vko`Qfr 2.2
x–funZ's kkad gS]a tgk¡ y = x2 – 3x – 4 dk xzkiQ x–v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA
;g rF; lHkh f}?kkr cgqinksa osQ fy, lR; gS] vFkkZr~ f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c,
a ≠ 0 osQ 'kwU;d mu ¯cnqvksa osQ x–funs'Z kkad gSa] tgk¡ y = ax2 + bx + c dks fu:fir djus
okyk ijoy; x–v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA

2018-19
cgqin 27

y = ax2 + bx + c osQ xzkiQ osQ vkdkj dk izs{k.k djus ls rhu fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;k¡
laHkkfor gSaA
fLFkfr (i) : ;gk¡ xzkiQ x-v{k dks nks fHkUu ¯cnqvksa A vkSj A′ ij dkVrk gSA
bl fLFkfr esa] A vkSj A′ osQ x–funsZ'kkad f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c osQ nks 'kwU;d gSa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 2-3)A

vko`Qfr 2.3
fLFkfr (ii) : ;gk¡ xzkiQ x-v{k dks osQoy ,d ¯cnq ij] vFkkZr~ nks laikrh ¯cnqvksa ij dkVrk
gSA blfy,] fLFkfr (i) osQ nks ¯cnq A vkSj A′ ;gk¡ ij laikrh gksdj ,d ¯cnq A gks tkrs gSa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 2-4)A

vko`Qfr 2.4
bl fLFkfr es]a A dk x–funs'Z kkad f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c dk osQoy ,d 'kwU;d gSA

2018-19
28 xf.kr
fLFkfr (iii) : ;gk¡ xzkiQ ;k rks iw.kZ :i ls x–v{k osQ Åij ;k iw.kZ :i ls x–v{k osQ uhps
gSA blfy,] ;g x–v{k dks dgha ij ugha dkVrk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 2-5)A

vko`Qfr 2.5

vr%] bl fLFkfr esas f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c dk dksbZ 'kwU;d ugha gSA
bl izdkj] vki T;kferh; :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa fd fdlh f}?kkr cgqin osQ nks fHkUu
'kwU;d] ;k nks cjkcj 'kwU;d (vFkkZr~ ,d 'kwU;d) ;k dksbZ Hkh 'kwU;d ugha] gks ldrs gSaA
bldk ;g Hkh vFkZ gS fd ?kkr 2 osQ fdlh cgqin osQ vf/dre nks 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSAa
vc vki ,d f=k?kkr cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa osQ T;kferh; vFkZ osQ ckjs esa D;k vk'kk dj
ldrs gSa\ vkb, bls Kkr djsaA f=k?kkr cgqin x3 – 4x ij fopkj dhft,A bls ns[kus osQ fy,
fd y = x3 – 4x dk xzkiQ oSQlk yxrk gS] vkb, x osQ oqQN ekuksa osQ laxr y osQ oqQN ekuksa dks
lkj.kh 2-2 esa lwphc¼ djsaA
lkj.kh 2.2
x –2 –1 0 1 2

y = x3 – 4x 0 3 0 –3 0

lkj.kh osQ ¯cnqvksa dks ,d xzkiQ isij ij vafdr djus vkSj xzkiQ [khapus ij] ge ns[krs
gSa fd y = x3 – 4x dk xzkiQ okLro esa vko`Qfr 2-6 tSlk fn[krk gSA

2018-19
cgqin 29

mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls ge ns[krs gSa

fd f=k?kkr cgqin x3 – 4x osQ 'kwU;d
– 2, 0 vkSj 2 gSaA è;ku nhft, fd
–2, 0 vkSj 2 okLro esa mu ¯cnqvksa osQ
x–funs'Z kkad gSa] tgk¡ y = x3 – 4x dk
xzkiQ x–v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA
D;ksafd oØ x–v{k dks osQoy bUgha
rhu ¯cnqvksa ij dkVrk gS] blfy,
cgqin osQ 'kwU;d osQoy bUgha fcanqvksa
osQ x–funs'Z kkad gSAa
vc ge oqQN vU; mnkgj.k
ysrs gSaA f=k?kkr cgqinksa x3 vkSj x3 – x2
ij fopkj dhft,A ge y = x3 rFkk
y = x3 – x2 osQ xzkiQ Øe'k% vko`Qfr
2-7 vkSj vkÑfr 2-8 esa [khaprs gSaA vko`Qfr 2.6

vko`Qfr 2.7 vko`Qfr 2.8

2018-19
30 xf.kr
è;ku nhft, fd cgqin x3 dk osQoy ,d 'kwU;d 0 gSA vko`Qfr 2-7 ls Hkh vki ns[k
ldrs gSa fd 0 osQoy ml ¯cnq dk x–funs'Z kkad gS] tgk¡ y = x3 dk xzkiQ x–v{k dks izfrPNsn
djrk gSA blh izdkj] D;ksafd x3 – x2 = x2 (x – 1) gS] blfy, cgqin x3 – x2 osQ 'kwU;d osQoy
0 vkSj 1 gSaA vko`Qfr 2-8 ls Hkh ;s eku osQoy mu ¯cnqvksa osQ x–funsZ'kkad gSa] tgk¡ y = x3
– x2 dk xzkiQ x–v{k dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA
mi;qDZ r mnkgj.kksa ls ge ns[krs gSa fd fdlh f=k?kkr cgqin osQ vf/d ls vf/d
3 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ?kkr 3 osQ fdlh cgqin osQ vf/d ls vf/d rhu
'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA
fVIi.kh : O;kid :i esa] ?kkr n osQ fn, x, cgqin p(x) osQ fy,] y = p(x) dk xzkiQ x–v{k
dks vf/d ls vf/d n ¯cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA vr% ?kkr n osQ fdlh cgqin osQ
vfèkd ls vf/d n 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 1 : uhps nh xbZ vko`Qfr 2-9 esa] xzkiQksa dks nsf[k,A izR;sd vkÑfr y = p(x), tgk¡
p(x) ,d cgqin gS] dk xzkiQ gSA xzkiQksa ls izR;sd osQ fy,] p(x) osQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k Kkr
dhft,A

vko`Qfr 2.9

2018-19
cgqin 31

gy :
(i) 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k 1 gS] D;ksfa d xzkiQ x–v{k dks osQoy ,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
(ii) 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k 2 gS] D;ksafd xzkiQ x-v{k dks nks ¯cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
(iii) 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k 3 gSA (D;ksa\)
(iv) 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k 1 gSA (D;ksa\)
(v) 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k 1 gSA (D;kas\)
(vi) 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k 4 gSA (D;ksa\)
iz'ukoyh 2.1
1. fdlh cgqin p(x) osQ fy,] y = p(x) dk xzkiQ uhps vko`Qfr 2-10 esa fn;k gSA izR;sd fLFkfr esa]
p(x) osQ 'kwU;dksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A

vko`Qfr 2.10
2.3 fdlh cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa vkSj xq.kkadksa esa laca/
b
vki igys gh ns[k pqosQ gSa fd jSf[kd cgqin ax + b dk 'kwU;d − gksrk gSA vc ge
a
fdlh f}?kkr cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa vkSj mlosQ xq.kkadksa osQ laca/ esa vuqPNsn 2-1 esa

2018-19
32 xf.kr
mBk, x, iz'u dk mÙkj nsus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA blosQ fy, ,d f}?kkr cgqin ekuk
p(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 6 yhft,A d{kk IX eas] vki lh[k pqosQ gSa fd eè; in dks foHkDr djosQ
oSQls fdlh f}?kkr cgqin osQ xq.ku[kaM fd, tkrs gSaA blfy,] ;gk¡ gesa eè; in ‘– 8x’
dks nks ,sls inksa osQ ;ksx osQ :i esa foHkDr djuk gS ftudk xq.kuiQy 6 × 2x2 = 12x2 gksA
vr%] ge fy[krs gSa%
2x2 – 8x + 6 = 2x2 – 6x – 2x + 6 = 2x(x – 3) – 2(x – 3)
= (2x – 2)(x – 3) = 2(x – 1)(x – 3)
blfy,] p(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 6 dk eku 'kwU; gS] tc x – 1 = 0 ;k x – 3 = 0 gS] vFkkZr~
tc x = 1 ;k x = 3 gksA vr%] 2x2 – 8x + 6 osQ 'kwU;d 1 vkSj 3 gSaA è;ku nhft, %
− ( −8) −(x dk xq.kkda )
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx = 1+ 3= 4 = =
2 x dk x.qkkd
2
a
6 vpj in
'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = 1 × 3 = 3 = 2 = x 2 dk xq.kkda
vkb,] ,d vkSj f}?kkr cgqin] ekuk p(x) = 3x2 + 5x – 2 ysaA eè; in osQ foHkDr
djus dh fof/ ls]
3x2 + 5x – 2 = 3x2 + 6x – x – 2 = 3x(x + 2) –1(x + 2)
= (3x – 1)(x + 2)
vr%] 3x2 + 5x – 2 dk eku 'kwU; gksxk ;fn ;k rks 3x – 1 = 0 gks ;k x + 2 = 0 gks] vFkkZr~
1 1
tc x = gks ;k x = –2 gksA blfy,] 3x2 + 5x – 2 osQ 'kwU;d vkSj – 2 gSaA è;ku nhft,%
3 3
1 − 5 −(x dk xq.kkd
a )
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx = + ( − 2) = =
3 3 x dk x.qkkd
2
a
1 −2 vpj in
'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = × ( − 2) = = 2
3 3 x dk xq.kkd
a
O;kid :i es]a ;fn * α] β f}?kkr cgqin p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 osQ 'kwU;d gks]a
rks vki tkurs gSa fd x – α vkSj x – β, p(x) osQ xq.ku[kaM gksrs gSa A vr%]
ax2 + bx + c = k(x – α) (x – β), tgk¡ k ,d vpj gS
= k[x2 – (α + β)x + α β]
= kx2 – k(α + β)x + k α β
;wukuh Hkk"kk osQ v{kj gSa] ftUgsa Øe'k% vYiQk] chVk }kjk mPpfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ckn esa
* α, β
ge ,d vkSj v{kj γ dk iz;ksx djsxa ]s ftls ^xkek* ls mPpfjr fd;k tkrk gSA

2018-19
cgqin 33

nksuksa vksj osQ x2, x osQ xq.kkadksa rFkk vpj inksa dh rqyuk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa %
a = k, b = – k(α + β) vkSj c = kαβ
–b
blls izkIr gksrk gS% α+β=
a
c
αβ =
a
b −(x dk x.qkkd
a )
vFkkZr~ 'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx = α + β = − =
a x dk x.qkkd
2
a
c vpj in
'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = αβ = = 2
a x dk xq.kkd
a
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 2 : f}?kkr cgqin x2 + 7x + 10 osQ 'kwU;d Kkr dhft, vkSj 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadksa
osQ chp osQ laca/ dh lR;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
gy : ge ikrs gSa%
x2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 2)(x + 5)
blfy, x2 + 7x + 10 dk eku 'kwU; gS] tc x + 2 = 0 gS ;k x + 5 = 0 gS] vFkkZr~ tc
x = – 2 ;k x = –5 gksA blfy,] x2 + 7x + 10 osQ 'kwU;d – 2 vkSj – 5 gSAa vc]
−(7) −(x dk x.qkkd a )
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx = – 2 + (– 5) = – (7) = 1 = x2 dk xq.kkd a
10 vpj in
'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = (− 2) × (− 5) = 10 = = 2
1 x dk x.qkkd
a
mnkgj.k 3 : cgqin x2 – 3 osQ 'kwU;d Kkr dhft, vkSj 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadksa osQ chp osQ
lacaèk dh lR;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
gy : loZlfedk a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b) dk Lej.k dhft,A bls iz;ksx dj] ge fy[k
ldrs gS%a
(
x2 – 3 = x − 3 x + 3 )( )
blfy,] x2 – 3 dk eku 'kwU; gksxk] tc x = 3 gks ;k x = – 3 gksA
vr%] x2 – 3 osQ 'kwU;d 3 vkSj − 3 gSaA vc]

2018-19
34 xf.kr

−( x dk x.qkkad)
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx = 3− 3= 0 =
x 2 dk x.q kkd
a

'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = ( 3 )( − 3 ) = – 3 = −13 = x vpj in

dk xq.kkd
2
a

mnkgj.k 4 : ,d f}?kkr cgqin Kkr dhft,] ftlosQ 'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx rFkk xq.kuiQy
Øe'k% – 3 vkSj 2 gSaA
gy : ekuk f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c gS vkSj blosQ 'kwU;d α vkSj β gSaA
−b
ge ikrs gSa% α+β= –3=
a
c
vkSj αβ = 2 =
a
;fn a = 1 gS, rks b = 3 vkSj c = 2 gksxkA
vr%] ,d f}?kkr cgqin] ftlesa nh xbZ 'krs± larq"V gksrh gSa] x2 + 3x + 2 gSA
vki tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd vU; dksbZ f}?kkr cgqin] tks bu 'krks± dks larq"V djrk
gks] k(x2 + 3x + 2) dh rjg dk gksxk] tgk¡ k ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA
vkb, vc ge f=k?kkr cgqin dh vksj n`f"Vikr djsaA D;k vki lksprs gSa fd f=k?kkr
cgqin osQ 'kwU;dksa vkSj mlosQ xq.kkadksa osQ chp blh izdkj dk laca/ gksrk gS\
vkb, p(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 – 14x + 8 ij fopkj djsaA
1
vki bldh tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd x = 4, –2 vkSj osQ fy, p(x) = 0 gSA D;ksafd p(x)
2
osQ vf/d ls vf/d rhu 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSa] blfy, 2x3 – 5x2 – 14x + 8 osQ ;gh
'kwU;d gSaA vc]
'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx = 1 5 − ( −5) − (x 2 dk x.qkkda ),
4 + ( −2) + = = =
2 2 2 x dk xq.kkd
3
a
1 −8 – vpj in
'kwU;dksa dk xq.kuiQy = 4 × ( −2) × = −4 = = 3
2 2 x dk x.qkkd
a
ijarq] ;gk¡ ,d vkSj laca/ Hkh gSA nks 'kwU;dksa dks ,d lkFk ysdj muosQ xq.kuiQyksa
osQ ;ksx ij fopkj djsaA ge ikrs gSa %

2018-19
cgqin 35

{4 × (− 2)} + (− 2) ×
1  1 
 +  × 4
 2 2 
x.qkkad
−14 x dk
= – 8 −1+ 2 = −7 = = 3
xq.kkd
2a x dk
O;kid :i esa] ;g fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;fn α, β, γ f=k?kkr cgqin
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d osQ 'kwU;d gksa] rks

–b
α+β+γ=
a
c
αβ + βγ + γα =
a
–d
rFkk α β γ =
a
vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ij fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 5* : tk¡p dhft, fd f=k?kkr cgqin p(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3 osQ 'kwU;d 3, –1
1
vkSj − gSaA blosQ i'pkr~ 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadksa osQ chp osQ laca/ dh lR;rk dh tk¡p
3
dhft,A
gy : fn, gq, cgqin dh ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ls rqyuk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
a = 3, b = – 5, c = –11, d = – 3 gSA iqu%]
p(3) = 3 × 33 – (5 × 32) – (11 × 3) – 3 = 81 – 45 – 33 – 3 = 0
p(–1) = 3 × (–1)3 – 5 × (–1)2 – 11 × (–1) – 3 = –3 – 5 + 11 – 3 = 0
3 2
 1  1  1  1
p  −  = 3 ×  −  − 5 ×  −  − 11 ×  −  − 3
 3  3  3  3
1 5 11 2 2
= – − + −3=– + =0
9 9 3 3 3
1
vr%, 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3 osQ 'kwU;d 3, –1 vkSj − gSaA
3

* ;g ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

2018-19
36 xf.kr
1
blfy,] ge α = 3, β = –1 vkSj γ = − ysrs gSaA vc]
3
 1 1 5 −(−5) −b
α + β + γ = 3 + (−1) +  −  = 2 − = = =
 3 3 3 3 a
 1  1 1 −11 c
αβ+ βγ + γ α = 3 × (−1) + (−1) ×  −  +  −  × 3 = − 3 + − 1 = =
 3  3 3 3 a

 1 −( −3) −d
vkSj αβ γ = 3 × ( −1) ×  −  = 1 = = gSA
 3 3 a

iz'ukoyh 2.2
1. fuEu f}?kkr cgqinksa osQ 'kwU;d Kkr dhft, vkSj 'kwU;dksa rFkk xq.kkadksa osQ chp osQ laca/ dh
lR;rk dh tk¡p dhft, %
(i) x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1 (iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 + 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x2 – x – 4
2. ,d f}?kkr cgqin Kkr dhft,] ftlosQ 'kwU;dksa osQ ;ksx rFkk xq.kuiQy Øe'k% nh xbZ la[;k,¡ gS%a
1, 1
(i) −1 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5
4 3
1, 1
(iv) 1, 1 (v) − (vi) 4, 1
4 4
2.4 cgqinksa osQ fy, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe
vki tkurs gSa fd ,d f=k?kkr cgqin osQ vf/d ls vf/d rhu 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA ijarq]
;fn vkidks osQoy ,d 'kwU;d fn;k gks] rks D;k vki vU; nks 'kwU;d Kkr dj ldrs
gSa\ blosQ fy,] vkb, f=k?kkr cgqin x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 ij fopkj djsaA ;fn ge vkidks crk,¡
fd mldk ,d 'kwU;d 1 gS] rks vki tkurs gSa fd x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 dk ,d xq.ku[kaM x – 1 gSA
blfy, vki x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 dks x – 1 ls Hkkx nsdj HkkxiQy x2 – 2x – 3 izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
vc vki eè; in dks foHkDr djosQ x2 – 2x – 3 osQ xq.ku[kaM (x + 1)(x – 3) izkIr dj ldrs
gSaA vFkkZr~
x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 = (x – 1) (x2 – 2x – 3)
= (x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 3)
blfy, f=k?kkr cgqin osQ lHkh 'kwU;d 1, – 1 vkSj 3 gSAa
vkb, vc ,d cgqin dks nwljs cgqin ls Hkkx nsus osQ ,YxksfjFe (dyu fof/) dh

2018-19
cgqin 37

foospuk oqQN foLrkj ls djsaA fof/or pj.kksa ij è;ku nsus ls iwoZ] ,d mnkgj.k ij fopkj
dhft,A
mnkgj.k 6 : 2x2 + 3x + 1 dks x + 2 ls Hkkx nhft,A
gy : è;ku nhft, fd tc 'ks"kiQy ;k rks 'kwU; gks tk, ;k 2x – 1
bldh ?kkr Hkktd dh ?kkr ls de gks tk,] rks ge Hkkx 2
x + 2 2x + 3x + 1
2
nsus dh izfØ;k dks jksd nsrs gSaA blfy,] ;gk¡ HkkxiQy 2x + 4x
2x – 1 gS rFkk 'ks"kiQy 3 gSA blosQ vfrfjDr]
(2x – 1)(x + 2) + 3 = 2x2 + 3x – 2 + 3 = 2x2 + 3x + 1
vFkkZr~] 2x2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 2)(2x – 1) + 3
vr%] HkkT; = Hkktd × HkkxiQy + 'ks"kiQy
vc ge ;g izfØ;k fdlh cgqin dks ,d f}?kkr cgqin ls Hkkx nsus osQ fy, foLr`r djrs
gSaA
mnkgj.k 7 : 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 dks 1 + 2x + x2 ls Hkkx nhft,A 3x – 5
gy : ge loZizFke Hkktd ,oa HkkT; osQ inksa dks x + 2x + 1
2

?kVrh gqbZ ?kkrksa osQ Øe esa O;ofLFkr djrs gSaA ;kn

3 2
3x + 6x +3 x
– – –
dhft, fd cgqinksa osQ in bl izdkj O;ofLFkr 2
–5x – x + 5
djus dks cgqin dks ekud :i esa fy[kuk dgrs 2
–5x – 10x – 5
gSaA bl mnkgj.k esa] HkkT; igys ls gh ekud :i + + +
esa gS rFkk ekud :i esa Hkktd x2 + 2x + 1 gSA 9x + 10

pj.k 1 : HkkxiQy dk igyk in izkIr djus osQ fy,] mPpre ?kkr okys in (vFkkZr~ 3x3)
dks Hkktd osQ mPpre ?kkr okys in (vFkkZr~ x2) ls Hkkx nhft,A ;g 3x gSA rc] Hkkx
nsus dh izfØ;k dhft,A tks 'ks"k cprk gS og – 5x2 – x + 5 gSA
pj.k 2 : vc HkkxiQy dk nwljk in Kkr djus osQ fy,] u, HkkT; osQ mPpre ?kkr okys
in (vFkkZr~ –5x2) dks Hkktd osQ mPpre ?kkr okys in (vFkkZr~ x2) ls Hkkx dhft,A
blls –5 feyrk gSA iqu% Hkkx nsus dh izfØ;k – 5x2 – x + 5 osQ lkFk dhft,A
pj.k 3 : vc 'ks"k cps 9x + 10 dh ?kkr Hkktd x2 + 2x + 1 dh ?kkr ls de gSA blfy,]
ge Hkkx nsus dh fØ;k dks vkSj ugha dj ldrs gSAa
blfy,] HkkxiQy 3x – 5 gS rFkk 'ks"kiQy 9x + 10 gSA blosQ vfrfjDr]
(x2 + 2x + 1) × (3x – 5) + (9x + 10) = 3x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 5x2 – 10x – 5 + 9x + 10
= 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5

2018-19
38 xf.kr
;gk¡ ge iqu% ns[krs gSa fd
HkkT; = Hkktd × HkkxiQy + 'ks"kiQy
ge ;gk¡ ftl ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSa og ;wfDyM oQh foHkktu ,YxksfjFe]
ftls vki vè;k; 1 esa i<+ pqosQ gSa] tSlh gSA blosQ vuqlkj
;fn p(x) vkSj g(x) dksbZ nks cgqin gSa tgk¡ g(x) ≠ 0 gks rks ge cgqin q(x) vkSj
r(x) ,sls izkIr dj ldrs gSa fd
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
tgk¡ r(x) = 0 gS vFkok r(x) dh ?kkr < g(x) dh ?kkr gSA
;g fu"d"kZ cgqinksa osQ fy, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dgykrk gSA
blosQ mi;ksx dks n'kkZus osQ fy,] vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 8 : 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 dks x – 1 – x2 ls Hkkx nhft, vkSj foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dh
lR;rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
gy : è;ku nhft, fd fn, gq, cgqin ekud
:i esa ugha gSaA Hkkx dh fØ;k djus osQ fy,]
ge loZizFke HkkT; vkSj Hkktd nksuksa dks
mudh ?kkrksa osQ ?kVrs Øe esa fy[krs gSaA
blfy,] HkkT; = –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5 rFkk
Hkktd = –x2 + x – 1 gSA
Hkkx nsus dh fØ;k nk;ha vksj fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA
ge ;gk¡ #drs gSa] D;ksafd 3 dh ?kkr 0,
–x2 + x – 1 dh ?kkr 2 ls de gSA
blfy, Hkkx fd fØ;k djosQ 'ks"kiQy 3 rFkk HkkxiQy x – 2 izkIr gksrk gSA
vc
Hkktd × HkkxiQy + 'ks"kiQy
= (–x2 + x – 1) (x – 2) + 3
= –x3 + x2 – x + 2x2 – 2x + 2 + 3
= –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5
HkkT;
=
vr%] foHkktu ,YxksfjFe lR;kfir gks x;kA

2018-19
cgqin 39

mnkgj.k 9 : 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2 osQ lHkh 'kwU;d Kkr dhft,] ;fn vkidks blosQ
nks 'kwU;d 2 vkSj − 2 Kkr gSaA
gy : D;ksafd nks 'kwU;d 2 vkSj − 2 gSa] blfy, ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) = x 2
–2 fn,
x, cgqin dk ,d xq.kd gSA vc vkb, foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx fn, x, cgqin
vkSj x2 – 2 osQ fy, djsaA
2 x2 – 3 x + 1
2x4
x2 – 2 4 3
2x – 3x – 3 x +6x – 2 2
HkkxiQy dk izFke in = 2 x2 gS
x2
2 x4 – 4 x2
– +
−3x3
–3x3 + x2 + 6x – 2 HkkxiQy dk nwljk in = − 3x gS
–3x3 + 6x x2
+ –
x2 –2 x2
HkkxiQy dk rhljk in =1 gS
x2 –2 x2
– +
0

blfy, 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2 = (x2 – 2)(2x2 – 3x + 1)

vc –3x dks foHkDr djosQ 2x2 – 3x + 1 osQ xq.ku[kaM (2x – 1)(x – 1) izkIr gksrs gSaA
1
blfy,] blosQ 'kwU;d x = vkSj x = 1 }kjk fn, tk,¡xsA vr%] fn, gq, cgqin osQ
2
1
'kwU;d 2, − 2, vkSj 1 gSaA
2
iz'ukoyh 2.3
1. foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dk iz;ksx djosQ] fuEu esa p(x) dks g(x) ls Hkkx nsus ij HkkxiQy rFkk
'ks"kiQy Kkr dhft, %
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
(ii) p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2
2. igys cgqin ls nwljs cgqin dks Hkkx djosQ] tk¡p dhft, fd D;k izFke cgqin f}rh; cgqin
dk ,d xq.ku[kaM gS %

2018-19
40 xf.kr
(i) t2 – 3, 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
(ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
(iii) x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
3. 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5 osQ vU; lHkh 'kwU;d Kkr dhft,] ;fn blosQ nks 'kwU;d
5 5
vkjS – gSAa
3 3

4. ;fn x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 dks ,d cgqin g(x) ls Hkkx nsus ij] HkkxiQy vkSj 'ks"kiQy Øe'k%
x – 2 vkSj –2x + 4 gSa rks g(x) Kkr
dhft,A
5. cgqinksa p(x), g(x), q(x) vkSj r(x) osQ ,sls mnkgj.k nhft, tks foHkktu ,YxksfjFe dks lar"q V djrs
gksa rFkk
(i) ?kkr p(x) = ?kkr q(x) (ii) ?kkr q(x) = ?kkr r(x) (iii) ?kkr r(x) = 0

iz'ukoyh 2.4 (,sfPNd)*

1. lR;kfir dhft, fd fuEu f=k?kkr cgqinksa osQ lkFk nh xbZ la[;k,¡ mldh 'kwU;d gSaA izR;sd
fLFkfr esa 'kwU;dksa vkSj xq.kkadksa osQ chp osQ laca/ dks Hkh lR;kfir dhft, %
1,
(i) 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2; 1, – 2 (ii) x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2; 2, 1, 1
2
2. ,d f=k?kkr cgqin izkIr dhft, ftlosQ 'kwU;dksa dk ;ksx] nks 'kwU;dksa dks ,d lkFk ysdj
muosQ xq.kuiQyksa dk ;ksx rFkk rhuksa 'kwU;dksa osQ xq.kuiQy Øe'k% 2, –7, –14 gksaA
3. ;fn cgqin x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 osQ 'kwU;d a – b, a, a + b gksa] rks a vkSj b Kkr dhft,A
4. ;fn cgqin x4 – 6x3 – 26x2 + 138x – 35 osQ nks 'kwU;d 2 ± 3 gks]a rks vU; 'kwU;d Kkr dhft,A
5. ;fn cgqin x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 25x + 10 dks ,d vU; cgqin x2 – 2x + k ls Hkkx fn;k tk, vkSj
'ks"kiQy x + a vkrk gks] rks k rFkk a Kkr dhft,A
2.5 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEu rF;kas dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. ?kkrksa 1, 2 vkSj 3 osQ cgqin Øe'k% jSf[kd cgqin] f}?kkr cgqin ,oa f=k?kkr cgqin dgykrs gSaA
2. ,d f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c, tgk¡ a, b, c okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj a ≠ 0 gS] osQ :i dk gksrk gSA

* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

2018-19
cgqin 41

3. ,d cgqin p(x) osQ 'kwU;d mu ¯cnqvksa osQ x–funsZ'kkad gksrs gSa tgk¡ y = p(x) dk xzkiQ x–v{k
dks izfrPNsn djrk gSA
4. ,d f}?kkr cgqin osQ vf/d ls vf/d nks 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d f=k?kkr cgqin osQ
vf/d ls vf/d rhu 'kwU;d gks ldrs gSaA
5. ;fn f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c osQ 'kwU;d α vkSj β gksa] rks
b c
α +β = − , αβ =
a a
6. ;fn α, β, γ f=k?kkr cgqin ax3 + bx2 + cx + d osQ 'kwU;d gksa] rks
−b
α +β + γ =
a
c
αβ+ βγ + γ α =
a
−d
vkSj αβγ =
a
7. foHkktu ,YxksfjFe osQ vuqlkj fn, x, cgqin p(x) vkSj 'kwU;srj cgqin g(x) osQ fy, nks ,sls
cgqinksa q(x) rFkk r(x) dk vfLrRo gS fd
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),
tgk¡ r(x) = 0 gS ;k ?kkr r(x) < ?kkr g(x) gSA

2018-19
42 xf.kr

nks pj okys jSf[kd

lehdj.k ;qXe 3
3.1 Hkwfedk
vkius bl izdkj dh fLFkfr dk lkeuk vo'; fd;k gksxk] tSlh uhps nh xbZ gS%
vf[kyk vius xk¡o osQ ,d esys esa xbZA og ,d pj[kh (Giant wheel) dh lokjh
djuk pkgrh Fkh vkSj gwiyk (Hoopla) [ ,d [ksy ftlesa vki ,d LVky esa j[kh fdlh
oLrq ij ,d oy; (ring) dks isaQdrs gSa vkSj ;fn og oLrq dks iw.kZ:i ls ?ksj ys] rks
vkidks og oLrq fey tkrh gS ] [ksyuk pkgrh FkhA ftruh ckj mlus gwiyk [ksy [ksyk
mlls vk/h ckj mlus pj[kh dh lokjh dhA ;fn izR;sd ckj dh lokjh osQ fy, mls `3
rFkk gwiyk [ksyus osQ fy, `4 [kpZ djus iM+s] rks vki oSQls Kkr djsaxs fd mlus fdruh
ckj pj[kh dh lokjh dh vkSj fdruh ckj gwiyk [ksyk] tcfd mlus blosQ fy, oqQy
`20 [kpZ fd,\

gks ldrk gS fd vki bls Kkr djus osQ fy, vyx&vyx fLFkfr;k¡ ysdj pysaA ;fn
mlus ,d ckj lokjh dh] D;k ;g laHko gS\ D;k ;g Hkh laHko gS fd mlus nks ckj

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 43

lokjh dh\ bR;kfnA vFkok vki d{kk IX osQ Kku dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] bu fLFkfr;ksa dks
nks pjkas okys jSf[kd lehdj.kksa }kjk fu:fir dj ldrs gSaA
vkb, bl izfØ;k dks le>saA
vf[kyk }kjk lokjh djus dh la[;k dks x rFkk mlosQ }kjk gwiyk [ksy [ksyus dh
la[;k dks y ls fu:fir dhft,A vc nh gqbZ fLFkfr dks nks lehdj.kksa }kjk O;Dr fd;k
tk ldrk gS %
1
y= x (1)
2
3x + 4y = 20 (2)
D;k ge bl lehdj.k ;qXe dk gy Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ bUgsa Kkr djus oQh dbZ
fof/;k¡ gSa] ftudk ge bl vè;k; esa vè;;u djsaxsA

3.2 nks pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe

d{kk IX ls ;kn dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.k nks pjksa osQ jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ mnkgj.k gSa%
2x + 3y = 5
x – 2y – 3 = 0
vkSj x – 0y = 2 vFkkZr~ x = 2
vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd og lehdj.k] ftldks ax + by + c = 0 osQ :i esa j[kk
tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ a, b vkSj c okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj a vkSj b nksuksa 'kwU; ugha gSa] nks
pjksa x vkSj y esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k dgykrk gSA (izfrca/ tSls a vkSj b nksuksa 'kwU; ugha
gSa] ge izk;% a2 + b2 ≠ 0 ls izn£'kr djrs gSaA) vkius ;g Hkh i<+k gS fd ,slh lehdj.k
dk gy la[;kvksa osQ ekuksa dk ,d ;qXe gksrk gS] ,d x osQ fy, rFkk nwljk y osQ fy,]
tks lehdj.k osQ nksuksa i{kksa dks cjkcj dj nsrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkb, lehdj.k 2x + 3y = 5 osQ ck,¡ i{k (LHS) esa] x = 1 vkSj
y = 1 j[ksaA rc
ck;k¡ i{k = 2(1) + 3(1) = 2 + 3 = 5,
tks lehdj.k osQ nk,¡ i{k (RHS) osQ cjkcj gSA
vr%] x = 1 vkSj y = 1 lehdj.k 2x + 3y = 5 dk ,d gy gSA
vc vkb, lehdj.k 2x + 3y = 5 esa] x = 1 vkSj y = 7 j[ksaA rc]

2018-19
44 xf.kr
ck;k¡ i{k = 2(1) + 3(7) = 2 + 21 = 23
tks nk,¡ i{k osQ cjkcj ugha gSA
vr%] x = 1 vkSj y = 7 nh gqbZ lehdj.k dk ,d gy ugha gSA
T;kferh; n`f"V ls bldk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldk vFkZ gS fd ¯cnq (1, 1) lehdj.k
2x + 3y = 5 }kjk fu:fir js[kk ij fLFkr gS vkSj ¯cnq (1, 7) bl ij fLFkr ugha gSA blfy,]
lehdj.k dk izR;sd gy mldks fu:fir djus okyh js[kk ij fLFkr ,d ¯cnq gksrk
gSA
okLro esa] ;g fdlh Hkh jSf[kd lehdj.k osQ fy, lR; gS] vFkkZr~ nks pjksa okys
jSf[kd lehdj.k ax + by + c = 0 dk izR;sd gy (x, y) bl lehdj.k dks fu:fir
djus okyh js[kk osQ ,d ¯cnq osQ laxr gksrk gS vkSj foykser% Hkh ,slk gksrk gSA
vc Åij fn, x, lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) dks yhft,A bu lehdj.kksa dks lkFk
ysus ij] gesa vf[kyk dh esys osQ ckjs esa lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA
;s nks jSf[kd lehdj.k mUgha nks pjksa x vkSj y esa gSaA bl izdkj osQ lehdj.kksa dks
nks pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk ,d ;qXe (;k jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe) dgrs gSaA
vkb,] ns[ksa fd chtxf.krh; n`f"V esa ;s oSQls ;qXe gSaA
nks pjksa x vkSj y esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk O;kid :i
a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
vkSj a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 gS
tgk¡ a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 lHkh
okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj a12 + b12 ≠ 0, a22 + b22 ≠ 0 gSA
nks pjksa esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSa%
2x + 3y – 7 = 0 vkSj 9x – 2y + 8 = 0
5x = y vkSj –7x + 2y + 3 = 0
x + y = 7 vkSj 17 = y
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ;s T;kferh; n`f"V ls oSQls ;qXe gSa\
d{kk IX ls ;kn dhft, fd nks pjksa esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k dk T;kferh; (vFkkZr~
xzkiQh;) fu:i.k ,d ljy js[kk gksrk gSA D;k vc vki crk ldrs gSa fd nks pjksa esa
jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe T;kferh; :i esa oSQlk fn[ksxk\ ;s nks ljy js[kk,¡ gksaxh] ftUgsa
lkFk&lkFk fy;k tk,xkA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 45

vkius d{kk IX esa ;g Hkh i<+k gS fd ,d ry esa ;fn nks js[kk,¡ nh gksa] rks fuEu esa
ls osQoy ,d gh laHkkouk gks ldrh gS%
(i) nksuksa js[kk,¡ ,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSaA
(ii) nksuksa js[kk,¡ izfrPNsn ugha djrh gSa] vFkkZr~ os lekarj gSaA
(iii) nksuksa js[kk,¡ laikrh gSaA
bu lHkh laHkkoukvksa dks ge vko`Qfr 3-1 esa n'kkZrs gSa%
vko`Qfr 3-1 (a) esa] ;s izfrPNsn djrh gSaA
vko`Qfr 3-1 (b) esa] ;s lekarj gSaA
vko`Qfr 3-1 (c) esa] ;s laikrh gSaA

vko`Qfr 3.1
jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks izn£'kr djus okyh nksuksa fof/;ksa ;Fkk chtxf.krh; rFkk
T;kferh; dks lkFk&lkFk iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1 : ge vuqPNsn 3-1 esa fn;k x;k mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA vf[kyk esys esa `20 ysdj
tkrh gS vkSj og pj[kh dh lokjh djuk rFkk gwiyk [ksy [ksyuk pkgrh gSA bu fLFkfr;ksa
dks chtxf.krh; rFkk xzkiQh; (T;kferh;) :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy : cuk;k x;k lehdj.k ;qXe gS%
1
y= x
2
vFkkZr~ x – 2y = 0 (1)
vkSj 3x + 4y = 20 (2)
vkb, bu lehdj.kksa dks xzkiQh; :i esa O;Dr djsaA blosQ fy,] gesa izR;sd
lehdj.k osQ de&ls&de nks gy pkfg,A ge bu gyksa dks lkj.kh 3-1 esa nsrs gSaA

2018-19
46 xf.kr
lkj.kh 3.1
20
x 0 2 x 0 4
3

x 20 − 3x
y= 0 1 y= 5 0 2
2 4

(i) (ii)
d{kk IX ls ;kn dhft, fd izR;sd jSf[kd lehdj.k osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd
gy gksrs gSaA blfy, vki dksbZ Hkh nks gy pqu ldrs gSa] tks gekjs }kjk pqus x, gyksa ls
Hkh gks ldrs gSaA D;k vki vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd geus igys rFkk nwljs lehdj.kksa osQ
gy osQ fy,] x = 0 D;ksa pquk gS\ tc ,d pj 'kwU; gks tkrk gS] rks lehdj.k ,d pj
osQ jSf[kd lehdj.k esa cny tkrk gS] ftls vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] lehdj.k (2) esa x = 0 j[kus ij] ge ikrs gSa fd 4y = 20 gS, vFkkZr~ y = 5 gSA blh
izdkj] lehdj.k (2) esa y = 0 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
20 20
3x = 20, vFkkZr~, x = gSApw¡fd
3 3
,d iw.kk±d ugha gS] blfy, bls xzkiQ
isij ij Bhd&Bhd vkysf[kr djuk
vklku ugha gSA vr% ge y = 2
pqurs gSa] ftlls x = 4 feyrk gS] tks
,d iw.kk±d gSA
lkj.kh 3-1 osQ gyksa osQ laxr
¯cnqvksa A(0, 0), B(2, 1) vkSj P(0, 5),
Q(4, 2) dks vkysf[kr dhft,A vc
lehdj.kksa x – 2y = 0 vkSj 3x + 4y = 20
dks fu:fir djus okyh js [ kkvks a
AB rFkk PQ dks [khafp,] tSlk fd
vko`Qfr 3-2 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vko`Qfr 3.2
vko`Qfr 3-2 esa è;ku nhft, fd nksuksa lehdj.kksa dks fu:fir djus okyh nksuksa js[kk,¡
¯cnq (4] 2) ij izfrPNsn djrh gSaA bldk D;k vFkZ gS] bl ij ge vxys vuqPNsn esa
ppkZ djsaxsA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 47

mnkgj.k 2 : jksfeyk ,d LVs'kujh dh nqdku esa xbZ vkSj ` 9 esa 2 isafly rFkk 3 jcM+
[kjhnhaA mldh lgsyh lksukyh us jksfeyk osQ ikl ubZ rjg dh isafly vkSj jcM+ ns[kh vkSj
mlus Hkh ` 18 esa mlh rjg dh 4 isafly vkSj 6 jcM+ [kjhnhaA bl fLFkfr dks
chtxf.krh; rFkk xzkiQh; (T;kferh;) :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy : vkb, 1 isafly dk ewY; ` x rFkk 1 jcM+ dk ewY; ` y eku ysaA rc] chtxf.krh;
:i fuEu lehdj.kksa }kjk ns; gS %
2x + 3y = 9 (1)
vkSj 4x + 6y = 18 (2)
budk rqY; T;kferh; fu:i.k Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge izR;sd lehdj.k }kjk fu:fir
js[kk ij nks ¯cnq izkIr djrs gSaA vFkkZr~] ge izR;sd lehdj.k osQ nks gy izkIr djrs gSaA
;s gy fuEu lkj.kh 3-2 esa fn, x, gSa%
lkj.kh 3.2
x 0 4.5 x 0 3

9 − 2x 18 − 4 x
y= 3 0 y= 3 1
3 6

(i) (ii)
ge bu ¯cnqvksa dks ,d xzkiQ isij ij vkysf[kr djrs gSa vkSj js[kk,¡ [khaprs gSaA ge
ikrs gSa fd nksuksa js[kk,¡ laikrh gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 3-3)A ,slk blfy, gS fd nksuksa lehdj.k
rqY; gSa] vFkkZr~ ,d dks nwljs ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vko`Qfr 3.3

2018-19
48 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 3 : nks jsy iVfj;k¡] lehdj.kksa x + 2y – 4 = 0 vkSj 2x + 4y – 12 = 0 }kjk fu:fir
dh xbZ gSaA bl fLFkfr dks T;kferh; :i ls O;Dr dhft,A
gy : lehdj.kksa
x + 2y – 4 = 0 (1)
2x + 4y – 12 = 0 (2)
esa ls izR;sd osQ nks gy lkj.kh 3-3 esa fn, x, gSa%
lkj.kh 3.3

x 0 4 x 0 6

4−x 12 − 2 x
y= 2 0 y= 3 0
2 4

(i) (ii)
bu lehdj.kksa dks xzkiQh; :i esa izn£'kr djus osQ fy,] ge ¯cnqvksa R(0, 2) vkSj
S(4, 0) dks js[kk RS izkIr djus osQ fy, vkysf[kr djrs gSa vkSj ¯cnqvksa P (0, 3) vkSj
Q(6, 0) dks js[kk PQ izkIr djus osQ fy, vkysf[kr djrs gSaA

vko`Qfr 3.4
vko`Qfr 3-4 esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd ;s js[kk,¡ dgha ij izfrPNsn ugha djrh gSa] vFkkZr~
os lekarj gSaA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 49

blfy,] geus dbZ fLFkfr;k¡ ns[kh gSa ftUgsa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe }kjk izn£'kr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA geus muosQ chtxf.krh; vkSj T;kferh; fu:i.k ns[ksA vxys oqQN
vuqPNsnksa esa ge ppkZ djsaxs fd oSQls bu fu:i.kksa dks ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe osQ gy
Kkr djus esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz'ukoyh 3.1
1. vki+ Qrkc viuh iq=kh ls dgrk gS] ^lkr o"kZ iwoZ eSa rqels lkr xquh vk;q dk FkkA vc ls 3
o"kZ ckn eSa rqels osQoy rhu xquh vk;q dk jg tkšxkA* (D;k ;g euksjatd gS\) bl fLFkfr
dks chtxf.krh; ,oa xzkiQh; :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
2. fØosQV Vhe osQ ,d dksp us ` 3900 esa 3 cYys rFkk 6 xsansa [kjhnhaA ckn esa mlus ,d vkSj
cYyk rFkk mlh izdkj dh 3 xsansa ` 1300 esa [kjhnhaA bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; rFkk
T;kferh; :iksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
3. 2 kg lsc vkSj 1 kg vaxwj dk ewY; fdlh fnu ` 160 FkkA ,d eghus ckn 4 kg lsc vkSj
nks kg vaxwj dk ewY; ` 300 gks tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks chtxf.krh; rFkk T;kferh; :iksa
esa O;Dr dhft,A
3.3 jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk xzkiQh; fof/ ls gy
fiNys vuqPNsn esa] vkius ns[kk fd ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks oSQls xzkiQh; :i esa
nks js[kkvksa esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd ;s js[kk,¡ izfrPNsn dj
ldrh gSa ;k lekarj gks ldrh gSa ;k laikrh gks ldrh gSaA D;k ge mUgsa izR;sd fLFkfr
esa gy dj ldrs gSa\ vkSj ;fn ,slk gS] rks fdl izdkj\ ge iz;Ru djsaxs vkSj bu iz'uksa
osQ mÙkj T;kferh; n`f"V ls bl vuqPNsn esa nsaxsA
vkb, ge fiNys mnkgj.kksa dks ,d&,d dj ns[ksaA
l mnkgj.k 1 dh fLFkfr esa] Kkr dhft, fd vf[kyk us fdruh ckj pj[kh ij
lokjh dh vkSj fdruh ckj gwiyk [ksy [ksykA
vko`Qfr 3-2 esa] vkius ns[kk Fkk fd bl fLFkfr dks fu:fir djus okys lehdj.k
T;kferh; :i ls ¯cnq (4, 2) ij izfrPNsn djus okyh nks js[kkvksa dks fu:fir djrs
gSaA blfy,] ¯cnq (4, 2) nksuksa lehdj.kksa x – 2y = 0 vkSj 3x + 4y = 20 dks fu:fir
djus okyh js[kkvksa ij fLFkr gS vkSj osQoy ;gh mHk;fu"B ¯cnq gSA
vkb, ge chtxf.krh; :i ls lR;kfir djsa fd x = 4, y = 2 fn, gq,
lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d gy gSA izR;sd lehdj.k esa x vkSj y osQ eku j[kus ij] ge

2018-19
50 xf.kr
izkIr djrs gSa fd 4 – 2 × 2 = 0 vkSj 3(4) + 4(2) = 20 gSA vr%] geus lR;kfir fd;k
gS fd x = 4, y = 2 nksuksa lehdj.kksa dk ,d gy gSA p¡wfd (4, 2) nksuksa js[kkvkaas dk
osQoy ,d mHk;fu"B ¯cnq gS] blfy, nks pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk
,d vkSj osQoy ,d gy gSA
bl izdkj] vf[kyk us pj[kh ij 4 ckj lokjh dh vkSj 2 ckj gwiyk [ksy
[ksykA
l mnkgj.k 2 dh fLFkfr esa] D;k vki izR;sd isafly vkSj izR;sd jcM+ dk ewY; Kkr
dj ldrs gSa\
vko`Qfr 3-3 esa] bl fLFkfr dks T;kferh; :i esa ,d laikrh js[kk ;qXe }kjk
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA lehdj.kksa osQ gy buosQ loZfu"B ¯cnqvksa (common points) }kjk
izkIr gksrs gSaA
D;k bu js[kkvksa esa dksbZ lkoZfu"B ¯cnq gS\ xzkiQ ls ge ns[krs gSa fd bl js[kk
dk izR;sd ¯cnq nksuksa lehdj.kksa dk ,d gy gSA vr%] lehdj.kksa 2x + 3y = 9 vkSj
4x + 6y = 18 osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSAa blls geas vk'p;Z ugha gksuk
pkfg,] D;ksafd ;fn ge lehdj.k 4x + 6y = 18 dks 2 ls Hkkx nsa] rks gesa
2x + 3y = 9 izkIr gksrk gS] tks fd lehdj.k (1) gh gSA vFkkZr~ nksuksa lehdj.k rqY;
gSAa xzkiQ ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd js[kk ij dksbZ ¯cnq izR;sd isfa ly vkSj izR;sd jcM+ dk
ewY; nsrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] izR;sd isfa ly rFkk izR;sd jcM+ dk ewY; Øe'k% 3 #
rFkk 1 # gks ldrk gSA vFkok izR;sd isfa ly dk ewY; 3-75 # rFkk jcM+ dk ewY;
0-50 # gks ldrk gS] bR;kfnA
l mnkgj.k 3 dh fLFkfr esa] D;k jsy iVfj;k¡ fdlh LFkku ij fey ldrh gSa\

vko`Qfr 3-4 esa] nh gqbZ fLFkfr dks T;kferh; :i esa nks lekarj js[kkvksa ls
fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA D;ksafd js[kk,¡ izfrPNsn ugha djrh gSa] ;s iVfj;k¡ ,d nwljs
ls ugha feyrh gSaA bldk ;g Hkh vFkZ gS fd bu lehdj.kksa dk dksbZ mHk;fu"B gy
ugha gSA
,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe] ftloQk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk] jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk
vlaxr (inconsistent) ;qXe dgykrk gSA ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe] ftldk gy gksrk
gS] jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk laxr (consistent) ;qXe dgykrk gSA rqY; jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ
,d ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSaA bl ;qXe dks nks pjksa osQ jSf[kd
lehdj.kksa dk vkfJr (dependent) ;qXe dgrs gSaA è;ku nhft, fd jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk
vkfJr ;qXe lnSo laxr gksrk gSA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 51

vc ge nks pjksa esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe }kjk fu:fir js[kkvksa osQ O;ogkj dks
rFkk gy osQ vfLrRo gksus dks fuEu izdkj ls ,d lkjka'k osQ :i esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa%
(i) js[kk,¡ ,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn dj ldrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k ;qXe dk
vf}rh; gy gksrk gS (vfojks/h lehdj.k ;qXe)A
(ii) js[kk,¡ lekarj gks ldrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.kksa dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk
gS (vlaxr lehdj.k ;qXe)A
(iii) js[kk,¡ laikrh gks ldrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.kksa osQ vifjfer :i ls
vusd gy gksrs gSa [vkfJr (laxr) lehdj.k ;qXe ]A
vkb, vc ge mnkgj.kksa 1] 2 vkSj 3 esa cus jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXeksa ij fiQj ls
okil vk,¡a vkSj fopkj djsa fd os ;qXe T;kferh; :i esa fdl izdkj osQ gSaA
(i) x – 2y = 0 vkSj 3x + 4y – 20 = 0 (js[kk,¡ izfrPNsn djrh gSa)
(ii) 2x + 3y – 9 = 0 vkSj 4x + 6y – 18 = 0 (js[kk,¡ laikrh gSa)
(iii) x + 2y – 4 = 0 vkSj 2x + 4y – 12 = 0 (js[kk,¡ lekarj gSa)
a1 , b1 c1
vc vkb, lHkh rhuksa mnkgj.kksa esa] a2 b2
vkjS c2
osQ eku fy[ksa vkSj mudh

rqyuk djsaA ;gk¡ a1, b1, c1 vkSj a2, b2, c2 vuqPNsn 3-2 esa] O;kid :i esa fn, x,
lehdj.kksa osQ xq.kkad dks O;Dr djrs gSaA
lkj.kh 3.4
a1 b1 c1
Ø- js[kk ;qXe a2 b2 c2
vuqikrksa dh xzkiQh; chtxf.krh;
la- rqyuk fu:i.k fu:i.k
1 −2 0 a1 b
1 x – 2y = 0 ≠ 1 izfrPNsn osQoy ,d
3 4 −20 a2 b2
3x + 4y – 20 = 0 djrh gqbZ js[kk,¡ gy (vf}rh;)
2 3 −9 a1 b1 c
2 2x + 3y – 9 = 0 = = 1 laikrh vifjfer :i
4 6 −18 a2 b2 c2
4x + 6y – 18 = 0 js[kk,¡ ls vusd gy
1 2 −4 a1 b1 c
3 x + 2y – 4 = 0 = ≠ 1 lekarj js[kk,¡ dksbZ gy ugha
2 4 −12 a2 b2 c2
2x + 4y – 12 = 0

2018-19
52 xf.kr
lkj.kh 3.4 ls vki ns[k ldrs gaS fd
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
vkSj a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 ls fu:fir js[kk,¡%
a1 b
(i) izfrPNsn djrh gSa] rks ≠ 1 gSA
a2 b2

a1 b c
(ii) laikrh gSa] rks = 1 = 1 gSA
a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c
(iii) lekarj gSa] rks = ≠ 1 gSA
a2 b2 c2

okLro esa] bldk foykse Hkh fdlh Hkh js[kk ;qXe osQ fy, lR; gSA vki oqQN vkSj
mnkgj.k ysdj bldh tk¡p dj ldrs gSaA
vkb, vc bldks Li"V djus osQ fy, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 4 : xzkiQ }kjk tk¡p dhft, fd lehdj.k ;qXe
x + 3y = 6 (1)
vkSj 2x – 3y = 12 (2)
laxr gSA ;fn ,slk gS] rks mUgsa xzkiQ }kjk gy dhft,A
gy : vkb, lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) osQ xzkiQ [khapsaA blosQ fy,] ge izR;sd lehdj.k
osQ nks gy Kkr djrs gSa] tks lkj.kh 3-5 esa fn, gSa%
lkj.kh 3.5
x 0 6 x 0 3

6−x 2 x − 12
y= 2 0 y= –4 –2
3 3

,d xzkiQ isij ij ¯cnqvksa A(0, 2), B(6, 0), P(0, – 4) vkSj Q(3, – 2) dks vkysf[kr
dhft,] vkSj ¯cnqvksa dks feykdj js[kk AB vkSj PQ vko`Qfr 3-5 osQ vuqlkj cukb,A
ge ns[krs gSa fd js[kkvksa AB vkSj PQ esa ,d mHk;fu"B ¯cnq B(6, 0) gSA blfy,]
jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d gy x = 6, y = 0 gS] vFkkZr~ lehdj.k ;qXe laxr gSA

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nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 53

vko`Qfr 3.5
mngkj.k 5 : xzkiQ }kjk Kkr dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.k ;qXe dk gy ugha gS] vf}rh;
gy gS vFkok vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSa%
5x – 8y + 1 = 0 (1)

24 3
3x – y + = 0 (2)
5 5

5
gy : lehdj.k (2) dks 3
ls xq.kk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa %
5x – 8y + 1 = 0
ijarq ;g ogh gS tks lehdj.k (1) gSA vr%] lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) ls fu:fir js[kk,¡ laikrh
gSaA blfy,] lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA
xzkiQ ij oqQN ¯cnq vafdr dhft, vkSj Lo;a tk¡p dj yhft,A
mnkgj.k 6 : paik ,d ^lsy* esa oqQN iSaV vkSj LdVZ [kjhnus xbZA tc mldh lgsfy;ksa us
iwNk fd izR;sd osQ fdrus ux [kjhns] rks mlus mÙkj fn;k] ¶LdVZ dh la[;k [kjhnh xbZ
iSaVksa dh la[;k dh nks xquh ls nks de gSA LdVZ dh la[;k [kjhnh xbZ iSaVksa dh la[;k dh

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54 xf.kr
pkj xquh ls Hkh pkj de gSA¸ lgsfy;ksa dh ;g tkuus osQ fy, lgk;rk dhft, fd paik
us fdruh iSaV vkSj LdVZ [kjhnhaA
gy : vkb, ge iSaVksa dh la[;k dks x rFkk LdVZ dh la[;k dks y ls fu:fir djasA rc]
buls cuh lehdj.k gSa%
y = 2x – 2 (1)
vkSj y = 4x – 4 (2)
vc vkb, lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) osQ xzkiQ [khapus osQ fy,] izR;sd lehdj.k
osQ nks gy Kkr djsaA ;ss lkj.kh 3-6 esa fn, gSa %
lkj.kh 3.6
x 2 0 x 0 1

y = 2x – 2 2 –2 y = 4x – 4 –4 0

¯cnqvksa dks vkysf[kr dhft,

vkSj lehdj.kksa dks fu:fir djus
osQ fy, muls tkus okyh js[kk,¡
[khafp,] tSlk vko`Qfr 3-6 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
;s nksuksa js[kk,¡ ¯cnq (1, 0) ij
iz f rPNs n djrh gS a A blfy,
x = 1, y = 0 jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe
dk vHkh"V gy gS] vFkkZr~ mlosQ
}kjk [kjhnh xbZ iSaVksa dh la[;k 1
gS vkSj mlus dksbZ LdVZ ugha [kjhnh
gSA vko`Qfr 3.6

tk¡p : (1) vkSj (2) esa x = 1 vkSj y = 0 j[kus ij ge ikrs gSa fd nksuksa lehdj.k larq"V
gks tkrh gSaA

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nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 55

iz'ukoyh 3.2
1. fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe cukb, vkSj muosQ xzkiQh; fof/ ls gy Kkr
dhft,A
(i) d{kk X osQ 10 fo|k£Fk;ksa us ,d xf.kr dh igsyh izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx fy;kA ;fn
yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k yM+dksa dh la[;k ls 4 vf/d gks] rks izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx fy,
yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
(ii) 5 isafly rFkk 7 dyeksa dk oqQy ewY; ` 50 gS] tcfd 7 isafly rFkk 5 dyeksa dk
oqQy ewY; ` 46 gSA ,d isafly dk ewY; rFkk ,d dye dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
a1 , b1 c
2. vuqikrksa vkjS 1 dh rqyuk dj Kkr dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.k ;qXe }kjk fu:fir
a2 b2 c2
js[kk,¡ ,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSa] lekarj gSa vFkok laikrh gSa %
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 (ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0
7x + 6y – 9 = 0 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0
2x – y + 9 = 0
a1 , b1 c1
3. vuqikrksa a2 b 2
vkSj c2
dh rqyuk dj Kkr dhft, fd fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe

laxr gSa ;k vlaxr%

(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7 (ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
3 5
(iii) x + y = 7 ; 9x – 10y = 14 (iv) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
2 3
4
(v) x + 2 y = 8 ; 2x + 3y = 12
3

4. fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu ls ;qXe laxr@vlaxr gSa] ;fn laxr gSa rks xzkiQh;
fof/ ls gy Kkr dhft,A
(i) x + y = 5, 2x + 2y = 10
(ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
(iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0

5. ,d vk;rkdkj ckx] ftldh yackbZ] pkSMk+ bZ ls 4 m vf/d gS] dk v/Zifjeki 36 m gSA ckx
dh foek,¡ Kkr dhft,A

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56 xf.kr
6. ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k 2x + 3y – 8 = 0 nh xbZ gSA nks pjksa esa ,d ,slh vkSj jSf[kd lehdj.k
fyf[k, rkfd izkIr ;qXe dk T;kferh; fu:i.k tSlk fd
(i) izfrPNsn djrh js[kk,¡ gksaA (ii) lekarj js[kk,¡ gksaA
(iii) laikrh js[kk,¡ gksaA

7. lehdj.kksa x – y + 1 = 0 vkSj 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 dk xzkiQ [khafp,A x-v{k vkSj bu js[kkvksa ls cus

f=kHkqt osQ 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, vkSj f=kHkqtkdkj iVy dks Nk;kafdr dhft,A

3.4 ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus dh chtxf.krh; fof/

fiNys vuqPNsn esa] geus ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus osQ fy, xzkiQh; fof/
dh ppkZ dhA xzkiQh; fof/ ml fLFkfr esa lqfo/ktud ugha gksrh gS] tc jSf[kd lehdj.kksa
osQ gyksa dks fu:fir djus okys ¯cnqvksa osQ funsZ'kkad iw.kk±d u gksa] tSls ( )
3, 2 7 ,

 4 1
(–1.75, 3.3),  , 
 13 19 
vkfnA bl izdkj osQ ¯cnqvkaas dks i<+us esa vko';d :i ls =kqfV
gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA D;k gy Kkr djus dh dksbZ vU; fof/ Hkh gS\ bldh dbZ
chtxf.krh; (chth;) fof/;k¡ gSa] ftudh ge vc ppkZ djsaxsA
3.4.1 izfrLFkkiu fof/ : ge izfrLFkkiu fof/ dks oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj le>k,¡xsA
mnkgj.k 7 : izfrLFkkiuk fof/ }kjk fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy dhft, %
7x – 15y = 2 (1)
x + 2y = 3 (2)
gy :
pj.k 1 : ge fdlh ,d lehdj.k dks ysrs gSa vkSj fdlh ,d pj dks nwljs osQ inksa esa
fy[krs gSaA vkb, lehdj.k (2)
x + 2y = 3,
dks ysa vkSj bls x = 3 – 2y osQ
:i esa fy[ksaA (3)
pj.k 2 : x dk ;g eku lehdj.k (1) esa izfrLFkkfir dhft,A ge ikrs gSa%
7(3 – 2y) – 15y = 2
vFkkZr~ 21 – 14y – 15y = 2
vFkkZr~ – 29y = –19
19
blfy, y=
29

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nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 57

pj.k 3 : y dk ;g eku lehdj.k (3) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
 19  49
x = 3 – 2  =
 29  29

49 19
vr% gy gS% x= ,y=
29 29
49 19
lR;kiu : x = vkSj y= dks izfrLFkkfir djus ij] vki tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd nksuksa
29 29
lehdj.k (1) vkSj (2) larq"V gks tkrs gSaA
izfrLFkkiu fof/ dks vkSj vf/d Li"V :i ls le>us osQ fy,] vkb, bl ij
pj.kc¼ :i ls fopkj djsaA
pj.k 1 : ,d pj dk eku] ekuk y dks nwljs pj] ekuk x osQ inksa esa fdlh Hkh lehdj.k
ls Kkr dhft,] tks lqfo/ktud gksA
pj.k 2 : y osQ bl eku dks nwljs lehdj.k esa izfrLFkkfir dhft, vkSj bldks ,d pj
x osQ lehdj.k osQ :i esa cnfy,] ftldks gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh] tSlk fd
fuEu mnkgj.kksa 9 rFkk 10 esa gS] vki fcuk fdlh pj osQ dFku izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ;fn
;g dFku lR; gS] rks vki ;g fu.kZ; dj ldrs gSa fd jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe osQ
vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA ;fn pj.k 2 esa izkIr dFku vlR; gS] rks jSf[kd
lehdj.k ;qXe fojks/h gSA
pj.k 3 : pj.k 2 ls izkIr x (vFkok y) dk eku ml lehdj.k] ftls pj.k 1 esa iz;ksx fd;k
gS] esa izfrLFkkfir djosQ nwljs pj dk eku izkIr dhft,A
fVIi.kh : geus ,d pj dk eku nwljs pj osQ in esa O;Dr djosQ] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe
dks gy djus osQ fy, izfrLFkkfir fd;k gSA blfy, bl fof/ dks izfrLFkkiu fof/
dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 8 : iz'ukoyh 3-1 osQ iz'u la[;k 1 dks izfrLFkkiu fof/ ls gy dhft,A
gy : ekuk vki+ Qrkc vkSj mldh iq=kh dh vk;q (o"kks± esa) Øe'k% s vkSj t gSaA rc] ml
fLFkfr dks fu:fir djus osQ fy,] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe gS%
s – 7 = 7 (t – 7), vFkkZr~ s – 7t + 42 = 0 (1)
rFkk s + 3 = 3(t + 3), vFkkZr~ s – 3t = 6 (2)

2018-19
58 xf.kr
lehdj.k (2) dk iz;ksx djus ij] ge ikrs gSa% s = 3t + 6
lehdj.k (1) esa s dk eku j[kus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
(3t + 6) – 7t + 42 = 0
vFkkZr~ 4t = 48, ftlls t = 12 izkIr gksrk gSA
t osQ bl eku dks lehdj.k (2) esa j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
s = 3 (12) + 6 = 42
vr%] vki+ Qrkc vkSj mldh iq=kh Øe'k% 42 o"kZ vkSj 12 o"kZ osQ gSaA
bl mÙkj dh iqf"V osQ fy,] ;g tk¡p dj yhft, fd ;g nh gqbZ leL;k osQ izfrcaèkkas
dks larq"V djrk gS ;k ughaA
mnkgj.k 9 : vkb, vuqPNsn 3-3 osQ mnkgj.k 2 dks ysa] vFkkZr~ 2 isafly vkSj 3 jcM+ksa
dk ewY; ` 9 gS vkSj 4 isafly vkSj 6 jcM+ksa dk ewY; ` 18 gSA izR;sd isafly vkSj
izR;sd jcM+ dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
gy : jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe tks cus Fks os gSa%
2x + 3y = 9 (1)
4x + 6y = 18 (2)
ge igys lehdj.k 2x + 3y = 9 ls] x dk eku y osQ inksa esa O;Dr djrs gSa vkSj ikrs gSa %
9 − 3y
x= (3)
2
vc ge x osQ bl eku dks lehdj.k (2) esa izfrLFkkfir djosQ izkIr djrs gSa%
4(9 − 3 y )
+ 6y = 18
2
vFkkZr~ 18 – 6y + 6y = 18
vFkkZr~ 18 = 18
;g dFku y osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy, lR; gSA ;|fi] blls y dk dksbZ eku gy osQ :i
esa ugha izkIr gksrk gSA blfy, ge x dk dksbZ fuf'pr eku ugha ikrs gSaA ;g fLFkfr blfy,
iSnk gqbZ gS fd nksuksa fn, x, lehdj.k ,d gh gSaA vr% lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) osQ
vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA è;ku nhft, fd lehdj.kksa dk ;gh gy xzkiQh; fof/
ls feyk gS (vuqPNsn 3-2 dh vko`Qfr 3-3 dk lanHkZ yhft,)A ge ,d isafly rFkk ,d
jcM+ dk vf}rh; ewY; ugha izkIr dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd nh gqbZ fLFkfr esa cgqr ls lkoZ
(loZfu"B) gy gSaA

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nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 59

mnkgj.k 10 : vkb, vuqPNsn 3-2 dk mnkgj.k 3 ysaA D;k jsy iVfj;k¡ ,d nwljs dks
dkVsaxh\
gy : blesa cuk, x, jSf[kd lehdj.k Fks%
x + 2y – 4 = 0 (1)
2x + 4y – 12 = 0 (2)
lehdj.k (1) ls x dks y osQ inksa esa O;Dr djosQ] ge ikrs gSa%
x = 4 – 2y
vc] x osQ bl eku dks lehdj.k (2) esa izfrLFkkfir djosQ ge ikrs gSa%
2(4 – 2y) + 4y – 12 = 0
vFkkZr~ 8 – 12 = 0
vFkkZr~ –4= 0
tks fd ,d vlR; dFku gSA
vr%] fn, x, lehdj.kksa dk dksbZ lkoZ gy ugha gSA blfy,] nksuksa iVfj;k¡ ,d nwljs dks
ugha dkVsaxhA
iz'ukoyh 3.3
1. fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks izfrLFkkiu fof/ ls gy dhft,%
(i) x + y = 14 (ii) s – t = 3
s t
x–y=4 + =6
3 2
(iii) 3x – y = 3 (iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3
9x – 3y = 9 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3

3x 5 y
(v) 2x + 3 y = 0 (vi) − = −2
2 3
x y 13
3x − 8 y = 0 + =
3 2 6
2. 2x + 3y = 11 vkSj 2x – 4y = –24 dks gy dhft, vkSj blls ‘m’ dk og eku Kkr dhft, ftlosQ
fy, y = mx + 3 gks
3. fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe cukb, vkSj muosQ gy izfrLFkkiu fof/ }kjk Kkr
dhft,%
(i) nks la[;kvksa dk varj 26 gS vkSj ,d la[;k nwljh la[;k dh rhu xquh gSA mUgsa Kkr
dhft,A

2018-19
60 xf.kr
(ii) nks laiwjd dks.kksa esa cM+k dks.k NksVs dks.k ls 18 fMxzh vf/d gSA mUgsa Kkr dhft,A
(iii) ,d fØosQV Vhe osQ dksp us 7 cYys rFkk 6 xsnas ` 3800 esa [kjhnhaA ckn es]a mlus 3
cYys rFkk 5 xsna as ` 1750 esa [kjhnhA izR;sd cYys vkSj izR;sd xsna dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
(iv) ,d uxj esa VSDlh osQ HkkM+s esa ,d fu;r HkkM+s osQ vfrfjDr pyh xbZ nwjh ij HkkM+k
lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA 10 km nwjh osQ fy, HkkM+k ` 105 gS rFkk 15 km osQ fy,
HkkM+k ` 155 gSA fu;r HkkM+k rFkk izfr km HkkM+k D;k gS\ ,d O;fDr dks
25 km ;k=kk djus osQ fy, fdruk HkkM+k nsuk gksxk\
(v) ;fn fdlh fHkUu osQ va'k vkSj gj nksuksa esa 2 tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks og 9 gks tkrh gSA ;fn
11
5
va'k vkSj gj nksuksa esa 3 tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks og gks tkrh gSA og fHkUu Kkr dhft,A
6
(vi) ik¡p o"kZ ckn tSdc dh vk;q mlosQ iq=k dh vk;q ls rhu xquh gks tk,xhA ik¡p o"kZ iwoZ
tSdc dh vk;q mlosQ iq=k dh vk;q dh lkr xquh FkhA mudh orZeku vk;q D;k gS\a

3.4.2 foyksiu fof/

vc vkb, ,d vkSj fof/ ij fopkj djsa ftls ,d pj dks foyqIr djus dh fof/ dgk
tkrk gSA ;g dHkh&dHkh izfrLFkkiu fof/ ls vf/d lqfo/ktud jgrh gSA vkb, vc
ns[ksa fd ;g fof/ oSQls dh tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k 11 : nks O;fDr;ksa dh vk; dk vuqikr 9 : 7 gS vkSj muosQ [kpks± dk vuqikr
4 : 3 gSA ;fn izR;sd O;fDr izfr eghus esa 2000 # cpk ysrk gS] rks mudh ekfld vk;
Kkr dhft,A
gy : vkb, nksuksa O;fDr;ksa dh ekfld vk; dks Øe'k% 9x # rFkk 7x # ls fu:fir djsa
vkSj muosQ [kpks± dks Øe'k% 4y # vkSj 3y # ls fu:fir djsaA rc] ml fLFkfr esa cus
lehdj.k gSa%
9x – 4y = 2000 (1)
vkSj 7x – 3y = 2000 (2)
pj.k 1 : y osQ xq.kdksa dks leku djus osQ fy, lehdj.k (1) dks 3 ls rFkk lehdj.k
(2) dks 4 ls xq.kk dhft,A rc ge fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k izkIr djrs gSa%
27x – 12y = 6000 (3)
28x – 12y = 8000 (4)

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nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 61

pj.k 2 : y dks foyqIr djus osQ fy, lehdj.k (3) dks lehdj.k (4) esa ls ?kVkb,]
D;ksafd y osQ xq.kkad leku gSa] blfy, ge ikrs gSa%
(28x – 27x) – (12y – 12y) = 8000 – 6000
vFkkZr~ x = 2000
pj.k 3 : x dk eku (1) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
9(2000) – 4y = 2000
vFkkZr~ y = 4000
vr% lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dk gy x = 2000, y = 4000 gSA blfy,] O;fDr;ksa dh ekfld
vk; Øe'k% ` 18000 rFkk ` 14000 gSaA
lR;kiu : 18000 : 14000 = 9 : 7 gSA lkFk gh] muosQ [kpks± dk vuqikr
18000 – 2000 : 14000 – 2000 = 16000 : 12000 = 4 : 3 gSA
fVIi.kh :
1. mi;qZDr mnkgj.k dks gy djus esa] mi;ksx dh xbZ fof/ dks foyksiu fof/
(elimination method) dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ge loZizFke ,d pj dks foyqIr djosQ]
,d pj esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k izkIr djrs gSaA mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa] geus y dks
foyqIr fd;k gSA ge x dks Hkh foyqIr dj ldrs FksA bl izdkj Hkh lehdj.kksa dks
gy djus dk iz;Ru dhft,A
2. vki bldks gy djus osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu fof/ ;k xzkiQh; fof/ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj
ldrs FksA bu fof/;ksa ls Hkh gy dhft, vkSj nsf[k, dkSu&lh fof/ lcls mi;qDr
gSA
vkb, vc ge foyksiu fof/ osQ iz;ksx osQ fofHkUu pj.k crk,¡%
pj.k 1 : loZizFke nksuksa lehdj.kksa dks mi;qDr 'kwU;srj vpjksa ls] fdlh ,d pj (x vFkok
y) osQ xq.kkadksa dks la[;kRed :i esa leku djus osQ fy,] xq.kk dhft,A
pj.k 2 : iqu% ,d lehdj.k dks nwljs esa tksM+sa ;k mlesa ls ?kVk,¡ ftlls fd ,d pj
foyqIr gks tk,A ;fn vki ,d pj esa lehdj.k ikrs gSa] rks pj.k 3 esa tkb,A
;fn pj.k 2 esa] gesa pj jfgr ,d lR; dFku izkIr gkss] rks ewy lehdj.k ;qXe osQ
vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA
;fn pj.k 2 esa] gesa ,d pj jfgr vlR; dFku feys] rks ewy lehdj.k ;qXe dk
dksbZ gy ugha gS] vFkkZr~ ;g vlaxr gSA

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62 xf.kr
pj.k 3 : bl izdkj ,d pj (x ;k y) esa izkIr lehdj.k dks] ml pj dk eku Kkr djus
osQ fy,] gy dhft,A
pj.k 4 : x (;k y) osQ bl eku dks ewy lehdj.kksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa] nwljs pj dk eku
Kkr djus osQ fy,] izfrLFkkfir dhft,A
vc bls le>kus osQ fy,] ge oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k gy djrs gSa %
mnkgj.k 12 : foyksiu fof/ dk iz;ksx djosQ] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe osQ lHkh laHko
gy Kkr dhft,%
2x + 3y = 8 (1)
4x + 6y = 7 (2)
gy :
pj.k 1 : lehdj.k (1) dks 2 ls rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks 1 ls] x osQ xq.kkadksa dks leku
djus osQ fy,] xq.kk dfj,A rc ge fuEu lehdj.k ikrs gSa%
4x + 6y = 16 (3)
4x + 6y = 7 (4)
pj.k 2 : lehdj.k (4) dks lehdj.k (3) esa ls ?kVkus ij]
(4x – 4x) + (6y – 6y) = 16 – 7
vFkkZr~ 0 = 9, tks ,d vlR; dFku gSA
vr%] lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA
mnkgj.k 13 : nks vadksa dh ,d la[;k ,oa mlosQ vadksa dks myVus ij cuh la[;k dk
;ksx 66 gSA ;fn la[;k osQ vadksa dk varj 2 gks] rks la[;k Kkr dhft,A ,slh la[;k,¡
fdruh gSa\
gy : ekuk izFke la[;k dh ngkbZ rFkk bdkbZ osQ vad Øe'k% x vkSj y gSaA blfy,] izFke
la[;k dks izlkfjr :i esa 10 x + y fy[k ldrs gSa [mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 56 = 10(5) + 6]A
tc vad myV tkrs gSa] rks x bdkbZ dk vad cu tkrk gS rFkk y ngkbZ dk vadA
;g la[;k izlkfjr :i esa 10y + x gS [mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc 56 dks myV fn;k tkrk gS]
rks ge ikrs gSa% 65 = 10(6) + 5]A
fn, gq, izfrca/ksa osQ vuqlkj]
(10x + y) + (10y + x) = 66
vFkkZr~ 11(x + y) = 66

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 63

vFkkZr~ x+y= 6 (1)

gesa ;g Hkh fn;k x;k gS fd vadksa dk varj 2 gSA blfy,]
;k rks x–y= 2 (2)
;k y–x= 2 (3)
;fn x – y = 2 gS] rks (1) vkSj (2) dks foyksiu fof/ ls gy djus ij] x = 4 vkSj
y = 2 izkIr gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] gesa la[;k 42 izkIr gksrh gSA
;fn y – x = 2 gS] rks (1) vkSj (3) dks foyksiu fof/ ls gy djus ij] gesa
x = 2 vkSj y = 4 izkIr gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] gesa la[;k 24 izkIr gksrh gSA
bl izdkj ,slh nks la[;k,¡ 42 vkSj 24 gSaA
lR;kiu % ;gk¡ 42 + 24 = 66 vkSj 4 – 2 = 2 gS rFkk 24 + 42 = 66 vkSj 4 – 2 = 2 gSA

iz'ukoyh 3.4
1. fuEu lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dks foyksiu fof/ rFkk izfrLFkkiuk fof/ ls gy dhft,A dkSu&lh
fof/ vf/d mi;qDr gS\
(i) x + y = 5 vkSj 2x – 3y = 4 (ii) 3x + 4y = 10 vkSj 2x – 2y = 2
x 2y y
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 vkSj 9x = 2y + 7 (iv) + = − 1 vkSj x − = 3
2 3 3
2. fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe cukb, vkSj muosQ gy (;fn mudk vfLrRo
gks) foyksiu fof/ ls Kkr dhft, %
(i) ;fn ge va'k esa 1 tksM+ nsa rFkk gj esa ls 1 ?kVk nsa] rks fHkUu 1 esa cny tkrh gSA ;fn
1
gj esa 1 tksM+ nsa] rks ;g gks tkrh gSA og fHkUu D;k gS\
2
(ii) ik¡p o"kZ iwoZ uwjh dh vk;q lksuw dh vk;q dh rhu xquh FkhA nl o"kZ i'pkr~] uwjh dh
vk;q lksuw dh vk;q dh nks xquh gks tk,xhA uwjh vkSj lksuw dh vk;q fdruh gSA
(iii) nks vadksa dh la[;k osQ vadksa dk ;ksx 9 gSA bl la[;k dk ukS xquk] la[;k osQ vadksa
dks iyVus ls cuh la[;k dk nks xquk gSA og la[;k Kkr dhft,A
(iv) ehuk ` 2000 fudkyus osQ fy, ,d cSad xbZA mlus [ktk¡ph ls ` 50 rFkk ` 100 osQ
uksV nsus osQ fy, dgkA ehuk us oqQy 25 uksV izkIr fd,A Kkr dhft, fd mlus ` 50
vkSj ` 100 osQ fdrus&fdrus uksV izkIr fd,A

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(v) fdjk, ij iqLrosaQ nsus okys fdlh iqLrdky; dk izFke rhu fnuksa dk ,d fu;r fdjk;k
gS rFkk mlosQ ckn izR;sd vfrfjDr fnu dk vyx fdjk;k gSA lfjrk us lkr fnuksa rd
,d iqLrd j[kus osQ fy, ` 27 vnk fd,] tcfd lwlh us ,d iqLrd ik¡p fnuksa rd
j[kus osQ ` 21 vnk fd,A fu;r fdjk;k rFkk izR;sd vfrfjDr fnu dk fdjk;k Kkr
dhft,A
3.4.3 otz&xq.ku fof/
vc rd] vkius i<+k gS fd nks pjksa osQ jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks oSQls xzkiQh;] izfrLFkkiu
,oa foyksiu fof/;ksa }kjk gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ge ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe
dks gy djus osQ fy, ,d vkSj chtxf.krh; fof/ dk ifjp; nsrs gSa] tks dbZ dkj.kksa ls
bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus dh cgqr mi;ksxh fof/ gSA blls iwoZ fd ge vkxs c<+sa]
vkb, fuEu fLFkfr dk voyksdu djsa%
5 larjs vkSj 3 lscksa dk ewY; ` 35 gS rFkk 2 larjs vkSj 4 lscksa dk ewY; ` 28
gSA vkb, ,d larjs rFkk ,d lsc dk ewY; Kkr djsaA
eku ysa fd ,d larjs dk ewY; ` x vkSj ,d lsc dk ewY; ` y gSA rc] lehdj.k
curh gSa%
5x + 3y = 35, vFkkZr~ 5x + 3y – 35 = 0 (1)
vkSj 2x + 4y = 28, vFkkZr~ 2x + 4y – 28 = 0 (2)
vkb, foyksiu fof/ ls bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djsaA
lehdj.k (1) dks 4 rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks 3 ls xq.kk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
(4)(5)x + (4)(3)y + (4)(–35) = 0 (3)
(3)(2)x + (3)(4)y + (3)(–28) = 0 (4)
lehdj.k (4) dks lehdj.k (3) esa ls ?kVkus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
[(5)(4) – (3)(2)]x + [(4)(3) – (3)(4)]y + [4(–35) – (3) (–28)] = 0
– [ (4)(–35) − (3) (−28)]
blfy, x=
(5)(4) − (3)(2)
(3) (– 28) − (4) ( −35)
vFkkZr~ x=
(5)(4) − (2)(3)
(5)

;fn lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) dks a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 rFkk a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
osQ :i esa fy[kk tk,] rks ge ikrs gSa%
a1 = 5, b1 = 3, c1 = –35, a2 = 2, b2 = 4, c2 = –28

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 65

b1c2 − b2 c1
rc lehdj.k (5) dks bl :i esa fy[k ldrs gSa% x=
a1b2 − a2 b1

c1a2 − c2 a1
blh izdkj] vki izkIr dj ldrs gSa% y= ab −a b
1 2 2 1

lehdj.k (5) dks ljy djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%

−84 + 140
x= =4
20 − 6

(−35)(2) − (5)(−28) −70 + 140

blh izdkj y= = =5
20 − 6 14
vr%] x = 4, y = 5 fn, x, lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dk gy gSA
rc] ,d larjs dk ewY; ` 4 vkSj ,d lsc dk ewY; ` 5 gSA
lR;kiu : 5 larjksa dk ewY; + 3 lscksa dk ewY; = ` 20 + ` 15 = ` 35
2 larjksa dk ewY; + 4 lscksa dk ewY; = ` 8 + ` 20 = ` 28
vkb, vc ns[ksa fd oSQls ;g fof/ nks pjksa esa fdlh Hkh jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe
a1 x + b1 y + c 1 = 0 (1)
vkSj a2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 (2)
dks gy djus esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA mijksDr fof/ ls x vkSj y osQ eku izkIr djus osQ fy,
ge fuEu izdkj ls vkxs i<+saxsA
pj.k 1 : lehdj.k (1) dks b2 rFkk lehdj.k (2) dks b1 ls xq.kk djosQ] ge ikrs gSa%
b2a1x + b2b1 y + b2c1 = 0 (3)
b1a2x + b1b2 y + b1c2 = 0 (4)
lehdj.k (4) dks (3) esa ls ?kVkus ij] ge ikrs gSa %
(b2a1 – b1a2) x + (b2b1 – b1b2 ) y + (b2c1– b1c2) = 0
vFkkZr~ (b2a1 – b1a2) x = b1c2 – b2c1
b1c2 − b2 c1
vr% x= , tcfd b2a1 – b1a2 ≠ 0 gks (5)
a1b2 − a2b1

pj.k 3 : x dk eku (1) ;k (2) esa j[kus ij] ge ikrs gSa%

2018-19
66 xf.kr

c1a2 − c2 a1
y= (6)
a1b2 − a2 b1
vc nks fLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSa%
a1 b1
fLFkfr 1 : a1b2 – a2b1 ≠ 0 gSA bl fLFkfr esa , ≠ gSA rc] jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe
a2 b2
dk ,d vf}rh; gy gSA
a1 b1
fLFkfr 2 : a1b2 – a2b1 = 0 gSA ;fn = =k gS, rks a1 = k a2, b1 = k b2 gksxkA
a2 b2

a1 vkSj b1 osQ ekuksa dks lehdj.k (1) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
k (a2 x + b2 y) + c1 = 0 (7)
;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd lehdj.k (7) vkSj (2) nksuksa osQoy rHkh lar"q V gks ldrs
c1
gS]a ;fn c1 = k c2 gks, vFkkZr~ c2
=k gksA
;fn c1 = k c2 gks, rks lehdj.k (2) dk dksbZ Hkh gy lehdj.k (1) dks larq"V djsxk
a1 b1 c1
vkSj foykser% Hkh ,slk gksxkA blfy,] ;fn = = =k gks] rks (1) vkSj (2) ls
a2 b2 c2
fu:fir jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSaA
;fn c1 ≠ k c2 gks] rks lehdj.k (1) dk dksbZ Hkh gy lehdj.k (2) dks larq"V ugha
djsxk vkSj foykser% Hkh ,slk gh gksxkA vr% bl ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gksxkA
(1) vkSj (2) }kjk nh xbZ jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ ckjs esa mi;qZDr ppkZ dks
la{ksi esa ge fuEu izdkj ls ns ldrs gSa%
a1 b1
(i) tc ≠ gS, rks gesa vf}rh; gy izkIr gksrk gSA
a2 b2

a1 b1 c1
(ii) tc = = gS, rks ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSaA
a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1
(iii) tc = ≠ gS, rks ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA
a2 b2 c2

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 67

è;ku nhft, fd lehdj.k (5) vkSj (6) }kjk izkIr gy dks vki fuEu izdkj ls
fy[k ldrs gSa %
x y 1 (8)
= =
b1c2 − b2 c1 c1a2 − c2 a1 a1b2 − a2b1

mi;qZDr ifj.kke dks ;kn djus osQ fy,] vkidks fuEu fp=k mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS %
x y 1
b1 c1 a1 b1

b2 c2 a2 b2
nks la[;kvkas osQ chp osQ rhj osQ fu'kku lwfpr djrs gSa fd bUgsa xq.kk djuk gS rFkk
nwljs xq.kuiQy dks izFke esa ls ?kVkuk gSA
bl fof/ ls jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dks gy djus osQ fy,] ge fuEu pj.kksa }kjk
vkxs c<+saxs%
pj.k 1 : nh xbZ lehdj.kksa dks (1) vkSj (2) osQ :i esa fyf[k,A
pj.k 2 : mi;qZDr fp=k dh lgk;rk ls] (8) esa nh xbZ lehdj.kksa dks fyf[k,A
pj.k 3 : x vkSj y dks Kkr dhft,] tcfd a1b2 – a2b1 ≠ 0 gksA
mi;qZDr pj.k 2 vkidks bafxr djrk gS fd bls otz&xq.ku fof/ D;ksa dgk tkrk
gSA
mnkgj.k 14 : cSaxyksj osQ ,d cl LVSaM ls ;fn ge nks fVdV eYys'oje osQ rFkk
3 fVdV ;'koariqj osQ [kjhnsa] rks oqQy ykxr ` 46 gSA ijarq ;fn ge 3 fVdV eYys'oje
osQ vkSj 5 fVdV ;'koariqj osQ [kjhnsa] rks oqQy ykxr ` 74 gSA cl LVSaM ls eYys'oje
dk fdjk;k rFkk cl LVSaM ;'koariqj dk fdjk;k Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekuk cSaxyksj osQ cl LVSaM ls] eYys'oje dk fdjk;k ` x rFkk ;'koariqj dk fdjk;k
` y gSA nh xbZ lwpukvksa ls] ge ikrs gSa%
2x + 3y = 46, vFkkZr~ 2x + 3y – 46 = 0 (1)
3x + 5y = 74, vFkkZr~ 3x + 5y – 74 = 0 (2)
otz&xq.ku fof/ ls bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus osQ fy,] ge fuEu izdkj ls fp=k
[khaprs gSa%

2018-19
68 xf.kr

x y 1
3 – 46 2 3

5 – 74 3 5

x y 1
rc = =
(3)(−74) − (5)(−46) (−46)(3) − ( −74)(2) (2)(5) − (3)(3)
x y 1
vFkkZr~ = =
−222 + 230 −138 + 148 10 − 9
x y 1
vFkkZr~ = =
8 10 1
x 1 y 1
vFkkZr~ = vkSj =
8 1 10 1
vFkkZr~ x= 8vkSj y = 10
vr%] cSxa yksj osQ cl LVSMa ls] eYys'oje dk fdjk;k ` 8 rFkk ;'koariqj dk fdjk;k ` 10 gSA
lR;kiu : vki izkjafHkd leL;k ls tk¡p ldrs gSa fd gy tks geus Kkr fd, gSa os lgh
gSaA
mnkgj.k 15 : p osQ fdu ekuksa osQ fy,] fuEu lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dk ,d vf}rh; gy
gS\
4x + py + 8 = 0
2x + 2y + 2 = 0
gy : ;gk¡ a1 = 4, a2 = 2, b1 = p, b2 = 2 gSA
a1 b
vc fn, x, ;qXe dk ,d vf}rh; gy gksus osQ fy,] ≠ 1 gksxkA
a2 b2
4 p
vFkkZr~ ≠
2 2
vFkkZr~ p≠ 4
vr%] 4 osQ vfrfjDr] p osQ izR;sd eku osQ fy, fn, gq, lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d
vf}rh; gy gksxkA
mnkgj.k 16 : k osQ fdl eku osQ fy,] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i
ls vusd gy gksaxs\

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 69

kx + 3y – (k – 3) = 0
12x + ky – k = 0
a1 k , b1 3 , c1 k − 3
gy : ;gk¡ = = = gSA
a2 12 b2 k c2 k
a1 b1 c1
jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksus osQ fy,] = =
a2 b2 c2
gksuk pkfg,A
k 3 k− 3
blfy, gesa pkfg, = =
12 k k
k 3
;k =
12 k
ftlls k2 = 36 izkIr gksrk gS, vFkkZr~ k = ± 6 gSaA
3 k − 3
lkFk gh =
k k
ftlls 3k = k2 – 3k izkIr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ 6k = k2 gSA
ftldk vFkZ k = 0 ;k k = 6 gSA
blfy,] k dk eku] tks nksuksa izfrcU/ksa dks larq"V djrk gS] k = 6 gSA bl eku osQ fy,
lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA

iz'ukoyh 3.5
1. fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXeksa esa ls fdldk ,d vf}rh; gy gS] fdldk dksbZ gy ugha
gS ;k fdlosQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gSaA vf}rh; gy dh fLFkfr esa] mls otz&xq.ku
fof/ ls Kkr dhft,A
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0 (ii) 2x + y = 5
3x – 9y – 2 = 0 3x + 2y = 8
(iii) 3x – 5y = 20 (iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0
6x – 10y = 40 3x – 3y – 15 = 0
2. (i) a vkSj b osQ
fdu ekuksa osQ fy,] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ vifjfer :i ls
vusd gy gksaxs\
2x + 3y = 7
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2

2018-19
70 xf.kr
(ii) k osQ fdl eku osQ fy,] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gS\
3x + y = 1
(2k – 1) x + (k – 1) y = 2k + 1
3. fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dks izfrLFkkiu ,oa otz&xq.ku fof/;ksa ls gy dhft,A fdl
fof/ dks vki vf/d mi;qDr ekurs gSa\
8x + 5y = 9
3x + 2y = 4
4. fuEu leL;kvksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe cukb, vkSj muosQ gy (;fn mudk vfLrRo
gks) fdlh chtxf.krh; fof/ ls Kkr dhft,%
(i) ,d Nk=kkokl osQ ekfld O;; dk ,d Hkkx fu;r gS rFkk 'ks"k bl ij fuHkZj djrk
gS fd Nk=k us fdrus fnu Hkkstu fy;k gSA tc ,d fo|kFkhZ A dks, tks 20 fnu Hkkstu
djrk gS] ` 1000 Nk=kkokl osQ O;; osQ fy, vnk djus iM+rs gSa] tcfd ,d fo|kFkhZ
B dks, tks 26 fnu Hkkstu djrk gS Nk=kkokl osQ O;; osQ fy, ` 1180 vnk djus iM+rs
gSaA fu;r O;; vkSj izfrfnu osQ Hkkstu dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
1 1
(ii) ,d fHkUu 3 gks tkrh gS] tc mlosQ va'k ls 1 ?kVk;k tkrk gS vkSj og gks tkrh gS]
4
tc gj esa 8 tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA og fHkUu Kkr dhft,A
(iii) ;'k us ,d VsLV esa 40 vad v£tr fd,] tc mls izR;sd lgh mÙkj ij 3 vad feys
rFkk v'kq¼ mÙkj ij 1 vad dh dVkSrh dh xbZA ;fn mls lgh mÙkj ij 4 vad feyrs
rFkk v'kq¼ mÙkj ij 2 vad dVrs] rks ;'k 50 vad v£tr djrkA VsLV esa fdrus iz'u Fks\
(iv) ,d jktekxZ ij nks LFkku A vkSj B, 100 km dh nwjh ij gSaA ,d dkj A ls rFkk nwljh
dkj B ls ,d gh le; pyuk izkjEHk djrh gSA ;fn ;s dkjsa fHkUu&fHkUu pkyksa ls ,d
gh fn'kk esa pyrh gSa] rks os 5 ?kaVs i'pkr~ feyrh gSa] ;fn os foijhr fn'kk esa pyrh
gSa] rks ,d ?kaVs osQ i'pkr feyrh gSaA nksuksa dkjksa dh pky Kkr dhft,A
(v) ,d vk;r dk {ks=kiQy 9 oxZ bdkbZ de gks tkrk gS] ;fn mldh yackbZ 5 bdkbZ de
dj nh tkrh gS vkSj pkSM+kbZ 3 bdkbZ c<+k nh tkrh gSA ;fn ge yackbZ dks 3 bdkbZ vkSj
pkSM+kbZ dks 2 bdkbZ c<+k nsa] rks {ks=kiQy 67 oxZ bdkbZ c<+ tkrk gSA vk;r dh foek,¡a
Kkr dhft,A

3.5 nks pjksa osQ jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe esa cnys tk ldus okys lehdj.k
bl vuqPNsn esa] ge ,sls lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXeksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxs tks jSf[kd ugha gS]
ijarq oqQN mi;qDr izfrLFkkiuksa }kjk bUgas jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
ge bl izfØ;k dks oqQN mnkgj.kksa }kjk le>k,¡xsA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 71

mnkgj.k 17 : lehdj.kksa osQ fuEu ;qXe dks gy dhft, %

2 3
+ = 13
x y
5 4
− = –2
x y
gy : vkb, fn, x, lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe dks
1 1
2   + 3   = 13 (1)
 x  y
1 1
5   – 4   = –2 (2)
 x y
osQ :i esa fy[ksaA
;s lehdj.k ax + by + c = 0 osQ :i esa ugha gSaA ijarq] ;fn ge lehdj.k (1) vkSj
(2) esa] 1 = p vkjS 1 = q izfrLFkkfir djsa] rks ge ikrs gSa%
x y
2p + 3q = 13 (3)
5p – 4q = – 2 (4)
vr%] geus lehdj.kksa dks jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe osQ :i esa O;Dr dj fn;k gSA vc
vki bUgas fdlh Hkh fof/ ls gy djosQ p = 2, q = 3 izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
1 1
vki tkurs gSa fd p= vkSj q = gSA
x y
p vkSj q osQ ekuksa dks izfrLFkkfir dj] ge izkIr djrs gSa%
1 1 1 1
= 2, vFkkrZ ~ x= vkjS = 3, vFkkrZ ~ y =
x 2 y 3
1 1
lR;kiu : nksuksa lehdj.kksa esa x= vkjS y = j[kus ij] ge ikrs gSa fd nksuksa lehdj.k
2 3
larq"V gks tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 18 : fuEu lehdj.k ;qXe dks jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe esa cny dj gy
dhft,%
5 1
+ = 2
x −1 y − 2
6 3
− = 1
x −1 y − 2

2018-19
72 xf.kr

1 1
gy : vkb, =p vkjS = q j[ksaA rc] nh xbZ lehdj.k
x −1 y−2

 1  1
5 + = 2 (1)
 x −1  y − 2

 1   1 
6 −3 = 1 (2)
 x −1  y −2
5p + q = 2 (3)
6p – 3q = 1 (4)
osQ :i eas fy[kh tk ldrh gSa%
lehjd.k (3) vkSj (4) O;kid :i esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe cukrh gSaA vc vki
bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus osQ fy,] fdlh Hkh fof/ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ge ikrs
1 1
gSa] p= vkSj q =
3 3
1
vc p osQ fy,] izfrLFkkfir dj ge izkIr djrs gSa%
x −1

1 1
=
x −1 3
vFkkZr~ x – 1 = 3, vFkkZr~ x = 4 gSA
1
blh izdkj q osQ fy, , j[kus ij ge ikrs gSa%
y−2

1 1
=
y−2 3

vFkkZr~ 3 = y – 2, vFkkZr~ y = 5 gSA

vr%] fn, x, lehdj.k ;qXe dk vHkh"V gy x = 4, y = 5 gSA
lR;kiu : (1) vkSj (2) esa x = 4 vkSj y = 5 izfrLFkkfir djus ij tk¡p dhft, fd D;k
os bUgsa larq"V djrs gSaA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 73

mnkgj.k 19 : ,d uko 10 ?kaVs esa

/kjk osQ izfrowQy 30 km rFkk /kjk
osQ vuqowQy 44 km tkrh gSA 13 ?kaVs
esa og 40 km /kjk osQ izfrowQy ,oa
55 km /kjk osQ vuqowQy tkrh gSA
/kjk dh pky rFkk uko dh fLFkj ikuh
esa pky Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekuk uko dh fLFkj ty esa pky x km/h gS rFkk /kjk dh pky y km/h gSA lkFk gh]
uko dh /kjk osQ vuqowQy pky = (x + y) km/h rFkk uko dh /kjk osQ izfrowQy pky
= (x – y) km/h gksxhA

LkkFk gh] le; = njwh

pky
izFke fLFkfr esa] tc uko 30 km /kjk osQ izfrowQy pyrh gS] ekuk ?kaVksa esa fy;k x;k le;
t1 gSA rc
30
t1 =
( x − y)
ekuk t2 ?kaVksa esa og le; gS ftlesa uko 44 km /kjk osQ vuqowQy pyrh gSA rc]
44
t2 = gSA oqQy yxk le; t1 + t2, 10 ?kaVk gSA vr%] gesa lehdj.k feyrk gS%
x+ y
30 44
+ = 10 (1)
x−y x+ y
nwljh fLFkfr esa] 13 ?kaVksa esa og 40 km /kjk osQ izfrowQy vkSj 55 km /kjk osQ vuqowQy
pyrh gSA ge blls lehdj.k izkIr djrs gSa %
40 55
+ = 13 (2)
x− y x+ y
1 1
= u vkjS = v jf[k,A (3)
x−y x+ y

bu ekuksa dks lehdj.k (1) vkSj (2) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge jSf[kd
lehdj.kksa dk fuEu ;qXe izkIr djrs gSa %
30u + 44v = 10 ;k 30u + 44v – 10 = 0 (4)
40u + 55v = 13 ;k 40u + 55v – 13 = 0 (5)

2018-19
74 xf.kr
otz&xq.ku fof/ iz;ksx djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
u v 1
= =
44( −13) − 55( −10) 40( −10) − 30(−13) 30(55) − 44(40)
u v 1
vFkkZr~ = =
−22 −10 −110
1 1
vFkkZr~ u= , v=
5 11
vc u, v osQ bu ekuksa dks lehdj.kksa (3) esa j[kus ij] ge ikrs gSa %
1 1 1 1
= vkSj =
x + y 11
x− y 5
vFkkZr~ x–y= 5 vkSj x + y = 11 (6)
bu lehdj.kksa dks tksM+us ij] ge ikrs gSa%
2x = 16
vFkkZr~ x= 8
(6) esa nh gqbZ lehdj.kksa dks ?kVkus ij] ge ikrs gSa %
2y = 6
vFkkZr~ y= 3
vr%] uko dh fLFkj ty esa pky 8 km/h rFkk /kjk dh pky 3 km/h gSA
lR;kiu : tk¡p dhft, fd ;s izkjafHkd leL;k osQ izfrca/ksa dks larq"V djrs gSaA

iz'ukoyh 3.6
1. fuEu lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXeksa dks jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXe esa cny djosQ gy dhft,%
1 1 2 3
(i) + =2 (ii) + =2
2x 3 y x y
1 1 13 4 9
+ = − = −1
3x 2 y 6 x y
4 5 1
(iii) + 3 y = 14 (iv) + = 2
x x −1 y − 2
3 6 3
− 4 y = 23 − =1
x x− 1 y − 2

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 75

7x − 2y
(v) =5 (vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy
xy
8x + 7 y
= 15 2x + 4y = 5xy
xy

10 2 1 1 3
(vii) + =4 (viii) 3 x + y + 3 x − y = 4
x+ y x− y
15 5 1 1 −1
− = −2 − =
x+ y x− y 2(3x + y ) 2(3x − y ) 8
2. fuEu leL;kvksa dks jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe osQ :i esa O;Dr dhft, vkSj fiQj muosQ gy Kkr
dhft,%
(i) fjrq /kjk osQ vuqowQy 2 ?kaVs esa 20 km rSj ldrh gS vkSj /kjk osQ izfrowQy 2 ?kaVs esa
4 km rSj ldrh gSA mldh fLFkj ty esa rSjus dh pky rFkk /kjk dh pky Kkr dhft,A
(ii) 2 efgyk,¡ ,oa 5 iq#"k ,d dlhns osQ dke dks lkFk&lkFk 4 fnu esa iwjk dj ldrs
gSa] tcfd 3 efgyk,¡ ,oa 6 iq#"k bldks 3 fnu esa iwjk dj ldrs gSaA Kkr dhft, fd
blh dk;Z dks djus esa ,d vosQyh efgyk fdruk le; ysxhA iqu% blh dk;Z dks djus
esa ,d iq#"k fdruk le; ysxkA
(iii) :gh 300 km nwjh ij fLFkr vius ?kj tkus osQ fy, oqQN nwjh jsyxkM+h }kjk rFkk oqQN
nwjh cl }kjk r; djrh gSA ;fn og 60 km jsyxkM+h }kjk rFkk 'ks"k cl }kjk ;k=kk djrh
gS rks mls 4 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA ;fn og 100 km jsyxkM+h ls rFkk 'ks"k cl ls ;k=kk djs]
rks mls 10 feuV vfèkd yxrs gSaA jsyxkM+h ,oa cl dh Øe'k% pky Kkr dhft,A

iz'ukoyh 3.7 (,sfPNd)*

1. nks fe=kksa vuh vkSj chtw dh vk;q esa 3 o"kZ dk varj gSA vuh osQ firk /je dh vk;q vuh
dh vk;q dh nqqxquh vkSj chtw dh vk;q viuh cgu oSQFkh dh vk;q dh nqxquh gSA oSQFkh vkSj
/je dh vk;q dk varj 30 o"kZ gSA vuh vkSj chtw dh vk;q Kkr dhft,A
2. ,d fe=k nwljs ls dgrk gS fd ^;fn eq>s ,d lkS ns nks] rks eSa vkils nks xquk /uh cu tkšxkA*
nwljk mÙkj nsrk gS ^;fn vki eq>s nl ns nsa] rks eSa vkils N% xquk /uh cu tkÅ¡xkA* crkb,
fd mudh Øe'k% D;k laifÙk;k¡ gSa\ ¹HkkLdj II dh chtxf.kr lsº
[laoQs r : x + 100 = 2(y – 100), y + 10 = 6(x – 10)]

3. ,d jsyxkM+h oqQN nwjh leku pky ls r; djrh gSA ;fn jsyxkM+h 10 km/h vf/d rst
* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

2018-19
76 xf.kr
pyrh gksrh] rks mls fu;r le; ls 2 ?kaVs de yxrs vkSj ;fn jsyxkM+h 10 km/h /heh
pyrh gksrh] rks mls fu;r le; ls 3 ?kaVs vf/d yxrsA jsyxkM+h }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh Kkr
dhft,A
4. ,d d{kk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks iafDr;ksa esa [kM+k gksuk gSA ;fn iafDr esa 3 fo|kFkhZ vf/d gksrs]
rks 1 iafDr de gksrhA ;fn iafDr esa 3 fo|kFkhZ de gksrs] rks 2 iafDr;k¡ vf/d curhaA d{kk
esa fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
5. ,d ∆ ABC esa] ∠ C = 3 ∠ B = 2 (∠ A + ∠ B) gSA f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa dks.k Kkr dhft,A
6. lehdj.kksa 5x – y = 5 vkSj 3x – y = 3 osQ xzkiQ [khafp,A bu js[kkvksa vkSj y-v{k ls cus f=kHkqt
osQ 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A bl izdkj cus f=kHkqt osQ {ks=kiQy dk ifjdyu dhft,A
7. fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ ;qXeksa dks gy dhft,%
(i) px + qy = p – q (ii) ax + by = c
qx – py = p + q bx + ay = 1 + c

x y
(iii) − =0 (iv) (a – b)x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2
a b
ax + by = a2 + b2. (a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2

(v) 152x – 378y = – 74

–378x + 152y = –604

8. ABCD ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 3-7)A

bl pØh; prqHkqZt osQ dks.k Kkr dhft,A

3.6 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEu rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. nks pjksa esa nks jSf[kd lehdj.k ,d jSf[kd lehdj.kksa
oQk ;qXe dgykrk gSA jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk lcls vko`Qfr 3.7
O;kid :i gS%
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

tgk¡ a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, c2 ,slh okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa fd a12 + b12 ≠ 0, a22 + b22 ≠ 0 gSA

2018-19
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe 77

2. ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks xzkiQh; :i esa fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj gy fd;k
tk ldrk gS
(i) xzkiQh; fof/ }kjk
(ii) chtxf.krh; fof/ }kjk
3. xzkiQh; fof/%
nks pjksa esa ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk xzkiQ nks js[kk,¡ fu:fir djrk gSA
(i) ;fn js[kk,¡ ,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSa rks] og ¯cnq nksuksa lehdj.k dk vf}rh;
gy gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k ;qXe laxr gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn js[kk,¡ laikrh gSa] rks mlosQ vifjfer :i ls vusd gy gksrs gSaµjs[kk ij fLFkr
izR;sd ¯cnq gy gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] lehdj.k ;qXe vkfJr (laxr) gksrk gSA
(iii) ;fn js[kk,¡ lekarj gSa] rks lehdj.k ;qXe dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa]
lehdj.k ;qXe vlaxr gksrk gSA
4. chtxf.krh; fof/ % geus ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe osQ gy Kkr djus osQ fy, fuEu
fofèk;ksa dh ppkZ dh gS%
(i) izfrLFkkiu fof/
(ii) foyksiu fof/
(iii) otz&xq.ku fof/
5. ;fn fn, x, jSf[kd lehdj.k a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 vkSj a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k
;qXe dks izn£'kr djrs gSa] rks fuEu fLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSa%
a1 b1
(i) ≠ : bl fLFkfr esa] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe laxr gksrk gSA
a2 b1

a1 b1 c1
(ii) = ≠ : bl fLFkfr esa] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe vlaxr gksrk gSA
a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1
(iii) = = : bl fLFkfr esa] jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe vkfJr (laxr) gksrk gSA
a2 b2 c2

6. vusd fLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftUgsa xf.krh; :i esa ,slh nks lehdj.kksa ls izn£'kr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
tks izkjaHk esa jSf[kd ugha gksaA ijarq ge mUgsa ifjo£rr dj ,d jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe esa cny
ldrs gSaA

2018-19
78 xf.kr

f}?kkr lehdj.k 4
4.1 Hkwfedk
vè;k; 2 es]a vkius fofHkUu izdkj osQ cgqinksa dk vè;;u fd;k gSA ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 ,d
izdkj dk f}?kkr cgqin FkkA tc ge bl cgqin dks 'kwU; osQ rqY; dj nsrs gSa] rks gesa ,d
f}?kkr lehdj.k izkIr gks tkrh gSA okLrfod thou ls lacaf/r dbZ leL;kvksa dks gy
djus esa ge f}?kkr lehdj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] eku yhft, fd ,d /ekZFkZ
VªLV 300 oxZ ehVj {ks=kiQy dk izkFkZuk d{k cukuk
pkgrk gS] ftldh yackbZ mldh pkSM+kbZ osQ nks xqus ls
,d ehVj vf/d gksA d{k dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ
D;k gks u h pkfg,\ ekuk d{k dh pkS M + k bZ
x ehVj gSA rc] mldh yackbZ (2x + 1) ehVj gksuh
pkfg,A ge bl lw p uk dks fp=kh; :i es a vko`Qfr 4.1
vko`Qfr 4-1 tSlk fn[kk ldrs gSaA
vc d{k dk {ks=kiQy = (2x + 1). x m2 = (2x2 + x) m2
blfy, 2x2 + x = 300 (fn;k gS)
vr% 2x2 + x – 300 = 0
blfy,] d{k dh pkSMk+ bZ] lehdj.k 2x2 + x – 300 = 0, tks ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gS] dks
lar"q V djuk pkfg,A
vf/dka'k yksx fo'okl djrs gSa fd cschyksuokfl;ksa us gh loZizFke f}?kkr
lehdj.kksa dks gy fd;k FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] os tkurs Fks fd oSQls nks la[;kvksa dks Kkr
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftudk ;ksx rFkk xq.kuiQy fn;k gksA è;ku nhft, fd ;g leL;k

2018-19
f}?kkr lehdj.k 79

x2 – px + q = 0 osQ izdkj osQ lehdj.k dks gy djus osQ rqY; gSA ;wukuh xf.krK ;wfDyM
us yackb;k¡ Kkr djus dh ,d T;kferh; fof/ fodflr dh ftldks ge orZeku 'kCnkoyh
eas f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ gy dgrs gSaA O;kid :i esa] f}?kkr lehdj.kksa dks gy djus dk
Js; cgq/k izkphu Hkkjrh; xf.krKksa dks tkrk gSA okLro esa] czãxqIr (lk-;q- 598-665) us
ax2 + bx = c osQ :i osQ f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy djus dk ,d Li"V lw=k fn;k FkkA ckn
esa] Jh/jkpk;Z (lk-;q- 1025) us ,d lw=k izfrikfnr fd;k] ftls vc f}?kkrh lw=k osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gS] tks iw.kZ oxZ fof/ ls f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy djus ij izkIr gqvk (tSlk
HkkLdj II us fy[kk)A ,d vjc xf.krK vy&[okfjT+eh (yxHkx lk-;q- 800) us Hkh fofHkUu
izdkj osQ f}?kkr lehdj.kksa dk vè;;u fd;kA vczkg~e ckj fgÕ;k gk&uklh ;wjks us 1145
esa Nih viuh iqLrd ^fycj backMksje* esa fofHkUu f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ iw.kZ gy fn,A
bl vè;k; esa] vki f}?kkr lehdj.kksa vkSj muosQ gy Kkr djus dh fofHkUu fofèk;ksa
dk vè;;u djsaxsA nSfud thou dh dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vki f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ oqQN
mi;ksx ns[ksaxsA
4.2 f}?kkr lehdj.k
pj x esa ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dh gksrh gS] tgk¡ a, b, c okLrfod
la[;k,¡ gSa rFkk a ≠ 0 gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 2x2 + x – 300 = 0 ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSA blh
izdkj] 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, 4x – 3x2 + 2 = 0 vkSj 1 – x2 + 300 = 0 Hkh f}?kkr lehdj.k gSaA
okLro esa] dksbZ Hkh lehdj.k p(x) = 0, tgk¡ p(x), ?kkr 2 dk ,d cgqin gS] ,d
f}?kkr lehdj.k dgykrh gSA ijarq tc ge p(x) osQ in ?kkrksa osQ ?kVrs Øe esa fy[krs gSa]
rks gesa lehdj.k dk ekud :i izkIr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0,
f}?kkr lehdj.k dk ekud :i dgykrk gSA
f}?kkr lehdj.k gekjs vklikl osQ ifjos'k dh vusd fLFkfr;ksa ,oa xf.kr osQ fofHkUu
{ks=kksa esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA vkb, ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1 : fuEu fLFkfr;ksa dks xf.krh; :i esa O;Dr dhft, %
(i) tkWu vkSj thoarh nksuksa osQ ikl oqQy feykdj 45 oaQps gSAa nksuksa ik¡p&ik¡p oaQps [kks nsrs gSa
vkSj vc muosQ ikl oaQpksa dh la[;k dk xq.kuiQy 124 gSA ge tkuuk pkgsxa s fd vkjaHk
esa muosQ ikl fdrus&fdrus oaQps FksA
(ii) ,d oqQVhj m|ksx ,d fnu esa oqQN f[kykSus fu£er djrk gSA izR;sd f[kykSus dk ewY;
(` esa) 55 esa ls ,d fnu esa fuekZ.k fd, x, f[kykSus dh la[;k dks ?kVkus ls

2018-19
80 xf.kr
izkIr la[;k osQ cjkcj gSA fdlh ,d fnu] oqQy fuekZ.k ykxr ` 750 FkhA ge ml
fnu fuekZ.k fd, x, f[kykSuksa dh la[;k Kkr djuk pkgsaxsA
gy :
(i) ekuk fd tkWu osQ oaQpksa dh la[;k x FkhA
rc thoarh osQ oaQpksa dh la[;k = 45 – x (D;ksa\)
tkWu osQ ikl] 5 oaQps [kks nsus osQ ckn] cps oaQpksa dh la[;k = x – 5
thoarh osQ ikl] 5 oaQps [kksus osQ ckn] cps oaQpksa dh la[;k = 45 – x – 5
= 40 – x
vr% mudk xq.kuiQy = (x – 5) (40 – x)
= 40x – x2 – 200 + 5x
= – x2 + 45x – 200
vc – x2 + 45x – 200 = 124 (fn;k gS fd xq.kuiQy = 124)
vFkkZr~ – x2 + 45x – 324 = 0
vFkkZr~ x2 – 45x + 324 = 0
vr% tkWu osQ ikl ftrus oaQps Fks] tks lehdj.k
x2 – 45x + 324 = 0
dks larq"V djrs gSaA
(ii) ekuk ml fnu fufeZr f[kykSuksa dh la[;k x gSA
blfy,] ml fnu izR;sd f[kykSus dh fuekZ.k ykxr (#i;ksa esa) = 55 – x
vr%] ml fnu oqQy fuekZ.k ykxr (#i;ksa esa) = x (55 – x)
blfy, x (55 – x) = 750
vFkkZr~ 55x – x2 = 750
vFkkZr~ – x2 + 55x – 750 = 0
vFkkZr~ x2 – 55x + 750 = 0
vr% ml fnu fuekZ.k fd, x, f[kykSuksa dh la[;k f}?kkr lehdj.k
x2 – 55x + 750 = 0
dks larq"V djrh gSA

2018-19
f}?kkr lehdj.k 81

mnkgj.k 2 : tk¡p dhft, fd fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.k gSa ;k ugha%

(i) (x – 2)2 + 1 = 2x – 3 (ii) x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) (x – 2)
(iii) x (2x + 3) = x2 + 1 (iv) (x + 2)3 = x3 – 4
gy :
(i) ck;k¡ i{k = (x – 2)2 + 1 = x2 – 4x + 4 + 1 = x2 – 4x + 5
blfy, (x – 2)2 + 1 = 2x – 3 dks
x2 – 4x + 5 = 2x – 3 fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
vFkkZr~ x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
;g ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk gSA
vr% fn;k x;k lehdj.k ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSA
(ii) pw¡fd x(x + 1) + 8 = x2 + x + 8 vkSj (x + 2)(x – 2) = x2 – 4 gS]
blfy, x2 + x + 8 = x2 – 4
vFkkZr~ x + 12 = 0
;g ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk lehdj.k ugha gSA blfy,] fn;k gqvk
lehdj.k ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ugha gSA
(iii) ;gk¡ ck;k¡ i{k = x (2x + 3) = 2x2 + 3x
vr% x (2x + 3) = x2 + 1 dks fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
2x2 + 3x = x2 + 1
blfy, x2 + 3x – 1 = 0 gesa izkIr gksrk gSA
;g ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk lehdj.k gSA
vr%] fn;k x;k lehdj.k ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSA
(iv) ;gk¡ ck;k¡ i{k = (x + 2)3 = x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
vr% (x + 2)3 = x3 – 4 dks fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 = x3 – 4
vFkkZr~ 6x2 + 12x + 12 = 0 ;k x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
;g ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk lehdj.k gSA
vr% fn;k x;k lehdj.k ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSA

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fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd mi;qZDr (ii) esa] fn;k x;k lehdj.k ns[kus esa f}?kkr lehdj.k
yxrk gS] ijarq ;g f}?kkr lehdj.k ugha gSA
mi;qDZ r (iv) es]a lehdj.k ns[kus esa f=k?kkr (?kkr 3 dk lehdj.k) yxrk gS vkSj f}?kkr
ugha yxrk gSA ijarq og f}?kkr lehdj.k fudyrk gSA tSlk vki ns[krs gSa lehdj.k dks ;g
r; djus fd og f}?kkr gS vFkok ugha] geas mldk ljyhdj.k djuk vko';d gSA
iz'ukoyh 4.1
1. tk¡p dhft, fd D;k fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.k gSa %
(i) (x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3) (ii) x2 – 2x = (–2) (3 – x)
(iii) (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 1)(x + 3) (iv) (x – 3)(2x +1) = x(x + 5)
(v) (2x – 1)(x – 3) = (x + 5)(x – 1) (vi) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2
(vii) (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1) (viii) x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3
2. fuEu fLFkfr;ksa dks f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ :i esa fu:fir dhft, %
(i) ,d vk;rkdkj Hkw[kaM dk {ks=kiQy 528 m2 gSA {ks=k dh yackbZ (ehVjksa esa) pkSM+kbZ osQ
nqxqus ls ,d vf/d gSA geas Hkw[kaM dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr djuh gSA
(ii) nks Øekxr /ukRed iw.kk±dksa dk xq.kuiQy 306 gSA gesa iw.kk±dksa dks Kkr djuk gSA
(iii) jksgu dh ek¡ mlls 26 o"kZ cM+h gSA mudh vk;q (o"kks± esa) dk xq.kuiQy vc ls rhu
o"kZ i'pkr~ 360 gks tk,xhA gesa jksgu dh orZeku vk;q Kkr djuh gSA
(iv) ,d jsyxkM+h 480 km dh nwjh leku pky ls r; djrh gSA ;fn bldh pky 8 km/h de gksrh]
rks og mlh nwjh dks r; djus esa 3 ?kaVs vf/d ysrhA gesa jsyxkM+h dh pky Kkr djuh gSA
4.3 xq.ku[kaMksa }kjk f}?kkr lehdj.k dk gy
f}?kkr lehdj.k 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 ij fopkj dhft,A ;fn ge bl lehdj.k osQ ck,¡ i{k
esa x dks 1 ls izfrLFkkfir djsa] rks gesa izkIr gksrk gS% (2 × 12) – (3 × 1) + 1 = 0 = lehdj.k
dk nk¡;k i{kA ge dgrs gSa fd 1 f}?kkr lehdj.k 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 dk ,d ewy gSA bldk
;g Hkh vFkZ gS fd 1 f}?kkr cgqin 2x2 – 3x + 1 dk ,d 'kwU;d gSA
O;kid :i esa] ,d okLrfod la[;k α f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 dk
,d ewy dgykrh gS] ;fn a α2 + bα + c = 0 gksA ge ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd x = α f}?kkr
lehdj.k dk ,d gy gS vFkok α f}?kkr lehdj.k dks larq"V djrk gSA è;ku nhft,
fd f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c osQ 'kwU;d vkSj f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0
osQ ewy ,d gh gSaA

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 83

vkius vè;k; 2 es]a ns[kk gS fd ,d f}?kkr cgqin osQ vf/d ls vf/d nks 'kwU;d gks
ldrs gSAa vr%] fdlh f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ vf/d ls vf/d nks ewy gks ldrs gSAa
vkius d{kk IX esa lh[kk gS fd oSQls eè; in dks foHkDr djosQ ,d f}?kkr cgqin
osQ xq.ku[kaM fd, tk ldrs gSaA ge bl Kku dk iz;ksx f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ ewy Kkr djus
esa djsaxsA vkb, ns[ksa oSQlsA
mnkgj.k 3 : xq.ku[kaMu }kjk lehdj.k 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 osQ ewy Kkr dhft,A
gy : loZizFke] ge eè; in – 5x dks –2x –3x [D;ksfa d (–2x) × (–3x) = 6x2 = (2x2) × 3]
osQ :i esa foHkDr djrs gSaA
vr%] 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 2x2 – 2x – 3x + 3 = 2x (x – 1) –3(x – 1) = (2x – 3)(x – 1)
blfy,] 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 dks (2x – 3)(x – 1) = 0 osQ :i esa iqu% fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
vr%] x osQ os eku ftuosQ fy, 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 ogh gS] tks (2x – 3)(x – 1) = 0 ls izkIr gS]
vFkkZr~ 2x – 3 = 0 ;k x – 1 = 0 ls izkIr gksaxsA
3
vc] 2x – 3 = 0, x= nsrk gS vkSj x – 1 = 0, x = 1 nsrk gSA
2
3
vr%] x= vkSj x = 1 fn, gq, lehdj.k osQ gy gSaA
2
3
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] 1 vkSj lehdj.k 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 osQ ewy gSaA
2
tk¡p dhft, fd ;s gh fn, x, lehdj.k osQ ewy gSaA
è;ku nhft, fd geus lehdj.k 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 osQ ewyksa dks 2x2 – 5x + 3 osQ
nks jSf[kd xq.ku[kaMksa esa xq.ku[kafMr djosQ vkSj izR;sd xq.ku[kaM dks 'kwU; osQ cjkcj
djosQ izkIr fd, gSaA

mnkgj.k 4 : f}?kkr lehdj.k 6x2 – x – 2 = 0 osQ ewy Kkr dhft,A

gy : gesa izkIr gS%
6x2 – x – 2 = 6x2 + 3x – 4x – 2
= 3x (2x + 1) – 2 (2x + 1)
= (3x – 2)(2x + 1)
6x2 – x – 2 = 0 osQ ewy x osQ os eku gSa] ftuosQ fy, (3x – 2)(2x + 1) = 0 gksA

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blfy, 3x – 2 = 0 ;k 2x + 1 = 0
2 1
vFkkZr~ x= ;k x= −
3 2
2 1
vr% 6x2 – x – 2 = 0 osQ ewy vkjS – gSaA
3 2
2 1
ge ewyksa osQ lR;kiu osQ fy, ;g tk¡p djrs gSa fd vkjS – lehdj.k
3 2
6x2 – x – 2 = 0 dks larq"V djrs gSa ;k ughaA

mnkgj.k 5 : f}?kkr lehdj.k 3x2 − 2 6 x + 2 = 0 osQ ewy Kkr dhft,A

gy : 3x 2 − 2 6 x + 2 = 3 x 2 − 6 x − 6 x + 2
= 3x ( 3x − 2 − 2 ) ( 3x − 2 )
= ( 3x − 2 )( 3x − 2 )
vr% lehdj.k osQ ewy x osQ os eku gSa] ftuosQ fy,
( 3 x − 2) ( 3x − 2 = 0 )
2
vc x= osQ fy,] 3x − 2 = 0 gSA
3
vr% ;g ewy] xq.ku[kaM 3x − 2 osQ nks ckj vkus osQ dkj.k] nks ckj vkrk gS] vFkkZr~ bl
ewy dh iqujko`fÙk gksrh gSA
2 2
blfy, 3x2 − 2 6 x + 2 = 0 osQ ewy , gSaA
3 3

mnkgj.k 6 : vuqPNsn 4-1 esa fn, x, izkFkZuk d{k dh foek,¡ Kkr dhft,A
gy : vuqPNsn 4-1 esa geus Kkr fd;k Fkk fd ;fn d{k dh pkSM+kbZ x m gks] rks x lehdj.k
2x2 + x – 300 = 0 dks larq"V djrk gSA xq.ku[kaMu fof/ dk iz;ksx dj] ge bl lehdj.k
dks fuEu izdkj ls fy[krs gSa %
2x2 – 24x + 25x – 300 = 0
;k 2x (x – 12) + 25 (x – 12) = 0
vFkkZr~ (x – 12)(2x + 25) = 0

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 85

vr%] fn, x, lehdj.k osQ ewy x = 12 ;k x = – 12.5 gSAa D;ksfa d x d{k dh pkSM+kbZ
gS] ;g ½.kkRed ugha gks ldrhA
blfy,] d{k dh pkSM+kbZ 12 m gSA bldh yackbZ = 2x + 1 = 25 m gksxhA
iz'ukoyh 4.2
1. xq.ku[kaM fof/ ls fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ ewy Kkr dhft,%
(i) x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
1
(iii) 2 x2 + 7 x + 5 2 = 0 (iv) 2x2 – x + = 0
8
(v) 100 x2 – 20x + 1 = 0
2. mnkgj.k 1 esa nh xbZ leL;kvksa dks gy dhft,A
3. ,slh nks la[;k,¡ Kkr dhft,] ftudk ;ksx 27 gks vkSj xq.kuiQy 182 gksA
4. nks Øekxr /ukRed iw.kk±d Kkr dhft, ftuosQ oxks± dk ;ksx 365 gksA
5. ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Å¡pkbZ blosQ vk/kj ls 7 cm de gSA ;fn d.kZ 13 cm dk gks] rks vU;
nks Hkqtk,¡ Kkr dhft,A
6. ,d oqQVhj m|ksx ,d fnu esa oqQN crZuksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ,d fo'ks"k fnu ;g ns[kk x;k
fd izR;sd ux dh fuekZ.k ykxr (` esa) ml fnu osQ fuekZ.k fd, crZuksa dh la[;k osQ nqxqus
ls 3 vf/d FkhA ;fn ml fnu dh oqQy fuekZ.k ykxr ` 90 Fkh] rks fu£er crZuksa dh la[;k
vkSj izR;sd ux dh ykxr Kkr dhft,A
4.4 f}?kkr lehdj.k dk iw.kZ oxZ cukdj gy
fiNys vuqPNsn esa] vkius ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ ewy Kkr djus dh ,d fof/ i<+h FkhA
bl vuqPNsn esa] ge ,d vkSj fof/ i<+saxsA
fuEu fLFkfr ij fopkj dhft,%
lquhrk dh nks o"kZ iwoZ vk;q (o"kks± esa) rFkk vc ls pkj o"kZ mijkar dh vk;q dk
xq.kuiQy mldh orZeku vk;q osQ nks xqus ls ,d vf/d gSA mldh orZeku vk;q D;k gS\
bldk mÙkj nsus osQ fy,] ekuk mldh orZeku vk;q (o"kks± esa) x gSA rc] mldh 2
o"kZ iwoZ vk;q ,oa vc ls pkj o"kZ mijkar dh vk;q dk xq.kuiQy (x – 2)(x + 4) gSA
blfy, (x – 2)(x + 4) = 2x + 1
vFkkZr~ x2 + 2x – 8 = 2x + 1
vFkkZr~ x2 – 9 = 0

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vr% lquhrk dh orZeku vk;q f}?kkr lehdj.k x2 – 9 = 0 dks larq"V djrh gSA
ge bls x2 = 9 osQ :i esa fy[k ldrs gSaA oxZewy ysus ij] ge x = 3 ;k
x = – 3 ikrs gSaA D;ksafd vk;q ,d /ukRed la[;k gksrh gS] blfy, x = 3 gh gksxkA
vr% lquhrk dh orZeku vk;q 3 o"kZ gSA
vc f}?kkr lehdj.k (x + 2)2 – 9 = 0 ij fopkj dhft,A gy djus osQ fy,] bls ge
(x + 2)2 = 9 os Q :i es a fy[k ldrs gS a A oxZ e w y ys u s ij] ge x + 2 = 3 ;k
x + 2 = – 3 ikrs gSaA
blfy, x = 1 ;k x = –5
vr% (x + 2)2 – 9 = 0 osQ ewy 1 vkSj – 5 gSaA
mi;ZqDr nksuksa mnkgj.kksa esa] x dks lekfgr djus okyk in iw.kZr;k oxZ osQ vanj gS vkSj
geus oxZewy ysdj vklkuh ls ewy Kkr dj fy, FksA ijarq ;fn gesa lehdj.k
x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 dks gy djus dks dgk tkrk] rks D;k gksrk\ ge laHkor% bls djus osQ
fy, xq.ku[kaM fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs] tc rd fd ge ;g u tku ysa (fdlh izdkj) fd
x2 + 4x – 5 = (x + 2)2 – 9 gSA
vr% x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 dks gy djuk (x + 2)2 – 9 = 0 dks gy djus osQ rqY; gS] tks
geus ns[kk fd cgqr 'kh?kz gh gy gks tkrk gSA okLro esa] ge fdlh Hkh f}?kkr lehdj.k
dks (x + a)2 – b2 = 0 dh rjg cuk ldrs gSa vkSj fiQj ge blosQ ewy vklkuh ls izkIr
dj ldrs gSaA vkb, ns[ksa fd D;k ;g laHko gSA vko`Qfr 4-2 nsf[k,A
bl vko`Qfr esa] ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd oSQls x2 + 4x, (x + 2)2 – 4 esa cny jgk gSA

vko`Qfr 4.2

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 87

izfØ;k fuEu izdkj ls gS%

4 4
x2 + 4x = (x2 + x)+ x
2 2
= x2 + 2x + 2x
= (x + 2) x + 2 × x
= (x + 2) x + 2 × x + 2 × 2 – 2 × 2
= (x + 2) x + (x + 2) × 2 – 2 × 2
= (x + 2) (x + 2) – 22
= (x + 2)2 – 4
vr% x2 + 4x – 5 = (x + 2)2 – 4 – 5 = (x + 2)2 – 9
bl izdkj] x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 dks iw.kZ oxZ cukdj (x + 2)2 – 9 = 0 osQ :i esa fy[kk tk
ldrk gSA bls iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls tkuk tkrk gSA
la{ksi esa] bls fuEu izdkj ls n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS%
2 2 2
 4 4  4
x + 4x =  x +  −   =  x +  − 4
2
 2 2  2
vr% x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 dks iqu% fuEu :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
2
 4
x +  −4−5 = 0
 2
vFkkZr~ (x + 2)2 – 9 = 0
vc lehdj.k 3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 ij fopkj dhft,A è;ku nhft, fd x2 dk xq.kkad iw.kZ
oxZ ugha gSA blfy,] ge lehdj.k dks 3 ls xq.kk djosQ ikrs gSa%
9x2 – 15x + 6 = 0
5
vc 9x2 – 15x + 6 = (3 x) 2 − 2 × 3 x × +6
2
2 2
2 5 5 5
= (3x ) − 2 × 3x × +   −   + 6
2 2 2
2 2
 5  25  5 1
=  3x −  − + 6 =  3x −  −
 2 4  2 4

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vr% 9x2 – 15x + 6 = 0 dks fuEu :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
2
 5 1
 3x −  − = 0
 2 4
2
 5 1
vFkkZr~  3x −  =
 2 4
2
 5 1
vr% 9x – 15x + 6 = 0 osQ
2
ogh gy gSa] tks  3x −  = osQ gSaA
 2 4

5 1 5 1
vFkkZr~ 3x – = ;k 3x − = −
2 2 2 2

5 1
(ge bls 3 x − = ± , tgk¡ ‘±’ /u vkSj ½.k dks fu:fir djrs gS]a Hkh fy[k ldrs gSAa )
2 2

5 1 5 1
vr% 3x = + ;k 3x = −
2 2 2 2
5 1 5 1
vr% x= + ;k x= −
6 6 6 6
4
blfy, x= 1 ;k x=
6
2
vFkkZr~ x= 1 ;k x=
3
2
blfy, fn, x, lehdj.k osQ ewy 1 vkSj 3
gSaA
fVIi.kh : bldks n'kkZus dh ,d nwljh fof/ fuEu gS %
lehdj.k 3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
5 2
ogh gS tks x2 − x + = 0 gSA
3 3
2 2
5 2  1  5    1  5  2
vc x – x + =  x −    −    +
2
2  3    2  3  3
3 3 

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 89

2
 5  2 25
= x−  + −
 6  3 36
2 2 2
 5 1  5 1
= x−  − = x −  −  
 6  36  6 6
2 2
blfy, 3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 dk ogh gy gS] tks  5 1
dk gy gSA
x−  −  =0
 6 6

5 1 5 1 5 1 2
vFkkZr~ x– = ± , vFkkZr~ x = + = 1 vkSj x = − = gSA
6 6 6 6 6 6 3
mi;qDZ r fof/ dks le>kus osQ fy, vkb, oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 7 : mnkgj.k 3 esa fn;k x;k lehdj.k iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls gy dhft,A
5 3
gy : lehdj.k 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 ogh gS] tks x2 − x+ =0 gSA
2 2
2 2 2
5 3  5 5 3  5 1
vc x2 − x + =  x −  −   + =  x −  −
2 2  4  4 2  4  16
2
 5 1
blfy, 2x 2
– 5x + 3 = 0 dks x−  − =0 dh rjg fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
 4  16
2
 5 1
vr% lehdj.k 2x 2
– 5x + 3 = 0 osQ ewy oLrqr% ogh gSa] tks x−  − =0 osQ ewy gSaA
 4  16
2 2
 5 1  5 1
vc x−  − = 0 ogh gS] tks x−  = gSA
 4  16  4  16
5 1
blfy, x− = ±
4 4
5 1
vFkkZr~ x= ±
4 4
5 1 5 1
vFkkZr~ x = + ;k x = −
4 4 4 4
3
vFkkZr~ x= ;k x = 1
2
3
blfy, lehdj.k osQ gy x= vkSj 1 gSaA
2

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vkb, bu gyksa dh tk¡p djsAa
2
j[kus ij] ge 2 
3 3  3
2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 esa x =  –5 +3=0 ikrs gSa, tks lgh gSA
2 2  2
blh izdkj] vki tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd x = 1 Hkh fn, x, lehdj.k dks larq"V djrk gSA
5 3
mnkgj.k 7 es]a geus lehdj.k 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 dks 2 ls Hkkx nsdj x2 – x+ =0
2 2
izkIr fd;k ftlls izFke in iw.kZ oxZ cu x;k vkSj fiQj oxZ dks iwjk fd;kA blosQ LFkku ij]
ge leLr inksa dks 2 ls xq.kk djosQ Hkh izFke in dks 4x2 = (2x)2 cuk ldrs Fks vkSj rc
iw.kZ oxZ cuk ysrAs
bl fof/ dks vxys mnkgj.k esa le>k;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k 8 : iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls lehdj.k 5x2 – 6x – 2 = 0 osQ ewy gy dhft,A
gy : fn, gq, lehdj.k dks 5 ls xq.kk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
25x2 – 30x – 10 = 0
;g fuEu osQ rqY; gS%
(5x)2 – 2 × (5x) × 3 + 32 – 32 – 10 = 0
vFkkZr~ (5x – 3)2 – 9 – 10 = 0
vFkkZr~ (5x – 3)2 – 19 = 0
vFkkZr~ (5x – 3)2 = 19

vFkkZr~ 5x – 3 = ± 19

vFkkZr~ 5x = 3 ± 19

3 ± 19
vr% x=
5
3 + 19 3 − 19
blfy, ewy vkSj gSaA
5 5

3 + 19 3 − 19
lR;kfir dhft, fd ewy vkSj gSaA
5 5

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 91

mnkgj.k 9 : iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 osQ ewy Kkr dhft,A
gy : è;ku nhft, 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 fuEu osQ rqY; gS%
2 2
3 3 3
(2x)2 + 2 × (2x) × +  −  +5 = 0
4 4 4

2
 3 9
vFkkZr~  2x +  − +5 = 0
 4  16

2
 3 71
vFkkZr~  2x +  + = 0
 4 16

2
 3 −71
vFkkZr~  2x +  = <0 gS
 4  6
2
 3
ijarq ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh Hkh x osQ okLrfod eku osQ fy,  2 x +  ½.kkRed
 4
ugha gks ldrk gS (D;ksa\)A blfy,] x dk dksbZ okLrfod eku nh gqbZ lehdj.k dks larq"V
ugha dj ldrkA vr%] fn, x, lehdj.k osQ dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gSaA
vc rd vkius iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ okys vusd mnkgj.k ns[ks gSaA vr%] vkb,
bl fof/ dks O;kid :i esa nsaA
f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) ij fopkj dhft,A leLr inksa dks a ls
b c
Hkkx nsus ij] ge ikrs gSa% x2 + x+ =0
a a
bl lehdj.k dks ge bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa%
2 2
 b   b  c
x+  −  + =0
 2a   2a  a
2
 b  b 2 − 4ac
vFkkZr~ x+  − = 0
 2a  4a 2
blfy, fn, x, lehdj.k osQ ewy ogh gSa] tks

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2 2
 b  b2 − 4ac  b  b2 − 4ac
 x +  − = 0, vFkkZr~  x +  = (1)
 2a  4a 2  2a  4a 2
osQ gSaA ;fn b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 gks] rks (1) dk oxZewy ysus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
b ± b 2 − 4ac
x+ =
2a 2a
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
blfy, x=
2a

−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
vr%] ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy vkjS gSa] ;fn
2a 2a
b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 gSA ml fLFkfr esa tc b2 – 4ac < 0 gS] rks lehdj.k osQ okLrfod ewy ugha
gksrs gSaA (D;ksa\)
vr%] ;fn b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 gS, rks f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
gSaA
2a
f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ ewy Kkr djus osQ bl lw=k dks f}?kkrh lw=k (quadratic
formula) dgrs gSaA
f}?kkrh lw=k osQ mi;ksx osQ fy, vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 10 : iz'ukoyh 4.1 osQ iz'u la[;k 2(i) dks f}?kkrh lw=k ls gy dhft,A
gy : ekuk Hkw[kaM dh pkSM+kbZ x ehVj gSA rc] yackbZ (2x + 1) ehVj gSA gesa fn;k gS fd
x(2x + 1) = 528, vFkkZr~ 2x2 + x – 528 = 0 gSA
;g ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk gS] tgk¡ a = 2, b = 1, c = – 528 gSA
vr% f}?kkrh lw=k ls] gesa fuEu gy feyrs gSa%
−1 ± 1 + 4(2)(528) −1 ± 4225 −1 ± 65
x= = =
4 4 4
64 – 66
vFkkZr~ x= ;k x =
4 4
33
vFkkZr~ x = 16 ;k x= −
2

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 93

D;ksfa d x ,d foek gksus osQ dkj.k ½.kkRed ugha gks ldrk gS] blfy, Hkw[kaM dh
pkSM+kbZ 16m gS vkSj yackbZ 33m gSA
vkidks ;g lR;kfir djuk pkfg, fd ;s eku leL;k osQ izfrca/ksa dks lar"q V djrs gSAa
mnkgj.k 11 : nks ,sls Øekxr fo"ke /ukRed iw.kk±d Kkr dhft, ftuosQ oxks± dk
;ksx 290 gksaA
gy : ekuk nksuksa Øekxr fo"ke /ukRed iw.kk±dksa esa NksVk iw.kk±d x gSA rc] nwljk iw.kk±d
x + 2 gksxkA iz'u osQ vuqlkj]
x2 + (x + 2)2 = 290
vFkkZr~ x2 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 290
vFkkZr~ 2x2 + 4x – 286 = 0
vFkkZr~ x2 + 2x – 143 = 0,
tks x esa ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSA
f}?kkrh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ] ge ikrs gSa%
−2 ± 4 + 572 −2 ± 576 −2 ± 24
x= = =
2 2 2
vFkkZr~ x = 11 ;k x = – 13
ijUrq x ,d /ukRed fo"ke iw.kk±d fn;k gSA vr%] x = 11 gksxk] D;ksfa d x ≠ – 13 gSA
vr%] nksuksa Øekxr fo"ke /ukRed iw.kk±d 11 vkSj 13 gSaA
tk¡p % 112 + 132 = 121 + 169 = 290 gSA
mnkgj.k 12 : ,d ,sls vk;rkdkj ikoZQ dks cukuk gS ftldh pkSM+kbZ bldh yackbZ ls
3 m de gksA bldk {ks=kiQy igys ls fufeZr lef}ckgq f=kHkqtkdkj ikoZQ ftldk vk/kj
vk;rkdkj ikoZQ dh pkSM+kbZ osQ cjkcj rFkk Å¡pkbZ 12 m gS] ls 4 oxZ ehVj vf/d gks
(nsf[k, vkÑfr 4.3)A bl vk;rkdkj ikoZQ dh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekuk fd vk;rkdkj ikoZQ dh pkSM+kbZ x m gSA
blfy,] bldh yackbZ = (x + 3) m gksxhA
vr% vk;rkdkj ikoZQ dk {ks=kiQy = x(x + 3) m2 = (x2 + 3x) m2
vc lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dk vk/kj = x m

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94 xf.kr

1
vr% bldk {ks=kiQy = × x × 12 = 6 x m2
2
iz'u osQ vuqlkj
x2 + 3x = 6x + 4
vFkkZr~ x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
f}?kkrh lw=k dk mi;ksx djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
3 ± 25 3±5
x= = = 4 ;k – 1
2 2
ijarq x ≠ – 1 gS (D;ksa\)A vr%] x = 4 gSA vko`Qfr 4.3
blfy,] ikoZQ dh pkSM+kbZ = 4m vkSj yackbZ 7m gksxhA
lR;kiu : vk;rkdkj ikoZQ dk {ks=kiQy = 28 m2
f=kHkqtkdkj ikoZQ dk {ks=kiQy = 24 m2 = (28 – 4) m2

mnkgj.k 13 : fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ ewy] ;fn mudk vfLrRo gks rks f}?kkrh lw=k dk
mi;ksx djosQ Kkr dhft,%
(i) 3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 (ii) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 (iii) 2x2 – 2 2 x + 1 = 0
gy :
(i) 3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 osQ fy,% ;gk¡ a = 3, b = – 5, c = 2 gSA blfy,] b2 – 4ac =
25 – 24 = 1 > 0 gSA
5 ± 1 5 ±1 2
vr% x = = gS, vFkkZr~ x = 1 ;k x= gSA
6 6 3
2
blfy, ewy vkSj 1 gSaA
3
(ii) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 osQ fy, ;gk¡ a = 1, b = 4, c = 5 gSA blfy, b2 – 4ac = 16 – 20
= – 4 < 0 gSA
ijarq] D;ksafd fdlh okLrfod la[;k dk oxZ ½.kkRed ugha gks ldrk gS] blfy,
b 2 − 4ac dk eku okLrfod ugha gksxkA

vr% fn, gq, lehdj.k osQ dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gSaA

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 95

(iii) 2x2 – 2 2 x + 1 = 0 osQ fy,% ;gk¡ a = 2, b = −2 2 , c = 1 gSA

blfy, b2 – 4ac = 8 – 8 = 0 gSA

2 2± 0 2 1
vr% x= = ±0 gS] vFkkrZ ~ x= gSA
4 2 2
1 1
blfy, ewy , gSaA
2 2

mnkgj.k 14 : fuEu lehdj.kksa osQ ewy Kkr dhft, %

1 1 1
(i) x + = 3, x ≠ 0 (ii) − = 3, x ≠ 0,2
x x x−2
gy :
1
(i) x + =3 osQ fy,% lHkh inksa dks x ≠ 0 ls xq.kk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
x
x2 + 1 = 3x
vFkkZr~ x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, tks ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k gSA
;gk¡ a = 1, b = – 3, c = 1 gSA
vr% b2 – 4ac = 9 – 4 = 5 > 0
3± 5
vr% x= (D;ksa\)
2
3+ 5 3− 5
blfy, ewy vkjS gSaA
2 2
1 1
(ii) − = 3, x ≠ 0, 2:
x x −2
pw¡fd x ≠ 0, 2 gS, blfy, lehdj.k dks x (x – 2) ls xq.kk djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
(x – 2) – x = 3x (x – 2)
= 3x2 – 6x
vr%] nh xbZ lehdj.k ifjofrZr gksdj 3x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 cu tkrh gS] tks ,d f}?kkr
lehdj.k gSA

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;gk¡ a = 3, b = – 6, c = 2 gSA blfy, b2 – 4ac = 36 – 24 = 12 > 0 gSA

6 ± 12 6 ± 2 3 3 ± 3
vr% x= = =
6 6 3
3+ 3 3− 3
blfy,] ewy vkjS gSaA
3 3

mnkgj.k 15 : ,d eksVj cksV] ftldh fLFkj ty esa pky 18 km/h gS] 24 km /kjk osQ
izfrowQy tkus esa] ogh nwjh /kjk osQ vuqowQy tkus dh vis{kk 1 ?kaVk vf/d ysrh gSA èkkjk
dh pky Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekuk fd /kjk dh pky x km/h gSA
blfy,] /kjk osQ izfrowQy uko dh pky = (18 – x) km/h vkSj /kjk osQ vuqowQy uko dh
pky = (18 + x) km/h gSA
njwh 24
/kjk osQ izfrowQy tkus esa fy;k x;k le; = = ?kaVs
pky 18 − x
24
blh izdkj] /kjk osQ vuqowQy tkus esa fy;k x;k le; = ?kaVs
18 + x
iz'ukuqlkj
24 24
− = 1
18 − x 18 + x
vFkkZr~ 24(18 + x) – 24(18 – x) = (18 – x) (18 + x)
vFkkZr~ x2 + 48x – 324 = 0
f}?kkrh lw=k dk mi;ksx djosQ] ge ikrs gSa%
− 48 ± 482 + 1296 − 48 ± 3600
x= =
2 2
− 48 ± 60
= = 6 ;k – 54
2
D;ksafd x /kjk dh pky gS] blfy, ;g ½.kkRed ugha gks ldrh gSA vr%] ge
ewy x = – 54 dks NksM+ nsrs gSaA blfy,] x = 6 ls ge izkIr djrs gSa fd /kjk dh pky
6 km/h gSA

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 97

iz'ukoyh 4.3
1. ;fn fuEufyf[kr f}?kkr ledj.kksa osQ ewyksa dk vfLrRo gks rks bUgsa iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ }kjk
Kkr dhft,A
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
(iii) 4 x 2 + 4 3x + 3 = 0 (iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
2. mi;qZDr iz'u 1 esa fn, x, f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ ewy] f}?kkrh lw=k dk mi;ksx djosQ] Kkr
dhft,A
3. fuEu lehdj.kksa osQ ewy Kkr dhft, %
1 1 1 11
(i) x − = 3, x ≠ 0 (ii) − = , x ≠ – 4, 7
x x+4 x−7 30
4. 3 o"kZ iwoZ jgeku dh vk;q (o"kks± esa) dk O;qRØe vkSj vc ls 5 o"kZ i'pkr~ vk;q osQ O;qRØe
1
dk ;ksx gSA mldh orZeku vk;q Kkr dhft,A
3
5. ,d Dykl VsLV esa 'ksiQkyh osQ xf.kr vkSj vaxzsth esa izkIr fd, x, vadksa dk ;ksx 30 gSA
;fn mldks xf.kr esa 2 vad vf/d vkSj vaxszth esa 3 vad de feys gksrs] rks muosQ vadksa
dk xq.kuiQy 210 gksrkA mlosQ }kjk nksuksa fo"k;ksa esa izkIr fd, vad Kkr dhft,A
6. ,d vk;rkdkj [ksr dk fod.kZ mldh NksVh Hkqtk ls 60 eh vf/d yack gSA ;fn cM+h Hkqtk
NksVh Hkqtk ls 30 eh vf/d gks] rks [ksr dh Hkqtk,¡ Kkr dhft,A
7. nks la[;kvksa osQ oxks± dk varj 180 gSA NksVh la[;k dk oxZ cM+h la[;k dk vkB xquk gSA nksuksa
la[;k,¡ Kkr dhft,A
8. ,d jsyxkM+h ,d leku pky ls 360 km dh nwjh r; djrh gSA ;fn ;g pky 5 km/h vfèkd
gksrh] rks og mlh ;k=kk esa 1 ?kaVk de le; ysrhA jsyxkM+h dh pky Kkr dhft,A
3
9. nks ikuh osQ uy ,d&lkFk ,d gkSt dks 9 ?kaVksa esa Hkj ldrs gSaA cM+s O;kl okyk uy gkSt
8
dks Hkjus esa] de O;kl okys uy ls 10 ?kaVs de le; ysrk gSA izR;sd }kjk vyx ls gkSt
dks Hkjus osQ le; Kkr dhft,A
10. eSlwj vkSj cSxayksj osQ chp osQ 132 km ;k=kk djus esa ,d ,Dlizsl jsyxkM+h] lokjh xkM+h ls
1 ?kaVk le; de ysrh gS (eè; osQ LVs'kuksa ij Bgjus dk le; è;ku esa u fy;k tk,)A ;fn
,Dlizl s jsyxkM+h dh vkSlr pky] lokjh xkM+h dh vkSlr pky ls 11km/h vf/d gks] rks nksuksa
jsyxkfM+;ksa dh vkSlr pky Kkr dhft,A
11. nks oxks± osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk ;ksx 468 m2 gSA ;fn muosQ ifjekiksa dk varj 24 m gks] rks nksuksa oxks±
dh Hkqtk,¡ Kkr dhft,A

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98 xf.kr
4.5 ewyksa dh izo`Qfr
fiNys vuqPNsn esa] vkius ns[kk gS fd lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy
– b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
b b2 − 4ac
}kjk ns; gksrs gSaA ;fn b2 – 4ac > 0 gS, rks ge nks fHkUu okLrfod ewy − +
2a 2a
b b2 − 4ac
vkSj − – izkIr djrs gSaA
2a 2a
b b b
;fn b2 – 4ac = 0 gS rks x = − ± 0, vFkkrZ~ x=− ;k – gSA
2a 2a 2a
−b
vr%] lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ nksuksa ewy gSaA
2a
blfy,] ge dgrs gSa fd bl fLFkfr esa f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ nks
cjkcj okLrfod ewy gSaA
;fn b2 – 4ac < 0 gS] rks ,slh dksbZ okLrfod la[;k ugha gS] ftldk oxZ b2 – 4ac gksA
vr% fn, gq, f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ bl fLFkfr esa dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gSaA
D;ksfa d b2 – 4ac ;g fuf'pr djrk gS fd f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy
okLrfod gSa vFkok ugha] b2 – 4ac dks bl f}?kkr lehdj.k dk fofoDrdj (Discriminant)
dgrs gSaA
vr%] f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ
(i) nks fHkUu okLrfod ewy gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 – 4ac > 0 gks
(ii) nks cjkcj okLrfod ewy gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 – 4ac = 0 gks
(iii) dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gksrk] ;fn b2 – 4ac < 0 gks
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 16 : f}?kkr lehdj.k 2x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 dk fofoDrdj Kkr dhft, vkSj fiQj
ewyksa dh izo`Qfr Kkr dhft,A
gy : fn;k x;k lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk gS] tgk¡ a = 2, b = – 4 vkSj c = 3
gSA blfy,] fofoDrdkj
b2 – 4ac = (– 4)2 – (4 × 2 × 3) = 16 – 24 = – 8 < 0 gSA
vr%] fn, x, lehdj.k osQ dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gSaA

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 99

mnkgj.k 17 : 13 ehVj O;kl okys ,d o`Ùkkdkj ikoZQ dh ifjlhek osQ ,d ¯cnq ij ,d

[kaHkk bl izdkj xkM+uk gS fd bl ikoZQ osQ ,d O;kl osQ nksuksa var fcanqvksa ij cus iQkVdksa
A vkSj B ls [kaaHks dh nwfj;ksa dk varj 7 ehVj gksA D;k ,slk djuk laHko gS\ ;fn gS] rks
nksuksa iQkVdksa ls fdruh nwfj;ksa ij [kaHkk xkM+uk gS\
gy : vkb, loZiFz ke ,d fp=k cuk,¡ (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 4-4)A
ekuk [kaHks dh vHkh"V fLFkfr P gSA ekuk [kaHks dh
iQkVd B ls nwjh x m gS vFkkZr~ BP = x m gSA vc [kaHks
dh nksuksa iQkVdksa dh nwfj;ksa dk varj = AP – BP
(;k BP – AP) = 7 m gSA blfy,] AP = (x + 7) m gksxkA
lkFk gh] AB = 13m gSA pw¡fd AB O;kl gS] blfy, vko`Qfr 4.4
∠APB = 90° (D;ksa\)
blfy, 2
AP + PB = AB 2 2
(ikbFkkxksjl izes; }kjk)
vFkkZr~ (x + 7)2 + x2 = 132
vFkkZr~ x2 + 14x + 49 + x2 = 169
vFkkZr~ 2x2 + 14x – 120 = 0
vr% [kaHks dh iQkVd B ls nwjh ‘x’ lehdj.k x2 + 7x – 60 = 0 dks larq"V djrh gSA
;g ns[kus osQ fy, fd ,slk laHko gS vFkok ugha] vkb, blosQ fofoDrdj ij fopkj djsaA
fofoDrdj gS%
b2 – 4ac = 72 – 4 × 1 × (– 60) = 289 > 0
vr%] fn, x, f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ nks okLrfod ewy gSa vkSj blhfy, [kaHks dks ikoZQ
dh ifjlhek ij xkM+k tk lduk laHko gSA
f}?kkr lehdj.k x2 + 7x – 60 = 0 dks f}?kkrh lw=k ls gy djus ij] ge ikrs gSa%
−7 ± 289 −7 ± 17
x= =
2 2
blfy,] x = 5 ;k – 12 gSA
pw¡fd x [kaHks vkSj iQkVd B osQ chp dh nwjh gS] ;g /ukRed gksuk pkfg,A blfy,]
x = – 12 dks NksM+ nsrs gSaA vr%] x = 5 gSA
bl izdkj] [kaHks dks ikoZQ dh ifjlhek ij iQkVd B ls 5m vkSj iQkVd A ls
132 − 5 2 = 12m dh nwjh ij xkM+uk gSA

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1
mnkgj.k 18 : lehdj.k 3x2 – 2x + = 0 dk fofoDrdj Kkr dhft, vkSj fiQj ewyksa dh
3
izo`Qfr Kkr dhft,A ;fn os okLrfod gS] rks mUgsa Kkr dhft,A
1
gy : ;gk¡ a = 3, b = – 2, c= gSA
3
1
blfy, fofoDrdj b2 – 4ac = (– 2)2 – 4 × 3 × = 4 – 4 = 0 gSA
3
vr% f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ nks cjkcj okLrfod ewy gSaA
−b , −b , 2, 2 1, 1
;s ewy vFkkZr ~ , vFkkZr ~ gSaA
2a 2a 6 6 3 3

iz'ukoyh 4.4
1. fuEu f}?kkr lehdj.kksa osQ ewyksa dh izo`Qfr Kkr dhft,A ;fn ewyksa dk vfLrRo gks rks mUgsa
Kkr dhft, %
(i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 (ii) 3x2 – 4 3 x + 4 = 0
(iii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
2. fuEu izR;sd f}?kkr lehdj.k esa k dk ,slk eku Kkr dhft, fd mlosQ nks cjkcj ewy gksaA
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0 (ii) kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0
3. D;k ,d ,slh vke dh cfx;k cukuk laHko gS ftldh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ ls nqxquh gks vkSj mldk
{ks=kiQy 800 m2 gks\ ;fn gS] rks mldh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr dhft,A
4. D;k fuEu fLFkfr laHko gS\ ;fn gS rks mudh orZeku vk;q Kkr dhft,A
nks fe=kksa dh vk;q dk ;ksx 20 o"kZ gSA pkj o"kZ iwoZ mudh vk;q (o"kks± es)a dk xq.kuiQy 48 FkkA
5. D;k ifjeki 80 m rFkk {ks=kiQy 400 m2 osQ ,d ikoZQ dks cukuk laHko gS\ ;fn gS] rks mldh
yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr dhft,A

4.6 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEu rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. pj x esa ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ izdkj dk gksrk gS, tgk¡ a, b, c okLrfod
la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj a ≠ 0 gSA
2. ,d okLrfod la[;k α f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 dk ,d ewy dgykrh gS] ;fn
aα2 + bα + c = 0 gksA f}?kkr cgqin ax2 + bx + c osQ 'kwU;d vkSj f}?kkr lehdj.k
ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy ,d gh gksrs gSaA

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f}?kkr lehdj.k 101

3. ;fn ge ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 osQ nks jSf[kd xq.kdksa esa xq.ku[kaM dj losaQ] rks f}?kkr lehdj.k
ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy] izR;sd xq.kd dks 'kwU; osQ cjkcj djosQ] izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
4. iw.kZ oxZ cukus dh fof/ ls Hkh fn, x, f}?kkr lehdj.k dks gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA

−b ± b 2 − 4 ac
5. f}?kkrh lw=k% f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 osQ ewy }kjk ns; gksrs gSa]
2a
;fn b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 gksA
6. ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 esa]
(i) nks fHkUu okLrfod ewy gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 – 4ac > 0 gksA
(ii) nks cjkcj ewy (vFkkZr~ laikrh okLrfod ewy) gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 – 4ac = 0 gks vkSj
(iii) dksbZ okLrfod ewy ugha gksrs gSa] ;fn b2 – 4ac < 0 gksA

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

'kkfCnd leL;kvks a dh fLFkfr es a ] iz k Ir gyks a dh tk¡ p leL;k os Q
va r xZ r cuh lehdj.kks a ls ugha ] vfirq ew y leL;k es fn, x, iz f rca è kks a
}kjk dh tkuh pkfg, (vè;k; 3 osQ mnkgj.kksa 11, 13, 19 rFkk vè;k; 4
osQ mnkgj.kks a 10, 11, 12 dks ns f [k,)A

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102 xf.kr

lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 5
5.1 Hkwfedk
vkius bl ij vo'; è;ku fn;k gksxk fd izo`Qfr esa] vusd oLrq,¡ ,d fuf'pr izfr:i
(pattern) dk vuqlj.k djrh gaS] tSls fd lwjteq[kh osQ iwQy dh ia[kqfM+;k¡] e/q&dks"k (;k
e/q&NÙks) esa fNnz] ,d HkqV~Vs ij nkus] ,d vuUukl vkSj ,d ikbu dksu (pine cone) ij
l£iy] bR;kfn
vc ge vius nSfud thou esa vkus okys izfr:iksa dh vksj ns[krs gSaA ,sls oqQN
mnkgj.k gSa %
(i) jhuk us ,d in osQ fy, vkosnu fd;k vkSj
mldk p;u gks x;kA mls ;g in ` 8000 osQ
ekfld osru vkSj ` 500 ok£"kd dh osru o`f¼ osQ
lkFk fn;k x;kA mldk osru (` esa) igys o"kZ]
nwljs o"kZ] rhljs o"kZ] bR;kfn osQ fy, Øe'k%
8000, 8500, 9000, . . . gksxkA
(ii) ,d lh<+h osQ MaMksa dh yackb;k¡ uhps ls Åij dh
vksj ,d leku :i ls 2 cm ?kVrh tkrh gSaA
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 5.1)A lcls uhps okyk MaMk
yackbZ esa 45 cm gSA uhps ls] igys] nwljs]
vko`Qfr 5.1
rhljs] - - - MaMksa dh yackb;k¡ (cm esa) Øe'k%
45, 43, 41, 39, 37, 35, 33 vkSj 31 gSaA
5
(iii) fdlh cpr ;kstuk esa] dksbZ /ujkf'k izR;sd 3 o"kks± osQ ckn Lo;a dh xquh gks tkrh
4

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 103

gSA `8000 osQ fuos'k dh 3, 6, 9 vkSj 12 o"kks± osQ ckn ifjiDork jkf'k;k¡ (#i;ksa esa)
Øe'k%
10000, 12500, 15625, vkSj 19531.25 gSAa
(iv) Hkqtkvksa 1, 2, 3, . . . ek=kdksa (units) okys oxks± esa ek=kd oxks± dh la[;k,¡ (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 5.2) Øe'k% 12, 22, 32, . . . gSaA

vko`Qfr 5.2
(v) 'kdhyk viuh iq=kh dh xqYyd esa ` 100 rc Mkyrh gS] tc og ,d o"kZ dh gks tkrh
gS rFkk izR;sd o"kZ blesa ` 50 dh o`f¼ djrh tkrh gSA mlosQ igys] nwljs] rhljs]
pkSFks] --- tUe fnolksa ij mldh xqYyd esa Mkyh xbZ jkf'k;k¡ (#i;ksa esa) Øe'k%
100, 150, 200, 250, . . . gksaxhA
(vi) [kjxks'kksa dk ,d ;qXe vius igys eghus esa iztuu djus osQ ;ksX; ugha gSA nwljs vkSj
izR;sd vkus okys eghus esa os ,d u, ;qXe dk iztuu djrs gSaA izR;sd u;k ;qXe
vius nwljs eghus vkSj izR;sd vkus okys eghus esa ,d u, ;qXe dk iztuu djrk
gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 5.3)A ;g ekurs gq, fd fdlh [kjxks'k dh e`R;q ugha gksrh gS]
igys] nwljs] rhljs] - - -] NBs eghus osQ izkjaHk esa [kjxks'kksa osQ ;qXeksa dh la[;k Øe'k%
1, 1, 2, 3, 5 vkSj 8 gksxhA

vko`Qfr 5.3

2018-19
104 xf.kr
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa esa] ge oqQN izfr:i ns[krs gSaA oqQN esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd
mÙkjksÙkj in vius ls igys in esa ,d fLFkj la[;k tksM+us ls izkIr gksrs gSa_ oqQN esa
;s in vius ls igys in dks ,d fuf'pr la[;k ls xq.kk djosQ izkIr gksrs gSa rFkk oqQN
vU; esa ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd ;s Øekxr la[;kvksa osQ oxZ gSa] bR;kfnA
bl vè;k; esa] ge buesa ls ,d izfr:i dk vè;;u djsaxs ftlesa mÙkjksÙkj in
vius ls igys inksa esa ,d fuf'pr la[;k tksM+us ij izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs
fd buosQ nosa in vkSj n Øekxr inksa osQ ;ksx fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSa rFkk bl Kku
dk iz;ksx oqQN nSfud thou dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa djsaxsA
5.2 lekarj Jsf<+;k¡
la[;kvksa dh fuEufyf[kr lwfp;ksa (lists) ij fopkj dhft,%
(i) 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
(ii) 100, 70, 40, 10, . . .
(iii) – 3, –2, –1, 0, . . .
(iv) 3, 3, 3, 3, . . .
(v) –1.0, –1.5, –2.0, –2.5, . . .
lwph dh izR;sd la[;k ,d in (term) dgykrk gSA
mijksDr lwfp;ksa esa ls izR;sd lwph esa] ;fn vkidks ,d in fn;k gks] rks D;k vki
mldk vxyk in fy[k ldrs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks vki ,slk oSQls djsaxs\ 'kk;n] fdlh
izfr:i ;k fu;e dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,] vki ,slk djsaxsA vkb,] mijksDr lwfp;ksa dks ns[ksa
vkSj buesa lac¼ fu;e dks fy[ksaA
(i) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in ls 1 vf/d gSA
(ii) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in ls 30 de gSA
(iii) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in esa 1 tksM+us ls izkIr gksrk gSA
(iv) esa lHkh in 3 gSa] vFkkZr~ izR;sd in vius fiNys in esa 'kwU; tksM+dj (;k mlesa
ls 'kwU; ?kVk dj izkIr gksrk gSA)
(v) esa izR;sd in vius fiNys in esa – 0.5 tksM+dj (vFkkZr~ mlesa ls 0.5 ?kVkdj)
izkIr gksrk gSA
mijksDr lwfp;ksa esa ls izR;sd esa ge ns[krs gSa fd mÙkjksÙkj inksa dks buls igys inksa

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 105

esa ,d fuf'pr la[;k tksM+dj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA la[;kvksa dh ,slh lwph dks ;g dgk
tkrk gS fd os ,d lekarj Js<+h (Arithmetic Progression ;k A.P.) cuk jgs gSaA
vr%] ,d lekarj Js<+h la[;kvksa dh ,d ,slh lwph gS ftlesa izR;sd in
(igys in osQ vfrfjDr) vius in esa ,d fuf'pr la[;k tksM+us ij izkIr gksrk
gSA
;g fuf'pr la[;k A.P. dk lkoZ varj (common difference) dgykrh gSA ;kn
jf[k,] ;g lkoZ varj /ukRed] ½.kkRed ;k 'kwU; gks ldrk gSA
vkb, ,d A.P. osQ igys in dks a1 nwljs in dks a2, . . ., nosa in dks an rFkk lkoZ
varj dks d ls O;Dr djsaA rc] A.P., a1, a2, a3, . . ., an gks tkrh gSA
vr% a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = . . . = an – an – 1 = d gSA
A.P. osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(a) fdlh LowQy dh izkr%dkyhu lHkk esa ,d iafDr esa [kM+s gq, oqQN fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
Å¡pkb;k¡ ( cm esa ) 147 , 148, 149, . . ., 157 gSaA
(b) fdlh 'kgj esa] tuojh ekl esa fdlh lIrkg esa fy, x, U;wure rkieku (fMxzh
lsfYl;l esa) vkjksgh Øe esa fy[kus ij
– 3.1, – 3.0, – 2.9, – 2.8, – 2.7, – 2.6, – 2.5 gSaA
(c) ` 1000 osQ ,d ½.k esa ls izR;sd ekl 5% ½.k dh jkf'k okfil djus ij 'ks"k
jkf'k;k¡ (` esa) 950] 900] 850] 800] . . ., 50 gSaA
(d) fdlh LowQy }kjk d{kkvksa I ls XII rd osQ lokZf/d vad ikus okys fo|k£Fk;ksa dks
fn, tkus okys udn iqjLdkj (` esa) Øe'k% 200, 250, 300, 350, . . ., 750 gSaA
(e) tc izfr ekl ` 50 dh cpr dh tkrh gS] rks 10 ekl osQ fy,] izR;sd ekl osQ
var esa oqQy cpr dh jkf'k;k¡ (` es)a 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 vkSj
500 gSaA
;g vkiosQ vH;kl osQ fy, NksM+k tk jgk gS fd vki Li"V djsa fd mijksDr esa
izR;sd lwph ,d A.P. D;ksa gSA
vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . .
,d lekarj Js<+h dks fu:fir djrh gS] tgk¡ a igyk in gS vkSj d lkoZ varj gSA bls A.P.
dk O;kid :i (general form) dgrs gSaA

2018-19
106 xf.kr
è;ku nhft, fd mijksDr mnkgj.kksa (a) ls (e) esa] inksa dh la[;k ifjfer (finite) gSA
,slh A.P. dks ,d ifjfer A.P. dgrs gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd buesa ls izR;sd
A.P. dk ,d vafre in (last term) gSA blh vuqPNsn osQ mnkgj.kksa (i) ls (v) esa nh gqbZ
A.P. ifjfer A.P. ugha gSaA ;s vifjfer A.P. (Infinite Arithmetic Progressions)
dgykrh gSA ,slh A.P. esa vafre in ugha gksrsA
vc ,d A.P. osQ ckjs esa tkuus osQ fy, vkidks U;wure fdl lwpuk dh vko';drk
gksrh gS\ D;k blosQ izFke in dh tkudkjh i;kZIr gS\ ;k D;k blosQ osQoy lkoZ varj
dh tkudkjh i;kZIr gS\ vki ik,¡xs fd vkidks bu nksuksa vFkkZr~ izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj
d dh tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn izFke in a = 6 gS vkSj lkoZ varj d = 3 gS rks
6, 9,12, 15, . . . A.P. gSA
rFkk ;fn a = 6 gS vkSj d = – 3 gS rks
6, 3, 0, –3, . . . A.P. gSA
blh izdkj] tc
a = – 7, d = – 2, rks – 7, – 9, – 11, – 13, . . . A.P. gSA
a = 1.0, d = 0.1, rks 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, . . . A.P. gSA

1 1 1
a = 0, d=1 , rks 0, 1
2
, 3, 4 , 6, . . . A.P. gSA
2
2
a = 2, d = 0, rks 2, 2, 2, 2, . . . A.P. gSA
vr% ;fn vkidks a vkSj d Kkr gksa rks A.P. fy[k ldrs gSaA bldh foijhr izfØ;k
osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\ vFkkZr~ ;fn vkidks la[;kvksa dh ,d lwph nh gqbZ
gS] rks D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ,d A.P. gS vkSj fiQj blosQ a vkSj d Kkr dj
ldrs gSa\ D;ksafd a izFke in gS] blfy, bls ljyrk ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ge tkurs
gSa fd ,d A.P. esa] izR;sd mÙkjksÙkj in vius ls igys in esa d tksM+dj izkIr gksrk gSA
vr%] ,d A.P. osQ fy,] mlosQ izR;sd in dks mlls vxys in esa ls ?kVkus ls izkIr d
lHkh inksa osQ fy, ,d gh gksxkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] la[;kvksa dh lwph
6, 9, 12, 15, . . .
osQ fy, gesa izkIr gS% a2 – a1 = 9 – 6 = 3
a3 – a2 = 12 – 9 = 3
a4 – a3 = 15 – 12 = 3

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 107

;gk¡] izR;sd fLFkfr esa] fdUgha nks Øekxr inksa dk varj 3 gSA vr%] la[;kvksa dh
mijksDr nh gqbZ ppkZ lwph ,d A.P. gS] ftldk izFke in a= 6 gS rFkk lkoZ varj d= 3
gSA
la[;kvksa dh lwph : 6, 3, 0, – 3, . . . osQ fy,
a2 – a1 = 3 – 6 = – 3
a3 – a2 = 0 – 3 = – 3
a4 – a3 = –3 – 0 = –3
vr% ;g Hkh ,d A.P. gS ftldk izFke in 6 gS vkSj lkoZ varj –3 gSA
O;kid :i esa] A.P. a1, a2, . . ., an osQ fy,]
d = ak + 1 – ak
tgk¡ ak + 1 vkSj ak Øe'k% ( k + 1 )osa vkSj kosa in gSaA
,d nh gqbZ A.P. dk d Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3, . . . esa ls
lHkh dks Kkr djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d dk Kkr djuk gh i;kZIr
gSA
la[;kvksa dh lwph 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, . . . ij fopkj dhft,A osQoy ns[kus ls gh ;g irk
py tkrk gS fd fdUgha nks Øekxr inksa dk varj lnSo leku ugha gSA vr% ;g ,d A.P.
ugha gSA
è;ku nhft, fd A.P. : 6, 3, 0, – 3, . . . dk d Kkr djus osQ fy,] geus 3 esa ls 6 dks
?kVk;k Fkk] 6 esa ls 3 dks ugha ?kVk;k FkkA vFkkZr~ d Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa (k + 1) osa in
eas ls] k osa in dks gh ?kVkuk pkfg,] pkgs (k + 1) ok¡ in NksVk gh D;ksa u gksA
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls bu vo/kj.kkvksa dks vkSj vf/d Li"V djsaA

3 1 1 3
mnkgj.k 1 : A.P. : , , – , – , . . ., osQ fy, izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d fyf[k,A
2 2 2 2

3 1 3
gy : ;gk¡ a= ,d= – = – 1 gSA
2 2 2
;kn jf[k, fd ;fn gesa ;g Kkr gks tk, fd la[;k,¡ A.P. esa gSa] rks ge fdUgha Hkh nks
Øekxr inksa dk iz;ksx djosQ d Kkr dj ldrs gSaA

2018-19
108 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 2 : la[;kvksa dh fuEufyf[kr lwfp;ksa esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls A.P. ugha gaS\ ;fn buls
dksbZ A.P. gS rks mlosQ vxys nks in fyf[k,A
(i) 4, 10, 16, 22, . . . (ii) 1, – 1, – 3, – 5, . . .
(iii) – 2, 2, – 2, 2, – 2, . . . (iv) 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, . . .
gy : (i) a2 – a1 = 10 – 4 = 6
a3 – a2 = 16 – 10 = 6
a4 – a3 = 22 – 16 = 6
vFkkZr~] izR;sd ckj ak + 1 – ak ,d gh gSA
vr%] nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh lwph ,d A.P. gS ftldk lkoZ varj d=6 gSA
blosQ vxys nks in 22 + 6 = 28 vkSj 28 + 6 = 34 gSaA
(ii) a2 – a1 = – 1 – 1 = – 2
a3 – a2 = – 3 – ( –1 ) = – 3 + 1 = – 2
a4 – a3 = – 5 – ( –3 ) = – 5 + 3 = – 2
vFkkZr~] izR;sd ckj ak + 1 – ak ,d gh gSA
vr%] la[;kvksa dh nh gqbZ lwph ,d A.P. gS ftldk lkoZ varj d = – 2 gSA
blosQ vxys nks in
– 5 + (– 2 ) = – 7 vkSj – 7 + (– 2 ) = – 9 gSaA
(iii) a2 – a1 = 2 – (– 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
a3 – a2 = – 2 – 2 = – 4
pw¡fd a2 – a1 ≠ a3 – a2 gSa] blfy, nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh lwph ls ,d A.P. ugha gSA
(iv) a2 – a1 = 1 – 1 = 0, a3 – a2 = 1 – 1 = 0, a4 – a3 = 2 – 1 = 1
;gk¡] a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 ≠ a4 – a3 gSA
vr%] nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh lwph ls ,d A.P. ugha gSA

iz'ukoyh 5.1
1. fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdu fLFkfr;ksa esa lac¼ la[;kvksa dh lwph A.P. gS vkSj D;ksa\
(i) izR;sd fdyks ehVj osQ ckn dk VSDlh dk fdjk;k] tcfd izFke fdyks ehVj osQ fy,
fdjk;k ` 15 gS vkSj izR;sd vfrfjDr fdyks ehVj osQ fy, fdjk;k ` 8 gSA

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 109

(ii) fdlh csyu (cylinder) esa mifLFkr gok dh ek=kk] tcfd ok;q fudkyus okyk iai
1
izR;sd ckj csyu dh 'ks"k gok dk Hkkx ckgj fudky nsrk gSA
4
(iii) izR;sd ehVj dh [kqnkbZ osQ ckn] ,d oq¡Qvk [kksnus esa vkbZ ykxr] tcfd izFke ehVj
[kqnkbZ dh ykxr ` 150 gS vkSj ckn esa izR;sd ehVj [kqnkbZ dh ykxr ` 50 c<+rh tkrh
gSA
(iv) [kkrs esa izR;sd o"kZ dk feJ/u] tcfd ` 10000 dh jkf'k 8 % ok£"kd dh nj ls
pØo`f¼ C;kt ij tek dh tkrh gSA
2. nh gqbZ A.P. osQ izFke pkj in fyf[k,] tcfd izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d fuEufyf[kr gSa%
(i) a = 10, d = 10 (ii) a = –2, d = 0

1
(iii) a = 4, d=–3 (iv) a = – 1, d =
2
(v) a = – 1.25, d = – 0.25
3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd A.P. osQ fy, izFke in rFkk lkoZ varj fyf[k, %
(i) 3, 1, – 1, – 3, . . . (ii) – 5, – 1, 3, 7, . . .

1 , 5 , 9 , 13 ,
(iii) ... (iv) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, . . .
3 3 3 3

4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&dkSu A.P. gSa\ ;fn dksbZ A.P. gS] rks bldk lkoZ varj Kkr dhft,
vkSj buosQ rhu vkSj in fyf[k,A
5
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16, . . . (ii) 2, , 3, 7 , . . .
2 2
(iii) – 1.2, – 3.2, – 5.2, – 7.2, . . . (iv) – 10, – 6, – 2, 2, . . .

(v) 3, 3 + 2 , 3 + 2 2 , 3 + 3 2, ... (vi) 0.2, 0.22, 0.222, 0.2222, . . .

1 1 1 1
(vii) 0, – 4, – 8, –12, . . . (viii) – ,– ,– ,– ,...
2 2 2 2
(ix) 1, 3, 9, 27, . . . (x) a, 2a, 3a, 4a, . . .

(xi) a, a2, a3, a4, . . . (xii) 2, 8, 18 , 32, . . .

(xiii) 3, 6, 9 , 12 , . . . (xiv) 12, 32, 52, 72, . . .

(xv) 12, 52, 72, 73, . . .

2018-19
110 xf.kr
5.3 A.P. dk nok¡ in
vkb, vuqPNsn 5.1 esa nh gqbZ ml fLFkfr ij iqu% fopkj djsa ftlesa jhuk us ,d in osQ
fy, vkosnu fd;k Fkk vkSj og pqu yh xbZ FkhA mls ;g in ` 8000 osQ ekfld osru vkSj
` 500 ok£"kd dh osru o`f¼ osQ lkFk fn;k x;k FkkA ik¡posa o"kZ esa mldk ekfld osru
D;k gksxk\
bldk mÙkj nsus osQ fy,] vkb, ns[ksa fd mldk ekfld osru nwljs o"kZ esa D;k gksxkA
;g (` 8000 + ` 500) = ` 8500 gksxkA blh izdkj] ge rhljs] pkSFks vkSj ik¡posa o"kks± osQ
fy,] mlosQ ekfld osru] fiNys o"kZ osQ osru esa ` 500 tksM+ dj Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
vr%] mldk rhljs o"kZ dk osru = ` (8500 + 500)
= ` (8000 + 500 + 500)
= ` (8000 + 2 × 500)
= ` [8000 + (3 – 1) × 500] (rhljs o"kZ osQ fy,)
= ` 9000
pkSFks o"kZ dk osru = ` (9000 + 500)
= ` (8000 + 500 + 500 + 500)
= ` (8000 + 3 × 500)
= ` [8000 + (4 – 1) × 500] (pkSFks o"kZ osQ fy,)
= ` 9500
ik¡posa o"kZ dk osru = ` (9500 + 500)
= ` (8000+500+500+500 + 500)
= ` (8000 + 4 × 500)
= ` [8000 + (5 – 1) × 500] (ik¡posa o"kZ osQ fy,)
= ` 10000
è;ku nhft, fd ;gk¡ gesa la[;kvksa dh fuEufyf[kr lwph fey jgh gS %
8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, . . .
;s la[;k,¡ ,d A.P. cuk jgh gSaA (D;ksa\)

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 111

vc Åij cuus okys izfr:i dks ns[kdj D;k vki mldk NBs o"kZ dk ekfld osru
Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ D;k 15osa o"kZ dk ekfld osru Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ lkFk gh] ;g ekurs
gq, fd og bl in ij vkxs Hkh dk;Z djrh jgsxh] 25osa o"kZ osQ fy, mlosQ ekfld osru
osQ fo"k; esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\ bldk mÙkj nsus osQ fy,] vki fiNys o"kZ osQ osru
esa ` 500 tksM+dj okafNr osru ifjdfyr djsaxsA D;k vki bl izfØ;k dks oqQN laf{kIr
dj ldrs gSa\ vkb,] ns[ksaA ftl izdkj geus bu osruksa dks Åij izkIr fd;k gS] muls
vkidks oqQN vkHkkl rks yx x;k gksxkA
15osa o"kZ osQ fy, osru
= 14osa o"kZ osQ fy, osru + ` 500

 500 + 500 

 . + 500 
+ 500 + . .
= ` 8000 +
13 ckj  + ` 500
 
= ` [8000 + 14 × 500]
= ` [8000 + (15 – 1) × 500] = ` 15000

vFkkZr~ izFke osru + (15 – 1) × ok£"kd osru o`f¼

blh izdkj 25osa lky esa mldk osru gksxk %
` [8000 + (25 – 1) × 500] = ` 20000

= izFke
osru + (25 – 1) × ok£"kd osru o`f¼
bl mnkgj.k ls] vkidks oqQN vkHkkl rks vo'; gks x;k gksxk fd ,d A.P. osQ 15osa
in] 25osa in vkSj O;kid :i esa] nosa in dks fdl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
eku yhft, a1, a2, a3, ... ,d A.P. gS] ftldk izFke in a gS vkSj lkoZ varj d gSA
rc
nwljk in a2 = a + d = a + (2 – 1) d
rhljk in a3 = a2 + d = (a + d) + d = a + 2d = a + (3 – 1) d
pkSFkk in a4 = a3 + d = (a + 2d) + d = a + 3d = a + (4 – 1) d
........
........

2018-19
112 xf.kr
bl izfr:i dks ns[krs gq,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd nok¡ in an = a + (n – 1) d gSA
vr%] iz F ke in a vkS j lkoZ va r j d okyh ,d A.P. dk nok¡ in
an = a + (n – 1) d }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA
an dks A.P. dk O;kid in (general term) Hkh dgrs gSaA ;fn fdlh A.P. esa m
in gSa] rks am blosQ vafre in dks fu:fir djrk gS] ftls dHkh&dHkh l }kjk Hkh
O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
vkb, vc oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 3 : A.P. : 2, 7, 12, . . . dk 10ok¡ in Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡ a = 2, d=7–2=5 vkSj n = 10 gSA
pw¡fd an = a + (n – 1) d gS] blfy,
a10 = 2 + (10 – 1) × 5 = 2 + 45 = 47
vr% nh gqbZ A.P. dk 10ok¡ in 47 gSA
mnkgj.k 4 : A.P. : 21, 18, 15, . . . dk dkSu&lk in – 81 gS\ lkFk gh D;k bl A.P. dk
dksbZ in 'kwU; gS\ ldkj.k mÙkj nhft,A
gy : ;gk¡] a = 21, d = 18 – 21 = – 3 vkSj an = – 81 gSA gesa n Kkr djuk gSA
pw¡fd an = a + ( n – 1) d,
vr% – 81 = 21 + (n – 1)(– 3)
;k – 81 = 24 – 3n
;k – 105 = – 3n
vr% n = 35
blfy, nh gqbZ A.P. dk 35ok¡ in – 81 gSA
vkxs] ge ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd D;k dksbZ n ,slk gS fd an = 0 gksA ;fn ,slk dksbZ n
gS rks
21 + (n – 1) (–3) = 0,
vFkkZr~ 3(n – 1) = 21

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lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 113

;k n= 8
vr%] 8ok¡ in 0 gSA
mnkgj.k 5 : og A.P. fu/kZfjr dhft, ftldk rhljk in 5 vkSj 7ok¡ in 9 gSA
gy : gesa izkIr gS
a3 = a + (3 – 1) d = a + 2d = 5 (1)
vkSj a7 = a + (7 – 1) d = a + 6d = 9 (2)
lehdj.kksa (1) vkSj (2) osQ ;qXe dks gy djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
a = 3, d = 1
vr% okafNr A.P. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . . . gSA

mnkgj.k 6 : D;k la[;kvksa dh lwph 5, 11, 17, 23, . . . dk dksbZ in 301 gS\ D;ksa\
gy : gesa izkIr gS %
a2 – a1 = 11 – 5 = 6, a3 – a2 = 17 – 11 = 6, a4 – a3 = 23 – 17 = 6
pw¡fd k = 1, 2, 3, vkfn osQ fy,] ak + 1 – ak ,d leku la[;k gksrh gS] blfy, nh gqbZ lwph
,d A.P. gSA
;gk¡ a = 5 vkSj d = 6
eku yhft, bl A.P. dk nok¡ in 301 gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd
an = a + (n – 1) d
blfy, 301 = 5 + (n – 1) × 6
vFkkZr~ 301 = 6n – 1
302 151
vr% n= =
6 3
ijarq n ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d gksuk pkfg, (D;ksa\)A vr%] 301 la[;kvksa dh nh gqbZ lwph
dk in ugha gSA
mnkgj.k 7 : nks vadksa okyh fdruh la[;k,¡ 3 ls foHkkT; gSa\
gy : 3 ls foHkkT; gksus okyh nks vadksa dh la[;kvksa dh lwph gS %
12, 15, 18, . . . , 99

2018-19
114 xf.kr
D;k ;g ,d A.P. gS\ gk¡] ;g gSA ;gk¡ a = 12, d = 3 vkSj an = 99 gSA
pw¡fd an = a + (n – 1) d,
blfy, 99 = 12 + (n – 1) × 3
vFkkZr~ 87 = (n – 1) × 3
87
vFkkZr~ n–1= = 29
3
vFkkZr~ n = 29 + 1 = 30
vr%] 3 ls foHkkT; nks vadksa okyh 30 la[;k,¡ gSaA
mnkgj.k 8 : A.P. : 10, 7, 4, . . ., – 62 dk vafre in ls (izFke in dh vksj) 11ok¡ in
Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡] a = 10, d = 7 – 10 = – 3, l = – 62,
tgk¡ l = a + (n – 1) d
vafre in ls 11ok¡ in Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge bl AP osQ oqQy inksa dh la[;k
Kkr djsaxsA
vr% – 62 = 10 + (n – 1)(–3)
;k – 72 = (n – 1)(–3)
vFkkZr~ n – 1 = 24
;k n = 25
vr%] nh gqbZ A.P. esa 25 in gSaA
vafre in ls 11ok¡ in AP dk 15ok¡ in gksxkA (è;ku nhft, fd ;g 14ok¡ in
ugha gksxkA D;ksa\)
vr%] a15 = 10 + (15 – 1)(–3) = 10 – 42 = – 32
blfy,] vafre in ls 11ok¡ in – 32 gSA
oSdfYid gy%
;fn ge A.P. dks foijhr vksj ls ns[kas] rks bldk izFke in a = – 62 gS vkSj lkoZ
varj d = 3 gSA (D;ksa\)

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lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 115

vc] iz'u ;g cu tkrk gS fd bl AP dk 11ok¡ in Kkr fd;k tk,A

vr% a11 = – 62 + (11 – 1) × 3 = – 62 + 30 = – 32
vr% vafre in ls 11ok¡ okafNr in – 32 gSA
mnkgj.k 9 : ` 1000 dh ,d /ujkf'k 8% ok£"kd lk/kj.k C;kt ij fuos'k dh tkrh gSA
izR;sd o"kZ osQ var esa C;kt ifjdfyr dhft,A D;k ;s C;kt ,d A.P. cukrs gSa\ ;fn
,slk gS] rks bl rF; dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 30 o"kks± osQ var esa C;kt ifjdfyr dhft,A
gy : ge tkurs gSa fd lk/kj.k C;kt ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, lw=k fuEufyf[kr gS%
P× R × T
lk/kj.k C;kt =
100

1000 × 8 ×1
vr%] izFke o"kZ osQ var esa C;kt = ` = ` 80
100

1000 × 8 × 2
nwljs o"kZ osQ var esa C;kt = ` = ` 160
100

1000 × 8 × 3
rhljs o"kZ osQ var esa C;kt = ` = ` 240
100

blh izdkj] ge pkSFks] ik¡posa] bR;kfn o"kks± osQ var esa C;kt ifjdfyr dj ldrs gSaA
vr%] igys] nwljs] rhljs] --- o"kks± osQ var esa C;kt (` esa) Øe'k% gSa %
80, 160, 240, . . .
;g ,d A.P. gS] D;ksafd fdUgha nks Øekxr inksa dk varj 80 gS] vFkkZr~
d = 80 gSA lkFk gh] blesa a = 80 gSA

vr%] 30 o"kks± osQ var esa C;kt Kkr djus osQ fy, ge a30 Kkr djssaxsA
vc a30 = a + (30 – 1) d = 80 + 29 × 80 = 2400

vr% 30 o"kks± osQ var esa C;kt ` 2400 gksxkA

mnkgj.k 10 : iwQyksa dh ,d D;kjh dh igyh iafDr esa 23 xqykc osQ ikS/s gSa] nwljh iafDr
esa 21 xqykc osQ ikS/s gSa] rhljh iafDr esa 19 xqykc osQ ikS/s gSa] bR;kfnA mldh vafre
iafDr esa 5 xqykc osQ ikS/s gSaA bl D;kjh esa oqQy fdruh iafDr;k¡ gSa\

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116 xf.kr
gy : igyh] nwljh] rhljh] --- iafDr;ksa esa xqykc osQ ikS/ksa dh la[;k,¡ Øe'k% fuEufyf[kr
gSa%
23, 21, 19, . . ., 5
;s ,d A.P. cukrh gSa (D;ksa\)A eku yhft, iafDr;ksa dh la[;k n gSA
rc a = 23, d = 21 – 23 = – 2 vkSj an = 5 gSA
pw¡fd an = a + (n – 1) d
blfy,
5 = 23 + (n – 1)(– 2)
vFkkZr~ – 18 = (n – 1)(– 2)
;k n = 10
vr% iwQyksa dh D;kjh esa 10 iafDr;ka¡ gSaA

iz'ukoyh 5.2
1. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh esa] fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,] tgk¡ AP dk izFke in a, lkoZ varj d vkSj
nok¡ in an gS%

a d n an
(i) 7 3 8 ...
(ii) – 18 ... 10 0
(iii) ... –3 18 –5
(iv) – 18.9 2.5 ... 3.6
(v) 3.5 0 105 ...

2. fuEufyf[kr esa lgh mÙkj pqfu, vkSj mldk vkSfpR; nhft,%

(i) A.P.: 10, 7, 4, . . . , dk 30ok¡ in gS%
(A) 97 (B) 77 (C) –77 (D) – 87
1
(ii) A.P.: – 3, − , 2, . . ., dk 11ok¡ in gS%
2
1
(A) 28 (B) 22 (C) –38 (D) – 48
2

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lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 117

3. fuEufyf[kr lekarj Jsf<+;ksa esa] fjDr [kkuksa (boxes) osQ inksa dks Kkr dhft, %
(i) 2, , 26

(ii) , 13, , 3

1
(iii) 5, , , 9
2

(iv) – 4, , , , , 6

(v) , 38, , , , – 22

4. A.P. : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . dk dkSu lk in 78 gS\

5. fuEufyf[kr lekarj Jsf<+;ksa esa ls izR;sd Js<+h esa fdrus in gSa\
1
(i) 7, 13, 19, . . . , 205 (ii) 18, 15 , 13, . . . , – 47
2
6. D;k A.P., 11, 8, 5, 2 . . . dk ,d in – 150 gS\ D;ksa\
7. ml A.P. dk 31ok¡ in Kkr dhft,] ftldk 11ok¡ in 38 gS vkSj 16ok¡ in 73 gSA
8. ,d A.P. esa 50 in gSa] ftldk rhljk in 12 gS vkSj vafre in 106 gSA bldk 29ok¡ in
Kkr dhft,A
9. ;fn fdlh A.P. osQ rhljs vkSj ukSosa in Øe'k% 4 vkSj &8 gSa] rks bldk dkSu&lk in 'kwU;
gksxk\
10. fdlh A.P. dk 17ok¡ in mlosQ 10osa in ls 7 vf/d gSA bldk lkoZ varj Kkr dhft,A
11. A.P. : 3, 15, 27, 39, ... dk dkSu&lk in mlosQ 54osa in ls 132 vf/d gksxk\
12. nks lekarj Jsf<+;ksa dk lkoZ varj leku gSA ;fn buosQ 100osa inksa dk varj 100 gS] rks buosQ
1000osa inksa dk varj D;k gksxk\
13. rhu vadksa okyh fdruh la[;k,¡ 7 ls foHkkT; gSa\
14. 10 vkSj 250 osQ chp esa 4 osQ fdrus xq.kt gSa\
15. n osQ fdl eku osQ fy,] nksuksa lekarj Jsf<+;ksa 63, 65, 67, ... vkSj 3, 10, 17, . . . osQ nosa in cjkcj
gksxa \s
16. og A.P. Kkr dhft, ftldk rhljk in 16 gS vkSj 7ok¡ in 5osa in ls 12 vf/d gSA
17. A.P. : 3, 8, 13, ..., 253 esa vafre in ls 20ok¡ in Kkr dhft,A

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118 xf.kr
18. fdlh A.P. osQ pkSFks vkSj 8osa inksa dk ;ksx 24 gS rFkk NBs vkSj 10osa inksa dk ;ksx 44 gSA
bl A.P. osQ izFke rhu in Kkr dhft,A
19. lqCck jko us 1995 esa ` 5000 osQ ekfld osru in dk;Z vkjaHk fd;k vkSj izR;ssd o"kZ
` 200 dh osru o`f¼ izkIr dhA fdl o"kZ esa mldk osru ` 7000 gks x;k\
20. jkedyh us fdlh o"kZ osQ izFke lIrkg esa ` 50 dh cpr dh vkSj fiQj viuh lkIrkfgd
cpr ` 17-5 c<+krh xbZA ;fn nosa lIrkg esa mldh lkIrkfgd cpr ` 207-50 gks tkrh
gS] rks n Kkr dhft,A

5.4 A.P. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx

vkb, vuqPNsn 5-1 esa nh gqbZ fLFkfr
ij iqu% fopkj djsa] ftlesa 'kdhyk
viuh iq=kh dh xqYyd esa] mlosQ 1
o"kZ dh gks tkus ij ` 100 Mkyrh gS]
mlosQ nwljs tUe fnol ij ` 150]
rhljs tUe fnol ij ` 200 Mkyrh
gS vkSj ,slk vkxs tkjh j[krh gSA tc
mldh iq=kh 21 o"kZ dh gks tk,xh] rks
mldh xqYyd esa fdruh /ujkf'k
,df=kr gks tk,xh\
;gk¡] mlosQ izFke] nwljs] rhljs] pkSFks] --- tUe fnolksa ij] mldh xqYyd esa Mkyh
xbZ jkf'k;k¡ (` esa) Øe'k% 100, 150, 200, 250, ... gSa rFkk ;gh Øe mlosQ 21osa
tUe fnol rd pyrk jgkA 21osa tUe fnol rd ,df=kr gqbZ oqQy /ujkf'k Kkr djus
osQ fy,] gesa mijksDr lwph dh la[;kvksa dks tksM+us dh vko';drk gSA D;k vki ;g ugha
lksprs fd ;g ,d tfVy izfØ;k gksxh vkSj blesa le; Hkh vf/d yxsxk\ D;k ge bl
izfØ;k dks laf{kIr cuk ldrs gSa\ ;g rHkh laHko gksxk] tc ge bldk ;ksx fudkyus dh
dksbZ fof/ Kkr dj ysaA vkb, ns[ksaA
ge xkWl (ftlosQ ckjs esa vki vè;k; 1 esa i<+ pqosQ gSa) dks nh xbZ leL;k ij
fopkj djrs gSa] tks mls gy djus osQ fy, ml le; nh xbZ Fkh] tc og osQoy 10 o"kZ
dk FkkA mlls 1 ls 100 rd osQ /u iw.kk±dksa dk ;ksx Kkr djus dks dgk x;kA mlus
rqjar mÙkj fn;k fd ;ksx 5050 gSA D;k vki vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd mlus ,slk oSQls
fd;k Fkk\ mlus bl izdkj fy[kk%

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 119

S = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 99 + 100
fiQj] mlus mYVs Øe la[;kvksa dks bl izdkj fy[kk%
S = 100 + 99 + . . . + 3 + 2 + 1
mijksDr dks tksM+us ij mlus izkIr fd;k%
2S = (100 + 1) + (99 + 2) + . . . + (3 + 98) + (2 + 99) + (1 + 100)
= 101 + 101 + . . . + 101 + 101 (100 ckj )
100 × 101
vr% S= = 5050 , vFkkZr~ ;ksx = 5050
2
vc] ge blh rduhd dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] ,d A.P. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx Kkr
djsaxsA eku yhft, ;g A.P. gS %
a, a + d, a + 2d, . . .
bl A.P. dk nok¡ in a + (n – 1) d gSA ekuk S bl A.P. osQ izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx dks
O;Dr djrk gSA rc
S = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ... + [a + (n – 1) d] (1)
inksa dks foijhr Øe esa fy[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
S = [a + (n – 1) d] + [a + (n – 2) d] + ... + (a + d) + a (2)
vc] (1) vkSj (2) dks inksa osQ vuqlkj tksM+us ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
[2 a + ( n − 1) d ] + [2 a + ( n − 1) d ] +  + [2 a + ( n − 1) d ] + [2 a + ( n − 1) d ]
2S =



n ckj

;k 2S = n [2a + (n – 1) d] (pw¡fd blesa n in gSa)

n
;k S= [2a + (n – 1) d ]
2
vr% fdlh A.P. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx S fuEufyf[kr lw=k ls izkIr gksrk gS%
n
S= [2a + (n – 1) d]
2
ge bls bl :i esa Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa
n
S= [a + a + (n – 1) d]
2

2018-19
120 xf.kr

n
vFkkZr~ S= (a + an) (3)
2
vc] ;fn fdlh A.P. esa osQoy n gh in ga]S rks an vafre in l osQ cjkcj gksxkA
vr% (3) ls ge ns[krs gSa fd
n
S= (a + l) (4)
2

ifj.kke dk ;g :i ml fLFkfr esa mi;ksxh gS] tc A.P. osQ izFke vkSj vafre in
fn, gksa rFkk lkoZ varj ugha fn;k x;k gksA
vc ge mlh iz'u ij okil vk tkrs gSa] tks izkjaHk esa gels iwNk x;k FkkA 'kdhyk
dh iq=kh dh xqYyd esa mlosQ igys] nwljs] rhljs] . . ., tUe fnolksa ij Mkyh xbZ /ujkf'k;k¡
(` esa) Øe'k% 100, 150, 200, 250, . . ., gSaA
;g ,d A.P. gSA gesa mlosQ 21osa tUefnol rd ,df=kr gqbZ oqQy /ujkf'k Kkr
djuh gS] vFkkZr~ gesa bl A.P. osQ izFke 21 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr djuk gSA
;gk¡ a = 100, d = 50 vkSj n = 21 gSA lw=k
n
S= [ 2a + (n − 1) d ] dk iz;ksx djus ij]
2

21 21
S= [ 2 × 100 + (21 − 1) × 50] = [ 200 + 1000]
2 2
21
= × 1200 = 12600
2
vr% mlosQ 21osa tUe fnol rd ,df=kr gqbZ xqYyd esa /ujkf'k ` 12600 gSA
D;k lw=k osQ iz;ksx ls iz'u gy djuk ljy ugha gks x;k gS\
fdlh A.P. osQ n inksa osQ ;ksx dks O;Dr djus osQ fy,] ge S osQ LFkku ij Sn dk
Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ge A.P. osQ 20 inksa osQ ;ksx dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, S20
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx osQ lw=k esa] pkj jkf'k;k¡ S, a, d vkSj n lac¼ gSaA
;fn buesa ls dksbZ rhu jkf'k;k¡ Kkr gksa] rks pkSFkh jkf'k Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA
fVIi.kh : fdlh A.P. dk nok¡ in mlosQ izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx vkSj izFke (n – 1) inksa osQ
;ksx osQ varj osQ cjkcj gSA vFkkZr~ an = Sn – Sn – 1 gSA

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 121

vkb, oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA

mnkgj.k 11 : A.P. : 8, 3, –2, . . . osQ izFke 22 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡ a = 8, d = 3 – 8 = –5 vkSj n = 22 gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd
n
S = [ 2a + (n − 1) d ]
2
22
vr% S = [16 + 21 (−5)] = 11(16 – 105) = 11(–89) = – 979
2
blfy, nh gqbZ A.P. osQ izFke 22 inksa dk ;ksx – 979 gSA
mnkgj.k 12 : ;fn fdlh A.P. osQ izFke 14 inksa dk ;ksx 1050 gS rFkk bldk izFke in
10 gS rks 20ok¡ in Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡ S14 = 1050, n = 14 vkSj a = 10 gSA
n
pw¡fd Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
14
blfy, 1050 = [ 20 + 13d ] = 140 + 91d
2
vFkkZr~ 910 = 91d
;k d = 10
vr% a20 = 10 + (20 – 1) × 10 = 200

vFkkZr~ 20ok¡ in 200 gSA

mnkgj.k 13 : A.P. : 24, 21, 18, . . . osQ fdrus in fy, tk,¡] rkfd mudk ;ksx 78 gks\
gy : ;gk¡ a = 24, d = 21 – 24 = –3 vkSj Sn = 78 gSA gesa n Kkr djuk gSA
n
ge tkurs gSa fd Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
n n
vr% 78 = [ 48 + (n − 1)(−3)] = [51 − 3n]
2 2

2018-19
122 xf.kr
;k 3n2 – 51n + 156 = 0
;k n2 – 17n + 52 = 0
;k (n – 4)(n – 13) = 0
vr% n = 4 ;k 13
n osQ ;s nksuksa eku laHko gSa vkSj Lohdkj fd, tk ldrs gSaA vr%] inksa dh okafNr la[;k
;k rks 4 gS ;k 13 gSA
fVIi.kh :
1. bl fLFkfr esa] izFke 4 inksa dk ;ksx = izFke 13 inksa dk ;ksx = 78 gSA
2. ;s nksuksa mÙkj laHko gSa] D;ksafd 5osa ls 13osa inksa rd dk ;ksx 'kwU; gks tk,xkA ;g
blfy, gS fd ;gk¡ a /ukRed gS vkSj d ½.kkRed gS] ftlls oqQN in /ukRed
vkSj oqQN in ½.kkRed gks tkrs gSa rFkk ijLij dV tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 14 : fuEufyf[kr dk ;ksx Kkr dhft, %
(i) izFke 1000 /u iw.kk±d (ii) izFke n /u iw.kk±d
gy :
(i) eku yhft, S = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 1000 gSA
n
A.P. osQ izFke n inksa osQ ;ksx osQ lw=k Sn = (a + l ) dk iz;ksx djus ij gesa izkIr
2
gksrk gS%
1000
S1000 = (1 + 1000) = 500 × 1001 = 500500
2
vr%] izFke 1000 /u iw.kk±dksa dk ;ksx 500500 gSA
(ii) eku yhft, Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n gSA
;gk¡ a = 1 vkSj vafre in l = n gSA
n (1 + n) n (n + 1)
vr% Sn = ;k Sn =
2 2
bl izdkj] izFke n /u iw.kk±dksa dk ;ksx lw=k
n( n + 1)
Sn =
2
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 123

mnkgj.k 15 : la[;kvksa dh ml lwph osQ izFke 24 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,] ftldk
nok¡ in an = 3 + 2n ls fn;k tkrk gSA

gy :
pw¡fd an = 3 + 2n gS
blfy, a1 = 3 + 2 = 5
a2 = 3 + 2 × 2 = 7
a3 = 3 + 2 × 3 = 9

bl izdkj izkIr la[;kvksa dh lwph 5, 7, 9, 11, . . . gSA
;gk¡ 7 – 5 = 9 – 7 = 11 – 9 = 2 bR;kfn gSaA
vr% buls ,d A.P. curh gS] ftldk lkoZ varj 2 gSA
S24 Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa izkIr gS% n = 24, a = 5, d = 2
24
vr% S24 = [ 2 × 5 + (24 − 1) × 2] = 12 [10 + 46] = 672
2
blfy, la[;kvksa dh nh gqbZ lwph osQ izFke 24 inksa dk ;ksx 672 gSA
mnkgj.k 16 : Vh-oh- lsVksa dk fuekZrk rhljs o"kZ esa 600 Vh-oh- rFkk 7osa o"kZ esa 700
Vh-oh- lsVksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA ;g ekurs gq, fd izR;sd o"kZ mRiknu esa ,d leku
:i ls ,d fuf'pr la[;k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] Kkr dhft,%
(i) izFke o"kZ esa mRiknu (ii) 10osa o"kZ esa mRiknu
(iii) izFke 7 o"kks± esa oqQy mRiknu
gy : (i) pw¡fd izR;sd o"kZ mRiknu esa leku :i ls ,d fuf'pr la[;k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS]
blfy, igys] nwljs] rhljs] --- o"kks± esa mRikfnr Vh-oh- lsVksa dh la[;k,¡ ,d AP esa gksaxhA
vkb, nosa o"kZ esa mRikfnr Vh-oh- lsVksa dh la[;k dks an ls O;Dr djsaA
vr% a3 = 600 vkSj a7 = 700
;k a + 2d = 600
vkSj a + 6d = 700
bUgsa gy djus ij] gesa d = 25 vkSj a = 550 izkIr gksrk gSA
vr% izFke o"kZ esa mRikfnr Vh-oh- lsVksa dh la[;k 550 gSA

2018-19
124 xf.kr
vc
(ii) a10 = a + 9d = 550 + 9 × 25 = 775
vr% 10osa o"kZ esa mRikfnr Vh-oh- lsVksa dh la[;k 775 gSA
7
(iii) lkFk gh S7 = [ 2 × 550 + (7 − 1) × 25]
2
7
= [1100 + 150] = 4375
2
vr% izFke 7 o"kks± esa oqQy mRikfnr gq, lHkh Vh-oh- lsVksa dh la[;k 4375 gSA

iz'ukoyh 5.3
1. fuEufyf[kr lekarj Jsf<+;ksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft, %
(i) 2, 7, 12, . . ., 10 inksa rd (ii) –37, –33, –29, . . ., 12 inksa rd
1, 1, 1
(iii) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, . . ., 100 inksa rd (iv) , . . ., 11 inksa rd
15 12 10
2. uhps fn, gq, ;ksxiQyksa dks Kkr dhft, %
1
(i) 7 + 10 + 14 + . . . + 84 (ii) 34 + 32 + 30 + . . . + 10
2
(iii) –5 + (–8) + (–11) + . . . + (–230)
3. ,d A.P. es]a
(i) a = 5, d = 3 vkSj an = 50 fn;k gSA n vkSj Sn Kkr dhft,A
(ii) a = 7 vkSj a13 = 35 fn;k gSA d vkSj S13 Kkr dhft,A
(iii) a12 = 37 vkSj d = 3 fn;k gSA a vkSj S12 Kkr dhft,A
(iv) a3 = 15 vkSj S10 = 125 fn;k gSA d vkSj a10 Kkr dhft,A
(v) d = 5 vkSj S9 = 75 fn;k gSA a vkSj a9 Kkr dhft,A
(vi) a = 2, d = 8 vkSj Sn = 90 fn;k gSA n vkSj an Kkr dhft,A
(vii) a = 8, an = 62 vkSj Sn = 210 fn;k gSA n vkSj d Kkr dhft,A
(viii) an = 4, d = 2 vkSj Sn = –14 fn;k gSA n vkSj a Kkr dhft,A
(ix) a = 3, n = 8 vkSj S = 192 fn;k gSA d Kkr dhft,A
(x) l = 28, S = 144 vkSj oqQy 9 in gSaA a Kkr dhft,A
4. 636 ;ksx izkIr djus osQ fy,] A.P. : 9, 17, 25, . . . osQ fdrus in ysus pkfg,\

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lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 125

5. fdlh A.P. dk izFke in 5] vafre in 45 vkSj ;ksx 400 gSA inksa dh la[;k vkSj lkoZ varj
Kkr dhft,A
6. fdlh A.P. osQ izFke vkSj vafre in Øe'k% 17 vkSj 350 gSaA ;fn lkoZ varj 9 gS] rks blesa
fdrus in gSa vkSj budk ;ksx D;k gS\
7. ml A.P. osQ izFke 22 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,] ftlesa d = 7 gS vkSj 22ok¡ in 149 gSA
8. ml A.P. osQ izFke 51 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,] ftlosQ nwljs vkSj rhljs in Øe'k% 14 vkSj
18 gSaA
9. ;fn fdlh A.P. osQ izFke 7 inksa dk ;ksx 49 gS vkSj izFke 17 inksa dk ;ksx 289 gS] rks blosQ
izFke n inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
10. n'kkZb, fd a1, a2, . . ., an, . . . ls ,d A.P. curh gS] ;fn an uhps fn, vuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr gS %
(i) an = 3 + 4n (ii) an = 9 – 5n
lkFk gh] izR;sd fLFkfr esa] izFke 15 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
11. ;fn fdlh A.P. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx 4n – n2 gS] rks bldk izFke in (vFkkZr~ S1 ) D;k
gS\ izFke nks inksa dk ;ksx D;k gS\ nwljk in D;k gS\ blh izdkj] rhljs] 10osa vkSj nosa in
Kkr dhft,A
12. ,sls izFke 40 /u iw.kk±dksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft, tks 6 ls foHkkT; gSaA
13. 8 osQ izFke 15 xq.ktksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
14. 0 vkSj 50 osQ chp dh fo"ke la[;kvksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
15. fuekZ.k dk;Z ls lacaf/r fdlh BsosQ esa] ,d fuf'pr frfFk osQ ckn dk;Z dks foyac ls iwjk
djus osQ fy,] tqekZuk yxkus dk izko/ku bl izdkj gS % igys fnu osQ fy, ` 200] nwljs
fnu osQ fy, ` 250] rhljs fnu osQ fy, ` 300 bR;kfn] vFkkZr~ izR;sd mrjksÙkj fnu dk
tqekZuk vius ls Bhd igys fnu osQ tqekZus ls ` 50 vf/d gSA ,d BsosQnkj dks tqekZus osQ
:i esa fdruh jkf'k vnk djuh iM+sxh] ;fn og bl dk;Z esa 30 fnu dk foyac dj nsrk
gS\
16. fdlh LowQy osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks muosQ lexz 'kSf{kd izn'kZu osQ fy, 7 udn iqjLdkj nsus osQ
fy, ` 700 dh jkf'k j[kh xbZ gSA ;fn izR;sd iqjLdkj vius ls Bhd igys iqjLdkj ls
` 20 de gS] rks izR;sd iqjLdkj dk eku Kkr dhft,A
17. ,d LowQy osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa us ok;q iznw"k.k de djus osQ fy, LowQy osQ vanj vkSj ckgj isM+
yxkus osQ ckjs esa lkspkA ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd izR;sd d{kk dk izR;sd vuqHkkx viuh d{kk
dh la[;k osQ cjkcj isM+ yxk,xkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] d{kk I dk ,d vuqHkkx 1 isM+ yxk,xk] d{kk

2018-19
126 xf.kr
II dk ,d vuqHkkx 2 isM+ yxk,xk] d{kk III dk ,d vuqHkkx 3 isM+ yxk,xk] bR;kfn vkSj
,slk d{kk XII rd osQ fy, pyrk jgsxkA izR;sd d{kk osQ rhu vuqHkkx gSaA bl LowQy osQ
fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk yxk, x, oqQy isM+ksa dh la[;k fdruh gksxh\
18. osaQnz A ls
izkjaHk djrs gq,] ckjh&ckjh ls osaQnzksa A vkSj B dks ysrs gq,] f=kT;kvksa 0.5 cm,
1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, . . . . okys
mrjksÙkj v/ZoÙ` kksa dks [khapdj ,d l£iy (spiral) cuk;k x;k
gS] tSlkfd vko`Qfr 5-4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA rsjg Øekxr v/Zo`Ùkksa ls cus bl l£iy dh oqQy
22
yackbZ D;k gS\ (π =
7
yhft,A)

vko`Qfr 5.4
[laosQr : Øe'k% osaQnzksa A, B, A, B, . . . okys v/Zo`Ùkksa dh yackb;k¡ l1, l2, l3, l4 gSAa ]
19. 200 yV~Bksa (logs) dks <sjh osQ :i esa bl izdkj j[kk tkrk gS % lcls uhps okyh iafDr esa
20 yV~Bs] mlls vxyh iafDr esa 19 yV~Bs] mlls vxyh iafDr esa 18 yV~Bs] bR;kfn (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 5-5)A ;s 200 yêòs fdruh iafDr;ksa esa j[ks x, gSa rFkk lcls Åijh iafDr esa fdrus
yV~Bs gSa\

vko`Qfr 5.5
20. ,d vkyw nkSM+ (potato race) esa] izkjafHkd LFkku ij ,d ckYVh j[kh gqbZ gS] tks igys vkyw
ls 5m dh nwjh ij gS] rFkk vU; vkyqvksa dks ,d lh/h js[kk esa ijLij 3m dh nwfj;ksa ij j[kk
x;k gSA bl js[kk ij 10 vkyw j[ks x, gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 5-6)A

2018-19
lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 127

vko`Qfr 5.6
izR;sd izfr;ksxh ckYVh ls pyuk izkjaHk djrh gS] fudVre vkyw dks mBkrh gS] mls ysdj
okil vkdj nkSM+dj ckYVh esa Mkyrh gS] nwljk vkyw mBkus osQ fy, okil nkSM+rh gS] mls
mBkdj okil ckYVh esa Mkyrh gS] vkSj og ,slk rc rd djrh jgrh gS] tc rd lHkh vkyw
ckYVh esa u vk tk,¡A blesa izfr;ksxh dks oqQy fdruh nwjh nkSM+uh iM+sxh\
[laosQr : igys vkSj nwljs vkyqvksa dks mBkdj ckYVh esa Mkyus rd nkSM+h xbZ nwjh
= 2 × 5 + 2 × (5 + 3) gSA ]

iz'ukoyh 5.4 (,sfPNd)*

1. A.P. : 121, 117, 113, . . ., dk dkSu&lk in lcls igyk ½.kkRed in gksxk\
[laosQr : an < 0 osQ fy, n Kkr dhft,A ]
2. fdlh A.P. osQ rhljs vkSj lkrosa inksa dk ;ksx 6 gS vkSj mudk xq.kuiQy 8 gSA bl A.P. osQ
izFke 16 inksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
3. ,d lh<+h osQ Øekxr MaMs ijLij 25 cm
dh nwjh ij gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 5-7)A
MaMksa dh yackbZ ,d leku :i ls ?kVrh
tkrh gSa rFkk lcls fupys MaMs dh yackbZ
45 cm gS vkSj lcls Åij okys MaMs dh
yackbZ 25 cm gSA ;fn Åijh vkSj fupys
1
MaMs osQ chp dh nwjh 2 m gS] rks MaMksa
2
dks cukus osQ fy, ydM+h dh fdruh
yackbZ dh vko';drk gksxh\
250
[laosQr : MaMksa dh la[;k = +1 gSA ]
25

* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA vko`Qfr 5.7

2018-19
128 xf.kr
4. ,d iafDr osQ edkuksa dks Øekxr :i ls la[;k 1 ls 49 rd vafdr fd;k x;k gSA n'kkZb,
fd x dk ,d ,slk eku gS fd x ls vafdr edku ls igys osQ edkuksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx
mlosQ ckn okys edkuksa dh la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA x dk eku Kkr dhft,A
[laosQr : Sx – 1 = S49 – Sx gSA ]
5. ,d iqQVcky osQ eSnku esa ,d NksVk pcwrjk gS ftlesa 15 lhf<+;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA bu lhf<+;ksa
esa ls izR;sd dh yackbZ 50 m gS vkSj og Bksl oaQØhV (concrete) dh cuh gSA izR;sd lh<+h
1 1
esa m dh p<+kbZ gS vkSj m dk iSQyko (pkSM+kbZ) gSA (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 5-8)A bl pcwrjs
4 2
dks cukus esa yxh oaQØhV dk oqQy vk;ru ifjdfyr dhft,A
1 1
[laosQr : igyh lh<+h dks cukus esa yxh oaQØhV dk vk;ru = × × 50 m3 gSA ]
4 2

vko`Qfr 5.8
5.5 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. ,d lekarj Js<+h la[;kvksa dh ,slh lwph gksrh gS] ftlesa izR;sd in (izFke in osQ vfrfjDr)
vius ls Bhd igys in esa ,d fuf'pr la[;k d tksM+dj izkIr gksrk gSA ;g fuf'pr la[;k
d bl lekarj Js<+h dk lkoZ varj dgykrh gSA
,d A.P. dk O;kid :i a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . gSA

2. la[;kvksa dh ,d nh gqbZ lwph A.P. gksrh gS] ;fn varjksa a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3, . . ., ls ,d
gh (leku) eku izkIr gks] vFkkZr~ k osQ fofHkUu ekuksa osQ fy, ak + 1 – ak ,d gh gksA
3. izFke in a vkSj lkoZ varj d okyh A.P. dk nok¡ in (;k O;kid in) an fuEufyf[kr lw=k
}kjk izkIr gksrk gS%
an = a + (n – 1) d

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lekarj Jsf<+;k¡ 129

4. fdlh A.P. osQ izFke n inksa dk ;ksx S lw=k

n
S= [ 2a + (n − 1) d ] ls izkIr gksrk gSA
2
5. ;fn ,d ifjfer A.P. dk vafre in (eku yhft, n ok¡ in) l gS] rks bl A.P. osQ lHkh inksa
dk ;ksx S lw=k
n
S= (a + l ) ls izkIr gksrk gSA
2

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

a+c
;fn a, b, c, A.P. es a gS a rc b = vkS j b, a rFkk c dk leka r j ekè;
2
dgykrk gS A

2018-19
130 xf.kr

f=kHkqt 6
6.1 Hkwfedk
vki viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa ls] f=kHkqtksa vkSj muosQ vusd xq.k/eks± ls Hkyh Hkk¡fr ifjfpr
gSaA d{kk IX esa] vki f=kHkqtksa dh lok±xlerk osQ ckjs esa foLr`r :i ls vè;;u dj pqosQ
gSaA ;kn dhft, fd nks f=kHkqt lok±xle rc dgs tkrs gSa tc muosQ leku vkdkj (shape)
rFkk leku vkeki (size) gksaA bl vè;k; esa] ge ,slh vko`Qfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxs
ftuosQ vkdkj leku gksa ijarq muosQ vkeki dk leku gksuk vko';d ugha gksA nks vko`Qfr;k¡
ftuosQ leku vkdkj gksa (ijarq leku vkeki gksuk vko';d u gks) le:i vko`Qfr;k¡
(similar figures) dgykrh gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls] ge le:i f=kHkqtksa dh ppkZ djsaxs rFkk bl
tkudkjh dks igys i<+h xbZ ikbFkkxksjl izes; dh ,d ljy miifÙk nsus esa iz;ksx djsaxsA

2018-19
f=kHkqt 131

D;k vki vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd ioZrksa (tSls ekÅaV ,ojsLV) dh Å¡pkbZ;k¡ vFkok
oqQN nwjLFk oLrqvksa (tSls pUnzek) dh nwfj;k¡ fdl izdkj Kkr dh xbZ gSa\ D;k vki lksprs
gSa fd bUgsa ,d ekius okys iQhrs ls lh/k (izR;{k) ekik x;k gS\ okLro esa] bu lHkh
Å¡pkbZ vkSj nwfj;ksa dks vizR;{k ekiu (indirect measurement) dh vo/kj.kk dk iz;ksx
djrs gq, Kkr fd;k x;k gS] tks vko`Qfr;ksa dh le:irk osQ fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gS (nsf[k,
mnkgj.k 7] iz'ukoyh 6-3 dk iz'u 15 rFkk lkFk gh bl iqLrd osQ vè;k; 8 vkSj 9)A
6.2 le:i vko`Qfr;k¡
d{kk IX esa] vkius ns[kk Fkk fd leku
(,d gh) f=kT;k okys lHkh o`Ùk lok±xle
gksrs gSa] leku yackbZ dh Hkqtk okys lHkh
oxZ lok±xle gksrs gSa rFkk leku yackbZ
dh Hkqtk okys lHkh leckgq f=kHkqt
lok±xle gksrs gSaA
vc fdUgha nks (;k vf/d)
o`Ùkksa ij fopkj dhft, [nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 6.1 (i)]A D;k ;s lok±xle gSa\
pw¡fd buesa ls lHkh dh f=kT;k leku
ugha gS] blfy, ;s ijLij lok±xle
ugha gSaA è;ku nhft, fd buesa oqQN
lok±xle gSa vkSj oqQN lok±xle ugha gSa]
ijarq buesa ls lHkh osQ vkdkj leku gSaA
vr%] ;s lHkh os vko`Qfr;k¡ gSa ftUgsa ge
le:i (similar) dgrs gSaA nks le:i
vko`Qfr;ksa osQ vkdkj leku gksrs gSa ijarq
buosQ vkeki leku gksus vko';d ugha
gSaA vr%] lHkh o`Ùk le:i gksrs gSaA nks vko`Qfr 6.1
(;k vf/d) oxks± osQ ckjs esa vFkok nks
(;k vf/d) leckgq f=kHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa vki D;k lksprs gSa [nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6.1 (ii)
vkSj (iii)]? lHkh o`Ùkkas dh rjg gh] ;gk¡ lHkh oxZ le:i gSa rFkk lHkh leckgq f=kHkqt
le:i gSaA
mijksDr ppkZ ls] ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd lHkh lok±xle vko`Qfr;k¡ le:i
gksrh gSa] ijarq lHkh le:i vko`Qfr;ksa dk lok±xle gksuk vko';d ugha gSA

2018-19
132 xf.kr
D;k ,d o`Ùk vkSj ,d oxZ le:i gks ldrs gSa\ D;k ,d f=kHkqt vkSj ,d oxZ
le:i gks ldrs gSa\ bu vko`Qfr;ksa dks ns[kus ek=k ls gh vki iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ns ldrs gSa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-1)A Li"V 'kCnksa esa] ;s vko`Qfr;k¡ le:i ugha gSaA (D;ksa\)
vki nks prqHkqZtksa ABCD vkSj PQRS
osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 6-2)\ D;k ;s le:i gSa\ ;s
vko`Qfr;k¡ le:i&lh izrhr gks jgh gSa]
ijarq ge blosQ ckjs esa fuf'pr :i ls
oqQN ugha dg ldrsA blfy,] ;g vko`Qfr 6.2
vko';d gks tkrk gS fd ge vko`Qfr;ksa dh le:irk osQ fy, dksbZ ifjHkk"kk Kkr djsa rFkk
bl ifjHkk"kk ij vk/kfjr ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd nks nh gqbZ vko`Qfr;k¡ le:i
gSa ;k ugha] oqQN fu;e izkIr djsaA blosQ fy,] vkb, vko`Qfr 6-3 esa fp=kksa dks ns[ksa%

vko`Qfr 6.3
vki rqjar ;g dgsaxs fd ;s ,d gh Lekjd (rktegy) osQ fp=k gSa] ijarq ;s
fHkUu&fHkUu vkekiksa (sizes) osQ gSaA D;k vki ;g dgsaxs fd ;s fp=k le:i gSa\ gk¡] ;s gSaA
vki ,d gh O;fDr osQ ,d gh vkeki okys mu nks fp=kksa osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa]
ftuesa ls ,d mldh 10 o"kZ dh vk;q dk gS rFkk nwljk mldh 40 o"kZ dh vk;q dk gS\
D;k ;s nksuksa fp=k le:i gSa\ ;s fp=k leku vkeki osQ gSa] ijarq fuf'pr :i ls ;s leku
vkdkj osQ ugha gSaA vr%] ;s le:i ugha gSaA
tc dksbZ i+QksVksxkz iQj ,d gh usxsfVo ls fofHkUu ekiksa osQ i+QksVks ¯izV fudkyrh gS] rks og
D;k djrh gS\ vkius LVSai lkbT+k] ikliksVZ lkbT+k ,oa iksLV dkMZ lkbT+k i+QksVks (;k fp=kksa)
osQ ckjs esa vo'; lquk gksxkA og lkekU; :i ls ,d NksVs vkeki (lkbt) dh fi+QYe
(film), eku yhft, tks 35 mm vkeki okyh fi+QYe gS] ij i+QksVks [khaprh gS vkSj fiQj mls
,d cM+s vkeki] tSls 45 mm (;k 55 mm) vkeki] okyh i+QksVks osQ :i esa vko£/r

2018-19
f=kHkqt 133

djrh gSA bl izdkj] ;fn ge NksVs fp=k osQ fdlh ,d js[kk[kaM dks ysa] rks cM+s fp=k esa
45  55 
bldk laxr js[kk[kaM] yackbZ esa igys js[kk[kaM dk  ;k  xquk gksxkA okLro esa
35 35 
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd NksVs fp=k dk izR;sd js[kk[kaM 35%45 (;k 35%55) osQ vuqikr esa
vko£/r gks (c<+) x;k gSA blh dks bl izdkj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd cM+s fp=k dk
izR;sd js[kk[kaM 45%35 (;k 55%35) osQ vuqikr esa ?kV (de gks) x;k gSA lkFk gh] ;fn
vki fofHkUu vkekiksa osQ nks fp=kksa esa laxr js[kk[kaMksa osQ fdlh Hkh ;qXe osQ chp cus >qdkoksa
¹vFkok dks.kksaº dks ysa] rks vki ns[ksaxs fd ;s >qdko (;k dks.k) lnSo cjkcj gksaxsA ;gh
nks vko`Qfr;ksa rFkk fo'ks"kdj nks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk dk lkj gSA ge dgrs gSa fd%
Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k
cjkcj gksa rFkk (ii) budh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa (vFkkZr~ lekuqikrh) gksaA
è;ku nhft, fd cgqHkqtksa osQ fy, laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ bl ,d gh vuqikr dks LosQy
xq.kd (scale factor) ¹vFkok izfrfuf/Ro fHkUu (Representative Fraction)º dgk tkrk
gSA vkius ;g vo'; lquk gksxk fd fo'o ekufp=k ¹vFkkZr~ Xykscy ekufp=kº rFkk Hkouksa
osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, cuk, tkus okyh :i js[kk ,d mi;qDr LosQy xq.kd rFkk oqQN ifjikfV;ksa
dks è;ku esa j[kdj cuk, tkrs gSAa
vko`Qfr;ksa dh le:irk dks vf/d Li"V :i ls le>us osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr
fØ;kdyki djs%a
fØ;kdyki 1 : viuh d{kk osQ dejs dh
Nr osQ fdlh ¯cnq O ij izdk'k ;qDr cYc
yxkb, rFkk mlosQ Bhd uhps ,d est jf[k,A
vkb, ,d lery dkMZcksMZ esa ls ,d cgqHkqt]
eku yhft, prqHkqt Z ABCD, dkV ysa rFkk bl
dkMZcksMZ dks Hkwfe osQ lekarj est vkSj tyrs
gq, cYc osQ chp esa j[ksaA rc] est ij
ABCD dh ,d Nk;k (shadow) iM+x s hA bl
Nk;k dh ckgjh :ijs[kk dks A′B′C′D′ ls fpfãr
dhft, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-4)A
è;ku nhft, fd prqHkqZt A′B′C′D′ prqHkqZt vko`Qfr 6.4

2018-19
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ABCD dk ,d vkdkj ifjo/Zu (;k vkoèkZu) gSA ;g izdk'k osQ bl xq.k/eZ osQ dkj.k
gS fd izdk'k lh/h js[kk esa pyrh gSA vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd A′ fdj.k OA ij fLFkr
gS] B′ fdj.k OB ij fLFkr gS] C′ fdj.k OC ij fLFkr gS rFkk D′ fdj.k OD ij fLFkr gSA
bl izdkj] prqHkqZt A′B′C′D′ vkSj ABCD leku vkdkj osQ gSa_ ijarq buosQ eki fHkUu&fHkUu
gSaA
vr% prqHkqZt A′B′C′D′ prqHkqZt ABCD osQ le:i gSA ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd
prqHkqZt ABCD prqHkqZt A′B′C′D′ osQ le:i gSA
;gk¡] vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd 'kh"kZ A′ 'kh"kZ A osQ laxr gS] 'kh"kZ B′ 'kh"kZ B osQ
laxr gS] 'kh"kZ C′ 'kh"kZ C osQ laxr gS rFkk 'kh"kZ D′ 'kh"kZ D osQ laxr gSA lkaosQfrd :i ls bu
laxrrkvksa (correspondences) dks A′ ↔ A, B′ ↔ B, C′ ↔ C vkSj D′ ↔ D ls fu:fir
fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa prqHkqZtksa osQ dks.kksa vkSj Hkqtkvksa dks okLrfod :i ls eki dj] vki
bldk lR;kiu dj ldrs gSa fd
(i) ∠ A = ∠ A′, ∠ B = ∠ B′, ∠ C = ∠ C′, ∠ D = ∠ D′ vkSj
AB BC CD DA .
(ii) = = =
A′ B′ B′ C′ C′ D′ D′ A′

blls iqu% ;g ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt
le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ lHkh laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa rFkk (ii) mudh lHkh laxr Hkqtk,¡
,d gh vuqikr (lekuqikr) esa gksaA
mijskDr osQ vk/kj ij] vki ljyrk ls ;g dg ldrs gSa fd vko`Qfr 6-5 esa fn,
x, prqHkqZt ABCD vkSj PQRS le:i gSaA

vko`Qfr 6.5

2018-19
f=kHkqt 135

fVIi.kh : vki bldk lR;kiu dj ldrs gSa fd ;fn ,d cgqHkqt fdlh vU; cgqHkqt osQ
le:i gks vkSj ;g nwljk cgqHkqt ,d rhljs cgqHkqt osQ le:i gks] rks igyk cgqHkqt rhljs
cgqHkqt osQ le:i gksxkA
vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd vko`Qfr 6-6 osQ nks prqHkqZtksa (,d oxZ vkSj ,d vk;r)
esa] laxr dks.k cjkcj gSa] ijarq budh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa ugha gSaA vr%] ;s nksuksa
prqHkqt
Z le:i ugha gSaA

vko`Qfr 6.6
blh izdkj vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd vko`Qfr 6-7 osQ nks prqHkqZtksa (,d oxZ vkSj ,d
leprqHkqZt) esa] laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa gSa] ijarq buosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj ugha gSaA
iqu%] nksuksa cgqHkqt (prqHkqZt) le:i ugha gSaA

vko`Qfr 6.7
bl izdkj] vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd nks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ izfrca/ksa (i) vkSj (ii)
esa ls fdlh ,d dk gh larq"V gksuk mudh le:irk osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA

iz'ukoyh 6.1
1. dks"Bdksa esa fn, 'kCnksa esa ls lgh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,%
(i) lHkh o`Ùk gksrs gSaA (lok±xle] le:i)

2018-19
136 xf.kr
(ii) lHkh oxZ gksrs gSaA (le:i] lok±xle)
(iii) lHkh f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA (lef}ckgq] leckgq)
(iv) Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k
gksa rFkk (ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ gksaA (cjkcj] lekuqikrh)
2. fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa osQ nks fHkUu&fHkUu mnkgj.k nhft,%
(i) le:i vko`Qfr;k¡ (ii) ,slh vko`Qfr;k¡ tks le:i ugha gSaA
3. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr prqHkqZt le:i gSa ;k ugha%

vko`Qfr 6.8

6.3 f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk

vki nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa\
vkidks ;kn gksxk fd f=kHkqt Hkh ,d cgqHkqt gh gSA blfy,] ge f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk
osQ fy, Hkh ogh izfrca/ fy[k ldrs gSa] tks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy, fy[ks FksA
vFkkZr~
nks f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn
(i) muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa rFkk
(ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa
(vFkkZr~ lekuqikrh) gksaA
è;ku nhft, fd ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k
cjkcj gksa] rks os lekudksf.kd f=kHkqt (equiangular
triangles) dgykrs gSaA ,d izfl¼ ;wukuh xf.krK FksYl
(Thales) us nks lekudksf.kd f=kHkqtksa ls lacaf/r ,d FksYl
(lk-;q-iw- 640 – 546)
egRoiw.kZ rF; izfrikfnr fd;k] tks uhps fn;k tk jgk gS%

2018-19
f=kHkqt 137

nks lekudksf.kd f=kHkqtksa esa mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr lnSo leku jgrk gSA
,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd blosQ fy, mUgksaus ,d ifj.kke dk iz;ksx fd;k ftls
vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; (vktdy FksYl izes;) dgk tkrk gSA
vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; (Basic Propor-
tionality Theorem) dks le>us osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr
fØ;kdyki djs%a
fØ;kdyki 2 : dksbZ dks.k XAY [khafp, rFkk mldh
,d Hkqtk AX ij oqQN ¯cnq (eku yhft, ik¡p ¯cnq) P,
Q, D, R vkS j B bl iz d kj va f dr dhft, fd vko`Qfr 6.9
AP = PQ = QD = DR = RB gksA
vc] ¯cnq B ls gksrh gqbZ dksbZ ,d js[kk [khafp,] tks Hkqtk AY dks ¯cnq C ij dkVs
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-9)A
lkFk gh] ¯cnq D ls gksdj BC osQ lekarj ,d js[kk [khafp,] tks AC dks E ij dkVsA
AD 3 AE
D;k vki viuh jpukvksa ls ;g ns[krs gSa fd = gSa\ AE vkSj EC ekfi,A D;k
DB 2 EC
AE 3
gS\ nsf[k, Hkh osQ cjkcj gSA bl izdkj] vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd f=kHkqt ABC es]a
EC 2
AD AE
DE || BC gS rFkk = gSA D;k ;g la;ksxo'k gS\ ugha] ;g fuEufyf[kr izes; osQ
DB EC
dkj.k gS (ftls vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; dgk tkrk gS)%
ize;s 6.1 : ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk osQ lekarj vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu
¯cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djus osQ fy, ,d js[kk [khaph tk,] rks ;s vU; nks Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh
vuqikr esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gSaA
miifÙk : gesa ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gS] ftlesa Hkqtk
BC osQ lekarj [khaph xbZ ,d js[kk vU; nks Hkqtkvksa
AB vkS j AC dks Øe'k% D vkS j E ij dkVrh gS a
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-10)A
AD AE
gesa fl¼ djuk gS fd = vko`Qfr 6.10
DB EC
vkb, B vkSj E rFkk C vkSj D dks feyk,¡ vkSj fiQj DM ⊥ AC ,oa EN ⊥ AB [khpsaA

2018-19
138 xf.kr
1 1
vc] ∆ ADE dk {ks=kiQy (= vk/kj × Å¡pkbZ) = AD × EN
2 2
d{kk IX ls ;kn dhft, fd ∆ ADE osQ {ks=kiQy dks ar (ADE) ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
1
vr% ar(ADE) = AD × EN
2
1
blh izdkj ar (BDE) = DB × EN,
2
1 1
ar (ADE) = AE × DM rFkk ar(DEC) = EC × DM
2 2
1
ar(ADE) AD × EN
AD
vr% = 2 = (1)
ar(BDE) 1
DB × EN DB
2
1
AE × DM
ar(ADE) AE
rFkk = 2 = (2)
ar(DEC) 1
EC × DM EC
2
è;ku nhft, fd ∆ BDE vkSj ∆ DEC ,d gh vk/kj DE rFkk lekarj js[kkvksa BC vkSj DE
osQ chp cus nks f=kHkqt gSaA
vr% ar(BDE) = ar(DEC) (3)
blfy, (1), (2) vkSj (3), ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
AD AE
= n
DB EC
D;k bl izes; dk foykse Hkh lR; gS (foykse osQ vFkZ osQ fy, ifjf'k"V 1 nsf[k,)\
bldh tk¡p djus osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki djsa%
fØ;kdyki 3 : viuh vH;kliqfLrdk esa ,d dks.k
XAY [khafp, rFkk fdj.k AX ij ¯cnq B1, B2,
B 3 , B 4 vkSj B bl izdkj vaf dr dhft, fd
AB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4 = B4B gksA
blh iz dkj] fdj.k AY, ij ¯cnq C 1, C 2,
C 3 , C 4 vkSj C bl izdkj va f dr dhft, fd
AC1 = C1C2 = C2C3 = C3C4 = C4C gksA fiQj B1C1
vkSj BC dks feykb, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-11)A vko`Qfr 6.11

2018-19
f=kHkqt 139

AB1 AC1 1
è;ku nhft, fd B1B =
C1C (izR;sd osQ cjkcj gS)
4
vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd js[kk,¡ B1C1 vkSj BC ijLij lekarj gSa] vFkkZr~
B1C1 || BC (1)
blh izdkj] Øe'k% B2C2, B3C3 vkSj B4C4 dks feykdj vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd
AB2 AC2  2 
= =  vkSj B2C2 || BC (2)
B2 B C2C  3 

AB3 AC3  3 
= =  vkSj B3C3 || BC, (3)
B3B C3 C  2 

AB4 AC4  4 
= =  vkSj B4C4 || BC (4)
B4 B C4C  1 
(1), (2), (3) vkSj (4) ls]
;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh
nks Hkqtkvksa dks ,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks og js[kk rhljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSAa
vki fdlh vU; eki dk dks.k XAY [khapdj rFkk Hkqtkvksa AX vkSj AY ij fdrus Hkh
leku Hkkx vafdr dj] bl fØ;kdyki dks nksgjk
ldrs gSaA izR;sd ckj] vki ,d gh ifj.kke ij igq¡psaxsA
bl izdkj] ge fuEufyf[kr izes; izkIr djrs gSa] tks
izes; 6-1 dk foykse gS%
ize;s 6.2 : ;fn ,d js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa
dks ,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks og rhljh
Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSA vko`Qfr 6.12
AD AE
bl izes; dks fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn ge ,d js[kk DE bl izdkj ysa fd =
DB EC
gks rFkk DE Hkqtk BC osQ lekarj u gks (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-12)A
vc ;fn DE Hkqtk BC osQ lekarj ugha gS] rks BC osQ lekarj ,d js[kk DE′ [khafp,A
AD AE′
vr% = (D;ksa\)
DB E′C
AE AE′
blfy, = (D;ksa\)
EC E′C

2018-19
140 xf.kr
mijksDr osQ nksuksa i{kksa esa 1 tksM+ dj] vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd E vkSj E′ dks vo';
gh laikrh gksuk pkfg, (D;ksa\)A mijksDr izes;ksa dk iz;ksx Li"V djus osQ fy, vkb, oqQN
mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1 : ;fn dksbZ js[kk ,d ∆ ABC dh Hkqtkvksa AB vkSj AC dks Øe'k% D vkSj E ij
AD AE
izfrPNsn djs rFkk Hkqtk BC osQ lekarj gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd = gksxk (nsf[k,
AB AC
vko`Qfr 6-13)A
gy : DE || BC (fn;k gS)
AD AE
vr% = (izes; 6-1)
DB EC
DB EC
vFkkZr~ =
AD AE
DB EC
;k +1 = +1
AD AE
AB AC
;k =
AD AE vko`Qfr 6.13
AD AE
vr% =
AB AC

mnkgj.k 2 : ABCD ,d leyac gS ftlesa AB || DC

gSA vlekarj Hkqtkvksa AD vkSj BC ij Øe'k% ¯cnq E
vkSj F bl izdkj fLFkr gSa fd EF Hkqtk AB osQ lekarj
AE BF
gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-14)A n'kkZb, fd = gSA vko`Qfr 6.14
ED FC
gy : vkb, A vkSj C dks feyk,¡ tks EF dks G ij
izfrPNsn djs (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-15)A
AB || DC vkSj EF || AB (fn;k gS)
blfy, EF || DC (,d gh js[kk osQ lekarj
js[kk,¡ ijLij lekarj gksrh gSa)
vko`Qfr 6.15

2018-19
f=kHkqt 141

vc ∆ ADC es]a
EG || DC (D;ksfa d EF || DC)

AE AG
vr% = (izes; 6-1) (1)
ED GC
blh izdkj] ∆ CAB esa
CG CF
=
AG BF

AG BF
vFkkZr~ = (2)
GC FC
vr% (1) vkSj (2) ls
AE BF
=
ED FC

PS PT
mnkgj.k 3: vko`Qfr 6-16 esa SQ
= gS rFkk
TR
∠ PST = ∠ PRQ gSA fl¼ dhft, fd ∆PQR ,d
lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gSA
PS PT
gy : ;g fn;k gS fd] =
SQ TR
vko`Qfr 6.16
vr% ST || QR (izes; 6-2)
blfy, ∠ PST = ∠ PQR (laxr dks.k) (1)

lkFk gh ;g fn;k gS fd
∠ PST = ∠ PRQ (2)

vr% ∠ PRQ = ∠ PQR [(1) vkSj (2) ls]

blfy, PQ = PR (leku dks.kksa dh lEeq[k Hkqtk,¡)
vFkkZr~ ∆PQR ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gSA

2018-19
142 xf.kr
iz'ukoyh 6.2
1. vko`Qfr 6-17 (i) vkSj (ii) es]a DE || BC gSA (i) esa EC vkSj (ii) esa AD Kkr dhft,%
A
A D
1.5 cm 1 cm 1.8 cm
D E 7.2 cm E

3 cm
B
5.4 cm
B C
(i) (ii) C
vko`Qfr 6.17

2. fdlh ∆ PQR dh Hkqtkvksa PQ vkSj PR ij Øe'k% ¯cnq

E vkSj F fLFkr gSaA fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd fLFkfr osQ
fy,] crkb, fd D;k EF || QR gS%
(i) PE = 3.9 cm] EQ = 3 cm] PF = 3.6 cm vkSj FR = 2.4 cm
(ii) PE = 4 cm] QE = 4.5 cm] PF = 8 cm vkSj RF = 9 cm vko`Qfr 6.18
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm] PR = 2.56 cm] PE = 0.18 cm vkSj PF = 0.36 cm
3. vko`Qfr 6-18 esa ;fn LM || CB vkSj LN || CD gks rks
AM AN
fl¼ dhft, fd = gSA
AB AD
4. vko`Qfr 6-19 esa DE || AC vkSj DF || AE gSA fl¼ dhft,
BF BE
fd = gSA
FE EC vko`Qfr 6.19
5. vko`Qfr 6-20 esa DE || OQ vkSj DF || OR gSA n'kkZb, fd EF || QR gSA
6. vko`Qfr 6-21 esa Øe'k% OP, OQ vkSj OR ij fLFkr ¯cnq A, B vkSj C bl izdkj gSa fd
AB || PQ vkSj AC || PR gSA n'kkZb, fd BC || QR gSA

vko`Qfr 6.20 vko`Qfr 6.21

2018-19
f=kHkqt 143

7. izes; 6-1 dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fl¼ dhft, fd ,d f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk osQ eè;&¯cnq ls
gksdj nwljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj [khaph xbZ js[kk rhljh Hkqtk dks lef}Hkkftr djrh gSA (;kn
dhft, fd vki bls d{kk IX esa fl¼ dj pqosQ gSaA)
8. izes; 6-2 dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fl¼ dhft, fd ,d f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa osQ
eè;&¯cnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk rhljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSA (;kn dhft, fd vki
d{kk IX esa ,slk dj pqosQ gSa)A
9. ABCD ,d leyac gS ftlesa AB || DC gS rFkk blosQ fod.kZ ijLij ¯cnq O ij izfrPNsn djrs
AO CO
gSaA n'kkZb, fd = gSA
BO DO
AO CO
10. ,d prqHkqt
Z ABCD osQ fod.kZ ijLij ¯cnq O ij bl izdkj izfrPNsn djrs gSa fd =
BO DO
gSA n'kkZb, fd ABCD ,d leyac gSA

6.4 f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy, dlkSfV;k¡

fiNys vuqPNsn esa geus dgk Fkk fd nks f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k
cjkcj gksa rFkk (ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh gksa)A vFkkZr~
;fn ∆ ABC vkSj ∆ DEF es]a
(i) ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F gS rFkk
AB BC CA
(ii) = = gS rks nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-22)A
DE EF FD

vko`Qfr 6.22

;gk¡ vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd A, D osQ laxr gS_ B, E osQ laxr gS rFkk C, F osQ laxr
gSA lkaosQfrd :i ls] ge bu f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dks ‘∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF’ fy[krs gSa rFkk
^f=kHkqt ABC le:i gS f=kHkqt DEF osQ* i<+rs gSaA laosQr ‘~’ ^le:i* dks izdV djrk gSA
;kn dhft, fd d{kk IX esa vkius ^lok±xle* osQ fy, laosQr ‘≅’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA

2018-19
144 xf.kr

bl ckr ij vo'; è;ku nsuk pkfg, fd tSlk f=kHkqtksa dh lok±xlerk dh fLFkfr esa
fd;k x;k Fkk f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dks Hkh lkaosQfrd :i ls O;Dr djus osQ fy,]
muosQ 'kh"kks± dh laxrrkvksa dks lgh Øe esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.kkFkZ]
vko`Qfr 6-22 osQ f=kHkqtksa ABC vkSj DEF osQ fy,] ge ∆ ABC ~ ∆ EDF vFkok
∆ ABC ~ ∆ FED ugha fy[k ldrsA ijarq ge ∆ BAC ~ ∆ EDF fy[k ldrs gSaA

vc ,d iz'u ;g mBrk gS% nks f=kHkqtks]a eku yhft, ABC vkSj DEF dh le:irk dh
tk¡p osQ fy, D;k ge lnSo muosQ laxr dks.kksa osQ lHkh ;qXeksa dh lekurk (∠ A = ∠ D,
∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F) rFkk mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ lHkh ;qXeksa osQ vuqikrksa dh lekurk
 AB BC CA 
 = = 
 DE EF FD 
ij fopkj djrs gS\a vkb, bldh tk¡p djsAa vkidks ;kn gksxk fd d{kk
IX es]a vkius nks f=kHkqtksa dh lok±xlerk osQ fy, oqQN ,slh dlkSfV;k¡ (criteria) izkIr dh Fkha
ftuesa nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr Hkkxkas (;k vo;oks)a osQ osQoy rhu ;qXe gh fufgr FksA ;gk¡ Hkh]
vkb, ge nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ fy,] oqQN ,slh dlkSfV;k¡ izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djs]a
ftuesa bu nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr Hkkxksa osQ lHkh N% ;qXeksa osQ LFkku ij] bu laxr Hkkxksa osQ de
;qXeksa osQ chp lac/ a gh fufgr gksAa blosQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki djs%a
fØ;kdyki 4 : fHkUu&fHkUu yackb;ksa] eku yhft, 3 cm vkSj 5 cm okys Øe'k% nks
js[kk[kaM BC vkSj EF [khafp,A fiQj ¯cnqvksa B vkSj C ij Øe'k% ∠PBC vkSj ∠QCB fdUgha
nks ekiksa] eku yhft, 60° vkSj 40°, osQ [khafp,A lkFk gh] ¯cnqvksa E vkSj F ij Øe'k%
∠REF = 60º vkSj ∠SFE = 40º [khafp, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-23)A

vko`Qfr 6.23
eku yhft, fdj.k BP vkSj CQ ijLij ¯cnq A ij izfrPNsn djrh gSa rFkk fdj.k ER vkSj
FS ijLij ¯cnq D ij izfrPNsn djrh gSAa bu nksuksa f=kHkqtksa ABC vkSj DEF es]a vki ns[k ldrs
gSa fd ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F vkSj ∠ A = ∠ D gSA vFkkZr~ bu f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj

2018-19
f=kHkqt 145

BC 3
gSAa budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gS\a è;ku nhft, fd = = 0.6
EF 5
AB CA
gSA vkSj osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gS\a AB, DE, CA vkSj FD dks ekius ij]
DE FD
AB CA
vki ik,¡xs fd vkSj Hkh 0-6 osQ cjkcj gS (vFkok yxHkx 0-6 osQ cjkcj gS]a ;fn
DE FD
AB BC CA
ekiu esa dksbZ =kqfV gS)A bl izdkj] = = gSA vki leku laxr dks.k okys
DE EF FD
f=kHkqtksa osQ vusd ;qXe [khapdj bl fØ;kdyki dks nqgjk ldrs gSAa izR;sd ckj] vki ;g
ik,¡xs fd mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh) gSAa ;g fØ;kdyki gesa nks
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh dh vksj vxzflr djrk gS%
ize;s 6.3 : ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa] rks mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr
esa (lekuqikrh) gksrh gSa vkSj blhfy, ;s f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA
mijksDr dlkSVh dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk
dh AAA (dks.k&dks.k&dks.k) dlkSVh dgk
tkrk gSA
bl izes; dks nks ,sls f=kHkqt ABC vkSj
DEF ysdj] ftuesa ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E
vkSj ∠ C = ∠ F gks] fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk
vko`Qfr 6.24
gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-24)A
DP = AB vkSj DQ = AC dkfV, rFkk P vkSj Q dks feykb,A
vr% ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DPQ (D;ksa\)
blls ∠ B = ∠ P = ∠ E vkSj PQ || EF izkIr gksrk gS (oSQls\)
DP DQ
vr% =
QF
(D;ksa\)
PE
AB AC
vFkkZr~ = (D;ksa\)
DE DF
AB BC AB BC AC
blh izdkj] = vkSj blhfy, = =
DE EF DE EF DF
fVIi.kh : ;fn ,d f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.k fdlh vU; f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.kksa osQ Øe'k% cjkcj
gksa] rks f=kHkqt osQ dks.k ;ksx xq.k/eZ osQ dkj.k] buosQ rhljs dks.k Hkh cjkcj gksaxsA blhfy,]
AAA le:irk dlkSVh dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa Hkh O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

2018-19
146 xf.kr

;fn ,d f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.k ,d vU; f=kHkqt osQ Øe'k% nks dks.kksa osQ cjkcj gksa] rks
nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA
mijksDr dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh AA dlkSVh dgk tkrk gSA
Åij vkius ns[kk gS fd ;fn ,d f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa dks.k Øe'k% nwljs f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa
dks.kksa osQ cjkcj gksa] rks mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ lekuqikrh (,d gh vuqikr esa) gksrh gSaA bl
dFku osQ foykse osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa\ D;k ;g foykse lR; gS\ nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
;fn ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk,¡ Øe'k% nwljs f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ lekuqikrh gksa] rks D;k ;g
lR; gS fd bu f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gSa\ vkb,] ,d fØ;kdyki }kjk tk¡p djsaA
fØ;kdyki 5 : nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF bl izdkj [khafp, fd AB = 3 cm, BC = 6 cm]
CA = 8 cm] DE = 4.5 cm] EF = 9 cm vkSj FD = 12 cm gks (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-25)A

vko`Qfr 6.25

AB BC CA 2
rc] vkidks izkIr gS% = = (izR;sd osQ cjkcj gSa)
DE EF FD 3
vc] ∠ A, ∠ B, ∠ C, ∠ D, ∠ E vkSj ∠ F dks ekfi,A vki ns[ksaxs fd ∠ A = ∠ D,
∠ B = ∠ E vkSj ∠ C = ∠ F gS] vFkkZr~ nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gSaA
blh izdkj osQ vusd f=kHkqtksa osQ ;qXe [khapdj (ftuesa laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr
,d gh gksa)] vki bl fØ;kdyki dks iqu% dj ldrs gSaA izR;sd ckj vki ;g ik,¡xs
fd bu f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gSaA ;g nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEufyf[kr
dlkSVh osQ dkj.k gSa%
ize;s 6.4 : ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk,¡ nwljs f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ lekuqikrh
(vFkkZr~ ,d gh vuqikr esa) gksa] rks buosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSa] vkSj blhfy, nksuksa
f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA

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f=kHkqt 147

bl dlkSVh dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh SSS (Hkqtk&Hkqtk&Hkqtk) dlkSVh dgk

tkrk gSA
AB BC CA
mijksDr izes; dks ,sls nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF ysdj] ftuesa = = gks]
DE EF FD
fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-26)%
∆ DEF esa DP = AB vkSj DQ = AC dkfV, rFkk P vkSj Q dks feykb,A

vko`Qfr 6.26

DP DQ
;gk¡ ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd =
QF
vkSj PQ || EF gS (oSQls\)
PE
vr% ∠P=∠ E vkSj ∠ Q = ∠ F.
DP DQ PQ
blfy, = =
DE DF EF
DP DQ BC
ftlls = = (D;ksa\)
DE DF EF
vr% BC = PQ (D;ksa\)
bl izdkj ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DPQ (D;ksa\)
vr% ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E vkSj ∠ C = ∠ F (oSQls\)
fVIi.kh : vkidks ;kn gksxk fd nks cgqHkqtksa dh le:irk osQ nksuksa izfrca/ksa] vFkkZr~
(i) laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa vkSj (ii) laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa gksa] esa ls osQoy fdlh
,d dk gh larq"V gksuk mudh le:irk osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gksrkA ijarq izes;ksa 6-3 vkSj
6-4 osQ vk/kj ij] vc vki ;g dg ldrs gSa fd nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fLFkfr
esa] bu nksuksa izfrca/ksa dh tk¡p djus dh vko';drk ugha gS] D;ksafd ,d izfrca/ ls Lor%
gh nwljk izfrca/ izkIr gks tkrk gSA

2018-19
148 xf.kr
vkb, vc nks f=kHkqtksa dh lok±xlerk dh mu dlkSfV;ksa dks ;kn djsa] tks geus d{kk
IX esa i<+h FkhaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd SSS le:irk dlkSVh dh rqyuk SSS lok±xlerk
dlkSVh ls dh tk ldrh gSA blls gesa ;g laosQr feyrk gS fd f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh
,slh dlkSVh izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tk, ftldh f=kHkqtksa dh SAS lok±xlerk dlkSVh
ls rqyuk dh tk losQA blosQ fy,] vkb, ,d fØ;kdyki djsaA
fØ;kdyki 6 : nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF bl izdkj [khafp, fd AB = 2 cm, ∠ A = 50º,
AC = 4 cm, DE = 3 cm, ∠ D = 50° vkSj DF = 6 cm gks (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-27)A

vko`Qfr 6.27

AB AC 2
;gk¡] vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd = (izR;sd osQ cjkcj gSa) rFkk ∠ A (Hkqtkvksa
DE DF 3
AB vkSj AC osQ varxZr dks.k) = ∠ D (Hkqtkvksa DE vkSj DF osQ varxZr dks.k) gSA vFkkZr~
,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k osQ cjkcj gS rFkk bu dks.kksa dks varxZr
djus okyh Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh) gSaA vc] vkb, ∠ B, ∠ C, ∠ E vkSj
∠ F dks ekisaA

vki ik,¡xs fd ∠ B = ∠ E vkSj ∠ C = ∠ F gSA vFkkZr~] ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E vkSj

∠ C = ∠ F gSA blfy,] AAA le:irk dlkSVh ls ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF gSA vki ,sls vusd
f=kHkqtksa osQ ;qXeksa dks [khapdj] ftuesa ,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k
osQ cjkcj gks rFkk bu dks.kksa dks varxZr djus okyh Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh)
gksa] bl fØ;kdyki dks nksgjk ldrs gSaA izR;sd ckj] vki ;g ik,¡xs fd nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i
gSaA ;g f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh osQ dkj.k gSa%
s 6.5 : ;fn ,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k osQ cjkcj gks rFkk
ize;
bu dks.kksa dks varxZr djus okyh Hkqtk,¡ lekuqikrh gksa] rks nksukssa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA

2018-19
f=kHkqt 149

bl dlkSVh dks nks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh SAS (Hkqtk&dks.k&Hkqtk) dlkSVh dgk

tkrk gSA
igys dh gh rjg] bl ize;s dks
Hkh nks f=kHkqt ABC vkSj DEF ,sls
AB AC
ysdj fd = (< 1) gks rFkk
DE DF
∠ A = ∠ D gks (ns f [k, vko` Q fr
6-28) rks fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
∆ DEF esa DP = AB vkSj DQ = AC
vko`Qfr 6.28
dkfV, rFkk P vkSj Q dks feykb,A
vc PQ || EF vkSj ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DPQ (oSQls\)
vr% ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ P vkSj ∠ C = ∠ Q gS
blfy, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF (D;ksa\)
vkb, vc ge bu dlkSfV;ksa osQ iz;ksx dks iznf'kZr djus osQ fy,] oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 4 : vko`Qfr 6-29 esa] ;fn PQ || RS gS] rks fl¼ dhft, fd ∆ POQ ~ ∆ SOR gSA

vko`Qfr 6.29

gy : PQ || RS (fn;k gS)
vr% ∠P= ∠S (,dkarj dks.k)
vkSj ∠Q= ∠R (,dkarj dks.k)
lkFk gh ∠ POQ = ∠ SOR ('kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k)
blfy, ∆ POQ ~ ∆ SOR (AAA le:irk dlkSVh)

2018-19
150 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 5 : vko`Qfr 6-30 esa ∠ P Kkr dhft,A

vko`Qfr 6.30

gy : ∆ABC vkSj ∆ PQR es]a

AB 3.8 1 , BC 6 1 CA 3 3 1
= = = = vkSj = =
RQ 7.6 2 QP 12 2 PR 6 3 2
AB BC CA
vFkkZr~ = =
RQ QP PR
blfy, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ RQP (SSS le:irk)
blfy, ∠C= ∠P
(le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k)
ijarq ∠C= 180° – ∠ A – ∠ B(f=kHkqt dk dks.k ;ksx xq.k/eZ)
= 180° – 80° – 60° = 40°
vr% ∠ P = 40°

mnkgj.k 6 : vko`Qfr 6-31 esa]

OA . OB = OC . OD gSA
n'kkZb, fd ∠A= ∠ C vkSj ∠ B = ∠ D gSA
gy : OA . OB = OC . OD (fn;k gS)
OA OD vko`Qfr 6.31
vr% = (1)
OC OB
lkFk gh] gesa izkIr gS% ∠ AOD = ∠ COB ('kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k) (2)
vr% (1) vkSj (2) ls ∆ AOD ~ ∆ COB (SAS le:irk dlkSVh)
blfy, ∠A=∠ C vkSj ∠ D = ∠ B (le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k)

2018-19
f=kHkqt 151

mnkgj.k 7 : 90 cm dh yackbZ okyh ,d yM+dh cYc yxs ,d [kaHks osQ vk/kj ls ijs
1-2 m/s dh pky ls py jgh gSA ;fn cYc Hkwfe ls 3-6cm dh Å¡pkbZ ij gS] rks
4 lsoaQM ckn ml yM+dh dh Nk;k dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, AB cYc yxs [kaHks dks rFkk
CD yM+dh }kjk [kaHks osQ vk/kj ls ijs 4
lsoaQM pyus osQ ckn mldh fLFkfr dks izdV
djrs gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-32)A
vko`Qfr ls vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd DE
yM+dh dh Nk;k dh yackbZ gSA eku yhft,
DE, x m gSA
vc] BD = 1.2 m × 4 = 4.8 m
vko`Qfr 6.32
è;ku nhft, fd ∆ ABE vkSj ∆ CDE es]a
∠B= ∠D (izR;sd 90° dk gS] D;ksafd cYc
yxk [kaHkk vkSj yM+dh nksuksa gh Hkwfe ls ÅèokZ/j [kM+s gSa)
rFkk ∠E= ∠E (leku dks.k)
vr% ∆ ABE ~ ∆ CDE (AA le:irk dlkSVh)
BE AB
blfy, = (le:i f=kHkqtksa dh laxr Hkqtk,a)
DE CD
4.8 + x 3.6 90
vFkkZr~ = (90 cm = m = 0.9 m)
x 0.9 100
vFkkZr~ 4.8 + x = 4x
vFkkZr~ 3x = 4.8
vFkkZr~ x = 1.6
vr% 4 lsoaQM pyus osQ ckn yM+dh dh Nk;k dh yackbZ 1-6 m gSA
mnkgj.k 8 : vko`Qfr 6-33 esa CM vkSj RN Øe'k%
∆ ABC vkSj ∆ PQR dh ekfè;dk,¡ gSaA ;fn
∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd
(i) ∆ AMC ~ ∆ PNR
CM AB
(ii) =
RN PQ
(iii) ∆ CMB ~ ∆ RNQ
vko`Qfr 6.33

2018-19
152 xf.kr
gy : (i) ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR (fn;k gS)
AB BC CA
vr% = = (1)
PQ QR RP
rFkk ∠ A = ∠ P, ∠ B = ∠ Q vkSj ∠ C = ∠ R (2)
ijarq AB = 2 AM vkSj PQ = 2 PN
(D;ksafd CM vkSj RN ekfè;dk,¡ gSa)
2 AM CA
blfy, (1) ls =
2PN RP
AM CA
vFkkZr~ = (3)
PN RP
lkFk gh ∠ MAC = ∠ NPR [(2) ls] (4)
blfy, (3) vkSj (4) ls]
∆ AMC ~ ∆ PNR (SAS le:irk) (5)
CM CA
(ii) (5) ls = (6)
RN RP
CA AB
ijarq =
PQ
[(1) ls] (7)
RP
CM AB
vr% =
PQ
[(6) vkSj (7) ls] (8)
RN
AB BC
(iii) iqu% PQ
=
QR
[(1) ls]
CM BC
vr% = [(8) ls] (9)
RN QR
CM AB 2 BM
lkFk gh = =
RN PQ 2 QN
CM BM
vFkkZr~ =
QN
(10)
RN
CM BC BM
vFkkZr~ = = [(9) vkSj (10) ls]
RN QR QN
vr% ∆ CMB ~ ∆ RNQ (SSS le:irk)
[fVIi.kh : vki bl iz'u osQ Hkkx (iii) dks Hkkx (i) esa iz;ksx dh xbZ fof/ ls Hkh fl¼ dj
ldrs gSAa ]

2018-19
f=kHkqt 153

iz'ukoyh 6.3
1. crkb, fd vko`Qfr 6-34 esa fn, f=kHkqtksa osQ ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls ;qXe le:i gSaA ml
le:irk dlkSVh dks fyf[k, ftldk iz;ksx vkius mÙkj nsus esa fd;k gS rFkk lkFk gh le:i
f=kHkqtksa dks lkaosQfrd :i esa O;Dr dhft,A

vko`Qfr 6.34
2. vko`Qfr 6-35 es]a ∆ ODC ~ ∆ OBA, ∠ BOC =
125° vkSj ∠ CDO = 70° gSA ∠ DOC, ∠ DCO
vkSj ∠ OAB Kkr dhft,A
3. leyac ABCD, ftlesa AB || DC gS] osQ fod.kZ
AC vkSj BD ijLij O ij izfrPNsn djrs gSAa nks
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dlkSVh dk iz;ksx djrs
OA OB
gq,] n'kkZb, fd = gSA vko`Qfr 6.35
OC OD

2018-19
154 xf.kr

QR QT
4. vko`Qfr 6-36 esa] = rFkk ∠ 1 = ∠ 2 gSA
QS PR
n'kkZb, fd ∆ PQS ~ ∆ TQR gSA
5. ∆ PQR dh Hkqtkvksa PR vkSj QR ij Øe'k% ¯cnq
S vkSj Τ bl izdkj fLFkr gSa fd ∠ P = ∠ RTS gSA
n'kkZb, fd ∆ RPQ ~ ∆ RTS gSA vko`Qfr 6.36

6. vko`Qfr 6-37 esa] ;fn ∆ ABE ≅ ∆ ACD gS] rks

n'kkZb, fd ∆ ADE ~ ∆ ABC gSA
7. vko`Qfr 6-38 es]a ∆ ABC osQ 'kh"kZyca AD vkSj
CE ijLij ¯cnq P ij izfrPNsn djrs gSAa n'kkZb,
fd%
(i) ∆ AEP ~ ∆ CDP
(ii) ∆ ABD ~ ∆ CBE
(iii) ∆ AEP ~ ∆ ADB
(iv) ∆ PDC ~ ∆ BEC vko`Qfr 6.37
8. lekarj prqHkqZt ABCD dh c<+kbZ xbZ Hkqtk
AD ij fLFkr E ,d ¯cnq gS rFkk BE Hkqtk CD
dks F ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA n'kkZb, fd
∆ ABE ~ ∆ CFB gSA
9. vko`Qfr 6-39 es]a ABC vkSj AMP nks ledks.k
f=kHkqt gS]a ftuosQ dks.k B vkSj M ledks.k gSAa
fl¼ dhft, fd%
(i) ∆ ABC ~ ∆ AMP vko`Qfr 6.38
CA BC
(ii) =
PA MP
10. CD vkSj GH Øe'k% ∠ ACB vkSj ∠ EGF osQ ,sls
lef}Hkktd gSa fd ¯cnq D vkSj H Øe'k% ∆ABC
vkSj ∆FEG dh Hkqtkvksa AB vkSj FE ij fLFkr gSAa
;fn ∆ ABC ~ ∆ FEG gS] rks n'kkZb, fd%
CD AC
(i) =
GH FG
(ii) ∆ DCB ~ ∆ HGE
vko`Qfr 6.39
(iii) ∆ DCA ~ ∆ HGF

2018-19
f=kHkqt 155

11. vko`Qfr 6-40 esa] AB = AC okys] ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt ABC dh c<+kbZ xbZ Hkqtk CB ij fLFkr
E ,d ¯cnq gSA ;fn AD ⊥ BC vkSj EF ⊥ AC gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd ∆ ABD ~ ∆ ECF gSA
12. ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk,¡ AB vkSj BC rFkk ekfè;dk AD ,d vU; f=kHkqt PQR dh Øe'k%
Hkqtkvksa PQ vkSj QR rFkk ekfè;dk PM osQ lekuqikrh gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-41)A n'kkZb, fd
∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR gSA

vko`Qfr 6.40 vko`Qfr 6.41

13. ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk BC ij ,d ¯cnq D bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd ∠ ADC =
∠ BAC gSA n'kkZb, fd CA2 = CB.CD gSA
14. ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk,¡ AB vkSj AC rFkk ekfè;dk AD ,d vU; f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa PQ
vkSj PR rFkk ekfè;dk PM osQ Øe'k% lekuqikrh gSaA n'kkZb, fd ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR gSA
15. yackbZ 6 m okys ,d ÅèokZ/j LraHk dh Hkwfe ij Nk;k dh yackbZ 4 m gS] tcfd mlh le;
,d ehukj dh Nk;k dh yackbZ 28 m gSA ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
16. AD vkSj PM f=kHkqtksa ABC vkSj PQR dh Øe'k% ekfè;dk,¡ gSa] tcfd ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR gSA
AB AD
fl¼ dhft, fd = gSA
PQ PM

6.5 le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy

vkius ;g lh[kk gS fd nks le:i f=kHkqtksa esa] mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr ,d gh
(leku) jgrs gSaA D;k vki lksprs gSa fd bu f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa osQ vuqikr vkSj budh
laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr esa dksbZ laca/ gS\ vki tkurs gSa fd {ks=kiQy dks oxZ ek=kdksa
(square units) esa ekik tkrk gSA vr%] vki ;g vk'kk dj ldrs gSa fd {ks=kiQyksa dk
vuqikr budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr osQ oxZ osQ cjkcj gksxkA ;g okLro esa lR; gS
vkSj bls ge vxyh izes; esa fl¼ djsaxsA
ize;s 6.6 : nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa
dk vuqikr budh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr
osQ oxZ osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
vko`Qfr 6.42

2018-19
156 xf.kr
miifÙk : ges a nks f=kHkq t ABC vkSj PQR ,s l s fn, gS a fd ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-42)A
2 2 2
ar (ABC)  AB   BC   CA 
gesa fl¼ djuk gS fd = = =

ar (PQR)  PQ  
 QR   RP 

nksuksa f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge buosQ Øe'k% 'kh"kZyac AM vkSj PN
[khaprs gSaA
1
vc ar (ABC) =
2
BC × AM

1
rFkk ar (PQR) =
2
QR × PN

1
ar (ABC) × BC × AM
2 BC × AM
vr% ar (PQR)
=
1
=
QR × PN
(1)
× QR × PN
2
vc] ∆ ABM vkSj ∆ PQN es]a
∠B= ∠Q (D;ksfa d ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR gS)
vkSj ∠M= ∠N (izR;sd 90° dk gS)
vr% ∆ ABM ~ ∆ PQN (AA le:irk dlkSVh)
AM AB
blfy, =
PQ
(2)
PN
lkFk gh ∆ ABC ~ ∆ PQR (fn;k gS)
AB BC CA
blfy, = = (3)
PQ QR RP
ar (ABC) AB AM
vr% × vkSj (3) ls]
ar (PQR) = PQ PN [(1)

AB AB
= × [(2) ls]
PQ PQ
2
 AB 
=  
 PQ 

vc (3) dk iz;ksx djosQ] gesa izkIr gksrk gS

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f=kHkqt 157

2 2 2
ar (ABC)  AB   BC   CA 
=  PQ  =  QR  =  RP 
ar (PQR)      
vkb, ge bl izes; dk iz;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 9 : vko`Qfr 6-43 esa] js[kk[kaM XY
f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk AC osQ lekarj gS rFkk
bl f=kHkqt dks og cjkcj {ks=kiQyksa okys nks
AX
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA vuqikr AB
Kkr
dhft,A
vko`Qfr 6.43
gy : gesa izkIr gS% XY || AC (fn;k gS)
vr% ∠ BXY = ∠ A vkSj ∠ BYX = ∠ C (laxr dks.k)
blfy, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ XBY (AA le:irk dlkSVh)
2
ar (ABC)  AB 
vr% ar (XBY) =  XB  (izes; 6-6) (1)

lkFk gh ar (ABC) = 2 ar (XBY) (fn;k gS)

ar (ABC) 2
vr% ar (XBY) = 1 (2)

blfy, (1) vkSj (2) ls

2
 AB  2 AB 2
  = , vFkkZr~ = gSA
 XB  1 XB 1

XB 1
;k AB
=
2

XB 1
;k 1–
AB
= 1–
2

AB – XB 2 −1 AX 2 −1 2− 2
;k AB
=
2
, vFkkZr~ AB
=
2
= gSA
2

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iz'ukoyh 6.4
1. eku yhft, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF gS vkSj buosQ {ks=kiQy Øe'k% 64 cm2 vkSj 121 cm2 gSaA ;fn
EF = 15.4 cm gks] rks BC Kkr dhft,A
2. ,d leyac ABCD ftlesa AB || DC gS] osQ fod.kZ ijLij ¯cnq O ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA ;fn
AB = 2 CD gks rks f=kHkqtksa AOB vkSj COD osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
3. vko`Qfr 6-44 esa ,d gh vk/kj BC ij nks f=kHkqt
ABC vkSj DBC cus gq, gSaA ;fn AD, BC dks O ij
ar (ABC) AO
izfrPNsn djs] rks n'kkZb, fd = gSA
ar (DBC) DO
4.;fn nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy cjkcj gksa rks
fl¼ dhft, fd os f=kHkqt lok±xle gksrs gSaA vko`Qfr 6.44
5. ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtkvksa AB, BC vkSj CA osQ eè;&¯cnq Øe'k% D, E vkSj F gSaA ∆ DEF
vkSj ∆ABC osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
6. fl¼ dhft, fd nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr budh laxr ekfè;dkvksa
osQ vuqikr dk oxZ gksrk gSA
7. fl¼ dhft, fd ,d oxZ dh fdlh Hkqtk ij cuk, x, leckgq f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy mlh
oxZ osQ ,d fod.kZ ij cuk, x, leckgq f=kHkqt osQ {ks=kiQy dk vk/k gksrk gSA
lgh mÙkj pqfu, vkSj vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; nhft,%
8. ABC vkSj BDE nks leckgq f=kHkqt bl izdkj gSa fd D Hkqtk BC dk eè;&¯cnq gSA f=kHkqtksa
ABC vkSj BDE osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr gS%
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4
9. nks le:i f=kHkqtksa dh Hkqtk,¡ 4 : 9 osQ vuqikr esa gSAa bu f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr gS%
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 4 : 9 (C) 81 : 16 (D) 16 : 81

6.6 ikbFkkxksjl izes;

fiNyh d{kkvksa esa] vki ikbFkkxksjl izes; ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gks pqosQ gSaA vkius
oqQN fØ;kdykiksa }kjk bl izes; dh tk¡p dh Fkh rFkk blosQ vk/kj ij oqQN iz'u
gy fd, FksA vkius d{kk IX esa] bldh ,d miifÙk Hkh ns[kh FkhA vc] ge bl izes;
dks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh vo/kj.kk dk iz;ksx djosQ fl¼ djsaxsA bls fl¼ djus
osQ fy, ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ d.kZ ij lEeq[k 'kh"kZ ls Mkys x, yac osQ

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f=kHkqt 159

nksuksa vksj cus le:i f=kHkqtksa ls lacaf/r ,d

ifj.kke dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
vc] vkb, ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC ysa
ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gSA eku yhft, BD
d.kZ AC ij yac gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-45)A
vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ∆ ADB vkSj ∆ ABC esa vko`Qfr 6.45
∠A= ∠A
vkSj ∠ ADB = ∠ ABC (D;ksa\)
vr% ∆ ADB ~ ∆ ABC (oSQls\) (1)
blh izdkj ∆ BDC ~ ∆ ABC (oSQls\) (2)
vr%] (1) vkSj (2) osQ vuqlkj] yEc BD osQ nksuksa vksj osQ f=kHkqt laiw.kZ f=kHkqt
ABC osQ le:i gSaA
lkFk gh] D;ksafd ∆ ADB ~ ∆ ABC gS
vkSj ∆ BDC ~ ∆ ABC gS
blfy, ∆ ADB ~ ∆ BDC (vuqPNsn 6-2 dh fVIi.kh ls)
mijksDr ppkZ ls] ge fuEufyf[kr izes; ij igq¡prs gSa%
ize;s 6.7 : ;fn fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ledks.k
okys 'kh"kZ ls d.kZ ij yac Mkyk tk, rks bl yac
osQ nksuksa vksj cus f=kHkqt laiw.kZ f=kHkqt osQ le:i
gksrs gSa rFkk ijLij Hkh le:i gksrs gSaA
vkb, ikbFkkxksjl izes; dks fl¼ djus osQ
fy, mijksDr izes; dk iz;ksx djsaA ikbFkkxksjl
ize;s 6.8 : ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt esa d.kZ dk oxZ 'ks"k (569&479 lk-;q-)
nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks± osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
miifÙk : gesa ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gS
ftldk ∠B ledks.k gSA
gesa fl¼ djuk gS fd AC2 = AB2 + BC2
vkb, BD ⊥ AC [khpas (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-46)A
vko`Qfr 6.46

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160 xf.kr
vc ∆ ADB ~ ∆ ABC (izes; 6-7)
AD AB
vr% = (Hkqtk,¡ lekuqikrh gSa)
AB AC
;k AD . AC = AB 2 (1)
lkFk gh ∆ BDC ~ ∆ ABC (izes; 6-7)
CD BC
vr% = (Hkqtk,¡ lekuqikrh gSa)
BC AC
;k CD . AC = BC 2 (2)
(1) vkSj (2) dks tksM+us ij
AD . AC + CD . AC = AB2 + BC2
;k AC (AD + CD) = AB2 + BC2
;k AC . AC = AB2 + BC2
;k AC2 = AB2 + BC2
mijksDr izes; dks igys ,d izkphu Hkkjrh; xf.krK ckS/k;u (yxHkx 800 bZ-iw-)
us fuEufyf[kr :i esa fn;k Fkk%
,d vk;r dk fod.kZ Lo;a ls mruk gh {ks=kiQy fu£er djrk gS] ftruk mldh nksuksa
Hkqtkvksa (vFkkZr~ yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ) ls fey dj curk gSA
bldk vFkZ gS%
fdlh vk;r osQ fod.kZ ls cus oxZ dk {ks=kiQy bldh nksuksa vklUu Hkqtkvksa ij cus
oxks± osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
blh dkj.k] bl izes; dks dHkh&dHkh ckS/k;u izes; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ foykse osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk tk ldrk gS\ vki fiNyh d{kkvksa
esa bldh tk¡p dj pqosQ gSa fd ;g foykse Hkh lR; gSA vc ge bls ,d izes; osQ
:i esa fl¼ djsaxsA
s 6.9 : ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk dk oxZ vU; nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks± osQ ;ksx
ize;
osQ cjkcj gks rks igyh Hkqtk dk lEeq[k dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA
miifÙk : ;gk¡ gesa ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gS ftlesa AC2 = AB2 + BC2 gSA
gesa fl¼ djuk gS fd ∠ B = 90° gSA

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f=kHkqt 161

bls izkjaHk djus osQ fy, ge ,d ∆ PQR dh jpuk djrs gSa ftlesa ∠Q = 90º,
PQ = AB vkSj QR = BC (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-47)A

vko`Qfr 6.47

vc] ∆ PQR ls gesa izkIr gS%

PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (ikbFkkxksjl izes;] D;ksafd
∠ Q = 90° gS)
;k PR2 = AB2 + BC2 (jpuk ls) (1)
ijarq AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (fn;k gS) (2)
vr% AC = PR [(1) vkSj (2) ls ] (3)
vc] ∆ ABC vkSj ∆ PQR esa
AB = PQ (jpuk ls)
BC = QR (jpuk ls)
AC = PR [Åij (3) esa fl¼ fd;k gS]
vr% ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ PQR (SSS lok±xlerk)
blfy, ∠B= ∠Q (CPCT)
ijarq ∠ Q = 90° (jpuk ls)
vr% ∠ B = 90°
fVIi.kh : bl izes; dh ,d vU; miifÙk osQ fy, ifjf'k"V 1 nsf[k,A
vkb, bu izes;ksa dk iz;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 10 : vko`Qfr 6-48 esa ∠ACB = 90° rFkk
BC2 BD
CD ⊥ AB gSA fl¼ dhft, fd = gSA
AC2 AD
gy : ∆ ACD ~ ∆ ABC
(izes; 6-7)
vko`Qfr 6.48

2018-19
162 xf.kr

AC AD
vr% =
AB AC
;k AC2 = AB . AD (1)
blh izdkj ∆ BCD ~ ∆ BAC (izes; 6-7)
BC BD
vr% =
BA BC
;k BC2 = BA . BD (2)
vr% (1) vkSj (2) ls
BC 2 BA ⋅ BD BD
=
2 = AB ⋅ AD AD
AC

mnkgj.k 11 : ,d lh<+h fdlh nhokj ij bl izdkj fVdh

gqbZ gS fd bldk fupyk fljk nhokj ls 2-5 m dh nwjh ij
gS rFkk bldk Åijh fljk Hkwfe ls 6 m dh Å¡pkbZ ij cuh
,d f[kM+dh rd igq¡prk gSA lh<+h dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, AB lh<+h gS rFkk CA nhokj gS ftlesa
f[kM+dh A ij gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-49)A
lkFk gh BC = 2.5 m vkSj CA = 6 m gSA
ikbFkkxksjl izes; ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS% vko`Qfr 6.49
2 2 2
AB = BC + CA
= (2.5)2 + (6)2
= 42.25
vr% AB = 6.5
bl izdkj] lh<+h dh yackbZ 6-5 m gSA
mnkgj.k 12 : vko`Qfr 6-50 esa AD ⊥ BC gSA fl¼ dhft, fd
AB2 + CD2 = BD2 + AC2 gSA
gy : ∆ ADC ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
AC2 = AD2 + CD2 (1)
(ikbFkkxksjl izes;) vko`Qfr 6.50

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f=kHkqt 163

∆ ADB ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS%

AB2 = AD2 + BD2 (2) (ikbFkkxksjl izes;)
(2) esa ls (1) dks ?kVkus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
AB2 – AC2 = BD2 – CD2
;k AB2 + CD2 = BD2 + AC2

mngkj.k 13 : BL vkSj CM ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt

ABC dh ekfè;dk,¡ gSa rFkk bl f=kHkqt dk
dks . k A ledks . k gS A fl¼ dhft, fd
4 (BL2 + CM2) = 5 BC2
gy : BL vkSj CM ,d ∆ ABC dh ekfè;dk,¡ gSa_ vko`Qfr 6.51
ftlesa ∠ A = 90° gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-51)A
∆ ABC ls
BC2 = AB2 + AC2 (ikbFkkxksjl izes;) (1)
∆ ABL ls
BL2 = AL2 + AB2
2
 AC 
;k  + AB dk eè;&¯cnq L gS)
2
BL2 =  (AC
 2 
AC 2
;k BL2 = + AB2
4
;k 4 BL2 = AC2 + 4 AB2 (2)
∆ CMA ls
CM2 = AC2 + AM2
2
 AB 
;k CM2 = AC2 +   (AB dk eè; ¯cnq M gS)
 2 
AB2
;k CM2 = AC2 +
4
;k 4 CM2 = 4 AC2 + AB2 (3)
(2) vkSj (3) dks tksM+us ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
4 (BL2 + CM2) = 5 (AC2 + AB2)
;k 4 (BL2 + CM2) = 5 BC2 ¹(1) lsº

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164 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 14 : vk;r ABCD osQ vanj fLFkr
O dksbZ ¯cnq gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-52)A
fl¼ dhft, fd OB2 + OD2 = OA2 + OC2 gSA
gy :
O ls gksdj tkrh gqbZ PQ || BC [khafp,] ftlls
fd P Hkqtk AB ij fLFkr gks rFkk Q Hkqtk DC vko`Qfr 6.52
ij fLFkr gksA
vc PQ || BC gS
vr% PQ ⊥ AB vkSj PQ ⊥ DC (∠ B = 90° vkSj ∠ C = 90°)
blfy, ∠ BPQ = 90° vkSj ∠ CQP = 90° gSA
vr% BPQC vkSj APQD nksuksa vk;r gSaA
vc ∆ OPB ls
OB2 = BP2 + OP2 (1)
blh izdkj ∆ OQD ls
OD2 = OQ2 + DQ2 (2)
∆ OQC ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS
OC2 = OQ2 + CQ2 (3)
rFkk ∆ OAP ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS
OA2 = AP2 + OP2 (4)
(1) vkSj (2) dks tksM+us ij
OB2 + OD2 = BP2 + OP2 + OQ2 + DQ2
= CQ2 + OP2 + OQ2 + AP2
(D;ksafd BP = CQ vkSj DQ = AP gS)
= CQ + OQ2 + OP2 + AP2
2

= OC2 + OA2 [(3) vkSj (4) ls]

iz'ukoyh 6.5
1. oqQN f=kHkqtksa dh Hkqtk,¡ uhps nh xbZ gSaA fu/kZfjr dhft, fd buesa ls dkSu&dkSu ls f=kHkqt
ledks.k f=kHkqt gSaA bl fLFkfr esa d.kZ dh yackbZ Hkh fyf[k,A
(i) 7 cm] 24 cm, 25 cm (ii) 3 cm] 8 cm] 6 cm
(iii) 50 cm] 80 cm] 100 cm (iv) 13 cm] 12 cm] 5 cm

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f=kHkqt 165

2. PQR ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k P

ledks.k gS rFkk QR ij ¯cnq M bl izdkj fLFkr gS
fd PM ⊥ QR gSA n'kkZb, fd PM2 = QM . MR gSA
3. vko`Qfr 6-53 esa ABD ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS
ftldk dks.k A ledks.k gS rFkk AC ⊥ BD gSA
n'kkZb, fd
(i) AB2 = BC . BD
(ii) AC2 = BC . DC
vko`Qfr 6.53
(iii) AD2 = BD . CD
4. ABC ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k C ledks.k gSA fl¼ dhft, fd AB2 = 2AC2 gSA
5. ABC ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gS ftlesa AC = BC gSA ;fn AB2 = 2 AC2 gS] rks fl¼ dhft,
fd ABC ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gSA
6. ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk 2a gSA mlosQ izR;sd 'kh"kZyac dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
7. fl¼ dhft, fd ,d leprqHkqZt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ
oxks± dk ;ksx mlosQ fod.kks± osQ oxks± osQ ;ksx osQ
cjkcj gksrk gSA
8. vko`Qfr 6-54 esa ∆ABC osQ vH;arj esa fLFkr dksbZ
¯cnq O gS rFkk OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC vkSj OF ⊥ AB gSA
n'kkZb, fd
(i) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2 vko`Qfr 6.54

9. 10 m yach ,d lh<+h ,d nhokj ij fVdkus ij Hkwfe ls 8 m dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr ,d f[kM+dh

rd igqp¡ rh gSA nhokj osQ vk/kj ls lh<+h osQ fupys fljs dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
10. 18 m Åaps ,d ÅèokZ/j [kaHks osQ Åijh fljs ls ,d rkj dk ,d fljk tqM+k gqvk gS
rFkk rkj dk nwl jk fljk ,d [kw¡Vs ls tqM+k gqvk gSA [kaHks osQ vk/kj ls [kw¡Vs dks fdruh
nwjh ij xkM+k tk, fd rkj ruk jgs tcfd rkj dh yackbZ 24 m gSA
11. ,d gokbZ tgkt ,d gokbZ vîós ls mÙkj dh vksj 1000 km/hr dh pky ls mM+rk gSA
blh le; ,d vU; gokbZ tgkt mlh gokbZ vM~Ms ls if'pe dh vksj 1200 km/hr
1
dh pky ls mM+rk gSA 1 ?kaVs osQ ckn nksuksa gokbZ tgktksa osQ chp dh nwjh fdruh gksxh\
2
12. nks [kaHks ftudh Å¡pkbZ;k¡ 6 m vkSj 11 m gSa rFkk ;s lery Hkwfe ij [kM+s gSaA ;fn buosQ
ikn ¯cnqvksa osQ chp dh nwjh 12 m gS rks buosQ Åijh fljksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A

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13. ,d f=kHkqt ABC ftldk dks.k C ledks.k gS] dh
Hkqtkvksa CA vkSj CB ij Øe'k% ¯cnq D vkSj E fLFkr
gSaA fl¼ dhft, fd AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2 gSA
14. fdlh f=kHkqt ABC osQ 'kh"kZ A ls BC ij Mkyk x;k
yEc BC dks ¯cnq D ij bl izdkj izfrPNsn djrk
gS fd DB = 3 CD gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-55)A fl¼
dhft, fd 2 AB2 = 2 AC2 + BC2 gSA vko`Qfr 6.55
15. fdlh leckgq f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk BC ij ,d ¯cnq D bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd
1
BD = BC gSA fl¼ dhft, fd 9 AD2 = 7 AB2 gSA
3
16. fdlh leckgq f=kHkqt esa] fl¼ dhft, fd mldh ,d Hkqtk osQ oxZ dk frxquk mlosQ
,d 'kh"kZyac osQ oxZ osQ pkj xqus osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
17. lgh mÙkj pqudj mldk vkSfpR; nhft,% ∆ ABC esa] AB = 6 3 cm] AC = 12 cm vkSj
BC = 6 cm gSA dks.k B gS%
(A) 120º (B) 60º
(C) 90º (D) 45º

vH;kl 6.6 (,sfPNd)*

QS PQ
1. vko`Qfr 6-56 esa PS dks.k QPR dk lef}Hkktd gSA fl¼ dhft, fd = gSA
SR PR

vko`Qfr 6.56 vko`Qfr 6.57

2. vko`Qfr 6-57 esa D f=kHkqt ABC osQ d.kZ AC ij fLFkr ,d ¯cnq gS tcfd BD ⊥ AC rFkk
DM ⊥ BC vkSj DN ⊥ AB gSA fl¼ dhft, fd
(i) DM2 = DN . MC (ii) DN2 = DM . AN

* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha nh xbZ gSA

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f=kHkqt 167

3. vko`Qfr 6-58 eas ABC ,d f=kHkqt gS ftlesa ∠ ABC > 90° gS rFkk AD ⊥ CB gSA fl¼ dhft,
fd AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 BC . BD gSA

vko`Qfr 6.58 vko`Qfr 6.59

4. vko`Qfr 6-59 esa ABC ,d f=kHkqt gS ftlesa ∠ ABC < 90° gS rFkk AD ⊥ BC gSA fl¼ dhft,
fd AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2 BC . BD gSA
5. vko`Qfr 6-60 esa AD f=kHkqt ABC dh ,d ekfè;dk gS rFkk AM ⊥ BC gSA fl¼ dhft, fd
2
 BC 
(i) AC2 = AD2 + BC . DM +  
 2 

2
 BC 
(ii) AB = AD – BC . DM + 
2 2

 2 

1
(iii) AC2 + AB2 = 2 AD2 + BC2
2
vko`Qfr 6.60

6. fl¼ dhft, fd ,d lekarj prqHkqZt osQ fod.kks± osQ oxks± dk ;ksx mldh Hkqtkvksa osQ
oxks± osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
7. vko`Qfr 6-61 esa ,d o`Ùk dh nks thok,¡ AB
vkSj CD ijLij ¯cnq P ij izfrPNsn djrh gSaA
fl¼ dhft, fd
(i) ∆ APC ~ ∆ DPB

(ii) AP . PB = CP . DP

vko`Qfr 6.61

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8. vko`Qfr 6-62 esa ,d o`Ùk dh nks thok,¡ AB vkSj CD c<+kus ij ijLij ¯cnq P ij izfrPNsn
djrh gSaA fl¼ dhft, fd
(i) ∆ PAC ~ ∆ PDB (ii) PA . PB = PC . PD

vko`Qfr 6.62 vko`Qfr 6.63

9. vko`Qfr 6-63 eas f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk BC ij ,d ¯cnq D bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd

BD AB
= gSA fl¼ dhft, fd AD, dks.k BAC dk lef}Hkktd gSA
CD AC
10. ukft+ek ,d unh dh /kjk esa eNfy;k¡
idM+ jgh gSA mldh eNyh idM+us
okyh NM+ dk fljk ikuh dh lrg ls
1-8 m Åij gS rFkk Mksjh osQ fupys
fljs ls yxk dk¡Vk ikuh osQ lrg ij
bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd mldh ukftek
ls nwjh 3-6 m gS vkSj NM+ osQ fljs
osQ Bhd uhps ikuh osQ lrg ij
vko`Qfr 6.64
fLFkr ¯cnq ls mldh nwjh 2-4 m gSA
;g ekurs gq, fd mldh Mksjh (mldh NM+ osQ fljs ls dk¡Vs rd) ruh gqbZ gS] mlus
fdruh Mksjh ckgj fudkyh gqbZ gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 6-64)\ ;fn og Mksjh dks 5 cm /s
dh nj ls vanj [khaps] rks 12 lsoaQM osQ ckn ukftek dh dk¡Vs ls {kSfrt nwjh fdruh gksxh\

6.7 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. nks vko`Qfr;k¡ ftuosQ vkdkj leku gksa] ijarq vko';d :i ls vkeki leku u gksa] le:i
vko`Qfr;k¡ dgykrh gSaA
2. lHkh lok±xle vko`Qfr;k¡ le:i gksrh gSa ijarq bldk foykse lR; ugha gSA

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f=kHkqt 169

3. Hkqtkvksa dh leku la[;k okys nks cgqHkqt le:i gksrs gSa] ;fn (i) muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa
rFkk (ii) mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa (lekuqikrh) gksaA
4. ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk osQ lekarj vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu ¯cnqvksa ij
izfrPNsn djus osQ fy,] ,d js[kk [khaph tk,] rks ;s vU; nks Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa
foHkkftr gks tkrh gaSA
5. ;fn ,d js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dks ,d gh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks ;g js[kk
rhljh Hkqtk osQ lekarj gksrh gSA
6. ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa] rks mudh laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa gksrh gSa
vkSj blhfy, nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (AAA le:irk dlkSVh) A
7. ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] ,d f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.k Øe'k% nwljs f=kHkqt osQ nks dks.kksa osQ cjkcj gksa]
rks nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (AA le:irk dlkSVh)A
8. ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa esa] laxr Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa gksa] rks muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSa
vkSj blhfy, nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (SSS le:irk dlkSVh)A
9. ;fn ,d f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k nwljs f=kHkqt osQ ,d dks.k osQ cjkcj gks rFkk bu dks.kksa dks varxZr
djus okyh Hkqtk,¡ ,d gh vuqikr esa gks]a rks nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa (SAS le:irk dlkSVh)A
10. nks le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk vuqikr mudh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr osQ oxZ osQ cjkcj
gksrk gSA
11. ;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ledks.k okys 'kh"kZ ls mlosQ d.kZ ij yac Mkyk tk, rks yac
osQ nksuksa vksj cuus okys f=kHkqt lai.w kZ f=kHkqt osQ le:i gksrs gSa rFkk ijLij Hkh le:i gksrs gSAa
12. ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt esa] d.kZ dk oxZ 'ks"k nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks± osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gS
(ikbFkkxksjl izes;)A
13. ;fn ,d f=kHkqt esa] fdlh ,d Hkqtk dk oxZ vU; nks Hkqtkvksa osQ oxks± osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gks]
rks igyh Hkqtk dk lEeq[k dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

;fn nks ledks.k f=kHkqtksa esa ,d f=kHkqt dk d.kZ rFkk ,d Hkqtk] nwljs f=kHkqt osQ
d.kZ rFkk ,d Hkqtk osQ lekuqikrh gks rks nksuksa f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSaA bls RHS
le:irk dlkSVh dgk tk ldrk gSA
;fn vki bl dlkSVh dks vè;k; 8 osQ mnkgj.k 2 esa iz;ksx djrs gSa rks
miifr vkSj Hkh ljy gks tk,xhA

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funs'Z kkad T;kfefr 7

7.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk IX esa] vki i<+ pqosQ gSa fd ,d ry ij fdlh ¯cnq dh fLFkfr fu/kZfjr djus osQ
fy,] gesa funs'Z kkad v{kksa osQ ,d ;qXe dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fdlh ¯cnq dh y-v{k ls
nwjh ml ¯cnq dk x-funsZ'kkad ;k Hkqt (abscissa) dgykrh gSA fdlh ¯cnq dh x-v{k ls
nwjh] ml ¯cnq dk y-funsZ'kkad ;k dksfV (ordinate) dgykrh gSA x-v{k ij fLFkr fdlh
¯cnq osQ funs'Z kkad (x, 0) osQ :i osQ gksrs gSa rFkk y-v{k ij fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq osQ funs'Z kkad
(0, y) osQ :i osQ gksrs gSaA
;gk¡ vkiosQ fy, ,d [ksy fn;k tk jgk gSA ,d vkys[k dkxt+ ij ykafcd v{kksa
(perpendicular axes) dk ,d ;qXe [khafp,A vc fuEufyf[kr ¯cnqvksa dks vkysf[kr
dhft, vkSj fn, x, funs'Z kksa osQ vuqlkj mUgsa feykb,A ¯cnq A(4, 8) dks B(3, 9) ls] B dks
C(3, 8) ls] C dks D(1, 6) ls] D dks E(1, 5) ls] E dks F(3, 3) ls] F dks G(6, 3) ls] G dks
H(8, 5) ls] H dks I(8, 6) ls] I dks J(6, 8) ls] J dks K(6, 9) ls] K dks L(5, 8) ls vkSj L dks
A ls feykb,A blosQ ckn] ¯cnqvksa P(3.5, 7), Q (3, 6) vkSj R(4, 6) dks tksM+ dj ,d f=kHkqt
cukb,A lkFk gh] ,d f=kHkqt cukus osQ fy, ¯cnqvksa X(5.5, 7), Y(5, 6) vkSj Z(6, 6) dks
feykb,A vc ,d vkSj f=kHkqt cukus osQ fy,] ¯cnqvksa S(4, 5), T(4.5, 4) vkSj U(5, 5) dks
feykb,A var esa] ¯cnq S dks ¯cnqvksa (0, 5) vkSj (0, 6) ls feykb, rFkk ¯cnq U dks ¯cnqvksa
(9, 5) vkSj (9, 6) ls feykb,A vkidks dkSu&lk fp=k izkIr gksrk gS\
lkFk gh] vki ;g Hkh ns[k pqosQ gSa fd ax + by + c = 0 (tgk¡ a vkSj b ,d lkFk 'kwU;
u gksa) osQ :i dh nks pjksa okyh ,d lehdj.k dks tc vkys[kh; :i ls fu:fir
djrs gSa] rks ,d ljy js[kk izkIr gksrh gSA lkFk gh] vè;k; 2 esa vki ns[k pqosQ gSa fd

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 171

y = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) dk vkys[k ,d ijoy; (parabola) gksrk gSA oLrqr%] vko`Qfr;ksa

dh T;kfefr dk vè;;u djus osQ fy,] funsZ'kkad T;kfefr (coordinate geometry) ,d
chth; lk/u (algebraic tool) osQ :i esa fodflr dh xbZ gSA ;g chtxf.kr dk iz;ksx
djosQ T;kfefr dk vè;;u djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS rFkk chtxf.kr dks T;kfefr }kjk
le>us esa Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA blh dkj.k] funsZ'kkad T;kfefr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa O;kid
vuqi;z ksx gSa] tSls HkkSfrdh] bathfu;¯jx] leqnhz &ifjogu (;k ukS&xeu) (navigation), HkwoaQi
'kkL=k laca/h (seismology) vkSj dykA
bl vè;k; esa] vki ;g lh[ksaxs fd nks ¯cnqvksa] ftuosQ funsZ'kkad fn, gq, gksa] osQ chp
dh nwjh fdl izdkj Kkr dh tkrh gS rFkk rhu fn, gq, ¯cnqvksa ls cus f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
fdl izdkj Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA vki bldk Hkh vè;;u djsaxs fd fn, gq, nks ¯cnqvksa dks
feykus ls cus js[kk[kaM dks ,d fn, x, vuqikr esa foHkkftr djus okys ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad
fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSaA
7.2 nwjh lw=k
vkb, fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr ij fopkj djsa%
,d 'kgj B ,d vU; 'kgj A ls 36 km iwoZ
(east) vkSj 15 km mÙkj (north) dh vksj gSA vki
'kgj B dh 'kgj A ls nwjh fcuk okLrfod ekiu osQ
fdl izdkj Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb, ns[ksaA bl
fLFkfr dks] vkys[kh; :i ls] vko`Qfr 7.1 dh rjg
n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA vc] vki okafNr nwjh Kkr djus vko`Qfr 7.1
osQ fy,] ikbFkkxksjl izes; dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
vc] eku yhft, nks ¯cnq x–v{k ij fLFkr gSaA
D;k ge buosQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
mnkgj.kkFkZ] vko`Qfr 7.2 osQ nks ¯cnqvksa A(4, 0) vkSj
B(6, 0) ij fopkj dhft,A ¯cnq A vkSj B, x-v{k ij
fLFkr gSA
vko`Qfr ls vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd OA =
4 ek=kd (bdkbZ) vkSj OB = 6 ek=kd gSaA
vr%] A ls B dh nw j h AB = OB – OA =
(6 – 4) ek=kd = 2 ek=kd gSA vko`Qfr 7.2

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172 xf.kr
bl izdkj] ;fn nks ¯cnq x–v{k ij fLFkr gksa] rks ge muosQ chp dh nwjh ljyrk ls
Kkr dj ldrs gSAa
vc] eku yhft,] ge y–v{k ij fLFkr dksbZ nks ¯cnq ysrs gSaA D;k ge buosQ chp
dh nwjh Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ ;fn ¯cnq C(0, 3) vkSj D(0, 8), y–v{k ij fLFkr gksa] rks ge
nwjh Åij dh Hkk¡fr Kkr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ nwjh CD = (8 – 3) ek=kd = 5 ek=kd gS (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 7.2)A
iqu%] D;k vki vko`Qfr 7.2 esa] ¯cnq C ls ¯cnq A dh nwjh Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ pw¡fd
OA = 4 ek=kd vkSj OC = 3 ek=kd gSa] blfy, C ls A dh nwjh AC = 32 + 42 = 5 ek=kd
gSA blh izdkj] vki D ls B dh nwjh BD = 10 ek=kd Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
vc] ;fn ge ,sls nks ¯cnqvksa ij fopkj djsa] tks funsZ'kkad v{kksa ij fLFkr ugha gSa]
rks D;k ge buosQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ gk¡! ,slk djus osQ fy,] ge ikbFkkxksjl
izes; dk iz;ksx djsaxsA vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysdj ns[ksaA
vko`Qfr 7.3 es]a ¯cnq P(4, 6) vkSj Q(6, 8) izFke prqFkk±'k (first quadrant) esa fLFkr gSaA
buosQ chp dh nwjh Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge ikbFkkxksjl izes; dk iz;ksx oSQls djrs gSa\
vkb, P vkSj Q ls x-v{k ij Øe'k% yac PR vkSj QS [khpsaA lkFk gh] P ls QS ij ,d yac
Mkfy, tks QS dks T ij izfrPNsn djsA rc R vkSj S osQ funs'Z kkad Øe'k% (4, 0) vkSj (6, 0) gSaA
vr%] RS = 2 ek=kd gSA lkFk gh] QS = 8 ek=kd vkSj TS = PR = 6 ek=kd gSA
Li"V gS fd QT = 2 ek=kd vkSj PT = RS = 2 ek=kdA
vc] ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ iz;ksx ls] gesa izkIr
gksrk gS%
PQ2 = PT2 + QT2
= 22 + 2 2 = 8
vr% PQ = 2 2 ek=kd gqvkA
vki nks fHkUu&fHkUu prqFkk±'kksa esa fLFkr ¯cnqvksa
osQ chp dh nwjh oSQls Kkr djsaxs\
¯cnqvksa P(6, 4) vkSj Q(–5, –3) ij fopkj dhft,
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 7-4)A x-v{k ij yac QS [khafp,A
lkFk gh] ¯cnq P ls c<+kbZ gqbZ QS ij PT yac [khafp,
tks y-v{k dks ¯cnq R ij izfrPNsn djsA vko`Qfr 7.3

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 173

vko`Qfr 7.4

rc] PT = 11 ek=kd vkSj QT = 7 ek=kd gS (D;ksa\)

ledks.k f=kHkqt PTQ esa] ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ iz;ksx ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
PQ = 112 + 72 = 170 ek=kd
vkb,] vc fdUgha nks ¯cnqvksa P(x1, y1) vkSj
Q(x2, y2) osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr djsaA x-v{k ij yac PR
vkSj QS [khafp,A P ls QS ij ,d yac [khafp,] tks mls
T ij izfrPNsn djs (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 7-5)A
rc] OR = x1, OS = x2 gSA vr%] RS = x2 – x1 = PT gSA
lkFk gh] SQ = y2 vkSj ST = PR = y1 gSA vr%] QT = y2 – y1 gSA
vc] ∆ PTQ esa] ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ iz;ksx ls] gesa vko`Qfr 7.5
izkIr gksrk gS%
PQ2 = PT2 + QT2
= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

vr% PQ = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
è;ku nsa fd pw¡fd nwjh lnSo ½.ksrj gksrh gS] ge osQoy /ukRed oxZewy ysrs gSaA

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174 xf.kr
vr% P(x1, y1) vkSj Q(x2, y2) osQ ¯cnqvksa osQ chp dh nwjh gS
PQ = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
tks nwjh lw=k (distance formula) dgykrk gSA
fVIif.k;k¡ :
1. fo'ks"k :i ls] ¯cnq P(x, y) dh ewy ¯cnq O(0, 0) ls nwjh
OP = x2 + y 2 gksrh gSA
2. ge PQ = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 )2 Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa (D;ksa\)
mnkgj.k 1 : D;k ¯cnq (3, 2), (–2, –3) vkSj (2, 3) ,d f=kHkqt cukrs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks crkb,
fd fdl izdkj dk f=kHkqt curk gSA
gy : vkb, PQ, QR vkSj PR Kkr djus osQ fy, nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx djsa] tgk¡ P(3, 2),
Q(–2, –3) vkSj R(2, 3) fn, gq, ¯cnq gSaA gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
PQ = (3 + 2)2 + (2 + 3)2 = 52 + 52 = 50 = 7.07 (yxHkx)

QR = (–2 – 2)2 + (–3 – 3) 2 = (– 4)2 + (– 6)2 = 52 = 7.21 (yxHkx)

PR = (3 – 2) 2 + (2 – 3) 2 = 12 + ( −1) 2 = 2 = 1.41 (yxHkx)

pw¡fd bu rhu nwfj;ksa esa ls fdUgha nks dk ;ksx rhljh nwjh ls vf/d gS] blfy, bu ¯cnqvksa
P, Q vkSj R ls ,d f=kHkqt curk gSA
lkFk gh] ;gk¡ PQ2 + PR2 = QR2 gSA vr%] ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ foykse ls] gesa Kkr gksrk
gS fd ∠ P = 90° gSA
blfy,] PQR ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gSA
mnkgj.k 2 : n'kkZb, fd ¯cnq (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) vkSj (– 4, 4) ,d oxZ osQ 'kh"kZ gSaA
gy : eku yhft, fn, gq, ¯cnq A(1, 7), B(4, 2), C(–1, –1) vkSj D(– 4, 4) gSaA ABCD dks
,d oxZ n'kkZus dh ,d fof/ ;g gS fd mldk xq.k/eZ tSlk fd oxZ dh lHkh Hkqtk,¡
cjkcj rFkk nksuksa fod.kZ cjkcj gksrh gSa] dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A vc]
AB = (1 – 4) 2 + (7 − 2)2 = 9 + 25 = 34

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 175

BC = (4 + 1) 2 + (2 + 1) 2 = 25 + 9 = 34

CD = (–1 + 4)2 + (–1 – 4) 2 = 9 + 25 = 34

DA = (1 + 4) 2 + (7 – 4) 2 = 25 + 9 = 34

AC = (1 + 1) 2 + (7 + 1) 2 = 4 + 64 = 68

BD = (4 + 4) 2 + (2 − 4) 2 = 64 + 4 = 68

;gk¡] AB = BC = CD = DA gS vkSj AC = BD gS] vFkkZr~ prqHkqZt ABCD dh pkjksa Hkqtk,¡

cjkcj gSa vkSj nksuksa fod.kZ Hkh cjkcj gSaA vr% prqHkqZt ABCD ,d oxZ gSA
oSdfYid gy : ge pkjksa Hkqtk,¡
vkSj ,d fod.kZ] eku yhft, AC
Åij dh rjg Kkr djrs gSaA ;gk¡
AD2 + DC2 = 34 + 34 = 68 = AC2
gSA vr%] ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ foykse
}kjk ∠ D = 90° gSA pkjksa Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj
gksus vkSj ,d dks.k ledks.k gksus ls
prqHkqZt ,d oxZ gks tkrk gSA vr%
ABCD ,d oxZ gSA

mnkgj.k 3 : vko`Qfr 7.6 fdlh d{kk

esa j[ks MsLdksa (desks) dh O;oLFkk
n'kkZrh gSA vkf'kek] Hkkjrh vkSj oSQfeyk
Øe'k% A(3, 1), B(6, 4) vkSj C(8, 6)
ij cSBh gSaA D;k vki lksprs gSa fd
os ,d gh lh/ (in a line) esa cSBh vko`Qfr 7.6
gSa\ ldkj.k mÙkj nhft,A
gy : nwjh lw=k osQ iz;ksx ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
AB = (6 − 3) 2 + (4 − 1) 2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2

BC = (8 – 6) 2 + (6 – 4) 2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2

2018-19
176 xf.kr

AC = (8 – 3) 2 + (6 – 1)2 = 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2

pw¡fd AB + BC = 3 2 + 2 2 = 5 2 = AC gS] vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd A, B vkSj C

lajs[kh (collinear) gSaA vFkkZr~] os rhuksa ,d gh lh/ esa cSBh gSaA
mnkgj.k 4 : x vkSj y esa ,d laca/ Kkr dhft,] rkfd ¯cnq (x , y) ¯cnqvksa (7, 1) vkSj
(3, 5) ls lenwjLFk (equidistant) gksA
gy : eku yhft, P(x, y) ¯cnqvksa A(7, 1) vkSj B(3, 5) ls lenwjLFk gSA
gesa AP = BP fn;k gSA vr%] AP2 = BP2 gSA
vFkkZr~ (x – 7)2 + (y – 1)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y – 5)2
vFkkZr~ x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 – 2y + 1 = x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 10y + 25
vFkkZr~ x–y= 2
;gh x vkSj y esa okafNr laca/ gSA
fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd lehdj.k x – y = 2
dk vkys[k ,d js[kk gksrk gSA vki vius
fiNys vè;;u ls ;g tkurs gSa fd og ¯cnq
tks nks fn, gq, ¯cnqvksa A vkSj B ls lenwjLFk
gksrk gS js[kk[kaM AB osQ yac lef}Hkktd ij
fLFkr gksrk gSA vr%] x – y = 2 dk vkys[k
js[kk[kaM AB dk yac lef}Hkktd gS (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 7-7)A
mnkgj.k 5 : y-v{k ij ,d ,slk ¯cnq Kkr
dhft,] tks ¯cnqvksa A(6, 5) vkSj B(– 4, 3) ls
lenwjLFk gksA
gy : ge tkurs gSa fd y-v{k ij fLFkr dksbZ
vko`Qfr 7.7
Hkh ¯cnq (0, y) osQ :i dk gksrk gSA vr%] eku
yhft, fd ¯cnq P(0, y) ¯cnqvksa A vkSj B ls
lenwjLFk gSA rc]
(6 – 0)2 + (5 – y)2 = (– 4 – 0)2 + (3 – y)2
;k 36 + 25 + y2 – 10y = 16 + 9 + y2 – 6y

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 177

;k 4y = 36
;k y= 9
vr%] okafNr ¯cnq (0, 9) gSA
vkb, vius gy dh tk¡p djsa% AP = (6 – 0)2 + (5 – 9) 2 = 36 + 16 = 52

BP = (– 4 – 0) 2 + (3 – 9) 2 = 16 + 36 = 52

fVIi.kh : Åij nh xbZ fVIi.kh dk iz;ksx djus ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd (0, 9), y-v{k vkSj
js[kk[kaM AB osQ yac lef}Hkktd dk izfrPNsn ¯cnq gSA

iz'ukoyh 7.1
1. ¯cnqvksa osQ fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa osQ chp dh nwfj;k¡ Kkr dhft,%
(i) (2, 3), (4, 1) (ii) (– 5, 7), (– 1, 3) (iii) (a, b), (– a, – b)
2. ¯cnqvksa (0, 0) vkSj (36, 15) osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A D;k vc vki vuqPNsn 7.2 esa fn,
nksuksa 'kgjksa A vkSj B osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
3. fu/kZfjr dhft, fd D;k ¯cnq (1, 5), (2, 3) vkSj (– 2, – 11) lajs[kh gSaA
4. tk¡p dhft, fd D;k ¯cnq (5, – 2), (6, 4) vkSj (7, – 2) ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt osQ 'kh"kZ gSaA
5. fdlh d{kk esa] pkj fe=k ¯cnqvksa
A, B, C vkSj D ij cSBs gq, gSa]
tSlkfd vko`Qfr 7.8 esa n'kkZ;k x;k
gSA paik vkSj pesyh d{kk osQ
vanj vkrh gSa vkSj oqQN feuV
rd ns[kus osQ ckn] paik pesyh
ls iwNrh gS] ^D;k rqe ugha lksprh
gks fd ABCD ,d oxZ gS\* pesyh
blls lger ugha gSA nwjh lw=k dk
iz;ksx djosQ] crkb, fd buesa
dkSu lgh gSA
6. fuEufyf[kr ¯cnqvksa }kjk cuus 0
okys prqHkqZt dk izdkj (;fn
dksbZ gS rks) crkb, rFkk vius vko`Qfr 7.8

2018-19
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mÙkj osQ fy, dkj.k Hkh nhft,%
(i) (– 1, – 2), (1, 0), (– 1, 2), (– 3, 0)
(ii) (–3, 5), (3, 1), (0, 3), (–1, – 4)
(iii) (4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), (1, 2)
7. x-v{k ij og ¯cnq Kkr dhft, tks (2, –5) vkSj (–2, 9) ls lenwjLFk gSaA
8. y dk og eku Kkr dhft,] ftlosQ fy, ¯cnq P(2, – 3) vkSj Q(10, y) osQ chp dh nwjh 10
ek=kd gSA
9. ;fn Q(0, 1) ¯cnqvksa P(5, –3) vkSj R(x, 6) ls lenwjLFk gS] rks x osQ eku Kkr dhft,A nwfj;k¡ QR
vkSj PR Hkh Kkr dhft,A
10. x vkSj y esa ,d ,slk laca/ Kkr dhft, fd ¯cnq (x, y) ¯cnqvksa (3, 6) vkSj (– 3, 4) ls lenwjLFk
gksA

7.3 foHkktu lw=k

vkb, vuqPNsn 7.2 esa nh gqbZ fLFkfr dks ;kn
djsaA eku yhft, fd VsyhiQksu oaQiuh 'kgjksa
A vkSj B os Q chp es a ,d iz l kj.k VkW o j
(relay tower) ,sls LFkku P ij LFkkfir djuk
pkgrh gS fd VkWoj dh B ls nwjh mldh A ls
nwjh dh nqxquh gksA ;fn P js[kk[kaM AB ij fLFkr vko`Qfr 7.9
gS] rks ;g AB dks 1 : 2 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djsA (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 7.9)A ;fn ge A
dks ewy¯cnq O ekusa rFkk 1 km dks nksuksa v{kksa ij 1 ek=kd ekusa] rks B osQ funsZ'kkad (36, 15)
gksaxsA P dh fLFkfr tkuus osQ fy, gesa P osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr djus pkfg,A ;s funsZ'kkad ge
fdl izdkj Kkr djsa\
eku yhft, P osQ funsZ'kkad (x, y) gSaA P vkSj B ls x-v{k ij yac [khafp, tks bls Øe'k%
D vkSj E ij feysaA BE ij yac PC [khafp, tks mlls C ij feysA rc] vè;k; 6 esa] i<+h
xbZ AA le:irk dlkSVh osQ iz;ksx ls] ∆ POD vkSj ∆ BPC le:i gSaA
OD OP 1 PD OP 1
vr% = = rFkk = = gSA
PC PB 2 BC PB 2
x 1 y 1
vr% = rFkk = gSA
36 − x 2 15 − y 2
bu lehdj.kksa ls x = 12 vkSj y = 5 izkIr gksrk gSA

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 179

vki bldh tk¡ p dj ldrs gS a fd

P(12, 5) izfrca/ OP : PB = 1 : 2 dks larq"V djrk
gSA
vkb, vc mijksDr mnkgj.k ls izkIr dh
xbZ le> osQ vk/kj ij foHkktu dk O;kid
lw=k izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djsaA
fdUgha nks ¯cnqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2)
ij fopkj dhft, vkSj eku yhft, ¯cnq P (x, y)
js[kk[kaM AB dks m1 : m2 osQ vuqikr esa vkarfjd
:i ls (internally) foHkkftr djrk gS] vFkkZr~
PA m1 vko`Qfr 7.10
= gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 7.10)A
PB m2

x-v{k
ij AR, PS vkSj BT yac [khafp,A x-v{k osQ lekarj AQ vkSj PC [khafp,A rc
AA le:irk dlkSVh ls]
∆ PAQ ~ ∆ BPC

PA AQ PQ
vr% = = (1)
BP PC BC
vc AQ = RS = OS – OR = x – x1
PC = ST = OT – OS = x2 – x
PQ = PS – QS = PS – AR = y – y1
BC = BT – CT = BT – PS = y2 – y
bu ekuksa dks (1) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
m1 x − x1 y − y1
= =
m2 x2 − x y2 − y

m1 x − x1 m1 x2 + m2 x1
= ysus ij gesa x=
m1 + m2
izkIr gksrk gSA
m2 x2 − x

m1 y − y1 m1 y2 + m2 y1
blh izdkj =
y2 − y
ysus ij gesa y= izkIr gksrk gSA
m2 m1 + m2

2018-19
180 xf.kr
vr%] nks ¯cnqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM AB dks m1 : m2 osQ vuqikr
esa vkarfjd :i ls foHkkftr djus okys ¯cnq P(x, y) osQ funsZ'kkad gSa %
 m1 x2 + m2 x1 , m1 y2 + m2 y1 
  (2)
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 

mijksDr dks foHkktu lw=k (section formula) dgrs gSaA

blh lw=k dks A, P vkSj B ls y-v{k ij yac Mkydj vkSj Åij dh Hkk¡fr izfØ;k
viukdj Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn P js[kk[kaM AB dks k : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs] rks ¯cnq P osQ funsZ'kkad
 kx2 + x1 ky2 + y1 
, gksaxsA
 k + 1 k + 1 

fof'k"V fLFkfr : ,d js[kk[kaM dk eè;&¯cnq mls 1 : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
vr%] ¯cnqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM AB osQ eè;&¯cnq osQ
funsZ'kkad
 1 ⋅ x1 + 1 ⋅ x2 , 1 ⋅ y1 + 1 ⋅ y2   x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 
 = gksaxsA
 1+1 1+1   2 2 

vkb, vc foHkktu lw=k ij vk/kfjr oqQN mnkgj.k gy djsaA

mnkgj.k 6 : ml ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, tks ¯cnqvksa (4, – 3) vkSj (8, 5) dks tksM+us
okys js[kk[kaM dks vkarfjd :i ls 3 : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
gy : eku yhft, P(x, y) okafNr ¯cnq gSA foHkktu lw=k dk iz;ksx djus ij gesa
3(8) + 1(4) 3(5) + 1(–3)
x= = 7, y = =3
3+1 3+1
izkIr gksrk gSA vr% (7, 3) gh okafNr ¯cnq gSA
mnkgj.k 7 : ¯cnq (– 4, 6), ¯cnqvksa A(– 6, 10) vkSj B(3, – 8) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks
fdl vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS\
gy : eku yhft, (– 4, 6) js[kk[kaM AB dks vkarfjd :i ls m1 : m2 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr
djrk gSA foHkktu lw=k osQ iz;ksx ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 181

 3m1 − 6m2 – 8m1 + 10m2 

(– 4, 6) =  ,  (1)
 1m + m2 m1 + m2 

;kn dhft, fd ;fn (x, y) = (a, b) gks] rks x = a vkSj y = b gksrk gSA
3m1 − 6m2 − 8m1 + 10m2
vr% –4= vkSj 6= gSA
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

3m1 − 6m2
vc –4= ls izkIr gksrk gS%
m1 + m2
– 4m1 – 4m2 = 3m1 – 6m2
vFkkZr~ 7m1 = 2m2
;k m1 : m2 = 2 : 7
vkidks bldh tk¡p dj ysuh pkfg, fd ;g vuqikr y-funsZ'kkad dks Hkh larq"V djrk gSA
m1
−8 + 10
−8m1 + 10m2 m2
vc = (m2 ls Åij uhps Hkkx nsus ij)
m1 + m2 m1
+1
m2

2
−8 × + 10
7 =6
= 2
+1
7

vr% ¯cnq (– 4, 6), ¯cnqvksa A(– 6, 10) vkSj B(3, – 8) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks 2 : 7 osQ
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
m1
oSdfYid gy : vuqikr m1 : m2 dks :1, ;k k : 1 osQ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA eku
m2
yhft, ¯cnq (– 4, 6) js[kk[kaM AB dks vkarfjd :i ls k : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk
gSA foHkktu lw=k }kjk] gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
 3k − 6 , −8k + 10 
(– 4, 6) =   (2)
 k +1 k +1 

2018-19
182 xf.kr

3k − 6
vr% –4=
k +1
;k – 4k – 4 = 3k – 6
;k 7k = 2
;k k:1= 2:7
vki y-funsZ'kkad osQ fy, Hkh bldh tk¡p dj ldrs gSaA
vr%] ¯cnq (– 4, 6)] ¯cnqvksa A(– 6, 10) vkSj B(3, – 8) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks 2 : 7 osQ
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
fVIi.kh : vki bl vuqikr dks nwfj;k¡ PA vkSj PB Kkr djosQ vkSj fiQj muosQ vuqikr
ysdj Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSa] tcfd vkidks ;g tkudkjh gks fd ¯cnq A, P vkSj B lajs[kh gSAa
mnkgj.k 8 : ¯cnqvksa A(2, – 2) vkSj B(– 7, 4) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks le&f=kHkkftr
djus okys ¯cnqvksa osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, js[kk[kaM AB dks le&f=kHkkftr
djus okys ¯cnq P vkSj Q gSa] vFkkZr~ AP = PQ = Fig. 7.11
QB gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 7.11)A
vr%] P js[kk[kaM AB dks vkarfjd :i ls 1 : 2 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA vr%]
P osQ funsZ'kkad lw=k }kjk] fuEufyf[kr gSa%

 1( −7) + 2(2) , 1(4) + 2( −2) 

  , vFkkZr~ (–1, 0)
 1+ 2 1+ 2 
vc] Q js[kk[kaM AB dks vkarfjd :i ls 2 : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA vr%
Q osQ funsZ'kkad gSa%

 2(−7) + 1(2) , 2(4) + 1(−2) 

  , vFkkZr~ (– 4, 2)
 2 +1 2 +1 
vr%] ¯cnqvksa A vkSj B dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks le&f=kHkkftr djus okys ¯cnqvksa osQ
funsZ'kkad (–1, 0) vkSj (– 4, 2) gSaA
fVIi.kh : ge Q osQ funsZ'kkad mls PB dk eè;&¯cnq ekurs gq, Hkh Kkr dj ldrs FksA blesa
gesa eè;&¯cnq okys lw=k dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rkA

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 183

mnkgj.k 9 : ¯cnqvksa (5, –6) vkSj (–1, –4) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks y-v{k fdl
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS\ bl izfrPNsn ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad Hkh Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, okafNr vuqikr k : 1 gSA rc] foHkktu lw=k }kjk] ml js[kk[kaM dks

vuqikr esa foHkkftr djus okys ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad gSa %  − k + 5 , −4k − 6 
k : 1 osQ
 k +1 k +1 
;g ¯cnq y-v{k ij fLFkr gS vkSj ge tkurs gSa fd y-v{k ij Hkqt 0 gksrk gSA
−k + 5
vr% = 0
k +1
blfy, k = 5 gSA
 −13 
vFkkZr~ okafNr vuqikr 5 : 1 gSA k dk eku 5 j[kus ij gesa izfrPNsn ¯cnq  0,  izkIr
 3 
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 10 : ;fn ¯cnq A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) vkSj D(p, 3) ,d lekarj prqHkqZt osQ 'kh"kZ
blh Øe esa gksa] rks p dk eku Kkr dhft,A
gy : ge tkurs gSa fd lekarj prqHkqZt osQ fod.kZ ijLij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA
vr%] fod.kZ AC osQ eè; ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad = fod.kZ BD osQ eè;&¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad
 6 + 9 , 1 + 4   8 + p , 2 + 3
vFkkZr~  =  
 2 2   2 2 

 15 , 5  8 + p, 5
;k   =  
 2 2  2 2
15 8+ p
vr% =
2 2
;k p=7

iz'ukoyh 7.2
1. ml ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,] tks ¯cnqvksa (–1, 7) vkSj (4, –3) dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM
dks 2 : 3 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
2. ¯cnqvksa (4, –1) vkSj (–2, –3) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks le&f=kHkkftr djus okys ¯cnqvksa osQ
funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A

2018-19
184 xf.kr
3. vkiosQ LowQy esa [ksy&owQn fØ;kdyki
vk;ksftr djus osQ fy,] ,d vk;rkdkj
eSnku ABCD esa] pwus ls ijLij 1m dh
nwjh ij iafDr;k¡ cukbZ xbZ gSaA AD osQ
vuqfn'k ijLij 1m dh nwjh ij 100
xeys j[ks x, gSa] tSlk fd vko`Qfr
7-12 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fugkfjdk nwljh
1
iafDr esa AD osQ Hkkx osQ cjkcj dh
4
nwjh nkSM+rh gS vkSj ogk¡ ,d gjk >aMk
xkM+ nsrh gSA izhr vkBoha iafDr esa AD
1
osQ 5
Hkkx osQ cjkcj dh nwjh nkSM+rh
gS vkSj ogk¡ ,d yky >aMk xkM+ nsrh gSA
nksuksa >aMksa osQ chp dh nwjh vko`Qfr 7.12
D;k gS\ ;fn jf'e dks ,d uhyk >aMk bu nksuksa >aMksa dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM ij Bhd vkèkh
nwjh (chp esa) ij xkM+uk gks rks mls viuk >aMk dgk¡ xkM+uk pkfg,\
4. ¯cnqvksa (– 3, 10) vkSj (6, – 8) dks tksMu+ s okys js[kk[kaM dks ¯cnq (– 1, 6) fdl vuqikr esa foHkkftr
djrk gSA
5. og vuqikr Kkr dhft, ftlesa ¯cnqvksa A(1, – 5) vkSj B(– 4, 5) dks feykus okyk js[kk[kaM
x-v{k ls foHkkftr gksrk gSA bl foHkktu ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad Hkh Kkr dhft,A
6. ;fn ¯cnq (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) vkSj (3, 5), blh Øe esa ysus ij] ,d lekarj prqHkqZt osQ 'kh"kZ gks
rks x vkSj y Kkr dhft,A
7. ¯cnq A osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ AB ,d o`Ùk dk O;kl gS ftldk osaQnz (2, – 3) gS rFkk
B osQ funsZ'kkad (1, 4) gSaA

8. ;fnA vkSj B Øe'k% (– 2, – 2) vkSj (2, – 4) gks rks ¯cnq P osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, rkfd
3
AP = AB gks vkSj P js[kk[kaM AB ij fLFkr gksA
7
9. ¯cnqvksa A(– 2, 2) vkSj B(2, 8) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM AB dks pkj cjkcj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
djus okys ¯cnqvksa osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A
10. ,d leprqHkqt
Z dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ] blh Øe es]a (3, 0), (4, 5), (– 1, 4) vkSj
1
(– 2, – 1) gSaA [laosQr : leprqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy = (mlosQ fod.kks± dk xq.kuiQy)]
2

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 185

7.4 f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy

viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa esa] vki ;g i<+ pqosQ gSa fd ,d f=kHkqt dk vk/kj vkSj mldk
laxr 'kh"kZyac (Å¡pkbZ) fn, jgus ij] f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy fdl izdkj ifjdfyr fd;k
tkrk gSA vkius fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk%
1
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy = × vk/kj × 'kh"kZyac
2
d{kk IX esa] vkius f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus osQ fy,] ghjksu osQ lw=k dk Hkh
vè;;u fd;k FkkA vc ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt osQ rhuksa 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad fn, gksa] rks D;k
vki bldk {ks=kiQy Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
,d fof/ ;g gks ldrh gS fd vki nwjh lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ f=kHkqt dh rhuksa Hkqtk,¡ Kkr
djsa vkSj fiQj ghjksu osQ lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dj ysaA ijarq ;g fof/ tfVy
gks ldrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls rc tc Hkqtk,¡ vifjes; la[;kvksa osQ :i esa izkIr gks tk,¡A
vkb, ns[ksa fd D;k bldh dksbZ vU; ljy fof/ gSA
eku yhft, ABC ,d f=kHkqt gS] ftlosQ
'kh"kZ A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) vkSj C(x3, y3) gSaA
Øe'k% ¯cnqvksa A, B vkSj C ls x-v{k ij
yac AP, BQ vkSj CR [khafp,A Li"Vr% prqHkZt q
ABQP, APRC vkS j BQRC leya c gS a
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 7.13)A
vc] vko`Qfr 7.13 ls] ;g Li"V gS fd
∆ ABC dk {ks=kiQy = leyac ABQP
dk {ks=kiQy + leyac APRC dk {ks=kiQy
– leyac BQRC dk {ks=kiQy vko`Qfr 7.13
vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd
1
,d leyac dk {ks=kiQy = (lekarj Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksx) × (muosQ chp dh nwjh)
2
vr%
1 1 1
∆ ABC dk {ks=kiQy = (BQ + AP) QP + (AP + CR) PR – (BQ + CR) QR
2 2 2

2018-19
186 xf.kr

1 1 1
= ( y2 + y1 )( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 + y3 )( x3 − x1 ) − ( y2 + y3 )( x3 − x2 )
2 2 2
1
=
2
[ x1 ( y2 – y3 ) + x2 ( y3 – y1 ) + x3 ( y1 – y2 )]

1
vr%] ∆ ABC dk {ks=kiQy O;atd  x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 
2

dk la[;kRed eku gS
vkb, bl lw=k dk mi;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy,] oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA

mnkgj.k 11 : ml f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ (1, –1), (– 4, 6) vkSj
(–3, –5) gSA
gy : 'kh"kks± A(1, –1), B(– 4, 6) vkSj C (–3, –5) okys f=kHkqt ABC dk {ks=kiQy] mijksDr lw=k
}kjk fuEufyf[kr gS%
1
[1 (6 + 5) + (−4) (−5 + 1) + (−3) (−1 − 6)]
2

1
= (11 + 16 + 21) = 24
2
vr% f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy 24 oxZ ek=kd gSA
mnkgj.k 12 : ¯cnqvksa A(5, 2), B(4, 7) vkSj C (7, – 4) ls cuus okys ∆ABC dk {ks=kiQy
Kkr dhft,A
gy : 'kh"kks± A(5, 2), B(4, 7) vkSj C (7, – 4) okys f=kHkqt ABC dk {ks=kiQy gS%
1
[5 (7 + 4) + 4 (− 4 − 2) + 7 (2 − 7) ]
2

1 −4
= (55 − 24 − 35) = = −2
2 2
pw¡fd {ks=kiQy ,d eki gS] blfy, ;g ½.kkRed ugha gks ldrk gSA vr%] ge {ks=kiQy
osQ :i – 2 dk la[;kRed eku 2 ysaxsA blfy, f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy 2 oxZ ek=kd gSA

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 187

mnkgj.k 13 : ¯cnqvksa P(–1.5, 3), Q(6, –2) vkSj R(–3, 4) ls cuus okys f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
Kkr dhft,A
gy : fn, gq, ¯cnqvksa ls cuus okys f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy gS%

1
[ −1.5(−2 − 4) + 6(4 − 3) + (−3)(3 + 2)]
2
1
= (9 + 6 − 15) = 0
2
D;k ge 0 oxZ ek=kd {ks=kiQy okyk dksbZ f=kHkqt izkIr dj ldrs gSa\ bldk vFkZ D;k gS\
bldk vFkZ gS fd ;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy 0 ek=kd gks] rks mlosQ 'kh"kZ lajs[kh gksaxsA

mnkgj.k 14 : k dk eku Kkr dhft,] ;fn ¯cnq A(2, 3), B(4, k) vkSj C(6, –3) lajs[kh gSaA
gy : pw¡fd rhuksa ¯cnq lajs[kh gSa] blfy, buls cuus okys f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy 0 gksxkA
vFkkZr~
1
[ 2(k + 3) + 4(−3 − 3) + 6(3 − k )] = 0
2
1
vFkkZr~ ( − 4k ) = 0
2
;k k=0
vr%] k dk okafNr eku 0 gSA
vkb, vius mÙkj dh tk¡p djsaA
1
∆ ABC dk {ks=kiQy = [ 2 (0 + 3) + 4(− 3 − 3) + 6 (3 − 0)] = 0
2

mnkgj.k 15 : ;fn A(–5, 7), B(– 4, –5), C(–1, –6) vkSj D(4, 5) ,d prqHkqZt ABCD osQ
'kh"kZ gSa] rks bl prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
gy : B dks D ls feykus ij] vkidks nks f=kHkqt ABD vkSj BCD izkIr gksrs gSaA
1
vc ∆ ABD dk {ks=kiQy = [ −5(− 5 − 5) + (−4)(5 − 7) + 4(7 + 5)]
2
1 106
= (50 + 8 + 48) = = 53 oxZ ek=kd
2 2

2018-19
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1
lkFk gh] ∆ BCD dk {ks=kiQy = [ −4(− 6 − 5) – 1(5 + 5) + 4(−5 + 6)]
2

1
= (44 − 10 + 4) = 19 oxZ ek=kd
2
vr%] prqHkqZt ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = 53 + 19 = 72 oxZ ek=kd
fVIi.kh : fdlh cgqHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge mls ,sls f=kHkqtksa esa ck¡Vrs gSa]
ftuesa dksbZ {ks=k lkoZfu"B u gks vkSj fiQj bu lHkh f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dks tksM+ ysrs gSaA

iz'ukoyh 7.3
1. ml f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ gSa %
(i) (2, 3), (–1, 0), (2, – 4) (ii) (–5, –1), (3, –5), (5, 2)
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd esa ‘k’ dk eku Kkr dhft,] rkfd rhuksa ¯cnq lajs[kh gksa %
(i) (7, –2), (5, 1), (3, k) (ii) (8, 1), (k, – 4), (2, –5)
3. 'kh"kks± (0, –1), (2, 1) vkSj (0, 3) okys f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ eè;&¯cnqvksa ls cuus okys f=kHkqt
dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A bl {ks=kiQy dk fn, gq, f=kHkqt osQ {ks=kiQy osQ lkFk vuqikr Kkr
dhft,A
4. ml prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ] blh Øe esa] (– 4, – 2), (– 3, – 5),
(3, – 2) vkSj (2, 3) gSAa
5. d{kk IX esa vkius i<+k gS (vè;k; 9] mnkgj.k 3) fd fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d ekfè;dk mls
cjkcj {ks=kiQyksa okys nks f=kHkqtksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA ml f=kHkqt ABC osQ fy, bl ifj.kke
dk lR;kiu dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kZ A(4, – 6), B(3, –2) vkSj C(5, 2) gSaA

iz'ukoyh 7.4 (,sfPNd)*

1. ¯cnqvksa A(2, – 2) vkSj B(3, 7) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM dks js[kk 2x + y – 4 = 0 ftl vuqikr esa
foHkkftr djrh gS mls Kkr dhft,A
2. x vkSj y esa ,d laca/ Kkr dhft,] ;fn ¯cnq (x, y), (1, 2) vkSj (7, 0) lajs[kh gSaA
3. ¯cnqvksa (6, – 6), (3, – 7) vkSj (3, 3) ls gksdj tkus okys o`Ùk dk osaQnz Kkr dhft,A
4. fdlh oxZ osQ nks lEeq[k 'kh"kZ (–1, 2) vkSj (3, 2) gaSA oxZ osQ vU; nksuksa 'kh"kZ Kkr dhft,A
* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

2018-19
funsZ'kkad T;kfefr 189

5. o`Q".kkuxj osQ ,d lsoQas Mjh LowQy

osQ d{kk X osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks muosQ
ckxokuh fØ;kdyki osQ fy,]
,d vk;rkdkj Hkw[kaM fn;k x;k
gSA xqyeksgj dh ikS/ (sapling)
dks ijLij 1m dh nwjh ij bl
Hkw[kaM dh ifjlhek (boundary)
ij yxk;k tkrk gSA bl Hkw[kaM osQ
vanj ,d f=kHkqtkdkj ?kkl yxk
gqvk ykWu (lawn) gS] tSlkfd vko`Qfr 7.14
vko`Qfr 7-14 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks Hkw[kaM osQ 'ks"k Hkkx esa iwQyksa osQ ikS/s osQ cht
cksus gSaA
(i) A dks ewy¯cnq ekurs gq,] f=kHkqt osQ 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A
(ii) ;fn ewy¯cnq C gks] rks ∆ PQR osQ 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad D;k gksaxs\
lkFk gh] mijksDr nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa es]a f=kHkqtksa osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A vki D;k ns[krs gS\a
6. ,d f=kHkqt ABC osQ 'kh"kZ A(4, 6), B(1, 5) vkSj C(7, 2) gSAa Hkqtkvksa AB vkSj AC dks Øe'k% D vkSj
AD AE 1
E ij izfrPNsn djrs gq, ,d js[kk bl izdkj [khaph xbZ gS fd = = gSA ∆ ADE
AB AC 4
dk {ks=kiQy ifjdfyr dhft, vkSj bldh rqyuk ∆ ABC osQ {ks=kiQy ls dhft,A
(izes; 6-2 vkSj izes; 6-6 dk Lej.k dhft,A)
7. eku yhft, A (4, 2), B(6, 5) vkSj C(1, 4) ,d f=kHkqt ABC osQ 'kh"kZ gSaA
(i) A ls gksdj tkus okyh ekfè;dk BC ls D ij feyrh gSA ¯cnq D osQ funs'Z kkad Kkr dhft,A
(ii) AD ij fLFkr ,sls ¯cnq P osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, fd AP : PD = 2 : 1 gksA
(iii) ekfè;dkvksa BE vkSj CF ij ,sls ¯cnqvksa Q vkSj R osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, fd
BQ : QE = 2 : 1 gks vkSj CR : RF = 2 : 1 gksA
(iv) vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
[uksV : og ¯cnq tks rhuksa ekfè;dkvksa esa lkoZfu"B gks] ml f=kHkqt dk osaQnzd (centroid)
dgykrk gS vkSj ;g izR;sd ekfè;dk dks 2 : 1 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA ]
(v) ;fn A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) vkSj C(x3, y3) f=kHkqt ABC osQ 'kh"kZ gSa] rks bl f=kHkqt osQ oasQnzd
osQ funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A
8. ¯cnqvksa A(–1, –1), B(–1, 4), C(5, 4) vkSj D(5, –1) ls ,d vk;r ABCD curk gSA P, Q, R vkSj
S Øe'k% Hkqtkvksa AB, BC, CD vkSj DA osQ eè; ¯cnq gSAa D;k prqHkqt Z PQRS ,d oxZ gS\ D;k
;g ,d vk;r gS\ D;k ;g ,d leprqHkqZt gS\ ldkj.k mÙkj nhft,A

2018-19
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7.5 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. P(x1, y1) vkSj Q(x2, y2) osQ chp dh nwjh ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 gSA
2. ¯cnq P(x, y) dh ewy¯cnq ls nwjh x2 + y 2 gksrh gSA
3. ml ¯cnq P(x, y) osQ funsZ'kkad tks ¯cnqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM
dks m1 : m2 osQ vuqikr esa vkarfjd :i ls foHkkftr djrk gS] fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa%
 m1 x2 + m2 x1 , m1 y2 + m2 y1 
 
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 
4. ¯cnqvksa P(x1, y1) vkSj Q(x2, y2) dks tksM+us okys js[kk[kaM PQ osQ eè;¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad
 x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 
 2 gksrs gSaA
 2 

5. ¯cnqvksa (x1, y1), (x2, y2) vkSj (x3, y3) ls cuus okys f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
1
O;atd
2
[ x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )]
dk la[;kRed eku gksrk gSA

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

vuqHkkx 7.3 esa fdlh fcanq P osQ fy, ftlosQ funsZ'kkad (x, y) gSa rFkk ;fn ;g
fcanq fdUgha nks fcanqvksa A(x1, y1) vkSj B(x2, y2) dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM dks
vkarfjd :i esa m1 : m 2 osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS rks
m1x2 + m2 x1 , m1 y2 + m2 y1
x= y=
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

è;ku nhft, fd PA : PB = m1 : m2
rFkkfi ;fn fcanq P fcanqvksa A vkSj B osQ chp fLFkr ugha gS] ijarq ;g js[kk[kaM
osQ oká esa fLFkr gS tgk¡ PA : PB = m1 : m2 gS rc ge dgrs gSa fd P fcanqvksa
A vkSj B dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM dks okár% foHkkftr djrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa
ls lacaf/r foHkktu lw=k dk vè;;u vki mPprj d{kkvksa esa djsaxsA

2018-19
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 191

f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 8
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the
middle position of mathematics as trigonometry.
(laHkor% f=kdks.kfefr osQ vfrfjDr xf.kr dh dksbZ ,slh
'kk[kk ugha gS] tks mldh eè; fLFkfr dk LFkku ys losQA)
– J.F. Herbart (1890)
8.1 Hkwfedk
vki viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa esa f=kHkqtksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ledks.k f=kHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u
dj pqosQ gSaA vkb, ge vius vkl&ikl osQ ifjos'k ls oqQN ,sls mnkgj.k ysa] tgk¡ ledks.k
f=kHkqtksa osQ cuus dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, %
1. eku yhft, ,d Low Q y os Q Nk=k
oqQrqcehukj ns[kus x, gSaA vc] ;fn
dksbZ Nk=k ehukj osQ f'k[kj dks ns[k jgk
gks] rks ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh
dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS tSlkfd vko`Qfr
8-1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA D;k okLro esa
ekis fcuk gh Nk=k ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dj ldrk gS\ vko`Qfr 8.1
2. eku yhft, ,d yM+dh unh osQ fdukjs fLFkr vius edku dh ckyduh ij cSBh
gqbZ gS vkSj og bl unh osQ nwljs fdukjs ij fLFkr ikl gh osQ eafnj dh ,d fupyh
lh<+h ij j[ks xeys dks ns[k jgh gSA bl fLFkfr esa] ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh

2018-19
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dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS tSlkfd vko`Qfr
8-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] ;fn vkidks og
Å¡pkbZ Kkr gks] ftl ij yM+dh cSBh gqbZ
gS] rks D;k vki unh dh pkSM+kbZ Kkr dj
ldrs gSa\
3. eku yhft, ,d xeZ gok okyk xqCckjk vko`Qfr 8.2
gok esa mM+ jgk gSA vkleku esa mM+us ij
bl xqCckjs dks ,d yM+dh ns[k ysrh gS
vkSj bl ckr dks crkus osQ fy, og
viuh ek¡ osQ ikl nkSM+dj tkrh gSA
xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ fy, mldh ek¡ rqjar
?kj ls ckgj fudy vkrh gSA vc eku
yhft, fd tc igys&igy yM+dh xqCckjs
dks ns[krh gS] rc xqCckjk ¯cnq A ij FkkA
tc ek¡&csVh nksuksa gh xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ vko`Qfr 8.3
fy, ckgj fudydj vkrh gSa rc rd xqCckjk ,d vU; ¯cnq B rd vk pqdk gksrk
gSA D;k vki tehu osQ ml LFkku ls] tgk¡ ek¡ vkSj csVh nksuksa [kM+h gSa] B dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
Åij crkbZ xbZ lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa nwfj;k¡ vFkok Å¡pkbZ;k¡ oqQN xf.krh; rduhdksa dks]
tks f=kdks.kfefr uked xf.kr dh ,d 'kk[kk osQ varxZr vkrs gSa] ykxw djosQ Kkr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vaxszth 'kCn ‘trigonometry’ dh O;qRifÙk xzhd 'kCnksa ‘tri’ (ftldk vFkZ gS
rhu)] ‘gon’ (ftldk vFkZ gS] Hkqtk) vkSj ‘metron’ (ftldk vFkZ gS eki) ls gqbZ gSA
oLrqr% f=kdks.kfefr esa ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa vkSj dks.kksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dk vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA izkphu dky esa f=kdks.kfefr ij fd, x, dk;Z dk mYys[k felz vkSj
cschykWu esa feyrk gSA izkphu dky osQ [kxksyfon~ f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx i`Foh ls rkjksa vkSj
xzgksa dh nwfj;k¡ ekius esa djrs FksA vkt Hkh bathfu;¯jx vkSj HkkSfrd foKku esa iz;qDr
vf/dka'k izk| S ksfxdh; mUur fof/;k¡ f=kdks.kferh; ladYiukvksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA
bl vè;k; esa ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ oqQN vuqikrksa dk mlosQ U;wu
dks.kksa osQ lkis{k vè;;u djsaxs ftUgsa dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gaAS ;gk¡ ge
viuh ppkZ osQoy U;wu dks.kksa rd gh lhfer j[ksaxsA ;|fi bu vuqikrksa dk foLrkj nwljs

2018-19
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 193

dks.kksa osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ge 0° vkSj 90° osQ eki okys dks.kksa osQ
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA ge oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikr ifjdfyr djsaxs vkSj bu vuqikrksa ls lacaf/r oqQN loZlfedk,¡ (identities), ftUgsa
f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,¡ dgk tkrk gS] LFkkfir djsaxsA
8.2 f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk

vuqPNsn 8-1 esa vki fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa cus oqQN
ledks.k f=kHkqtksa dh dYiuk dj pqosQ gSaA
d.kZ
vkb, ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC ysa] tSlkfd
vko`Qfr 8-4 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
;gk¡] ∠ CAB (;k la{ksi esa dks.k A) ,d U;wu dks.k
gSA dks.k A osQ lkis{k Hkqtk BC dh fLFkfr ij è;ku nhft,A dks.k A dh
layXu Hkqtk
;g Hkqtk dks.k A osQ lkeus gSA bl Hkqtk dks ge dks.k A
dh lEeq[k Hkqtk dgrs gSa] Hkqtk AC ledks.k f=kHkqt dk vko`Qfr 8.4
d.kZ gS vkSj Hkqtk AB, ∠ A dk ,d Hkkx gSA vr% bls ge
dks.k A dh layXu Hkqtk dgrs gSaA

dks.k C dh layXu Hkqtk

è;ku nhft, fd dks.k A osQ LFkku ij dks.k C ysus ij
Hkqtkvksa dh fLFkfr cny tkrh gSA (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-5)
fiNyh d{kkvksa esa vki ¶vuqikr¸ dh ladYiuk d.kZ
osQ ckjs esa vè;;u dj pqosQ gSaA ;gk¡ vc ge ledks.k
f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa ls lacaf/r oqQN vuqikrksa dks] ftUgsa
ge f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gSa] ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA dks.k C dh
ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-4) osQ lEeq[k Hkqtk
dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr vko`Qfr 8.5
fd, tkrs gSa%
dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k BC
∠ A dk sine = =
d.kZ AC

dk.sk A dh ly a Xu Hkqtk AB
∠ A dk cosine = =
d.kZ AC

2018-19
194 xf.kr
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hktq k BC
∠ A dk tangent = =
dk.sk A dh layXu Hktq k AB

1 d.kZ AC
∠ A dk cosecant = = =
∠ A dk sine dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC

1 d.kZ AC
∠ A dk secant = ∠ A dk cosine = =
dks.k A dh lEe[qk Hkt
q k AB

1 dk.sk A dh ly
a Xu Hktq k AB
∠ A dk cotangent = = =
∠ A dk tangent dk.sk A dh lEe[qk Hkqtk BC

Åij ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, vuqikrksa dks la{ksi esa Øe'k% sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A,
sec A vkSj cot A fy[kk tkrk gSA è;ku nhft, fd vuqikr cosec A, sec A vkSj cot A
vuqikrksa sin A, cos A vkSj tan A osQ Øe'k% O;qRØe gksrs gSaA BC
BC AC sin A
vkSj vki ;gk¡ ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd tan A = = = vkSj
AB AB cos A
cos A AC
cotA = sin A

vr% ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ,d U;wu dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr f=kHkqt osQ
dks.k vkSj mldh Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ osQ chp osQ laca/ dks O;Dr djrs gSaA
D;ksa u ;gk¡ vki ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ dks.k C osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl djsa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-5)\
'kCn “sine” dk lcls igyk iz;ksx ftl :i esa vkt ge
djrs gSa mldk mYys[k 500 bZ- esa vk;ZHkêð }kjk fyf[kr
iq L rd vk;Z H kêh;e es a feyrk gS A vk;Z H kêð us 'kCn
v/Z&T;k dk iz;ksx v/Z&thok osQ fy, fd;k Fkk ftlus
le;&varjky esa T;k ;k thok dk laf{kIr :i ys fy;kA tc
iqLrd vk;ZHkêh;e dk vuqokn vjch Hkk"kk esa fd;k x;k]
rc 'kCn thok dks ;Fkkor j[k fy;k x;kA 'kCn thok dks
lkbul (Sinus) osQ :i esa vuwfnr fd;k x;k] ftldk vk;ZHkêð
vFkZ oØ gS] tcfd vjch :ikarj dks ySfVu esa vuwfnr fd;k 476 – 550 lk-;q-

2018-19
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 195

x;kA blosQ rqjar ckn sine osQ :i esa iz;qDr 'kCn sinus Hkh iwjs ;wjksi esa xf.krh; ikBksa
esa iz;qDr gksus yxkA [kxksyfon~ osQ ,d vaxzsth izkis + sQlj ,MeaM xqaVj (1581&1626)
us igys&igy laf{kIr laosQr ‘sin’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
'kCnksa ‘cosine’ vkSj ‘tangent’ dk mn~xe cgqr ckn esa gqvk FkkA cosine iQyu dk
mn~xe iwjd dks.k osQ sine dk vfHkdyu djus dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k FkkA
vk;ZHkêð us bls dksfVT;k dk uke fn;k FkkA uke cosinus dk mn~xe ,MeaM xqaVj osQ
lkFk gqvk FkkA 1674 esa vaxzst xf.krK lj tksukl ewjs us igys&igy laf{kIr laosQr
‘cos’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA

fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd izrhd sin A dk iz;ksx dks.k A’ osQ

sin osQ laf{kIr :i esa fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ sinA, sin vkSj A
dk xq.kuiQy ugha gSA A ls vyx jgdj ‘sin’ dk dksbZ vFkZ
gh ugha gksrkA blh izdkj cosA, ‘cos’ vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy
ugha gSA bl izdkj dh O;k[;k vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa
osQ lkFk Hkh dh tkrh gSA d.kZ
vc] ;fn ge ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC osQ d.kZ AC ij
,d ¯cnq P ysa ;k c<+h gqbZ Hkqtk AC ij ¯cnq Q ysa vkSj AB
ij yac PM Mkysa vkSj c<+h gqbZ Hkqtk AB ij yac QN Mkysa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-6)] rks ∆ PAM osQ ∠ A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vko`Qfr 8.6
vuqikrksa vkSj ∆ QAN osQ ∠ A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa
D;k varj gksxk\
bl iz'u dk mÙkj Kkr djus osQ fy, vkb, igys ge bu f=kHkqtksa dks ns[ksaA D;k
∆ PAM vkSj ∆ CAB le:i gSa\ vkidks ;kn gksxk fd vè;k; 6 esa vki AA le:irk
dlkSVh osQ ckjs esa vè;;u dj pqosQ gSaA bl dlkSVh dks ykxw djus ij vki ik,¡xs fd
f=kHkqt PAM vkSj CAB le:i gSaA vr% le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ xq.k/eZ osQ vuqlkj bu f=kHkqtksa
dh laxr Hkqtk,¡ vkuqikfrd gSaA
AM AP MP
vr% = =
AB AC BC
MP BC
blls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS = = sin A
AP AC

2018-19
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AM AB MP BC
blh izdkj = = cos A, = = tan A vkfn&vkfn
AP AC AM AB
blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd ∆ PAM osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr vkSj
∆CAB osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrkA
blh izdkj vki ;g tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd ∆ QAN esa Hkh sinA dk eku (vkSj vU;
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dk eku) leku cuk jgrk gSA
vius izs{k.kksa ls vc ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;fn dks.k leku cuk jgrk gks]
rks ,d dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuksa esa f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;ksa
osQ lkFk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
fVIi.kh : lqfo/k osQ fy, (sinA)2, (cosA)2, vkfn osQ LFkku ij ge Øe'k% sin2A, cos2A
vkfn fy[k ldrs gSaA ijarq cosec A = (sin A)–1 ≠ sin–1 A (bls lkbu buolZ A dgk tkrk
gS)A sin–1 A dk ,d vyx vFkZ gksrk gS ftl ij ppkZ ge mPp d{kkvksa esa djsaxsA blh
izdkj dh ijaijk,¡ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh xzhd v{kj
θ (FkhVk) dk iz;ksx dks.k dks izdV djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
;gk¡ geus ,d U;wu dks.k osQ N% f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjHkkf"kr fd, gSaA ;fn gesa
dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr gks] rks D;k ge vU; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb, ge bl
ij fopkj djsAa
;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa
1 BC 1
sin A = , rc bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd = ,
3 AC 3
vFkkZr~ f=kHkqt ABC dh HkqtkvksaBC vkSj AC dh
yackb;k¡ 1 : 3 osQ vuqikr esa gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr vko`Qfr 8.7
8-7)A vr% ;fn BC, k osQ cjkcj gks] rks AC, 3k osQ cjkcj gksxh] tgk¡ k ,d /u la[;k
gSA dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr djus osQ fy, gesas rhljh Hkqtk AB dh
yackbZ Kkr djuh gksrh gSA D;k vkidks ikbFkkxksjl izes; ;kn gS\ vkb, ge ikbFkkxksjl
izes; dh lgk;rk ls visf{kr yackbZ AB Kkr djsaA
AB2 = AC2 – BC2 = (3k)2 – (k)2 = 8k2 = (2 2 k)2

vr% AB = ± 2 2 k
vr% gesa izkIr gksrk gS AB = 2 2 k (AB = – 2 2 k D;ksa ugha gS\)

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AB 2 2 k 2 2
vc cos A = = =
AC 3k 3
blh izdkj] vki dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
fVIi.kh : D;ksafd ledks.k f=kHkqt dk d.kZ] f=kHkqt dh lcls yach Hkqtk gksrk gS] blfy,
sin A ;k cos A dk eku lnk gh 1 ls de gksrk gS (;k fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA)
vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysasA
4
mnkgj.k 1 : ;fn tan A = , rks dks.k A osQ vU;
3
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
gy : vkb, lcls igys ge ,d ledks.k ∆ ABC [khapas
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-8)A
BC 4
vc] ge tkurs gSa fd tan A = =
AB 3
vr% ;fn BC = 4k, rc AB = 3k, tgk¡ k /u
la[;k gSA vko`Qfr 8.8
vc ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 25k2
blfy, AC = 5k
vc ge budh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh lgk;rk ls lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fy[k ldrs gSaA
BC 4k 4
sin A == =
AC 5k 5
AB 3k 3
cos A = = =
AC 5k 5
1 3 1 5 1 5
vr% cot A = = , cosec A = = vkSj sec A = =
tan A 4 sin A 4 cos A 3

mnkgj.k 2 : ;fn ∠ B vkSj ∠ Q ,sls

U;wudks.k gksa ftlls fd sin B = sin Q,
rks fl¼ dhft, fd ∠ B = ∠ Q
gy : vkb, ge nks ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC
vkSj PQR ysa] tgk¡ sin B = sin Q
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-9)A
vko`Qfr 8.9

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AC
;gk¡ sin B =
AB
PR
vkSj sin Q =
PQ

AC PR
rc =
AB PQ

AC AB
vr% =
PQ
=k (eku yhft,) (1)
PR
vc] ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa
BC = AB2 − AC2

vkSj QR = PQ2 – PR 2

BC AB2 − AC 2 k 2 PQ 2 − k 2 PR 2 k PQ 2 − PR 2
vr% = = = =k (2)
QR PQ 2 − PR 2 PQ 2 − PR 2 PQ2 − PR 2
(1) vkSj (2) ls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AC AB BC
= =
PR PQ QR
rc izes; 6-4 dk iz;ksx djus ij ∆ ACB ~ ∆ PRQ izkIr gksrk gSA vr% ∠ B = ∠ Q
mnkgj.k 3 : ∆ ACB yhft, ftldk dks.k C ledks.k
gS ftles a AB = 29 bdkbZ ] BC = 21 bdkbZ vkS j
∠ ABC = θ (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-10) gSa rks fuEufyf[kr
osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) cos2 θ + sin2 θ
(ii) cos2 θ – sin2 θ.
gy : ∆ ACB esa gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
vko`Qfr 8.10
AC = AB2 − BC 2 = (29) 2 − (21) 2

= (29 − 21) (29 + 21) = (8) (50) = 400 = 20 bdkbZ

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AC 20 , BC 21
vr% sin θ = = cos θ = = ⋅
AB 29 AB 29
2 2
 20   21  202 + 212 400 + 441
vc] (i) cos2θ + sin2θ = +
    = = = 1,
 29   29  292 841
2 2
 21   20  (21 + 20) (21 − 20) 41
vkSj (ii) cos2 θ – sin2 θ =   −  = 2
=
 29   29  29 841

mnkgj.k 4 : ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k

B ledks.k gS] ;fn tan A = 1 rks lR;kfir dhft, fd
2 sin A cos A = 1
BC
gy : ∆ ABC esa tan A = = 1 (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-11)
AB
vFkkZr~ BC = AB
eku yhft, AB = BC = k, tgk¡ k ,d /u la[;k gSA
vko`Qfr 8.11
vc AC = AB2 + BC 2

= ( k ) 2 + (k ) 2 = k 2
BC 1 AB 1
vr% sin A =
AC
=
2
vkSj cos A =
AC
=
2

 1  1 
blfy, 2 sin A cos A = 2    = 1, tks fd visf{kr eku gSA
 2  2 
mnkgj.k 5 : ∆ OPQ esa] ftldk dks.k P ledks.k
gS ] OP = 7 cm vkS j OQ – PQ = 1 cm
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-12)] sin Q vkSj cos Q osQ eku
Kkr dhft,A
gy : ∆ OPQ ls gesa ;g izkIr gS fd
OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
vFkkZr~ (1 + PQ)2 = OP2 + PQ2 (D;ksa\)
vFkkZr~ 1 + PQ2 + 2PQ = OP2 + PQ2
vFkkZr~ 1 + 2PQ = 7 2 (D;ksa\) vko`Qfr 8.12

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vFkkZr~ PQ = 24 cm vkSj OQ = 1 + PQ = 25 cm
7 24
vr% sin Q = vkSj cos Q =
25 25

iz'ukoyh 8.1
1. ∆ ABC es]a ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] AB = 24 cm vkSj BC = 7 cm gSA fuEufyf[kr dk eku
Kkr dhft, %
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
2. vko`Qfr 8-13 esa] tan P – cot R dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3,
3. ;fn sin A = rks cos A vkSj tan A dk eku ifjdfyr dhft,A
4
4. ;fn 15 cot A = 8 gks rks sin A vkSj sec A dk eku Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 8.13
13 ,
5. ;fn sec θ = gks rks vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjdfyr dhft,A
12
6. ;fn ∠ A vkSj ∠ B U;wu dks.k gks] tgk¡ cos A = cos B, rks fn[kkb, fd ∠ A = ∠ B
7, (1 + sin θ) (1 − sin θ) ,
7. ;fn cot θ = rks (i) (ii) cot2 θ dk eku fudkfy,\
8 (1 + cos θ) (1 − cos θ)
1 − tan 2 A
8. ;fn 3 cot A = 4, rks tk¡p dhft, fd = cos2 A – sin2A gS ;k ughaA
1 + tan 2 A
1 ,
9. f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn tan A = rks fuEufyf[kr osQ eku Kkr
3
dhft,%
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
10. ∆ PQR esa] ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k gS] PR + QR = 25 cm vkSj PQ = 5 cm gSA sin P, cos P
vkSj tan P osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
11. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;A dkj.k lfgr vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
(i) tan A dk eku lnSo 1 ls de gksrk gSA
12
(ii) dks.k AosQ fdlh eku osQ fy, sec A = 5
(iii) cos A, dks.k A osQ cosecant osQ fy, iz;qDr ,d laf{kIr :i gSA
(iv) cot A, cot vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy gksrk gSA
4
(v) fdlh Hkh dks.k θ osQ fy, sin θ =
3

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8.3 oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

T;kfefr osQ vè;;u ls vki 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90° osQ dks.kksa dh jpuk ls vki vPNh
rjg ls ifjfpr gSaA bl vuqPNsn esa ge bu dks.kksa vkSj lkFk gh 0° okys dks.k osQ
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku Kkr djsaxsA
45° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
∆ ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn ,d dks.k
45° dk gks] rks vU; dks.k Hkh 45° dk gksxk vFkkZr~
∠ A = ∠ C = 45° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-14)A
vr% BC = AB (D;ksa\)
vc eku yhft, BC = AB = a vko`Qfr 8.14
rc ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ vuqlkj AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
blfy, AC = a 2 ⋅
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ykxw djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS %
45° osQ dks.k dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k BC a 1
sin 45° = = = =
d.kZ AC a 2 2

45° osQ dks.k dh ly

a Xu Hkqtk AB a 1
cos 45° = = = =
d.kZ AC a 2 2
45° oQs dk.sk dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC a
tan 45° = = = =1
45° oQs dks.k dh lya Xu Hkqtk AB a
1 1 1
vkSj cosec 45° = = 2 , sec 45° = = 2 , cot 45° = =1
sin 45° cos 45° tan 45°

30° vkSj 60° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

vkb,] vc ge 30° vkSj 60° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
ifjdfyr djsaA ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC ij fopkj
djsaA D;ksafd leckgq f=kHkqt dk izR;sd dks.k] 60º dk
gksrk gS] blfy, ∠ A = ∠ B = ∠ C = 60°
A ls Hkqtk BC ij yac AD Mkfy, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-15)A vko`Qfr 8.15

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vc ∆ ABD ≅ ∆ ACD (D;ksa\)
blfy, BD = DC
vkSj ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD (CPCT)

vc vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd%

∆ ABD ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k D ledks.k gS] vkSj tgk¡ ∠ BAD = 30°
vkSj ∠ ABD = 60° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-15)A
tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] fd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa f=kHkqt dh
Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;k¡ Kkr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkb,] ge ;g eku ysa fd AB = 2a
1
rc BD = BC = a
2
vkSj AD2 = AB2 – BD2 = (2a)2 – (a)2 = 3a2
blfy, AD = a 3

BD a 1 AD a 3 3
vc sin 30° = = = , cos 30° = = =
AB 2a 2 AB 2a 2

BD a 1
tan 30° = = =
AD a 3 3

1 1 2
vkSj cosec 30º = = 2, sec 30° = =
sin 30° cos 30° 3

1
cot 30° = = 3
tan 30°

blh izdkj
AD a 3 3 1
sin 60° = = = , cos 60° = , tan 60° = 3
AB 2a 2 2

2 , 1
cosec 60° =
3
sec 60° = 2 vkSj cot 60° = 3

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0° vkSj 90° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ;fn ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC osQ dks.k A dks rc rd
vkSj NksVk fd;k tk, tc rd fd ;g 'kwU; ugha gks tkrk gS] rc bl
fLFkfr esa dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-16)A tSls&tSls ∠ A NksVk gksrk tkrk gS] oSls&oSls
Hkqtk BC dh yackbZ de gksrh tkrh gSA ¯cnq C, ¯cnq B osQ fudV vkrk
tkrk gS vkSj var esa] tc ∠A, 0° osQ dkiQh fudV gks tkrk gS rc vko`Qfr 8.16
AC yxHkx ogh gks tkrk gS tks fd AB gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-17)A

vko`Qfr 8.17

tc ∠ A, 0º osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rc BC, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA rc
BC
sin A = dk eku 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA vkSj] tc ∠ A, 0º osQ vR;fèkd
AC
AB
fudV gksrk gS] rc AC yxHkx ogh gksrk gS tks fd AB gksrk gS vkSj cos A = dk eku
AC
1 osQ vR;f/d lehi gksrk gSA
bldh lgk;rk ls ge ml fLFkfr esa sin A vkSj cos A osQ eku ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs
gSa tcfd A = 0°, ge sin 0° =0 vkSj cos 0° = 1 ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
budk iz;ksx djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa%
sin 0° 1 ,
tan 0° = = 0, cot 0° = tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS (D;ksa\)
cos 0° tan 0°
1 1 ,
sec 0° = = 1 rFkk cosec 0° = vkSj ;g Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA (D;ks\a )
cos 0° sin 0°

vkb, vc ge ml fLFkfr esa ns[ksa fd ∠ A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ lkFk D;k
gksrk gS tcfd ∆ ABC osQ bl dks.k dks rc rd cM+k fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd fd 90° dk
ugha gks tkrkA ∠ A tSls&tSls cM+k gksrk tkrk gS] ∠ C oSls&oSls NksVk gksrk tkrk gSA vr% Åij
okyh fLFkfr dh Hkk¡fr Hkqtk AB dh yackbZ de gksrh tkrh gSA ¯cnq A, ¯cnq B osQ fudV gksrk
tkrk gS vkSj] var esa tc ∠ A, 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gS] rks ∠ C, 0° osQ

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vR;fèkd fudV vk tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AC Hkqtk BC osQ lkFk yxHkx laikrh gks tkrh gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-18)A

vko`Qfr 8.18

tc ∠ C, 0° osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rks ∠ A, 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk
gS vkSj Hkqtk AC yxHkx ogh gks tkrh gS] tks Hkqtk BC gSA vr% sin A, 1 osQ vR;f/d
fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj] tc ∠ A , 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS] rc ∠ C, 0° osQ
vR;fèkd fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AB yxHkx 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA vr% cos A, 0 osQ
vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk gSA
vr% ge ;g ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa % sin 90° = 1 vkSj cos 90° = 0
vc vki D;ksa ugha 90° osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr djrs gSa\
vc ge rqjar lanHkZ osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh 8-1 osQ :i esa 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90°
osQ lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku izLrqr djsaxsA
lkj.kh 8.1

∠A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0
3
1 3 vifjHkkf"kr
2
cosec A vifjHkkf"kr 2 2 3
1

2
sec A 1
3 2 2 vifjHkkf"kr
1
cot A vifjHkkf"kr 3 1
3
0

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fVIi.kh : mi;qDZ r lkj.kh ls vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd tSls&tSls ∠ A dk eku 0° ls 90° rd
c<+rk tkrk gS] sin A dk eku 0 ls c<+dj 1 gks tkrk gS vkSj cos A dk eku 1 ls ?kVdj 0 gks tkrk
gSA
vkb,] vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj Åij dh lkj.kh esa fn, x, ekuksa osQ iz;ksx dks
izn£'kr djsaA
mnkgj.k 6 : ∆ ABC esa ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
AB = 5 cm vkSj ∠ ACB = 30° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-19)A
Hkqtkvksa BC vkSj AC dh yackb;k¡ Kkr djsaA
gy : Hkqtk BC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge ml
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks ysaxs ftlesa BC vkSj nh gqbZ
Hkqtk AB gksA D;ksfa d BC dks.k C dh layXu Hkqtk gS] vkSj vko`Qfr 8.19
AB dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkqtk gS] blfy,
AB
= tan C
BC
5 1
vFkkZr~ = tan 30° =
3
BC
ftlls BC = 5 3 cm izkIr gksrk gSA
Hkqtk AC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge
AB
sin 30° = ysrs gSa (D;ksa\)
AC
1 5
vFkkZr~ =
2 AC

vFkkZr~ AC = 10 cm

è;ku nhft, fd Åij osQ mnkgj.k esa rhljh Hkqtk dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, fodYi
osQ :i esa ge ikbFkkxksjl izes; dks ykxw dj ldrs Fks]

vFkkZr~ AC = AB2 + BC 2 = 52 + (5 3) 2 cm = 10cm

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mnkgj.k 7 : ∆ PQR esa] ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k
gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-20)] PQ = 3 cm vkSj
PR = 6 cm gSA ∠ QPR vkSj ∠ PRQ Kkr dhft,A
gy : fn;k gqvk gS PQ = 3 cm vkSj PR = 6 cm
PQ vko`Qfr
blfy, = sin R 8.20
PR
3 1
;k sin R = =
6 2
vr% ∠ PRQ = 30°
vkSj] blfy, ∠ QPR = 60° (D;ksa\)
vki ;gk¡ ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk vkSj dksbZ ,d
vU; Hkkx (tks ;k rks U;wu dks.k gks ;k dksbZ ,d Hkqtk gks) Kkr gks] rks f=kHkqt dh 'ks"k
Hkqtk,¡ vkSj dks.k Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

1, 1
mnkgj.k 8 : ;fn sin (A – B) = cos (A + B) = , 0° < A + B ≤ 90°, A > B, rks A
2 2
vkSj B Kkr dhft,A
1
gy : D;ksafd sin (A – B) = , blfy,] A – B = 30° (D;ksa\) (1)
2
1
vkSj] D;ksafd cos (A + B) = , blfy,, A + B = 60° (D;ksa\) (2)
2
(1) vkSj (2) dks gy djus ij gesa A =45° vkSj B = 15° izkIr gksrk gSA

iz'ukoyh 8.2
1. fuEufyf[kr osQ eku fudkfy, %
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° (ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°
cos 45° sin 30° + tan 45° – cosec 60°
(iii) (iv)
sec 30° + cosec 30° sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
5 cos 2 60° + 4 sec 2 30° − tan 2 45°
(v)
sin 2 30° + cos 2 30°

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2. lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dk vkSfpR; nhft,%

2 tan 30°
(i) =
1 + tan 2 30°
(A) sin 60° (B) cos 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
1 − tan 2 45°
(ii) =
1 + tan 2 45°
(A) tan 90° (B) 1 (C) sin 45° (D) 0
(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A rc lR; gksrk gS] tcfd A cjkcj gS%
(A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 60°
2 tan 30°
(iv)
1 − tan 2 30°
cjkcj gS%
(A) cos 60° (B) sin 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
1
3. ;fn tan (A + B) = 3 vkSj tan (A – B) = 3
; 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B rks A vkSj B dk eku
Kkr dhft,A
4. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&dkSu lR; gSa ;k vlR; gSaA dkj.k lfgr vius mÙkj dh iqf"V
dhft,A
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) θ esa o`f¼ gksus osQ lkFk sin θ osQ eku esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(iii) θ esa o`f¼ gksus osQ lkFk cos θ osQ eku esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(iv) θ osQ lHkh ekuksa ij sin θ = cos θ
(v) A = 0° ij cot A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA

8.4 iwjd dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

vkidks ;kn gksxk fd nks dks.kksa dks iwjd dks.k rc dgk
tkrk gS tcfd mudk ;ksx 90° osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA vko`Qfr 8.21
∆ ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] D;k vkidks iwjd dks.kksa dk dksbZ ;qXe fn[kkbZ
iM+rk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-21)A
D;ksfa d ∠ A + ∠ C = 90°, vr% buls iwjd dks.kksa dk ,d ;qXe curk gSA ge tkurs
gSa fd BC AB BC 
sin A = cos A = tan A = 
AC AC AB 
 (1)
AC AC AB 
cosec A = sec A = cot A = 
BC AB BC

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vkb,] vc ge ∠ C = 90° – ∠ A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fy[ksaA
lqfo/k osQ fy, ge 90° – ∠A osQ LFkku ij 90° – A fy[ksaxsA
dks.k 90° – A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk vkSj layXu Hkqtk D;k gksxh\
vki ns[ksaxs fd AB dks.k 90° – A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk gS vkSj BC layXu Hkqtk gSA vr%
AB BC AB 
sin (90° – A) = , cos (90° – A) = , tan (90° – A) =
AC AC BC 
 (2)
AC AC BC 
cosec (90° – A) = , sec (90° – A) = , cot (90° – A) = 
AB BC AB 
vc (1) vkSj (2) osQ vuqikrksa dh rqyuk djus ij ge ;g ikrs gSa fd
AB BC
sin (90° – A) = = cos A vkSj cos (90° – A) = = sin A.
AC AC
AB BC
vkSj tan (90° – A) = = cot A , cot (90° – A) = = tan A
BC AB
AC AC
sec (90° – A) = = cosec A , cosec (90° – A) = = sec A
BC AB
vr% sin (90° – A) = cos A, cos (90° – A) = sin A.
tan (90° – A) = cot A, cot (90° – A) = tan A
sec (90° – A) = cosec A, cosec (90° – A) = sec A
tgk¡ dks.k A osQ lHkh eku 0° vkSj 90° osQ chp fLFkr gSaA crkb, fd ;g A = 0° ;k
A = 90° ij ykxw gksrk gS ;k ughaA
fVIi.kh : tan 0° = 0 = cot 90°, sec 0° = 1 = cosec 90° vkSj sec 90°, cosec 0°, tan 90°
vkSj cot 0° ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
tan 65°
mnkgj.k 9 : dk eku fudkfy,A
cot 25°
gy : tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd cot A = tan (90° – A).
vr% cot 25° = tan (90° – 25°) = tan 65°
tan 65° tan 65°
vFkkZr~ = =1
cot 25° tan 65°

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mnkgj.k 10 : ;fn sin 3A = cos (A – 26°) gks] tgk¡] 3 A ,d U;wu dks.k gS rks A dk eku
Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡ ;g fn;k gqvk gS fd sin 3A = cos (A – 26°) (1)
D;ksfa d sin 3A = cos (90° – 3A), blfy, ge (1) dks bl :i esa fy[k ldrs gSa
cos (90° – 3A) = cos (A – 26°)
D;ksfa d 90° – 3A vkSj A – 26° nksuksa gh U;wu dks.k gS] blfy,
90° – 3A = A – 26°
ftlls A = 29° izkIr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 11 : cot 85° + cos 75° dks 0° vkSj 45° osQ chp osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikrksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy : cot 85° + cos 75° = cot (90° – 5°) + cos (90° – 15°)
= tan 5° + sin 15°

iz'ukoyh 8.3
1. fuEufyf[kr dk eku fudkfy,%
sin 18° tan 26°
(i) (ii) (iii) cos 48° – sin 42° (iv) cosec 31° – sec 59°
cos 72° cot 64°

2. fn[kkb, fd
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0
3. ;fn tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), tgk¡ 2A ,d U;wu dks.k gS] rks A dk eku Kkr dhft,A
4. ;fn tan A = cot B, rks fl¼ dhft, fd A + B = 90°
5. ;fn sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), tgk¡ 4A ,d U;wu dks.k gS] rks A dk eku Kkr dhft,A
6. ;fn A, B vkSj C f=kHkqt ABC osQ var%dks.k gksa] rks fn[kkb, fd
B + C A
sin   = cos
 2  2

7. sin 67° + cos 75° dks 0° vkSj 45° osQ chp osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr
dhft,A

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8.5 f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,¡
vkidks ;kn gksxk fd ,d lehdj.k dks ,d loZlfedk rc
dgk tkrk gS tcfd ;g lacaf/r pjksa osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy,
lR; gksA blh izdkj ,d dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ls
lacaf/r loZlfedk dks f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk dgk tkrk
gSA tcfd ;g lacaf/r dks.k (dks.kksa) osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy,
lR; gksrk gSA
bl Hkkx esa] ge ,d f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk fl¼ djsaxs
vkSj bldk iz;ksx vU; mi;ksxh f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedkvksa vko`Qfr 8.22

dks fl¼ djus esa djsaxsA

∆ ABC esa] tks B ij ledks.k gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-22)
gesa ;g izkIr gS AB2 + BC2 = AC 2 (1)
(1) osQ izR;sd in dks AC2 ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS

AB2 BC2 AC2

+ =
AC2 AC2 AC2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
;k   +  =  
 AC   AC   AC 
vFkkZr~ (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1
vFkkZr~ cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 (2)
;g lHkh A osQ fy,] tgk¡ 0° ≤ A ≤ 90°, lR; gksrk gSA vr% ;g ,d f=kdks.kferh;
loZlfedk gSA
vkb,] vc ge (1) dks AB2 ls Hkkx nsaA ,slk djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AB2 BC2 AC2
+ =
AB2 AB2 AB2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
;k   +  =  
 AB   AB   AB 

vFkkZr~ 1 + tan2 A = sec 2 A (3)

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D;k ;g lehdj.k] A = 0° osQ fy, lR; gS\ gk¡] ;g lR; gSA D;k ;g A = 90°
osQ fy, Hkh lR; gS\ A = 90° osQ fy, tan A vkSj sec A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA vr% (3),
,sls lHkh A osQ fy, lR; gksrk gS] tgk¡ 0° ≤ A < 90º
vkb, ge ;g ns[ksa fd (1) dks BC2 ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa D;k izkIr gksrk gSA
AB2 BC2 AC2
+ =
BC2 BC2 BC2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
vFkkZr~   +  =  
 BC   BC   BC 
vFkkZr~ cot2 A + 1 = cosec 2 A (4)
è;ku nhft, fd A = 0° osQ fy, cosec A vkSj cot A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA vr% ,sls
lHkh A osQ fy, (4) lR; gksrk gS tgk¡ 0° < A ≤ 90°
bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ge izR;sd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks vU;
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr
gks] rks ge vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
vkb, ge ;g ns[ksa fd bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ bls ge oSQls Kkr dj
1
ldrs gSaA eku yhft, gesa tan A = 3
Kkr gSA rc cot A = 3

1 4, 2 3
D;ksfa d sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A = 1 + = sec A = , vkSj cos A =
3 3 3 2
3 1
vkSj] D;ksfa d sin A = 1 − cos 2 A = 1 − = . blfy, cosec A = 2
4 2

mnkgj.k 12 : vuqikrksa cos A, tan A vkSj sec A dks sin A osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy : D;ksfa d cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, blfy,
cos2 A = 1 – sin2 A, vFkkZr~ cos A = ± 1 − sin A
2

blls ;g izkIr gksrk gS cos A = 1 − sin 2 A (D;ksa\)

sin A sin A 1 1
vr% tan A = = vkjS sec A = =
cos A 1 – sin A 2 cos A 1 − sin 2 A

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mnkgj.k 13 : fl¼ dhft, fd sec A (1 – sin A) (sec A + tan A) = 1
gy :
 1   1 sin A 
oke i{k = sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A) =  cos A  (1 − sin A)  cos A + 
   cos A 

(1 − sin A) (1 + sin A) 1 − sin 2 A

= =
cos2 A cos2 A
cos2 A
= = 1 = nk¡;k i{k
cos2 A

cot A – cos A cosec A – 1

mnkgj.k 14 : fl¼ dhft, fd =
cot A + cos A cosec A + 1

cos A
− cos A
cot A – cos A sin A
gy : oke i{k = =
cot A + cos A cos A
+ cos A
sin A
 1   1 
cos A  −1   − 1
 sin A  =  sin A  = cosec A – 1
= nk¡;k i{k
 1   1  cosec A + 1
cos A  + 1  + 1
 sin A   sin A 

mnkgj.k 15 : loZlfedk sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ dk iz;ksx djosQ fl¼ dhft, fd

sin θ − cos θ + 1 1
=
sin θ + cos θ − 1 sec θ − tan θ

gy : D;ksfa d gesa sec θ vkSj tan θ ls lacaf/r loZlfedk iz;qDr djuh gS] blfy, vkb,
ge lcls igys loZlfedk osQ oke i{k osQ va'k vkSj gj dks cos θ ls Hkkx nsdj oke i{k
dks sec θ vkSj tan θ osQ inksa esa :ikarfjr djsaA
sin θ – cos θ + 1 tan θ − 1 + sec θ
oke i{k = =
sin θ + cos θ – 1 tan θ + 1 − sec θ

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(tan θ + sec θ) − 1 {(tan θ + sec θ) − 1} (tan θ − sec θ)

= =
(tan θ − sec θ) + 1 {(tan θ − sec θ) + 1} (tan θ − sec θ)

(tan 2 θ − sec 2 θ) − (tan θ − sec θ)

=
{tan θ − sec θ + 1} (tan θ − sec θ)

– 1 − tan θ + sec θ
=
(tan θ − sec θ + 1) (tan θ − sec θ)

–1 1 ,
= =
tan θ − sec θ sec θ − tan θ

tks fl¼ dh tkus okyh visf{kr loZlfedk dk nk¡;k i{k gSA

iz'ukoyh 8.4
1. f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa sin A, sec A vkSj tan A dks cot A osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
2. ∠ A osQ vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks sec A osQ inksa eas fyf[k,A
3. eku fudkfy, %
sin 2 63° + sin 2 27°
(i)
cos 2 17° + cos 2 73°
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
4. lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dh iqf"V dhft, %
(i) 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A cjkcj gS%
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ) cjkcj gS%
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –1
(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) cjkcj gS%
(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A
1 + tan 2 A
(iv)
1 + co t 2 A
cjkcj gS%
(A) sec2 A (B) –1 (C) cot2 A (D) tan2 A

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5. fuEufyf[kr loZlfedk,¡ fl¼ dhft,] tgk¡ os dks.k] ftuosQ fy, O;atd ifjHkkf"kr gS] U;wu
dks.k gS %
1 − cos θ
(i) (cosec θ – cot θ)2 =
1 + cos θ

cos A 1 + sin A
(ii) + = 2 sec A
1 + sin A cos A

tan θ cot θ
(iii) 1 − cot θ + 1 − tan θ = 1 + sec θ cosec θ

[laosQr% O;atd dks sin θ vkSj cos θ osQ inksa esa fyf[,]
1 + sec A sin 2 A
(iv) =
sec A 1 – cos A

[laosQr% oke i{k vkSj nk¡;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,A]
(v) loZlfedk cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A dks ykxw djosQ
cos A – sin A + 1
= cosec A + cot A
cos A + sin A – 1

1 + sin A
(vi) = sec A + tan A
1 – sin A

sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ
(vii) = tan θ
2 cos3 θ − cos θ

(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A

1
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) =
tan A + cot A

[laosQr : oke i{k vkSj nk¡;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,]
2
 1 + tan 2 A   1 − tan A 
(x)  2 =   = tan2A
 1 + cot A   1 – cot A 

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8.6 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k , cos A = dks.k A dh ly a Xu Hkt
q k
sin A =
d.kZ d.kZ
dks.k A dh lEe[qk Hkqtk
tan A =
dks.k A dh layXu Hktq k
1 1 1 , sin A
2. cosec A = ; sec A = ; tan A = tan A =
sin A cos A cot A cos A
3. ;fn ,d U;wu dks.k dk ,d f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr gks] rks dks.k osQ 'ks"k f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikr ljyrk ls Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
4. 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90° osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuA
5. sin A ;k cos A dkeku dHkh Hkh 1 ls vf/d ugha gksrk] tcfd sec A ;k cosec A dk eku
lnSo 1 ls vf/d ;k 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
6. sin (90° – A) = cos A, cos (90° – A) = sin A;
tan (90° – A) = cot A, cot (90° – A) = tan A;
sec (90° – A) = cosec A, cosec (90° – A) = sec A.
7. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A – tan2 A = 1 tgk¡ 0° ≤ A < 90°
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A tgk¡ 0° < A ≤ 90º

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f=kdks.kfefr osQ oqQN vuqi;z ksx 9

9.1 Hkwfedk
fiNys vè;k; esa vkius f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u fd;k gSA bl vè;k;
esa vki oqQN mu fof/;ksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxs ftuesa f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx vkiosQ
vkl&ikl osQ thou ls tqM+k gksrk gSA f=kdks.kfefr ,d izkphure fo"k; gS ftldk vè;;u
iwjs txr osQ fo}ku djrs vk, gSaA tSlk fd ge vè;k; 8 esa crk pqosQ gSa fd f=kdks.kfefr
dk vkfo"dkj bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k Fkk fd bldh [kxksydh esa
vko';drk iM+rh FkhA rc ls vkt rd [kxksyfon~ bldk iz;ksx i`Foh ls xzgksa vkSj rkjksa
dh nwfj;k¡ ifjdfyr djus esa djrs vk, gSaA f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx Hkwxksy vkSj ukSpkyu
esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA f=kdks.kfefr osQ Kku dk iz;ksx ekufp=k cukus vkSj ns'kkarj (longitude)
vkSj v{kka'k (latitude) osQ lkis{k ,d }hi dh fLFkfr Kkr djus esa dh tkrh gSA
losZ{kd 'krkfCn;ksa ls f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx djrs
vk jgs gS a A mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh ^c` g r~
f=kdks.kferh; losZ{k.k* fczrkuh Hkkjr dh ,d
,slh fo'kky losZ{k.k ifj;kstuk Fkh ftlosQ fy,
nks c`gÙke fFk;ksMksykbV dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k
FkkA 1852 esa losZ{k.k djus osQ nkSjku fo'o osQ
lcls Å¡ps ioZr dh [kkst dh x;h FkhA 160 km
ls Hkh vf/d nwjh ij fLFkr vyx&vyx N%
osaQnzksa ls bl ioZr osQ f'k[kj dk izs{k.k fd;k
x;kA 1856 esa bl f'k[kj dk ukedj.k lj tkWtZ fFk;ksMksykbV
,ojsLV osQ uke ij fd;k x;k ftlus losZizFke ,d los{Z k.k ;a=k] tks f=kdks.kfefr osQ
fo'kky fFk;ksMksykbV dks vf/Ñr fd;k vkSj fu;eksa ij vk/kfjr gS] dk iz;ksx
budk iz ; ks x fd;kA (lkeus cuh vko` Q fr
nsf[k,)A vc ;s fFk;ksMksykbV nsgjknwu esa fLFkr ,d ?kw.khZ VsyhLdksi ls dks.kksa dk
Hkkjr losZ{k.k osQ laxzgky; esa izn'kZu osQ fy, ekiu djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
j[ks x, gSaA

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f=kdks.kfefr osQ oqQN vuqiz;ksx 217

bl vè;k; esa ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd fdl izdkj okLro esa ekiu fd, fcuk gh
f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx fofHkUu oLrqvksa dh Å¡pkb;k¡ vkSj nwfj;k¡ Kkr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
9.2 Å¡pkb;k¡ vkSj nwfj;k¡
vkb, ge vè;k; 8 esa nh xbZ vko`Qfr 8-1 ij fopkj djas] ftls uhps vko`Qfr 9-1 esa
iqu% [khapk x;k gSA

k k
js[k js[k
n`f"
V n`f"V

mUu;u dks.k mUu;u dks.k

vko`Qfr 9.1

bl vko`Qfr esa] Nk=k dh vk¡[k ls ehukj osQ f'k[kj rd [khaph xbZ js[kk AC dks
n`f"V&js[kk (line of sight) dgk tkrk gSA Nk=k ehukj osQ f'k[kj dh vksj ns[k jgk gSA
n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cus dks.k BAC dks Nk=k dh vk¡[k ls ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk
mUu;u dks.k (angle of elevation) dgk tkrk gSA
bl izdkj] n`f"V&js[kk izs{kd dh vk¡[k osQ ml oLrq osQ ¯cnq dks feykus okyh js[kk
gksrh gS ftls izs{kd ns[krk gSA ns[ks x, ¯cnq dk mUu;u dks.k ml fLFkfr esa] n`f"V&js[kk
vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS] tcfd ns[kk tk jgk ¯cnq {kSfrt Lrj ls Åij gksrk
gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd oLrq dks ns[kus osQ fy, gesa viuk flj mBkuk gksrk gSA
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-2)A

vko`Qfr 9.2

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vkb, vc ge vko`Qfr 8-2 esa nh xbZ fLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA ckyduh esa cSBh
yM+dh eafnj dh lh<+h ij j[ks xeys dks uhps dh vksj ns[k jgh gSA bl fLFkfr esa]
n`f"V&js[kk {kSfrt Lrj ls uhps gSA n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls bl izdkj cus dks.k dks
voueu dks.k (angle of depression) dgk tkrk gSA
vr% ns[kh tk jgh oLrq ij fLFkr ¯cnq dk voueu dks.k ml fLFkfr esa n`f"V&js[kk
vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS tcfd ¯cnq {kSfrt js[kk ls uhps gksrk gS vFkkZr~ og
fLFkfr tcfd ns[ks tkus okys ¯cnq dks ns[kus osQ fy, gesa viuk flj uhps >qdkuk gksrk gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-3)A

vko`Qfr 9.3

vc vki vko`Qfr 8-3 esa cuh n`f"V&js[kk,¡ vkSj bl rjg cus dks.kksa dks igpku ldrs
gSaA ;s dks.k mUu;u dks.k gSa ;k voueu dks.k\
vkb, ge vko`Qfr 9-1 dks iqu% ns[ksaA ;fn vki lgh ek;us esa fcuk ekis gh ehukj
dh Å¡pkbZ CD Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa rks blosQ fy, vkidks fdl tkudkjh dh vko';drk
gksrh gS\ blosQ fy, fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk Kku gksuk vko';d gksrk gS%
(i) nwjh DE tgk¡ Nk=k ehukj osQ ikn&¯cnq ls bl nwjh ij [kM+k gSA
(ii) ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k ∠ BAC
(iii) Nk=k dh Å¡pkbZ AE
;g ekudj fd Åij crk;h x;ha rhuksa tkudkfj;k¡ gesa Kkr gSa rks ge fdl izdkj
ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
vko`Qfr esa CD = CB + BD ;gk¡ BD = AE gS tks fd Nk=k dh Å¡pkbZ gSA
BC Kkr djus osQ fy, ge ∠ BAC ;k ∠ A osQ f=kdks.kfefr vuqikrksa dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

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∆ ABC esa] Hkqtk BC Kkr dks.k ∠ A osQ laca/ esa lEeq[k Hkqtk gSA ;gk¡ ge fdu&fdu
f=kdks.kfefr vuqikrksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa\ buesa ls fdlosQ nks eku gesa Kkr gS vkSj gesa
fdldk eku Kkr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS\ tan A ;k cot A dk iz;ksx djus ls gekjh
[kkst dk {ks=k de gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd bu vuqikrksa esa AB vkSj BC dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
BC AB ,
vr% tan A = ;k cot A = ftls gy djus ij gesa BC izkIr gks tk,xkA
AB BC
BC vkSj AE tksM+us
ij ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ izkIr gks tk,xhA
vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k gy djosQ vHkh&vHkh p£pr fd, x, izØe dh
O;k[;k djsaA
mnkgj.k 1 : /jrh ij ,d ehukj ÅèokZ/j [kM+h gSA /jrh osQ ,d ¯cnq ls] tks ehukj osQ
ikn&¯cnq ls 15 m nwj gS] ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 60° gSA ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr
dhft,A
gy : vkb, igys ge iz'u dks fu:fir djus osQ fy,
,d ljy vkjs[k cuk,¡ (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-4)A ;gk¡
AB ehukj dks fu:fir djrk gS] CB ehukj ls ¯cnq dh
nwjh gS vkSj ∠ ACB mUu;u dks.k gSA ge ehukj dh
Å¡pkbZ vFkkZr~ AB Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj] ;gk¡ ACB
,d f=kHkqt gS tks B ij ledks.k gSA
iz'u dks gy djus osQ fy, ge f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
tan 60° ( ;k cot 60°) ysrs gSa] D;ksafd bl vuqikr esa AB
vkSj BC nksuksa gksrs gSa
AB
vc tan 60° =
BC vko`Qfr 9.4
AB
vFkkZr~ 3 =
15
vFkkZr~ AB = 15 3
vr% ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ 15 3 m gSA

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mnkgj.k 2 : ,d fctyh feL=kh dks ,d 5m Å¡ps [kaHks

ij vk xbZ [kjkch dh ejEer djuh gSA ejEer dk
dke djus osQ fy, mls [kaHks osQ f'k[kj ls 1.3m
uhps ,d ¯cnq rd og igq¡puk pkgrh gS (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 9-5)A ;gk¡ rd igq¡pus osQ fy, iz;qDr lh<+h
dh yackbZ fdruh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd {kSfrt ls 60º
osQ dks.k ls >qdkus ij og visf{kr fLFkfr rd igqq¡p
tk,\ vkSj ;g Hkh crkb, fd [kaHks dk ikn&¯cnq fdruh
nwjh ij lh<+h osQ ikn&¯cnq ls gksuk pkfg,\ ( ;gk¡ vki
3 = 1.73 ys ldrs gSaA) vko`Qfr 9.5

gy : vko`Qfr 9-5 esa] fctyh feL=kh dks [kaHks AD ij ¯cnq B rd igq¡puk gSA
vr% BD = AD – AB = (5 – 1.3)m = 3.7 m
;gk¡ BC lh<+h dks izdV djrk gSA gesa bldh yackbZ vFkkZr~ ledks.k f=kHkqt BDC dk d.kZ
Kkr djuk gSA
vc] D;k vki ;g crk ldrs gSa fd gesa fdl f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,\
;g f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr sin 60° gksuk pkfg,A
BD 3.7 3
vr% = sin 60° ;k BC
=
BC 2
3.7 × 2
blfy, BC = = 4.28 m (yxHkx)
3
vFkkZr~ lh<+h dh yackbZ 4.28 m gksuh pkfg,A
DC 1
vc = cot 60° =
BD 3
3.7
vFkkZr~ DC =
3
= 2.14 m (yxHkx)

vr% mls lh<+h osQ ikn dks [kaHks ls 2.14 m dh nwjh ij j[kuk pkfg,A

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mnkgj.k 3 : 1.5 m yack ,d izs{kd ,d fpeuh ls

28.5 m dh nwjh ij gSA mldh vk¡[kksa ls fpeuh osQ
f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 45° gSA fpeuh dh Å¡pkbZ crkb,A
gy : ;gk¡ AB fpeuh gS] CD izs{kd gS vkSj ∠ ADE
mUu;u dks.k gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-6)A ;gk¡ ADE ,d
f=kHkqt gS ftlesa dks.k E ledks.k gS vkSj gesa fpeuh dh
Å¡pkbZ Kkr djuh gSA
;gk¡ AB = AE + BE = (AE + 1.5) m
vkSj DE = CB = 28.5 m vko`Qfr 9.6
AE Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa ,d ,slk f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr ysuk pkfg, ftlesa AE
vkSj DE nksuksa gksA blosQ fy, vkb, ge mUu;u dks.k dk tangent ysaA
AE
vc tan 45° =
DE
AE
vFkkZr~ 1=
28.5
blfy, AE = 28.5
vr% fpeuh dh Å¡pkbZ (AB) = (28.5 + 1.5) m = 30 m
mnkgj.k 4 : Hkwfe osQ ,d ¯cnq P ls ,d 10 m Å¡ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 30°
gSA Hkou osQ f'k[kj ij ,d èot dks ygjk;k x;k gS vkSj P ls èot osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u
dks.k 45° gSA èotnaM dh yackbZ vkSj ¯cnq P ls Hkou dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A (;gk¡ vki
3 = 1.732 ys ldrs gSaA)

gy : vko`Qfr 9-7 esa] AB Hkou dh Å¡pkbZ

izdV djrk gS] BD èotnaM izdV djrk gS
vkSj P fn;k gqvk ¯cnq izdV djrk gSA è;ku
nhft, fd ;gk¡ nks ledks.k f=kHkqt PAB
vkSj PAD gaAS gesa èotnaM dh yackbZ vFkkZr~
DB vkSj ¯cnq P ls Hkou dh nwjh vFkkZr~ PA
Kkr djuk gSA vko`Qfr 9.7

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D;ksfa d gesa Hkou dh Å¡pkbZ AB Kkr gS blfy,
igys ge ledks.k ∆ PAB ysaxsA
AB
;gk¡ tan 30° =
AP

1 10
vFkkZr~ 3
=
AP

blfy, AP = 10 3

vFkkZr~ P ls Hkou dh nwjh 10 3 m = 17.32 m

vkb, vc ge ;g eku ysa fd DB = x m gS rc AD = (10 + x) m
AD 10 + x
vc ledks.k ∆ PAD esa tan 45° =
AP
=
10 3

10 + x
blfy, 1=
10 3

vFkkZr~ x = 10 ( )
3 − 1 = 7.32

vr% èotnaM dh yackbZ 7.32 m gSA

mnkgj.k 5 : ,d lery tehu ij [kM+h
ehukj dh Nk;k ml fLFkfr esa 40 m vf/d
yach gks tkrh gS tcfd lw;Z dk mUurka'k
(altitude) 60° ls ?kVdj 30° gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~
Nk;k osQ ,d fljs ls ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk
mUu;u dks.k 60º gS vkSj DB Nk;k dh yackbZ
gS tcfd mUu;u dks.k 30º gSA ehukj dh
Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
vko`Qfr 9.8
gy : eku yhft, fd AB dh yackbZ h ehVj gS
vkSj BC, x ehVj gSA iz'u osQ vuqlkj DB, BC
ls 40m vf/d yack gSA

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vr% DB = (40 + x) m
vc] ;gk¡ nks ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC vkSj ABD gSA
AB
∆ ABC esa tan 60° =
BC
h
;k 3 = x (1)
AB
∆ ABD esa tan 30° =
BD
1 h
vFkkZr~ =
x + 40
(2)
3
(1) ls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
h= x 3
bl eku dks (2) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS ( x 3 ) 3 = x + 40, vFkkZr~
3x = x + 40
vFkkZr~ x = 20
blfy, h = 20 3 ¹(1) lsº
vr% ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ 20 3 m gSA

mnkgj.k 6 : ,d cgqeafty Hkou osQ f'k[kj ls ns[kus ij ,d 8 m Å¡ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj
vkSj ry osQ voueu&dks.k Øe'k% 30° vkSj 45° gSaA cgqeafty Hkou dh Å¡pkbZ vkSj nks
Hkouksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
gy : vko`Qfr 9-9 esa PC cgqeafty Hkou dks
vkSj AB, 8 m Å¡ps Hkou dks izdV djrk gSA ge
cgqeafty Hkou dh Å¡pkbZ] vFkkZr~ PC vkSj nks
Hkouksa osQ chp dh nwjh vFkkZr~ AC Kkr djuk
pkgrs gSaA
vko`Qfr dks vPNh rjg nsf[k,A vki ;gk¡ ns[ksaxs
fd PB lekarj js[kkvksa PQ vkSj BD dh ,d
fr;Zd&Nsnh js[kk gSA vr% ∠ QPB vkSj ∠ PBD
,dkarj dks.k gSa vkSj blfy, cjkcj gSaA vr% vko`Qfr 9.9
∠ PBD = 30°, blh izdkj] ∠ PAC = 45°

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ledks.k ∆ PBD esa
PD 1
= tan 30° = ;k BD = PD 3
BD 3
ledks.k ∆ PAC esa ge ikrs gSa
PC
= tan 45° = 1
AC
vFkkZr~ PC = AC
vkSj PC = PD + DC blfy, PD + DC = AC

D;ksfa d AC = BD vkSj DC = AB = 8 m, blfy, PD + 8 = BD = PD 3 (D;ksa\)

8 8 ( 3+1 )
blls ;g izkIr gksrk gS% PD = = =4 ( )
3 +1 m
3 −1 ( 3 +1 )( 3 −1 )
vr% cgqeafty Hkou dh Å¡pkbZ {4 ( ) }
3 +1 +8 m = 4 3+ ( 3 m gS vkSj
) nks Hkouksa osQ
chp dh nwjh Hkh 4 (3 + 3 ) m gSA
mnkgj.k 7 : ,d unh osQ iqy osQ
,d ¯cnq ls unh osQ lEeq[k fdukjksa
osQ voueu dks.k Øe'k% 30° vkSj
45° gSaA ;fn iqy fdukjksa ls 3 m dh
Å¡pkbZ ij gks rks unh dh pkSM+kbZ Kkr vko`Qfr 9.10
dhft,A
gy : vko`Qfr 9-10 esa] A vkSj B unh osQ lEeq[k fdukjksa osQ ¯cnqvksa dks izdV djrs gSa]
ftlls fd AB unh dh pkSM+kbZ gSA 3 m dh Å¡pkbZ ij cus iqy ij ,d ¯cnq P gS
vFkkZr~ DP = 3 m gSA ge unh dh pkSMk+ bZ Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa tks fd ∆ APB dh Hkqtk AB dh
yackbZ gSA
vc AB = AD + DB
ledks.k ∆ APD esa ∠ A = 30°
PD
vr% tan 30° =
AD

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1 3
vFkkZr~ 3
= ;k AD = 3 3 m
AD
vr% ledks.k ∆ PBD es]a ∠ B = 45º gSA blfy, BD = PD = 3 m
vc AB = BD + AD = 3 + 3 3 = 3 (1 + 3)m

blfy, unh dh pkSM+kbZ 3 ( 3 +1 m ) gSA

iz'ukoyh 9.1

1. loZQl dk ,d dykdkj ,d 20m yach Mksj ij p<+

jgk gS tks vPNh rjg ls ruh gqbZ gS vkSj Hkwfe ij lhèks
yxs [kaHks osQ f'k[kj ls ca/k gqvk gSA ;fn Hkwfe Lrj osQ
lkFk Mksj }kjk cuk;k x;k dks.k 30° dk gks rks [kaHks dh
Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-11)A vko`Qfr 9.11

2. vk¡/h vkus ls ,d isM+ VwV tkrk gS vkSj VwVk gqvk Hkkx bl rjg eqM+ tkrk gS fd isM+ dk
f'k[kj tehu dks Nwus yxrk gS vkSj blosQ lkFk 30º dk dks.k cukrk gSA isM+ osQ ikn&¯cnq dh
nwjh] tgk¡ isM+ dk f'k[kj tehu dks Nwrk gS] 8m gSA isM+ dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
3. ,d BsosQnkj cPpksa dks [ksyus osQ fy, ,d ikoZQ esa nks fiQlyuiV~Vh yxkuk pkgrh gSA 5 o"kZ
ls de mez osQ cPpksa osQ fy, og ,d ,slh fiQlyuiêðh yxkuk pkgrh gS ftldk f'k[kj
1.5 m dh Å¡pkbZ ij gks vkSj Hkwfe osQ lkFk 30° osQ dks.k ij >qdk gqvk gks] tcfd blls vfèkd
mez osQ cPpksa osQ fy, og 3m dh Å¡pkbZ ij ,d vf/d <ky dh fiQlyuiêðh yxkuk pkgrh
gS] tks Hkwfe osQ lkFk 60° dk dks.k cukrh gksA izR;sd fLFkfr esa fiQlyuiêðh dh yackbZ D;k
gksuh pkfg,\
4. Hkwfe osQ ,d ¯cnq ls] tks ehukj osQ ikn&¯cnq ls 30m dh nwjh ij gS] ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk
mUu;u dks.k 30° gSA ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
5. Hkwfe ls 60 m dh Å¡pkbZ ij ,d irax mM+ jgh gSA irax esa yxh Mksjh dks vLFkk;h :i ls Hkwfe
osQ ,d ¯cnq ls cka/ fn;k x;k gSA Hkwfe osQ lkFk Mksjh dk >qdko 60° gSA ;g ekudj fd Mksjh
esa dksbZ <hy ugha gS] Mksjh dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
6. 1.5 m yack ,d yM+dk 30 m Å¡ps ,d Hkou ls oqQN nwjh ij [kM+k gSA tc og Å¡ps Hkou dh
vksj tkrk gS rc mldh vk¡[k ls Hkou osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 30° ls 60° gks tkrk gSA crkb,
fd og Hkou dh vksj fdruh nwjh rd pydj x;k gSA

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7. Hkwfe osQ ,d ¯cnq ls ,d 20 m Å¡ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj ij yxh ,d lapkj ehukj osQ ry vkSj
f'k[kj osQ mUu;u dks.k Øe'k% 45° vkSj 60° gSA ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
8. ,d isMLVy osQ f'k[kj ij ,d 1.6 m Å¡ph ew£r yxh gSA Hkwfe osQ ,d ¯cnq ls ew£r osQ f'k[kj
dk mUu;u dks.k 60° gS vkSj mlh ¯cnq ls isMLVy osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 45° gSA isMLVy
dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
9. ,d ehukj osQ ikn&¯cnq ls ,d Hkou osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 30º gS vkSj Hkou osQ
ikn&¯cnq ls ehukj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 60º gSA ;fn ehukj 50m Å¡ph gks] rks Hkou dh
Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
10. ,d 80 m pkSM+h lM+d osQ nksuksa vksj vkeus&lkeus leku yackbZ okys nks [kaHks yxs gq, gSaA bu
nksuksa [kaHkksa osQ chp lM+d osQ ,d ¯cnq ls [kaHkksa osQ f'k[kj osQ mUu;u dks.k Øe'k% 60° vkSj
30° gSA [kaHkksa dh Å¡pkbZ vkSj [kaHkksa ls ¯cnq dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
11. ,d ugj osQ ,d rV ij ,d Vhoh VkWoj
ÅèokZ/jr% [kM+k gSA VkWoj osQ Bhd lkeus
nwljs rV osQ ,d vU; ¯cnq ls VkWoj osQ
f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 60° gSA blh rV ij
bl ¯cnq ls 20 m nwj vkSj bl fcanq dks ehukj
osQ ikn ls feykus okyh js[kk ij fLFkr ,d
vU; ¯cnqq ls VkWoj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u
dks.k 30° gS A (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-12)A VkWoj
dh Å¡pkbZ vkSj ugj dh pkSMk+ bZ Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 9.12
12. 7 m Å¡ps Hkou osQ f'k[kj ls ,d osQcy VkWoj osQ f'k[kj dk mUu;u dks.k 60° gS vkSj blosQ
ikn dk voueu dks.k 45º gSA VkWoj dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
13. leqnz&ry ls 75 m Å¡ph ykbV gkml osQ f'k[kj ls ns[kus ij nks leqæh tgktksa osQ voueu
dks.k 30° vkSj 45° gSaA ;fn ykbV gkml osQ ,d gh vksj ,d tgkt nwljs tgkt osQ Bhd ihNs
gks rks nks tgktksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
14. 1.2 m yach ,d yM+dh Hkwfe ls 88.2 m
dh Å¡pkbZ ij ,d {kSfrt js[kk esa gok esa
mM+ jgs xqCckjs dks ns[krh gSA fdlh Hkh
{k.k yM+dh dh vk¡[k ls xqCckjs dk
mUu;u dks.k 60° gSA oqQN le; ckn
mUu;u dks.k ?kVdj 30° gks tkrk gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 9-13)A bl varjky osQ
nkSjku xqCckjs }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh Kkr
dhft,A
vko`Qfr 9.13

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15. ,d lh/k jktekxZ ,d ehukj osQ ikn rd tkrk gSA ehukj osQ f'k[kj ij [kM+k ,d vkneh
,d dkj dks 30° osQ voueu dks.k ij ns[krk gS tks fd ehukj osQ ikn dh vksj ,d leku
pky ls tkrk gSA N% lsosaQM ckn dkj dk voueu dks.k 60° gks x;kA bl fcanq ls ehukj osQ
ikn rd igq¡pus esa dkj }kjk fy;k x;k le; Kkr dhft,A
16. ehukj osQ vk/kj ls vkSj ,d ljy js[kk esa 4 m vkSj 9 m dh nwjh ij fLFkr nks ¯cnqvksa ls ehukj
osQ f'k[kj osQ mUu;u dks.k iwjd dks.k gSaA fl¼ dhft, fd ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ 6 m gSA

9.3 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. (i) n`f"V&js[kk izs{kd dh vk¡[k ls izs{kd }kjk ns[kh xbZ oLrq osQ ¯cnq dks feykus okyh js[kk
gksrh gSA
(ii) ns[kh xbZ oLrq dk mUu;u dks.k n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS tcfd
;g {kSfrt Lrj ls Åij gksrk gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd oLrq dks ns[kus osQ fy, gesa
vius flj dks Åij mBkuk gksrk gSA
ns[kh xbZ oLrq dk voueu dks.k n`f"V&js[kk vkSj {kSfrt js[kk ls cuk dks.k gksrk gS tcfd
(iii)
{kSfrt js[kk {kSfrt Lrj ls uhps gksrh gS vFkkZr~ og fLFkfr tcfd oLrq dks ns[kus osQ fy,
gesa vius flj dks >qdkuk iM+rk gSA
2. f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dh lgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq dh Å¡pkbZ ;k yackbZ ;k nks lqnwj oLrqvksa
osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA

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o`Ùk 10
10.1 Hkwfedk
vkius d{kk IX esa i<+k gS fd o`Ùk ,d ry osQ mu ¯cnqvksa dk lewg gksrk gS tks ,d
fu;r ¯cnq (osaQnz) ls vpj nwjh (f=kT;k) ij gksrs gSaA vkius o`Ùk ls lacafèkr
voèkkj.kkvksa tSls thok] o`Ùk[kaM] f=kT;[kaM] pki vkfn osQ ckjs esa Hkh i<+k gSA vkb,
vc ,d ry esa fLFkr ,d o`Ùk rFkk ,d js[kk dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djsaA
vkb,] ge ,d o`Ùk rFkk ,d js[kk PQ ij è;ku nsaA nh xbZ fuEu vko`Qfr 10-1 esa
rhu laHkkouk,¡ gks ldrh gSaA

vko`Qfr 10.1

vko`Qfr 10.1 (i) esa] js[kk PQ rFkk o`Ùk eas dksbZ mHk;fu"B ¯cnq ugha gSA bl n'kk esa PQ
dks o`Ùk osQ lkis{k vizfrPNsnh js[kk dgrs gSaA vko`Qfr 10.1 (ii) esa js[kk PQ vkSj o`Ùk esa nks
mHk;fu"B ¯cnq A vkSj B gSaA bl n'kk esa ge js[kk PQ dks o`Ùk dh Nsnd js[kk dgrs gSaA
vko`Qfr 10.1 (iii) esa js[kk PQ vkSj o`Ùk esa ,d vkSj osQoy ,d mHk;fu"B ¯cnq A gSA bl
n'kk esa js[kk o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk dgykrh gSA

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o`Ùk 229

vkius oqQ,¡ osQ Åij fLFkj dh gqbZ ,d f?kjuh dks ns[kk gksxk
ftldk mi;ksx oqQ,¡ ls ikuh fudkyus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vko`Qfr 10-2 dks nsf[k,A ;gk¡ f?kjuh osQ nksuksa vksj dh jLlh dks
;fn fdj.k dh rjg le>sa rks og f?kjuh }kjk fu:fir o`Ùk ij
Li'kZ js[kk dh rjg gksxhA
Åij nh xbZ fLFkfr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr D;k o`Ùk osQ lkis{k js[kk
dh dksbZ vU; fLFkfr gks ldrh gS\ vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd bu vko`Qfr 10.2
fLFkfr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr js[kk dh o`Ùk osQ lkis{k dksbZ vU; fLFkfr ugha gks ldrh gSA bl
vè;k; esa ge o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk osQ vfLrRo osQ ckjs esa i<+xas s rFkk muosQ oqQN xq.kksa dk Hkh
vè;;u djsxa As
10.2 o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk
fiNys ifjPNsn esa vkius ns[kk gS fd fdlh o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk og js[kk gS tks o`Ùk dks
osQoy ,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA
o`Ùk osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk osQ vfLrRo dks le>us osQ fy, vkb, ge fuEu
fØ;kdyki djsAa
fØ;kdyki 1 : ,d o`Ùkkdkj rkj yhft, rFkk o`Ùkkdkj rkj osQ ,d ¯cnq P ij ,d lhèkk
rkj AB bl izdkj tksfM+, fd og ¯cnq P osQ ifjr% ,d lery esa ?kwe losQA bl iz.kkyh
dks ,d est+ ij jf[k, rFkk rkj AB dks ¯cnq P osQ ifjr% /hes&/hes ?kqekb, ftlls lhèks rkj
dh fofHkUu voLFkk,¡ izkIr gks losaQ ¹nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10.3(i)ºA
fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa rkj] o`Ùkkdkj rkj dks ¯cnq P
,oa ,d vU; ¯cnq Q1 ;k Q2 ;k Q3 vkfn ij izfrPNsfnr
djrk gSA ,d fLFkfr esa] vki ns[ksaxs fd og o`Ùk dks
osQoy ,d ¯cnq P ij gh izfrPNsfnr djsxk (AB dh
fLFkfr A′B′ dks nsf[k,)A ;s ;g n'kkZrk gS fd o`Ùk osQ
,d ¯cnq ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk dk vfLrRo gSA iqu%
?kqekus ij vki izs{k.k dj ldrs gSa fd AB dh vU;
lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa og o`Ùk dks ¯cnq P rFkk ,d vU;
¯cnq R1 ;k R2 ;k R3 vkfn ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA bl
izdkj vki is{z k.k dj ldrs gSa fd o`Ùk osQ ,d ¯cnq vko`Qfr 10.3 (i)
ij ,d vkSj osQoy ,d Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gSA

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mi;qDZ r fØ;kdyki djrs gq, vkius vo'; izs{k.k fd;k gksxk fd tSls&tSls fLFkfr
AB ls fLFkfr A′ B′ dh vksj c<+rh gS] js[kk AB vkSj o`Ùk dk mHk;fu"B ¯cnq Q1, mHk;fu"B
¯cnq P dh vksj fudV vkrk tkrk gSA varr%] AB dh fLFkfr A′B′ esa og ¯cnq P osQ laikrh
gks tkrk gSA iqu% è;ku nhft, fd D;k gksrk gS tc A′′B′′, P osQ ifjr% nf{k.kkorZ ?kqek;k
tkrk gS\ mHk;fu"B ¯cnq R3 /hjs&/hjs ¯cnq P dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS rFkk varr% P ls
laikrh gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa%
fdlh o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk Nsnd js[kk dh ,d fof'k"V n'kk gS tc laxr thok
osQ nksuksa fljs laikrh gks tk,¡A
fØ;kdyki 2 : ,d dkxt ij ,d o`Ùk vkSj
o`Ùk dh Nsnd js[kk PQ [khafp,A Nsnd js[kk osQ
lekarj nksuksa vksj vusd js[kk,¡ [khafp,A vki
ik,¡xs fd oqQN pj.kksa osQ ckn js[kkvksa }kjk dkVh
xbZ thok dh yackbZ /hjs&/hjs de gks jgh gS
vFkkZr~ js[kk rFkk o`Ùk osQ nksuksa izfrPNsn ¯cnq ikl
vk jgs gSa [nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10.3(ii)]A ,d fLFkfr esa
Nsnd js[kk osQ ,d vksj ;g yackbZ rFkk nwljh
fLFkfr esa ;g nwljh vksj 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA
Nsnd js[kk dh fLFkfr;ksa P′Q′ rFkk P′′Q′′ dh vko`Qfr 10.3(ii)
vko`Qfr 10.3 (ii) esa voyksdu dhft,A ;s nksuksa js[kk,¡ nh x;h Nsnd js[kk PQ osQ lekarj
nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gSa blls vkidks ;g tkuus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS fd ,d Nsnd js[kk osQ
lekarj o`Ùk dh nks ls vf/d Li'kZ js[kk,¡ ugha gksrh gSaA
bl fØ;kdyki ls ;g fu"d"kZ Hkh fudyrk gS fd Li'kZ js[kk Nsnd js[kk dh ,d
fo'ks"k fLFkfr gS tc mldh laxr thok osQ nksuksa fljs laikrh gks tk,¡A
Li'kZ js[kk vkSj o`Ùk osQ mHk;fu"B ¯cnq dks Li'kZ ¯cnq ¹vko`Qfr 10.1 (iii) esa ¯cnq Aº
dgrs gSa rFkk Li'kZ js[kk dks o`Ùk osQ mHk;fu"B ¯cnq ij Li'kZ djuk dgrs gSaA
vc vki vius pkjksa vksj nsf[k,A D;k vkius ,d
lkbfdy vFkok ,d cSyxkM+h dks pyrs ns[kk gS\ buosQ
ifg;ksa dh vksj nsf[k,A ,d ifg, dh lHkh rhfy;k¡
bldh f=kT;kvksa osQ vuq:i gSAa vc ifg, dh fLFkfr dk
èkjrh ij xfr djus osQ lkis{k O;k[;k dhft,A D;k vkidks
dgha Li'kZ js[kk fn[krh gS\ (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-4)A okLro vko`Qfr 10.4

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esa ifg;k ,d js[kk osQ vuqfn'k xfr djrk gS tks ifg;s dks fu:fir djus okys o`Ùk ij Li'kZ
js[kk gSA ;g Hkh nsf[k, fd lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa vko`Qfr 10-4 /jrh osQ Li'kZ ¯cnq ls tkus okyh
f=kT;k Li'kZ js[kk ij yac n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-4)A vc ge Li'kZ js[kk osQ bl
xq.k dks fl¼ djsxa As
ize;s 10.1 : o`Ùk osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk Li'kZ ¯cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k ij yac
gksrh gSA
miifÙk : gesa osaQnz O okyk ,d o`Ùk fn;k gS vkSj ,d ¯cnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk XY nh gSA gesa
fl¼ djuk gS fd OP, XY ij yac gSA
XY ij P osQ vfrfjDr ,d ¯cnq Q yhft, vkSj OQ dks feykb, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-5)A
¯cnq Q o`Ùk osQ ckgj gksuk pkfg, (D;ksa\ è;ku
nhft, fd ;fn Q o`Ùk osQ vanj gS rks XY o`Ùk dh ,d
Nsnd js[kk gks tk,xh vkSj og o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk ugha
gksxh)A vr%] OQ f=kT;k OP ls cM+h gSA vFkkZr~
OQ > OP
D;ksafd ;g ¯cnq P osQ vfrfjDr XY osQ izR;sd
¯cnq osQ fy, lR; gS] OP ¯cnq O ls XY osQ vU; ¯cnqvksa
dh U;wure nwjh gSA blfy, OP, XY ij yac gS vko`Qfr 10.5
(tSlk fd izes; A1.7 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS)A n
fVIi.kh :
1. mi;qZDr izes; ls ge ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd o`Ùk osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij ,d vkSj osQoy
,d Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gSA
2. Li'kZ ¯cnq ls f=kT;k dks lekfgr djus okyh js[kk dks o`Ùk osQ ml ¯cnq ij ^vfHkyac*
Hkh dgrs gSaA
iz'ukoyh 10.1
1. ,d o`Ùk dh fdruh Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gks ldrh gSa\
2. fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r dhft,%
(i) fdlh o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk mls ¯cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA
(ii) o`Ùk dks nks ¯cnqvksa ij izfrPNsn djus okyh js[kk dks dgrs gSaA
(iii) ,d o`Ùk dh lekarj Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gks ldrh gSaA
(iv) o`Ùk rFkk mldh Li'kZ js[kk osQ mHk;fu"B ¯cnq dks dgrs gSaA

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3. 5 lseh f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk osQ ¯cnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk PQ osaQnz O ls tkus okyh ,d js[kk ls
¯cnq Q ij bl izdkj feyrh gS fd OQ = 12 lsehA PQ dh yackbZ gS%
(A) 12 lseh (B) 13 lseh (C) 8.5 lseh (D) lseh
119
4. ,d o`Ùk [khafp, vkSj ,d nh xbZ js[kk osQ lekarj nks ,slh js[kk,¡ [khafp, fd muesa ls ,d
Li'kZ js[kk gks rFkk nwljh Nsnd js[kk gksA

10.3 ,d ¯cnq ls ,d o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh la[;k

fdlh ¯cnq ls o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh
la[;k osQ ckjs esa tkuus osQ fy, fuEu fØ;kdyki
djsa%
fØ;kdyki 3 : ,d dkxt+ ij ,d o`Ùk [khafp,A
,d ¯cnq P blosQ vanj yhft,A ml ¯cnq ls o`Ùk
ij Li'kZ js[kk [khapus dk iz;Ru dhft,A vki D;k
ikrs gSa\ vki ikrs gSa fd blls [khaph xbZ izR;sd (i)
js[kk o`Ùk dks nks ¯cnqvksa ij ifjPNsn djrh gS
blfy, bu js[kkvksa esa ls dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk ugha gks
ldrh [nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10.6 (i)]A
iqu%] o`Ùk ij ,d ¯cnq P yhft, rFkk bl
¯cnq ls Li'kZ js[kk,¡ [khafp,A vkius igys ls gh
izs{k.k fd;k gS fd o`Ùk osQ bl ¯cnq ij ,d gh
Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gS [nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10.6 (ii)]A
var esa o`Ùk osQ ckgj ,d ¯cnq P yhft, vkSj (ii)
o`Ùk ij bl ¯cnq ls Li'kZ js[kk,¡ [khapus dk iz;Ru
dfj,A vki D;k izs{k.k djrs gSa\ vki ik,¡xs fd
bl ¯cnq ls o`Ùk ij nks vkSj osQoy nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡
[khap ldrs gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10.6 (iii)]A
la{ksi esa ge bu ;FkkFkks± dks fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa
izdV dj ldrs gSaA
fLFkfr 1 : o`Ùk osQ vanj fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq ls tkus
(iii)
okyh o`Ùk ij dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk ugha gSA
vko`Qfr 10.6

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fLFkfr 2 : o`Ùk ij fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq ls o`Ùk ij ,d vkSj osQoy ,d Li'kZ js[kk gSA
fLFkfr 3 : o`Ùk osQ ckgj fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq ls tkus okyh o`Ùk ij nks vkSj osQoy nks Li'kZ
js[kk,¡ gSaA
vko`Qfr 10.6 (iii) esa Li'kZ js[kkvksa PT1 rFkk PT2 osQ Øe'k% T1 rFkk T2 Li'kZ ¯cnq gSaA
oká ¯cnq P ls o`Ùk osQ Li'kZ ¯cnq rd Li'kZ js[kk [kaM dh yackbZ dks ¯cnq P ls o`Ùk
ij Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ dgrs gSaA
è;ku nhft, fd vko`Qfr 10.6 (iii) esa PT1 vkSj PT2 ¯cnq P ls o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh
yackb;k¡ gSaA yackb;ksa PT1 vkSj PT2 esa ,d mHk;fu"B xq.k gSA D;k vki bls izkIr dj ldrs
gSa\ PT1 vkSj PT2 dks ekfi,A D;k ;s cjkcj gSa\ okLro esa lnSo ,slk gh gSA vkb, bl rF;
dh ,d miifÙk fuEu izes; esa nsaA
ize; s 10.2 : oká ¯cnq ls o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh yackb;k¡ cjkcj gksrh gSA
miifÙk : gesa osaQnz O okyk ,d o`Ùk] o`Ùk osQ ckgj
dk ,d ¯cnq P rFkk P ls o`Ùk ij nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ PQ,
PR nh gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-7)A gesa fl¼ djuk
gS fd PQ = PR
blosQ fy, ge OP, OQ vkSj OR dks feykrs
gSAa rc ∠ OQP rFkk ∠ ORP ledks.k gSa D;ksafd ;s
f=kT;kvksa vkSj Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ chp osQ dks.k gSa vkSj
Fig. 10.7
izes; 10-1 ls ;s ledks.k gSA vc ledks.k f=kHkqtksa
OQP rFkk ORP es]a
OQ = OR (,d gh o`Ùk dh f=kT;k,¡)
OP = OP (mHk;fu"B)
vr% ∆ OQP ≅ ∆ ORP (RHS lok±xlerk }kjk)
blls izkIr gksrk gS PQ = PR (CPCT) n
fVIi.kh :
1. izes; dks ikbFkkxksjl ize; s dk iz;ksx djosQ Hkh fuEu izdkj ls fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS%
PQ = OP – OQ = OP2 – OR2 = PR2 (D;ksfa d OQ = OR)
2 2 2

ftlls izkIr gksrk gS fd PQ = PR

2. ;g Hkh è;ku nhft, fd ∠ OPQ = ∠ OPR A vr% OP dks.k QPR dk v/Zd gS] vFkkZr~
o`Ùk dk osaQnz Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ chp osQ dks.k v/Zd ij fLFkr gksrk gSA

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vkb,] vc oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1 : fl¼ dhft, fd nks losaQnzh; o`Ùkksa esa cM+s
o`Ùk dh thok tks NksVs o`Ùk dks Li'kZ djrh gS] Li'kZ ¯cnq
ij lef}Hkkftr gksrh gSA
gy : gesa osaQnz O okys nks losaQnzh; o`Ùk C1 vkSj C2 rFkk
cM+s o`Ùk C1 dh thok AB, tks NksVs o`Ùk C2 dks ¯cnq P
ij Li'kZ djrh gS] fn, gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-8)A vko`Qfr 10.8
gesa fl¼ djuk gS fd AP = BP
vkb, OP dks feyk,¡A bl izdkj AB, C2 osQ ¯cnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk gS vkSj OP f=kT;k gSA
vr% izes; 10-1 ls
OP ⊥ AB
vc AB o`Ùk C1 dh ,d thok gS vkSj OP ⊥ AB gSA vr%] OP thok AB dks lef}Hkkftr
djsxh D;ksafd osaQnz ls thok ij [khapk x;k yac mls lef}Hkkftr djrk gS]
vFkkZr~ AP = BP
mnkgj.k 2 : osaQnz O okys o`Ùk ij cká ¯cnq T ls nks Li'kZ
js[kk,¡ TP rFkk TQ [khaph xbZ gSaA fl¼ dhft, fd
∠ PTQ = 2 ∠ OPQ gSA
gy : gesa osaQnz O okyk ,d o`Ùk] ,d cká ¯cnq T
rFkk o`Ùk ij nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ TP vkSj TQ, tgk¡ P, Q
Li'kZ ¯cnq gSa] fn, gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-9)A gesa fl¼ vko`Qfr 10.9
djuk gS fd
∠ PTQ = 2 ∠ OPQ
ekuk ∠ PTQ = θ
vc izes; 10-2 ls TP = TQ A vr% TPQ ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gSA
1 1
blfy, ∠ TPQ = ∠ TQP = (180º − θ) = 90º − θ
2 2
izes; 10-1 ls ∠ OPT = 90º gSA
 1  1 1
vr% ∠ OPQ = ∠ OPT – ∠ TPQ = 90º −  90º – θ  = θ = ∠ PTQ
 2  2 2
blls ∠ PTQ = 2 ∠ OPQ izkIr gksrk gSA

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mnkgj.k 3 : 5 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d o`Ùk dh

8 cm yach ,d thok PQ gSA P vkSj Q ij Li'kZ
js[kk,¡ ijLij ,d ¯cnq T ij izfrPNsn djrh gSa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-10)A TP dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A
gy : OT dks feyk,¡A ekuk ;g PQ dks ¯cnq R ij
izfrPNsfnr djrh gSA rc ∆ TPQ lef}ckgq gS vkSj
TO, ∠ PTQ dk dks.kk/Zd gSA blfy, OT ⊥ PQ
vkSj bl izdkj OT, PQ dk v/Zd gS ftlls izkIr vko`Qfr 10.10
gksrk gS PR = RQ = 4 cm
lkFk gh OR = OP 2 − PR 2 = 52 − 42 cm = 3 cm

vc ∠ TPR + ∠ RPO = 90° = ∠ TPR + ∠ PTR (D;ksa\)

vr% ∠ RPO = ∠ PTR
blfy, ledks.k f=kHkqt TRP vkSj ledks.k f=kHkqt PRO, AA le:irk }kjk le:i
TP RP TP 4 20
gSaA blls = izkIr gksrk gS A vFkkZr~ = vFkkZr~ TP = cm
PO RO 5 3 3
fVIi.kh : TP dks ikbFkkxksjl izes; }kjk fuEu izdkj ls Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSa%
ekuk TP = x vkSj TR = y rks
x2 = y2 + 16 (ledks.k ∆ PRT ysdj) (1)
x2 + 52 = (y + 3)2 (ledks.k ∆ OPT ysdj) (2)
(1) dks (2) esa ls ?kVkdj] ge ikrs gSa
32 16
25 = 6y – 7 ;k y= =
6 3
2
 16  16 16 × 25
blfy, x2 =   + 16 = (16 + 9) = [(1) ls]
 3 9 9
20
;k x= cm
3

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iz'ukoyh 10.2
iz'u la- 1] 2] 3 esa lgh fodYi pqfu, ,oa mfpr dkj.k nhft,A
1. ,d ¯cnq Q ls ,d o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ 24 cm rFkk Q dh osaQnz ls nwjh 25 cm gSA
o`Ùk dh f=kT;k gS%
(A) 7 cm (B) 12 cm
(C) 15 cm (D) 24.5 cm
2. vko`Qfr 10.11 esa] ;fn TP, TQ osaQnz O okys fdlh o`Ùk ij nks
Li'kZ js[kk,¡ bl izdkj gSa fd ∠ POQ = 110°, rks ∠ PTQ cjkcj
gS%
(A) 60° (B) 70°
(C) 80° (D) 90° vko`Qfr 10.11
3. ;fn ,d ¯cnq P ls O osaQnz okys fdlh o`Ùk ij PA, PB Li'kZ js[kk,¡ ijLij 80º osQ dks.k ij
>qdh gksa] rks ∠ POA cjkcj gS %
(A) 50° (B) 60° (C) 70° (D) 80°
4. fl¼ dhft, fd fdlh o`Ùk osQ fdlh O;kl osQ fljksa ij
[khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk,¡ lekarj gksrh gSAa
5. fl¼ dhft, fd Li'kZ ¯cnq ls Li'kZ js[kk ij [khapk
x;k yac o`Ùk osQ osaQnz ls gksdj tkrk gSA
6. ,d ¯cnq A ls] tks ,d o`Ùk osQ osaQnz ls 5 cm nwjh ij
gS] o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ 4 cm gSA o`Ùk dh
f=kT;k Kkr dhft,A
7. nks laosaQnzh; o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k,¡ 5 cm rFkk 3 cm gSAa cM+s
o`Ùk dh ml thok dh yackbZ Kkr dhft, tks NksVs o`Ùk vko`Qfr 10.12
dks Li'kZ djrh gksA
8. ,d o`Ùk osQ ifjxr ,d prqHkqZt ABCD [khapk x;k gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-12)A fl¼ dhft, %
AB + CD = AD + BC
9. vko`Qfr 10.13 esa XY rFkk X′Y′, O osaQnz okys fdlh
o`Ùk ij nks lekarj Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gSa vkSj Li'kZ ¯cnq C
ij Li'kZ js[kk AB, XY dks A rFkk X′Y′ dks B ij
izfrPNsn djrh gSA fl¼ dhft, fd ∠ AOB = 90º gSA vko`Qfr 10.13

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10. fl¼ dhft, fd fdlh cká ¯cnq ls fdlh o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ chp dk dks.k
Li'kZ ¯cnqvksa dks feykus okys js[kk[kaM }kjk osaQnz ij varfjr dks.k dk laiwjd gksrk gSA
11. fl¼ dhft, fd fdlh o`Ùk osQ ifjxr lekarj
prqHkqZt leprqHkqZt gksrk gSA
12. 4 cm f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk osQ ifjxr ,d f=kHkqt
ABC bl izdkj [khapk x;k gS fd js[kk[kaM
BD vkSj DC (ftuesa Li'kZ ¯cnq D }kjk BC
foHkkftr gS) dh yackb;k¡ Øe'k% 8 cm vkSj
6 cm gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 10-14)A Hkqtk,¡ AB
vkSj AC Kkr dhft,A
13. fl¼ dhft, fd o`Ùk osQ ifjxr cuh prqHkqZt dh
vkeus&lkeus dh Hkqtk,¡ osaQnz ij laiwjd dks.k vko`Qfr 10.14
varfjr djrh gSaA

10.4 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEu rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk dk vFkZA
2. o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk Li'kZ ¯cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k ij yac gksrh gSA
3. cká ¯cnq ls fdlh o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ nksuksa Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh yackb;k¡ leku gksrh gSaA

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jpuk,¡ 11
11.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk IX esa] vkius ,d iVjh rFkk ijdkj dk iz;ksx djosQ oqQN jpuk,¡ dh Fkh] tSls fdlh
dks.k dks lef}Hkkftr djuk] fdlh js[kk[kaM dk yac lef}Hkktd [khapuk] oqQN f=kHkqtksa dh
jpuk,¡ djuk bR;kfn rFkk mudk vkSfpR; Hkh fn;k FkkA bl vè;k; esa] ge fiNyh jpukvksa
osQ Kku dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] oqQN vkSj jpukvksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA ;s jpuk,¡ D;ksa gks
tkrh gSa] buls lacaf/r oqQN xf.krh; O;k[;k Hkh vkidks nsuh gksxhA
11.2 js[kk[kaM dk foHkktu
eku yhft, fd ,d js[kk[kaM fn;k gS vkSj vkidks mls ,d fn, x, vuqikr] ekuk 3 : 2
esa foHkkftr djuk gSA vki bldh yackbZ eki dj rFkk fn, x, vuqikr osQ vuqlkj ,d
¯cnq fpfÉr dj ldrs gSaA ijarq ;fn vkiosQ ikl bls lgh&lgh ekius dh dksbZ fof/ u
gks] rks vki bl ¯cnq dks oSQls izkIr djsaxs\ bl izdkj osQ ¯cnq dks izkIr djus osQ fy,]
ge fuEufyf[kr nks fof/;k¡ ns jgs gSa%
jpuk 11.1 : ,d js[kk[kaM dks fn, gq, vuqikr esa foHkkftr djukA
,d js[kk[kaM AB fn;k gS] ge bldks m : n osQ vuqikr esa foHkkftr djuk pkgrs gSaA
izfØ;k dks le>us esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy,] ge m = 3 vkSj n = 2 ysaxsA
jpuk osQ pj.k%
1. AB ls U;wudks.k cukrh dksbZ fdj.k AX [khafp,A
2. AX ij 5 (= m + n) ¯cnq A1, A2, A3, A 4 vkSj A5 bl izdkj vafdr dhft, fd
AA1 = A 1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A 5 gksA
3. BA5 dks feykb,A

2018-19
jpuk,¡ 239

4.¯cnq A3 (m = 3) ls gksdj tkus okyh A5B osQ

lekarj ,d js[kk (A3 ij ∠ AA5B osQ cjkcj
dks.k cukdj) AB dks ,d ¯cnq C ij izfrPNsn
djrh gqbZ [khafp, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 11-1)A
rc] AC : CB = 3 : 2 gSA
vkb, ns[ksa fd ;g fof/ oSQls gesa vHkh"V foHkktu nsrh gSA vko`Qfr 11.1

D;ksafd A3C, A5B osQ lekarj gS]

AA3 AC
vr% = (vk/kjHkwr lekuqikfrdrk izes; }kjk)
A3A5 CB

AA 3 3 AC 3
jpuk ls] = gAS vr% = gSA
A 3 A5 2 CB 2
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fcanq C, AB dks 3 : 2
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
oSdfYid fof/
jpuk osQ pj.k : vko`Qfr 11.2
1. AB ls U;wudks.k cukrh dksbZ fdj.k AX [khafp,A

2. ∠BAX osQ cjkcj ∠ABY cukdj AX osQ lekarj ,d fdj.k BY [khafp,A

3. AX ij ¯cnq A1, A2, A3 (m = 3) vkSj BY ij fcanq B1, B2 (n = 2) bl izdkj vafdr

dhft, fd AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = BB1 = B1B2 gksA
4. A3B2 dks feykb,A ekuk ;g AB dks ¯cnq C ij izfrPNsn djrh gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 11-2)A
rc] AC : CB = 3 : 2 gSA
vkb, ns[kas fd bl fof/ ls gesa vHkh"V jpuk fdl izdkj izkIr gksrk gS\
;gk¡ ∆ AA3C ~ ∆ BB2C (D;ksa\)
AA 3 AC
rc =
BB2 BC

AA 3 3 AC 3
ijarq jpuk }kjk BB 2
=
2 gSA vr %] =
BC 2

2018-19
240 xf.kr
okLro esa bu fof/;ksa }kjk fn;s x;s js[kk[kaM dks fdlh Hkh vuqikr esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vc ge Åij nh xbZ jpuk dks ,d fn, x, f=kHkqt osQ le:i ,d vU; f=kHkqt
dh jpuk djus esa mi;ksx djsaxs ftldh Hkqtkvksa vkSj fn, x, f=kHkqt dh laxr
Hkqtkvksa esa ,d vuqikr fn;k gqvk gksA
jpuk 11.2 : ,d fn, x, LosQy xq.kd osQ vuqlkj fn, x, f=kHkqt osQ le:i ,d
f=kHkqt dh jpuk djukA
bl jpuk dh nks fLFkfr;k¡ gSaA ,d esa] ftl f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuh gS] og fn,
x, f=kHkqt ls NksVk gks rFkk nwljh esa og cM+k gksA ;gk¡ LosQy xq.kd dk vFkZ jpuk djus
okys f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa rFkk fn, gq, f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa osQ vuqikr ls gSA
(vè;k; 6 Hkh nsf[k,)A bu jpukvksa dks le>us osQ fy, vkb, fuEu mnkgj.k ysaA
;gh fof/ O;kid fLFkfr esa Hkh ykxw gksxhA
mnkgj.k 1 : ,d fn, x, f=kHkqt ABC osQ le:i ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,]
3 3
ftldh Hkqtk,¡ fn, x, f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh gksa (vFkkZr~ LosQy xq.kd gS)A
4 4
gy : ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn;k gSA gesa ,d vU; f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuh gS] ftldh
3
Hkqtk,¡ f=kHkqt ABC dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh gksaA
4
jpuk osQ pj.k%
1. BC ls 'kh"kZ A dh nwljh vksj U;wudks.k cukrh gqbZ ,d fdj.k BX [khafp,A
3
2. BX ij 4 fcanq ( esa 3 vkSj 4 esa ls cM+h la[;k) B1, B2, B3 vkSj B4, bl izdkj
4
vafdr dhft, fd BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4 gksA
3. B4C feykb, vkSj B3 (rhljs ¯cnq] ;gk¡
3
esa 3 vkSj 4 esa ls 3 NksVh gS) ls
4
gksdj tkus okyh B4C osQ lekarj ,d js[kk
BC dks C′ ij izfrPNsn djrh gqbZ [khafp,A
4. C′ ls gksdj tkus okyh CA osQ lekarj
,d js[kk BA dks A′ ij izfrPNsn djrh
gqbZ [khafp, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 11-3)A
rc] ∆ A′BC′ vHkh"V f=kHkqt gSA
vko`Qfr 11.3

2018-19
jpuk,¡ 241

vkb, ns[ksa fd bl jpuk ls oSQls vHkh"V f=kHkqt izkIr gks tkrk gSA
BC′ 3
jpuk 11-1 ls] =
C′ C 1
BC BC′ + C′C C′C 1 4 BC′ 3
blfy,] = =1+ = 1 + = , vFkkZr~ = gSA
BC′ BC′ BC′ 3 3 BC 4
lkFk gh] C′A′, CA osQ lekarj gSA blfy, ∆ A′BC′ ~ ∆ ABC (D;ksa\)
A ′B A ′C′ BC′ 3
vr%] = = =
AB AC BC 4

mnkgj.k 2 : ,d fn, x, f=kHkqt ABC osQ le:i ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,]

5 5
ftldh Hkqtk,¡ f=kHkqt ABC dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh gksa (vFkkZr~ LosQy xq.kd gS)A
3 3
gy : ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn;k x;k gSA gesa ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuh gS] ftldh Hkqtk,¡
5
∆ ABC dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh gksaA
3
jpuk osQ pj.k%
1. BC ls 'kh"kZ A osQ nwljh vksj U;wudks.k cukrh gqbZ ,d fdj.k BX [khafp,A
5
2. 5 ( esa 5 vkSj 3 esa ls cM+h la[;k) ¯cnq B1, B2, B3, B4 vkSj B5, BX ij bl izdkj
3
vafdr dhft, fd BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4 = B4B5 gksA
5
3. B3 (rhljk ¯cnq] esa 5 vkSj 3 esa ls NksVh la[;k) dks C ls feykb, vkSj B5 ls
3
gksdj tkus okyh B3C osQ lekarj ,d js[kk] c<+k, x, js[kk[kaM BC dks C′ ij
izfrPNsn djrh gqbZ [khafp,A
4. C′ ls gksdj tkus okyh CA osQ lekarj ,d
js[kk] c<+kus ij js[kk[kaM BA dks A′ ij izfrPNsn
djrh gqbZ [khafp, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 11-4)A
rc] A′BC′ vHkh"V f=kHkqt gSA
jpuk osQ vkSfpR; fl¼ djus osQ fy,]
è;ku nhft, ∆ ABC ~ ∆ A′BC′ (D;ksa\)
AB AC BC
blfy, ′
=
′ ′
= gSA
AB AC BC′
vko`Qfr 11.4

2018-19
242 xf.kr

BC BB3 3
ijarq = = gSA
BC′ BB5 5

BC ′ 5 A ′B A ′C′ BC′ 5
blfy, = gS vkSj blhfy, = = = gSA
BC 3 AB AC BC 3

fVIi.kh : mnkgj.k 1 vkSj 2 esa vki AB vFkok AC ls U;wudks.k cukrh gqbZ fdj.k Hkh
ys ldrs Fks vkSj mlh izdkj vkxs c<+ ldrs FksA

iz'ukoyh 11.1
fuEu esa ls izR;sd osQ fy, jpuk dk vkSfpR; Hkh nhft,%
1. 7.6 cm yack ,d js[kk[kaM [khafp, vkSj bls 5 : 8 vuqikr esa foHkkftr dhft,A nksuksa Hkkxksa dks
ekfi,A
2. 4 cm, 5 cm vkSj 6 cm Hkqtkvksa okys ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft, vkSj fiQj blosQ le:i ,d
2
vU; f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ fn, gq, f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh 3 xquh
gksAa
3. 5 cm, 6 cm vkSj 7 cm Hkqtkvksa okys ,d f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft, vkSj fiQj ,d vU; f=kHkqt
7
dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ fn;s gq,s f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh 5 xquh gksaA
4. vk/kj 8 cm rFkk Å¡pkbZ 4 cm osQ ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft, vkSj fiQj ,d vU;
f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ bl lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh 1 1 xquh
2
gksAa
5. ,d f=kHkqt ABC cukb, ftlesa BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm vkSj ∠ ABC = 60° gksA fiQj ,d f=kHkqt
3
dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ ∆ ABC dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh xquh gksaA
4
6. ,d f=kHkqt ABC cukb,] ftlesa BC = 7 cm, ∠ B = 45°, ∠ A = 105° gksA fiQj ,d vU; f=kHkqt
dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ ∆ ABC dh laxr Hkqtkvksa dh 4 xquh gksaA
3
7. ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ (d.kZ osQ vfrfjDr) 4 cm rFkk 3 cm
yackbZ dh gksaA fiQj ,d vU; f=kHkqt dh jpuk dhft,] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ fn, gq, f=kHkqt dh
laxr Hkqtkvksa dh 5 xquh gksaA
3

2018-19
jpuk,¡ 243

11.3 fdlh o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk

vki fiNys vè;k; esa i<+ pqosQ gSa fd ;fn dksbZ ¯cnq o`Ùk osQ vanj fLFkr gS] rks bl ¯cnq
ls tkus okyh o`Ùk dh dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk ugha gks ldrh gSA ijarq ;fn ¯cnq o`Ùk ij fLFkr gS]
rks ml ¯cnq ij o`Ùk dh ,d vkSj osQoy ,d Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gS] tks ml ¯cnq ls tkus okyh
f=kT;k ij yac gksrh gSA vr% ;fn vki o`Ùk osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk [khapuk pkgrs
gSa] rks osQoy ml ¯cnq ls tkus okyh f=kT;k [khafp, vkSj mlh ¯cnq ij bldh yac js[kk
[khafp,A rc] ;gh vHkh"V Li'kZ js[kk gksxhA
vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd ;fn ¯cnq o`Ùk osQ ckgj fLFkr gS] rks bl ¯cnq ls o`Ùk ij
nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gksrh gSaA
vc ge ns[kasxs fd oSQls bu Li'kZ js[kkvksa dks [khapk tkrk gSA
jpuk 11.3 : ,d o`Ùk osQ ckgj fLFkr ,d ¯cnq ls ml ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk djukA
gesa ,d o`Ùk ftldk osaQnz O gS rFkk blosQ ckgj ,d ¯cnq P fn, gq, gSaA gesa P ls o`Ùk
ij nksuksa Li'kZ js[kk,¡ [khapuh gaSA
jpuk osQ pj.k %
1. PO dks feykb, vkSj bls lef}Hkkftr dfj,A
ekuk PO dk eè; ¯cnq M gSA
2. M dks osaQnz eku dj rFkk MO f=kT;k ysdj
,d o`Ùk [khafp,A ekuk ;g fn, x, o`Ùk dks
Q vkSj R ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
3. P dks Q rFkk R ls feykb;sA
rc] PQ vkSj PR vHkh"V nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gSA
vko`Qfr 11.5
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 11-5)A
vkb, vc ns[ksa fd bl jpuk ls gesa Li'kZ js[kk,¡ fdl izdkj feyrh gSaA OQ dks feykb,A
rc] ∠ PQO vèkZo`Ùk esa cuk ,d dks.k gS vkSj blhfy,
∠ PQO = 90º gSA
D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd PQ ⊥ OQ gS\
D;ksafd] OQ fn, o`Ùk dh f=kT;k gS] blfy, PQ o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk gh gksxhA blh izdkj]
PR Hkh o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk gSA

2018-19
244 xf.kr
fVIi.kh : ;fn o`Ùk dk osaQnz ugha fn;k gS] rks vki dksbZ nks vlekarj thok,¡ ysdj rFkk
muosQ yac lef}Hkktdksa osQ izfrPNsn ¯cnq osQ :i esa osaQnz Kkr dj ldrs gSaA blosQ ckn]
vki mi;qDZ r :i ls vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA
iz'ukoyh 11.2
fuEu esa ls izR;sd osQ fy, jpuk dk vkSfpR; Hkh nhft,%
1. 6 cm f=kT;k dk ,d o`Ùk [khafp,A osQa nz ls 10 cm nwj fLFkr ,d ¯cnq ls o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kk ;qXe
dh jpuk dhft, vkSj mudh yackb;k¡ ekfi,A
2. 4 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d o`Ùk ij 6 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d losaQnzh; o`Ùk osQ fdlh ¯cnq ls ,d Li'kZ
js[kk dh jpuk dhft, vkSj mldh yackbZ ekfi,A ifjdyu ls bl eki dh tk¡p Hkh dhft,A
3. 3 cm f=kT;k dk ,d o`Ùk [khafp,A blosQ fdlh c<+k, x, O;kl ij osaQnz ls 7 cm dh nwjh
ij fLFkr nks ¯cnq P vkSj Q yhft,A bu nksuksa ¯cnqvksa ls o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ [khafp,A
4. 5 cm f=kT;k osQ ,d o`Ùk ij ,slh nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ [khafp,] tks ijLij 60° osQ dks.k ij >qdh gksAa
5. 8 cm yack ,d js[kk[kaM AB [khafp,A A dks osaQnz eku dj 4 cm f=kT;k dk ,d o`Ùk rFkk B
dks osaQnz ysdj 3 cm f=kT;k dk ,d vU; o`Ùk [khafp,A izR;sd o`Ùk ij nwljs o`Ùk osQ osaQnz ls
Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk dhft,A
6. ekuk ABC ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS] ftlesa AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm rFkk ∠ B = 90° gSA B ls AC
ij BD yac gSA fcanqvksa B, C, D ls gksdj tkus okyk ,d o`Ùk [khapk x;k gSA A ls bl o`Ùk
ij Li'kZ js[kk dh jpuk dhft,A
7. fdlh pwM+h dh lgk;rk ls ,d o`Ùk [khafp,A o`Ùk osQ ckgj ,d ¯cnq yhft,A bl ¯cnq ls
o`Ùk ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh jpuk dhft,A
11.4 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius ns[kk gS fd fuEu jpuk,¡ fdl izdkj dh tkrh gSa %
1. ,d js[kk[kaM dks ,d fn, x, vuqikr esa foHkkftr djukA
2. ,d fn, x, f=kHkqt osQ le:i f=kHkqt dh jpuk djuk tcfd LosQy xq.kd fn;k x;k gks
(LosQy xq.kd ,d ls de ;k ,d ls vf/d gks ldrk gS)A
3. fdlh cká ¯cnq ls fdlh o`Ùk ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk ;qXe dh jpuk djukA

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

jpuk 11-2 osQ mnkgj.kksa 1 rFkk 2 osQ pj.kksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,] ,d fn;s
gq, prqHkqZt (;k cgqHkqt) osQ le:i vU; prqHkqZt (;k cgqHkqt) dh] fn;s gq,
LosQy xq.kd osQ vuqlkj] jpuk dh tk ldrh gSA

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 245

o`Ùkksa ls lacfa /r {ks=kiQy 12

12.1 Hkwfedk
vki] viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa ls] ljy lery vko`Qfr;ksa] tSls vk;r] oxZ] lekarj
prqHkqZt] f=kHkqt vkSj o`Ùk osQ ifjekiksa vkSj {ks=kiQyksa dks Kkr djus dh oqQN fof/;ksa ls
igys ls ifjfpr gSaA nSfud thou esa gesa tks oLrq,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSa] muesa ls vusd
,d u ,d :i esa o`Ùkh; vkdkj ls lacaf/r gksrh gSaA lkbfdy osQ ifg,] Bsyk] MkVZcksMZ
(dartboard) (,slk cksMZ ftl ij rhj isaQd dj [ksy ldrs gSa)] xksy osQd (cake), ikiM+]
ukyh osQ <Ddu] fofHkUu cukoV dh pwfM+;k¡] czwp (brooches), o`Ùkkdkj iFk] ok'kj] iwQyksa
dh D;kfj;k¡ bR;kfn ,slh oLrqvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-1)A vr%]
o`Ùkh; vko`Qfr;ksa osQ ifjekiksa vkSj {ks=kiQyksa dks Kkr djus dh leL;k,¡ O;kogkfjd :i ls
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSaA bl vè;k; esa] ge viuh ppkZ ,d o`Ùk osQ ifjeki (ifjf/) vkSj
{ks=kiQy dh ladYiukvksa dh leh{kk ls izkjaHk djsaxs rFkk bl Kku dk o`Ùkh; {ks=k (laf{kIr
:i ls o`Ùk) osQ nks fo'ks"k ^Hkkxksa* osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus esa djsaxs] ftUgsa f=kT;[kaM (sector)
vkSj o`Ùk[kaM (segment of a circle) dgrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd o`Ùkksa ;k muosQ Hkkxksa
ls lac¼ lery vko`Qfr;ksa osQ oqQN la;kstuksa osQ {ks=kiQy fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tk,¡A

vko`Qfr 12.1

2018-19
246 xf.kr
12.2 o`Ùk dk ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy & ,d leh{kk
vkidks ;kn gksxk fd ,d o`Ùk osQ vuqfn'k ,d ckj pyus esa r; dh xbZ nwjh mldk
ifjeki gksrk gS] ftls izk;% ifjf/ (circumference) dgk tkrk gSA vki fiNyh d{kkvksa
ls ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd o`Ùk dh ifjf/ dk mlosQ O;kl osQ lkFk ,d vpj vuqikr gksrk
gSA bl vpj vuqikr dks ,d ;wukuh v{kj π (ftls ^ikbZ* i<+k tkrk gS) ls O;Dr fd;k
tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
ifjf/
= π
O;kl
;k ifjf/ = π × O;kl
= π × 2r (tgk¡ r o`Ùk dh f=kT;k gS)
= 2πr
,d egku Hkkjrh; xf.krK vk;ZHkV (476 – 550 bZ-iw-) us π dk ,d lfUudV eku
62832
fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd π = 20000
gksrk gS] tks yxHkx 3.1416 osQ cjkcj gSA bl ckr dks
è;ku nsuk Hkh #fpiw.kZ gS fd ,d egku izfrHkk'kkyh Hkkjrh; xf.krK Jhfuokl jkekuqtu
(1887–1920) dh ,d loZlfedk dk iz;ksx djosQ] xf.krK π dk eku n'keyo osQ yk[kksa
LFkkuksa rd ifjdfyr djus esa leFkZ gks losQ gSaA tSlk fd vki d{kk IX osQ vè;k; 1 ls
tkurs gSa fd π ,d vifjes; (irrational) la[;k gS vkSj bldk n'keyo izlkj vuolkuh
vkSj vukorhZ (non-terminating and non-repeating) gksrk gSA ijarq O;kogkfjd dk;ks± osQ fy,
22
ge izk;% ;g eku yxHkx ;k 3.14 ysrs gSAa
7
vkidks ;kn gksxk fd o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy πr2 gksrk gSA ;kn dhft, fd vkius d{kk VII
esa bldh tk¡p] ,d o`Ùk dks vusd f=kT;[kaMksa eas dkV dj vkSj fiQj mUgsa vko`Qfr 12-2
esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj iquO;ZofLFkr djosQ dh FkhA

vko`Qfr 12.2

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 247

vki vko`Qfr 12-2 (ii) esa vkdkj ns[k ldrs gS]a ,d vk;r dh yxHkx yackbZ
1 1
× 2 π r gS vkSj pkSMk+ bZ r gSA blls lq>ko feyrk gS fd o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy = × 2πr × r
2 2
= πr2 gSA vkb, fiNyh d{kkvksa esa i<+h xbZ vo/kj.kkvksa dks ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls
;kn djsAa
mnkgj.k 1 : ,d o`Ùkkdkj [ksr ij ` 24 izfr ehVj dh nj ls ckM+ yxkus dk O;;
` 5280 gSA bl [ksr dh ` 0-50 izfr oxZ ehVj dh nj ls tqrkbZ djkbZ tkuh gSA [ksr
22
dh tqrkbZ djkus dk O;; Kkr dhft,A (π = yhft,)A
7
ijwk O;; 5280
gy : ckM+ dh yackbZ (ehVj esa) = nj = = 220
24
vr%] [ksr dh ifjf/ = 220 m
blfy, ;fn [ksr dh f=kT;k r ehVj gS] rks
2πr = 220
22
;k 2× × r = 220
7
220 × 7
;k r=
2 × 22
= 35
vFkkZr~ [ksr dh f=kT;k 35 ehVj gSA
22
vr% [ksr dk {ks=kiQy = πr2 = × 35 × 35 m2 = 22 × 5 × 35 m2
7
vc 1 m2 [ksr dh tqrkbZ dk O;; = ` 0.50
vr% [ksr dh tqrkbZ djkus dk oqQy O;; = 22 × 5 × 35 × 0.50 = ` 1925

iz'ukoyh 12.1
22
( tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π = dk iz;ksx dhft, )
7
1. nks o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k,¡ Øe'k% 19 cm vkSj 9 cm gSaA ml o`Ùk dh
f=kT;k Kkr dhft, ftldh ifjf/ bu nksuksa o`Ùkksa dh ifjfèk;ksa osQ
;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA
2. nks o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k,¡ Øe'k% 8 cm vkSj 6 cm gSaA ml o`Ùk dh
f=kT;k Kkr dhft, ftldk {ks=kiQy bu nksuksa o`Ùkksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa
osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA vko`Qfr 12.3
3. vko`Qfr 12-3 ,d rhjankth y{; dks n'kkZrh gS] ftlesa osaQnz ls ckgj dh vksj ik¡p {ks=k GOLD,
RED, BLUE, BLACK vkSj WHITE fpfÉr gS]a ftuls vad v£tr fd, tk ldrs gSAa GOLD vad
okys {ks=k dk O;kl 21 cm gS rFkk izR;sd vU; iêðh 10-5 cm pkSM+h gSA vad izkIr djkus okys
bu ik¡pksa {ks=kksa esa ls izR;sd dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

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248 xf.kr
4. fdlh dkj osQ izR;sd ifg, dk O;kl 80 cm gSA ;fn ;g dkj 66 km izfr ?kaVs dh pky ls
py jgh gS] rks 10 feuV esa izR;sd ifg;k fdrus pDdj yxkrh gS\
5. fuEufyf[kr esa lgh mÙkj pqfu, rFkk vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; nhft,%
;fn ,d o`Ùk dk ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy la[;kRed :i ls cjkcj gS] rks ml o`Ùk dh f=kT;k gS %
(A) 2 ek=kd (B) π ek=kd (C) 4 ek=kd (D) 7 ek=kd

12.3 f=kT;[kaM vkSj o`Ùk[kaM osQ {ks=kiQy

vki fiNyh d{kkvksa esa 'kCnksa f=kT;[kaM (sector) vkSj
o`Ùk[kaM (segment of a circle) ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA vkidks nh?kZ
;kn gksxk fd ,d o`Ùkh; {ks=k dk og Hkkx tks nks f=kT;kvksa f=kT;[kaM
vkSj laxr pki ls f?kjk (ifjc¼) gks] ml o`Ùk dk ,d
f=kT;[kaM dgykrk gS rFkk o`Ùkh; {ks=k dk og Hkkx tks ,d
thok vkSj laxr pki osQ chp esa ifjc¼ gks ,d o`Ùk[kaM y?kq
dgykrk gSA bl izdkj] vko`Qfr 12-4 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx f=kT;[kaM
OAPB osaQnz O okys o`Ùk dk ,d f=kT;[kaM gSA ∠ AOB bl
f=kT;[kaM dk dks.k dgykrk gSA è;ku nhft, fd blh vko`Qfr 12.4
vko`Qfr esa vNk;kafdr Hkkx OAQB Hkh o`Ùk dk f=kT;[kaM
gSA Li"V dkj.kksa ls OAPB ,d y?kq f=kT;[kaM (minor
sector) dgykrk gS rFkk OAQB ,d nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM
(major sector) dgykrk gSA vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd
bl nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk dks.k 360° – ∠ AOB gSA
vc vko`Qfr 12-5 dks nsf[k,] ftleas AB osaQnz O
okys o`Ùk dh ,d thok gSA vr% Nk;kafdr Hkkx APB ,d
o`Ùk[kaM gSA vki ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd vNk;kafdr
Hkkx AQB Hkh thok AB }kjk fu£er ,d vU; o`Ùk[kaM gSA vko`Qfr 12.5
Li"V dkj.kksa ls] APB y?kq o`Ùk[kaM dgykrk gS rFkk AQB
nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaM dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh : tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] ^o`Ùk[kaM* vkSj
^f=kT;[kaM* fy[kus ls gekjk rkRi;Z Øe'k% y?kq o`Ùk[kaM
vkSj y?kq f=kT;[kaM ls gksxkA
vkb, mijksDr Kku osQ vk/kj ij] buosQ {ks=kiQyksa
osQ ifjdfyr djus osQ oqQN laca/ (;k lw=k) Kkr djus
dk iz;Ru djsaA vko`Qfr 12.6

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o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 249

eku yhft, OAPB osaQnz O vkSj f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk dk ,d f=kT;[kaM gS (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 12-6)A eku yhft, ∠ AOB dk va'kh; (degree) eki θ gSA
vki tkurs gSa fd ,d o`Ùk ¹oLrqr% ,d o`Ùkh; {ks=k ;k pdrh (disc)º dk {ks=kiQy
πr gksrk gSA
2

,d rjhosQ ls] ge bl o`Ùkh; {ks=k dks osaQnz O ij 360° dk dks.k cukus okyk (va'kh;
eki 360) ,d f=kT;[kaM eku ldrs gSaA fiQj ,sfdd fof/ (Unitary Method) dk iz;ksx
djosQ] ge f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj Kkr dj ldrs gSa %
tc osaQnz ij cus dks.k dk va'kh; eki 360 gS] rks f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = πr 2
πr 2
vr%] tc osaQnz ij cus dks.k dk va'kh; eki 1 gS] rks f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy =
360
blfy, tc osaQnz ij cus dks.k dk va'kh; eki θ gS] rks f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
πr 2 θ
= ×θ = × πr 2
360 360
bl izdkj] ge o`Ùk osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM osQ {ks=kiQy osQ fy,] fuEufyf[kr laca/
(;k lw=k) izkIr djrs gSa %
θ
dks.k θ okys f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = × πr 2 ,
360
tgk¡ r o`Ùk dh f=kT;k gS vkSj θ f=kT;[kaM dk va'kksa esa dks.k gSA
vc ,d LokHkkfod iz'u mBrk gS % D;k ge bl
f=kT;[kaM dh laxr pki APB dh yackbZ Kkr dj ldrs
gSaA gk¡] ge ,slk dj ldrs gSaA iqu%] ,sfdd fof/ dk
iz;ksx djus rFkk laiw.kZ o`Ùk (360° dks.k okys) dh yackbZ
θ
2πr ysusij] ge pki APB dh okafNr yackbZ × 2π r vko`Qfr 12.7
360
izkIr djrs gSaA
θ
vr% dks.k θ okys f=kT;[kaM osQ laxr pki dh yackbZ = ×2πr
360
vkb, vc osaQnz O vkSj f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk[kaM APB osQ {ks=kiQy ij fopkj djsa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-7)A vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd

2018-19
250 xf.kr
o`Ùk[kaM APB dk {ks=kiQy = f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy – ∆ OAB dk {ks=kiQy
θ
= × πr 2 – ∆ OAB dk {ks=kiQy
360
fVIi.kh : Øe'k% vko`Qfr 12-6 vkSj vko`Qfr 12-7 ls] vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd
nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM OAQB dk {ks=kiQy = πr2 – y?kq f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy
rFkk nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaM AQB dk {ks=kiQy = πr2 – y?kq o`Ùk[kaM APB dk {ks=kiQy
vc vkb, bu vo/kj.kkvksa (;k ifj.kkeksa) dks le>us osQ fy, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 2 : f=kT;k 4 cm okys ,d o`Ùk osQ f=kT;[kaM dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ftldk dks.k 30º gSA lkFk gh] laxr
nh?kZ f=kT;[ka M dk {ks = kiQy Hkh Kkr dhft,A
(π = 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,)A
gy : fn;k gqvk f=kT;[kaM OAPB gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-8)A
θ
f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = × πr 2
360
30
× 3.14 × 4 × 4 cm 2
vko`Qfr 12.8
=
360
12.56
= cm 2 = 4.19cm 2 (yxHkx)
3
laxr nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
= πr2 – f=kT;[kaM OAPB dk {ks=kiQy
= (3.14 × 16 – 4.19) cm2
= 46.05 cm2 = 46.1 cm2 (yxHkx)
oSdfYid :i ls]
(360 – θ)
nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = × πr 2
360
 360 − 30  2
=   × 3.14 × 16 cm
 360 
330
= × 3.14 × 16cm 2 = 46.05 cm2
360
= 46.1 cm2 (yxHkx)

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 251

mnkgj.k 3 : vko`Qfr 12-9 esa n'kkZ, x, o`Ùk[kaM dk

{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ;fn o`Ùk dh f=kT;k 21 cm gS
22
vkSj ∠ AOB = 120° gSA [π = yhft, ]
7

gy : o`Ùk[kaM AYB dk {ks=kiQy vko`Qfr 12.9

= f=kT;[kaM OAYB dk {ks=kiQy – ∆ OAB dk {ks=kiQy (1)
120 22
vc] f=kT;[kaM OAYB dk {ks=kiQy = × × 21 × 21 cm2 = 462 cm2 (2)
360 7
∆ OAB dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus osQ fy, OM ⊥ AB [khafp,] tSlkfd vko`Qfr 12-10 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
è;ku nhft, fd OA = OB gSA vr%] RHS lok±xlerk ls] ∆ AMO ≅ ∆ BMO gSA
1
blfy, M thok AB dk eè;&¯cnq gS rFkk ∠ AOM = ∠ BOM = × 120° = 60° gSA
2
eku yhft, OM = x cm gSA
OM
blfy, ∆ OMA ls] = cos 60°
OA
x 1  1
;k =
2 
 cos 60° = 
2 vko`Qfr 12.10
21
21
;k x=
2
21
vr% OM = cm
2
AM 3
lkFk gh = sin 60° =
OA 2
21 3
vr% AM = cm
2
2 × 21 3
blfy, AB = 2 AM = cm = 21 3 cm
2

2018-19
252 xf.kr

1 1 21
vr% ∆ OAB dk {ks=kiQy = AB × OM = × 21 3 × cm2
2 2 2
441
= 3 cm 2 (3)
4
 441 
blfy, o`Ùk[kaM AYB dk {ks=kiQy =  462 − 3  cm 2 [(1), (2) vkSj (3) ls]
 4 
21
= (88 – 21 3)cm2
4

vH;kl 12.2
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π = 7
dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
1. 6 cm f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ftldk dks.k 60° gSA
2. ,d o`Ùk osQ prqFkk±'k (quadrant) dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ftldh ifjf/ 22 cm gSA
3. ,d ?kM+h dh feuV dh lqbZ ftldh yackbZ 14 cm gSA bl lqbZ }kjk 5 feuV esa jfpr {ks=kiQy
Kkr dhft,A
4. 10 lseh f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk dh dksbZ thok osaQnz ij ,d ledks.k varfjr djrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,%
(i) laxr y?kq o`Ùk[kaM (ii) laxr nh?kZ f=kT;[kaM (π = 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,)A
5. f=kT;k 21 cm okys o`Ùk dk ,d pki osaQnz ij 60° dk dks.k varfjr djrk gSA Kkr dhft,%
(i) pki dh yackbZ (ii) pki }kjk cuk, x, f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
(iii) laxr thok }kjk cuk, x, o`Ùk[kaM dk {ks=kiQy

6. 15 cm f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk dh dksbZ thok osQa nz ij 60° dk dks.k varfjr djrh gSA laxr y?kq
vkSj nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaMksa osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π = 3.14 vkSj 3 = 1.73 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
7. f=kT;k 12 cm okys ,d o`Ùk dh dksbZ thok osaQnz ij
120° dk dks.k varfjr djrh gSA laxr o`Ùk[kaM dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
(π = 3.14 vkSj 3 = 1.73 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
8. 15 m Hkqtk okys ,d oxkZdkj ?kkl osQ eSnku osQ ,d
dksus ij yxs [kw¡Vs ls ,d ?kksM+s dks 5 m yach jLlh
ls ck¡/ fn;k x;k gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-11)A Kkr
dhft,%
vko`Qfr 12.11

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 253

(i) eSnku osQ ml Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy tgk¡ ?kksM+k ?kkl pj ldrk gSA
(ii) pjs tk ldus okys {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼] ;fn ?kksM+s dks 5 m yach jLlh osQ LFkku ij 10 m
yach jLlh ls ck¡/ fn;k tk,A (π = 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
9. ,d o`Ùkkdkj czwp (brooch) dks pk¡nh osQ rkj ls cuk;k
tkuk gS ftldk O;kl 35 mm gSA rkj dks o`r osQ 5
O;klksa dks cukus esa Hkh iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS tks mls 10
cjkcj f=kT;[kaMksa esa foHkkftr djrk gS tSlk fd
vkÑfr 12-12 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA rks Kkr dhft,%
(i) oqQy okafNr pk¡nh osQ rkj dh yackbZ
(ii) czwp osQ izR;sd f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
vko`Qfr 12.12
10. ,d Nrjh esa vkB rkus gSa] tks cjkcj nwjh ij yxs gq,
gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-13)A Nrjh dks 45 cm f=kT;k
okyk ,d likV o`Ùk ekurs gq,] bldh nks Øekxr rkuksa
osQ chp dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
11. fdlh dkj osQ nks okbij (Wipers) gSa] ijLij dHkh
vkPNkfnr ugha gksrs gSaA izR;sd okbij dh iÙkh dh
yackbZ 25 cm gS vkSj 115° osQ dks.k rd ?kwe dj liQkbZ
dj ldrk gSA ifÙk;ksa dh izR;sd cqgkj osQ lkFk ftruk vko`Qfr 12.13
{ks=kiQy lkiQ gks tkrk gS] og Kkr dhft,A
12. tgkt+ksa dks leqnz esa tyLrj osQ uhps fLFkr pêðkuksa dh psrkouh nsus osQ fy,] ,d ykbV gkml
(light house) 80° dks.k okys ,d f=kT;[kaM esa 16.5 km dh nwjh rd yky jax dk izdk'k
iSQykrk gSA leqnz osQ ml Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlesa tgkt+kas dks psrkouh nh tk losQA
(π = 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
13. ,d xksy est+iks'k ij N% leku fMt+kbu cus gq, gSa
tSlkfd vko`Qfr 12-14 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;fn est+iks'k
dh f=kT;k 28 cm gS] rks ` 0-35 izfr oxZ lsVa hehVj dh
nj ls bu fMt+kbuksa dks cukus dh ykxr Kkr dhft,A
( 3 = 1.7 dk iz;ksx dhft,)

14. fuEufyf[kr esa lgh mÙkj pqfu,% vko`Qfr 12.14

f=kT;k R okys o`Ùk osQ ml f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy ftldk dks.k p° gS] fuEufyf[kr gS %
p p p p
(A) × 2πR (B) × π R2 (C) × 2πR (D) × 2 π R2
180 180 360 720

2018-19
254 xf.kr
12.4 lery vko`Qfr;ksa osQ la;kstuksa osQ {ks=kiQy
vHkh rd geus fofHkUu vko`Qfr;ksa osQ {ks=kiQy i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls Kkr fd, gSaA vkb,
vc lery vko`Qfr;ksa osQ oqQN la;kstuksa (combinations) osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr djus dk iz;Ru
djsaA gesa bl izdkj dh vko`Qfr;k¡ nSfud thou esa rFkk fofHkUu jkspd fMt+kbuksa osQ :i
esa ns[kus dks feyrh gaAS iwQyksa dh D;kfj;k¡] ukfy;ksa osQ <Ddu] f[kM+fd;ksa osQ fMt+kbu] est+
iks'kksa ij cus fMt+kbu vkfn ,slh vko`Qfr;ksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA bu vko`Qfr;ksa osQ {ks=kiQy
Kkr djus dh izfØ;k dks ge oqQN mnkgj.kksa }kjk Li"V djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 4 : vko`Qfr 12-15 es]a 56 m Hkqtk okys ,d
oxkZdkj ykWu (lawn) ABCD osQ nks vksj cuh gqbZ nks o`Ùkkdkj
iwQyksa dh D;kfj;k¡ n'kkZbZ xbZ gSAa ;fn izR;sd o`Ùkkdkj D;kjh
dk osQa nz ykWu osQ fod.kks± dk izfrPNsn ¯cnq O gS] rks oxkZdkj
ykWu rFkk iwQyksa dh D;kfj;ksa osQ {ks=kiQyksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
22
(π = 7
dk iz;ksx dhft,)A vko`Qfr 12.15

gy : oxkZdkj ykWu ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = 56 × 56 m2 (1)

eku yhft, OA = OB = x ehVj gSA
vr% x + x2 = 562
2

;k 2x2 = 56 × 56
;k x2 = 28 × 56 (2)
90 1
vc f=kT;[kaM OAB dk {ks=kiQy = × π x2 = × π x2
360 4
1 22
= × × 28 × 56 m 2 [(2) ls] (3)
4 7
1
lkFk gh ∆ OAB dk {ks=kiQy = × 56 × 56 m 2 (∠ AOB = 90°) (4)
4
 1 22 1 
blfy, D;kjh AB dk {ks=kiQy =  × × 28 × 56 − × 56 × 56  m2
4 7 4 
[(3) vkSj (4) ls]

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 255

1  22 
= × 28 × 56  − 2  m2
4  7 

1 8
= × 28 × 56 × m 2 (5)
4 7

1 8
blh izdkj] nwljh D;kjh dk {ks=kiQy = × 28 × 56 × m 2 (6)
4 7

 1 8
vr% laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy =  56 × 56 + × 28 × 56 ×
 4 7

1 8
+ × 28 × 56 ×  m2 [(1), (5) vkSj (6) ls]
4 7

 2 2 2
= 28 × 56  2 + +  m
 7 7
18 2
= 28 × 56 × m = 4032 m2
7
oSdfYid gy %
laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy = f=kT;[kaM OAB dk {ks=kiQy + f=kT;[kaM ODC dk {ks=kiQy
+ ∆ OAD dk {ks=kiQy + ∆ OBC dk {ks=kiQy

 90 22 90 22
=  × × 28 × 56 + × × 28 × 56
 360 7 360 7

1 1 
+ × 56 × 56 + × 56 × 56  m 2
4 4 
1  22 22 
= × 28 × 56  + + 2 + 2  m2
4  7 7 
7 × 56
= (22 + 22 + 14 + 14) m 2
7
= 56 × 72 m2 = 4032 m2

2018-19
256 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 5 : vko`Qfr 12-16 esa Nk;kafdr {ks=k dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ ABCD Hkqtk 14 cm dk ,d
oxZ gSA
gy : oxZ ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = 14 × 14 cm2 = 196 cm2
14
izR;sd o`Ùk dk O;kl = cm = 7 cm
2
7 vko`Qfr 12.16
blfy, izR;sd o`Ùk dh f=kT;k = cm
2
22 7 7
vr% ,d o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy = πr2 = × × cm2
7 2 2
154 77
= cm = cm 2
4 2
77 2
blfy, pkjksa o`Ùkksa dk {ks=kiQy = 4× cm = 154 cm2
2
vr% Nk;kafdr {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy = (196 – 154) cm2 = 42 cm2
mnkgj.k 6 : vko`Qfr 12-17 esa] Nk;kafdr fMt+kbu dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ ABCD
Hkqtk 10 cm dk ,d oxZ gS rFkk bl oxZ dh izR;sd Hkqtk dks O;kl eku dj v/Zo`Ùk [khaps
x, gSAa (π = 3.14 dk iz;ksx dhft,A)

vko`Qfr 12.17 vko`Qfr 12.18

gy : vkb, pkj vNk;kafdr {ks=kksa dks I, II, III vkSj IV ls vafdr djsa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr
12-18)A

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 257

I dk {ks=kiQy + III dk {ks=kiQy

= ABCD dk {ks=kiQy – nksuksa v/ZoÙ` kksa dk {ks=kiQy] ftuesa ls izR;sd dh f=kT;k 5 cm gSA
 1 2 2
= 10 × 10 – 2 × × π × 5  cm = (100 – 3.14 × 25) cm2
 2 
= (100 – 78.5) cm2 = 21.5 cm2
blh izdkj] II dk {ks=kiQy + IV dk {ks=kiQy = 21.5 cm2
vr% Nk;kafdr fMt+kbu dk {ks=kiQy = ABCD dk {ks=kiQy – (I + II + III + IV) dk {ks=kiQy
= (100 – 2 × 21.5) cm2 = (100 – 43) cm2 = 57 cm2

iz'ukoyh 12.3
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π = dk iz;ksx dhft,A)
7
1. vko`Qfr 12-19 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr
dhft,] ;fn PQ = 24 cm, PR = 7 cm rFkk O o`Ùk dk
osaQnz gSA

vko`Qfr 12.19

2. vko`Qfr 12-20 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ;fn osaQnz O okys nksuksa losaQnzh;
o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k,¡ Øe'k% 7 cm vkSj 14 cm gSa rFkk ∠ AOC = 40° gSA

vko`Qfr 12.20 vko`Qfr 12.21

3. vko`Qfr 12-21 es]a Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] ;fn ABCD Hkqtk 14 cm dk ,d
oxZ gS rFkk APD vkSj BPC nks v/Zo`Ùk gSaA

2018-19
258 xf.kr
4. vko`Qfr 12-22 esa] Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ Hkqtk 12 cm okys ,d
leckgq f=kHkqt OAB osQ 'kh"kZ O dks osaQnz eku dj 6 lseh f=kT;k okyk ,d o`Ùkh; pki [khapk
x;k gSA

vko`Qfr 12.22 vko`Qfr 12.23

5. Hkqtk 4 cm okys ,d oxZ osQ izR;sd dksus ls 1 cm f=kT;k okys o`Ùk dk ,d prqFkk±'k dkVk
x;k gS rFkk chp esa 2 cm O;kl dk ,d o`Ùk Hkh dkVk x;k gS] tSlkfd vko`Qfr 12-23 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA oxZ osQ 'ks"k Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
6. ,d o`Ùkkdkj est+iks'k] ftldh f=kT;k 32 cm gS] esa chp esa ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC NksM+rs
gq, ,d fMt+kbu cuk gqvk gS] tSlkfd vko`Qfr 12-24 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl fMt+kbu dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

vko`Qfr 12.24 vko`Qfr 12.25

7. vko`Qfr 12-25 es]a ABCD Hkqtk 14 cm okyk ,d oxZ gSA A, B, C vkSj D dks osQa nz ekudj] pkj
o`Ùk bl izdkj [khaps x, gSa fd izR;sd o`Ùk rhu 'ks"k o`Ùkksa esa ls nks o`Ùkksa dks cká :i ls Li'kZ
djrk gSA Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 259

8. vko`Qfr 12-26 ,d nkSM+us dk iFk (racing track) n'kkZrh gS] ftlosQ ck,¡ vkSj nk,¡ fljs
vèkZoÙ` kkdkj gSAa

vko`Qfr 12.26

nksuksa vkarfjd lekarj js[kk[kaMksa osQ chp dh nwjh 60 m

gS rFkk buesa ls izR;sd js[kk[kaM 106 m yack gSA ;fn
;g iFk 10 m pkSM+k gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
(i) iFk osQ vkarfjd fdukjksa osQ vuqfn'k ,d iwjk
pDdj yxkus esa pyh xbZ nwjh
(ii) iFk dk {ks=kiQy

9. vko`Qfr 12-27 es]a AB vkSj CD osQa nz O okys ,d o`Ùk osQ vko`Qfr 12.27
nks ijLij yac O;kl gSa rFkk OD NksVs o`Ùk dk O;kl gSA
;fn OA = 7 cm gS] rks Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr
dhft,A
10. ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC dk {ks=kiQy 17320.5 cm2 gSA
bl f=kHkqt osQ izR;sd 'kh"kZ dks osaQnz ekudj f=kHkqt dh
Hkqtk osQ vk/s osQ cjkcj dh f=kT;k ysdj ,d o`Ùk
[khapk tkrk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-28)A Nk;kafdr
vko`Qfr 12.28
Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π = 3.14 vkSj
3 = 1.73205 yhft,A)

11. ,d oxkZdkj :eky ij] ukS o`Ùkkdkj fMt+kbu cus

gSa] ftuesa ls izR;sd dh f=kT;k 7 cm gS (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 12-29)A :eky osQ 'ks"k Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
Kkr dhft,A
vko`Qfr 12.29

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12. vko`Qfr 12-30 esa] OACB osaQnz O vkSj f=kT;k 3.5 cm okys ,d o`Ùk dk prqFkk±'k gSA ;fn
OD = 2 cm gS] rks fuEufyf[kr osQ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,%

(i) prqFkk±'k OACB (ii) Nk;kafdr HkkxA

vko`Qfr 12.30 vko`Qfr 12.31

13. vko`Qfr 12-31 esa] ,d prqFkk±'k OPBQ osQ varxZr ,d oxZ OABC cuk gqvk gSA ;fn
OA = 20 cm gS] rks Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π = 3.14 yhft,A)

14. AB vkSj CD osQa nz O rFkkf=kT;kvksa 21 cm vkSj 7 cm okys nks laoQas nzh; o`Ùkksa osQ Øe'k% nks pki
gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 12-32)A ;fn ∠ AOB = 30° gS] rks Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr
dhft,A

vko`Q fr 12.32 vko`Qfr 12.33

15. vko`Qfr 12-33 esa] ABC f=kT;k 14 cm okys ,d o`Ùk dk prqFkk±'k gS rFkk BC dks O;kl eku
dj ,d v/Zo`Ùk [khapk x;k gSA Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

2018-19
o`Ùkksa ls lacaf/r {ks=kiQy 261

16. vko`Qfr 12-34 eas] Nk;kafdr fMt+kbu dk {ks=kiQy

Kkr dhft,] tks 8 cm f=kT;kvksa okys nks o`Ùkksa osQ
prqFkk±'kksa osQ chp mHk;fu"B gSA

vko`Qfr 12.34

12.5 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr ¯cnqvksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk dh ifjf/ = 2 π r
2. f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy = π r2
3. f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM] ftldk dks.k va'kksa esa θ gS] osQ laxr pki dh yackbZ
θ
× 2π r gksrh gSA
360
θ
4. f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk osQ ,d f=kT;[kaM] ftldk dks.k va'kksa eas θ gS] dk {ks=kiQy × π r2
360
gksrk gSA
5. ,d o`Ùk[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = laxr f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy – laxr f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy

2018-19
262 xf.kr

i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 13

13.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk IX ls] vki oqQN Bksl vko`Qfr;ksa tSls ?kukHk] 'kaoqQ] csyu vkSj xksyk ls ifjfpr gks
pqosQ gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-1)A vki ;g Hkh i<+ pqosQ gSa fd bu vko`Qfr;ksa osQ i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSaA

vko`Qfr 13.1
vius nSfud thou esa gesa ,sls vusd Bksl ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tks mijksDr nks ;k
vf/d vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa osQ la;kstuksa ls (vFkkZr~ budks feykdj) curs gSaA
vkius ,d Vªd osQ ihNs j[ks cM+s oaQVsuj
(container) dks vo'; gh ns[kk gksxk (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 13-2)] ftlesa ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku rd rsy ;k ikuh ys tk;k tkrk gSA D;k
bldk vkdkj mijksDr pkjksa Bkslksa esa ls fdlh
,d osQ vkdkj tSlk gS\ vki ;g vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa fd ;g Bksl ,d csyu vkSj mlosQ
vko`Qfr 13.2
nksuksa fljksa ij nks v/Zxksys yxus ij cuk gSA

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i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 263

iqu%] vkius ,slh oLrq Hkh vo'; ns[kh gksxh tks

vko`Qfr 13-3 esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA D;k vki bldk uke
crk ldrs gSa\ ;g fu'p; gh ,d ij[k uyh (test
tube) gSA vkius bls viuh foKku iz;ksx'kkyk esa iz;ksx
fd;k gksxkA ;g ij[kuyh Hkh ,d csyu vkSj ,d
vèkZxksys ls feydj cuh gSA blh izdkj] ;k=kk djrs
le; Hkh mijksDr Bkslksa osQ la;kstuksa ls cus vusd cM+s
vkSj lqanj Hkouksa vFkok Lekjdksa dks vkius ns[kk gksxkA
vko`Qfr 13.3
;fn fdUgha dkj.ko'k] vki bu Bkslksa osQ i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy ;k vk;ru ;k /kfjrk Kkr djuk pkgsa rks vki ,slk fdl izdkj djsaxs\ vki ,sls
Bkslksa dks vc rd i<+h gqbZ pkjksa Bksl vko`Qfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d osQ :i esa oxhZo`Qr ugha
dj ldrsA
bl vè;k; esa vki ;g ns[ksaxs fd bl izdkj osQ Bkslksa osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj
vk;ru fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSa\
13.2 Bkslksa osQ la;kstu dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
vkb, ml oaQVsuj ij fopkj djsa tks geus vko`Qfr 13-2 esa ns[kk FkkA bl izdkj osQ Bksl
dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy ge oSQls Kkr djsa\ vc] tc Hkh gekjs lEeq[k dksbZ ubZ leL;k vkrh
gS rks ge loZizFke ;g ns[kus dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd D;k ge bls ,slh NksVh leL;kvksa
esa rksM+ ldrs gSa ftUgsa ge igys gy dj pqosQ gSaA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;g Bksl ,d
csyu osQ nksuksa fljksa ij ,d&,d v/Zxksyk yxkus ls cuk gSA ;g vko`Qfr 13-4 esa fn[kk,
Bksl tSlk yxsxk] tcfd ge lHkh VqdM+ksa dks ,d lkFk feyk ysrs gSaA

vko`Qfr 13.4
;fn ge u;h cuh gqbZ oLrq dks ns[ksa] rks gesa osQoy nksukas vèkZxksyksa rFkk csyu osQ
osQoy oØi`"B fn[kkbZ nsaxsA
blfy, bl Bksl dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy rhuksa Hkkxksa osQ oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQyksa osQ
;ksx osQ cjkcj gksxkA blls gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

2018-19
264 xf.kr
Bksl dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy (TSA) = ,d v/Zxksys dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy (CSA)
+ csyu dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
+ nwljs v/Zxksys dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
vkb, ,d vU; fLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA eku yhft, ge v/Zxksys vkSj ,d 'kaoqQ dks
tksM+dj ,d f[kykSuk cuk jgs gSaA vkb, ge mu pj.kksa dks ns[ksa ftudk ge vuqlj.k
djsaxsA
igys ge ,d 'kaoqQ vkSj ,d v/Zxksyk ysaxs vkSj fiQj muosQ likV i`"Bksa dks
lkFk&lkFk ykus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA fuLlansg] f[kykSus osQ i`"B dks fpduk j[kus osQ fy, ge
'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj dh f=kT;k v/Zxksys dh f=kT;k osQ cjkcj ysaxsA bl f[kykSus osQ cukus esa
lac¼ pj.k vko`Qfr 13-5 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj gksaxs %

vko`Qfr 13.5
vius iz;Ru osQ iQyLo:i gesa ,d xksy vk/kj okyk laqnj f[kykSuk izkIr gks tkrk
gSA vc] ge ;fn ;g tkuuk pkgsa fd bl f[kykSus osQ i`"B ij jax djokus osQ fy, fdrus
isaV dh vko';drk gksxh] rks gesa D;k tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,\ gesa bl f[kykSus osQ i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy dks Kkr djus dh vko';drk gS] tks v/Zxksys osQ CSA vkSj 'kaoqQ osQ CSA dks
feykdj curk gSA
vr%] ge dg ldrs gSa fd
f[kykSus dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = v/Zxksys dk CSA + 'kaoqQ dk CSA
vc] vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 1 : j'khn dks tUefnu osQ migkj osQ :i esa ,d yV~Vw feyk] ftl ij jax ugha
fd;k x;k FkkA og bl ij vius eksfe;k jaxksa (Crayons) ls jax djuk pkgrk gSA
;g yV~Vw ,d 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS ftlosQ Åij ,d v/Zxksyk vè;kjksfir gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-6)A yV~Vw dh iwjh Å¡pkbZ 5 cm gS vkSj bldk O;kl 3.5 cm gSA

2018-19
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 265

mlosQ }kjk jax fd;k tkus okyk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

22
(π = yhft,A)
7
gy : ;g yV~Vw fcYoqQy ml oLrq tSlk gS ftldh
ppkZ geus vko`Qfr 13-5 esa dh FkhA vr%] ge ogk¡ ij
izkIr ifj.kke dks lqfo/ktud :i ls ;gk¡ iz;ksx dj vko`Qfr 13.6
ldrs gSaA vFkkZr~
yV~Vw dk TSA = v/Zxksys dk CSA + 'kaoqQ dk CSA
1
vc] v/Zxksys dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = (4πr 2 ) = 2πr 2
2
 22 3.5 3.5 
=2 × × × 2
 cm
 7 2 2 

lkFk gh] 'kaoqQ dh Å¡pkbZ = yV~Vw dh Å¡pkbZ – v/Zxksyh; Hkkx dh Å¡pkbZ (f=kT;k)
 3.5 
=5 −  cm = 3.25 cm
 2 

2
vr% 'kaoqQ dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ (l ) =  3.5 
r 2 + h2 =   + (3.25) cm = 3.7 cm (yxHkx)
2

 2 

 22 3.5 
blfy, 'kaoqQ dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = πrl =  × × 3.7  cm 2
 7 2 
blls yV~Vw dk izkIr i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
 22 3.5 3.5   22 3.5 
= 2 × × ×  cm +  × × 3.7  cm 2
2

 7 2 2   7 2 

22 3.5 11
= × ( 3.5 + 3.7 ) cm 2 = × (3.5 + 3.7) cm2 = 39.6 cm2 (yxHkx)
7 2 2
vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd yV~Vw dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy v/Zxksys vkSj 'kaoqQ osQ laiw.kZ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQyksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj ugha gSA

2018-19
266 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 2 : vko`Qfr 13-7 esa n'kkZ;k x;k ltkoV
osQ fy, iz;ksx gksus okyk CykWd nks Bkslksa ls feydj
cuk gSA buesa ls ,d ?ku gS vkSj nwljk v/Zxksyk gSA
bl CykWd (block) dk vk/kj 5 cm dksj ;k fdukjs
(edge) okyk ,d ?ku gS vkSj mlosQ Åij yxs gq,
v/Zxksys dk O;kl 4.2 cm gSA bl CykWd dk laiw.kZ
22
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π = yhft,A)
7 vko`Qfr 13.7
gy : ?ku dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = 6 × (dksj)2 = 6 × 5 × 5 cm2 = 150 cm2
vc] ?ku dk og Hkkx ftl ij v/Zxksyk yxk gqvk gS i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy esa lfEefyr ugha
gksxkA
vr% CykWd dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = ?ku dk TSA – v/Zxksys osQ vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
+ v/Zxksys dk CSA
= 150 – πr2 + 2 πr2 = (150 + πr2) cm2

 22 4.2 4.2  2
= 150 cm 2 +  × ×  cm
 7 2 2 
= 150 cm2 + 13.86 cm2 = 163.86 cm2

mnkgj.k 3 : ydM+h dk ,d f[kykSuk jkWosQV

(rocket) ,d 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS tks
,d cs y u ij vè;kjks f ir gS ] tS l kfd
vko`Qfr 13-8 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA laiw.kZ jkWosQV
dh Å¡pkbZ 26 cm gS] tcfd 'kaDokdkj Hkkx
dh Å¡pkbZ 6 cm gSA 'kaDokdkj osQ Hkkx osQ
vk/kj dk O;kl 5 cm vkSj csyukdkj Hkkx
osQ vk/kj dk O;kl 3 cm gSA ;fn 'kaDokdkj
Hkkx ij ukjaxh jax fd;k tkuk gS vkSj csyukdkj
csyu dk vk/kj
Hkkx ij ihyk jax fd;k tkuk gS] rks izR;sd 'kaoqQ dk vk/kj
jax }kjk jkWosQV dk j¡xs tkus okys Hkkx dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π = 3.14 yhft,A)
vko`Qfr 13.8

2018-19
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 267

gy : 'kaoqQ dh f=kT;k dks r ls] 'kaoqQ dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ dks l ls] 'kaoqQ dh Å¡pkbZ dks h ls]
csyu dh f=kT;k dks r′ ls] csyu dh Å¡pkbZ dks h′ ls O;Dr dhft,A rc] r = 2.5 cm, h
= 6 cm, r′ = 1.5 cm, h′ = 26 – 6 = 20 cm rFkk

l= r 2 + h2 = 2.52 + 62 cm = 6.5 cm

;gk¡] 'kaDokdkj Hkkx dk o`Ùkh; vk/kj csyu osQ vk/kj ij fVdk gqvk gS ijarq 'kaoqQ dk
vk/kj csyu osQ vk/kj ls cM+k gSA vr%] 'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj osQ ,d Hkkx ¹oy; (ring)º
dks Hkh j¡xk tk,xkA
vr%] ukjaxh jax ls j¡xs Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy = 'kaoqQ dk CSA + 'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
– csyu osQ vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
= πrl + πr2 – π(r′)2
= π[(2.5 × 6.5) + (2.5)2 – (1.5)2] cm2
= π[20.25] cm2 = 3.14 × 20.25 cm2
= 63.585 cm2
vc] ihys jax ls jaxs tkus okys Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy = csyu dk CSA +
csyu osQ ,d vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
= 2πr′h′ + π(r′)2
= πr′ (2h′ + r′)
= 3.14 × 1.5 [2 × 20 + 1.5] cm2
= 4.71 × 41.5 cm2
= 195.465 cm2

mnkgj.k 4 : e;ad us vius cxhps osQ fy, ,d

i{kh&Lukukxkj (bird-bath) cuk;k ftldk vkdkj ,d
[kks[kys csyu tSlk gS ftlosQ ,d fljs ij v/Zxksykdkj
crZu cuk gqvk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-9)A csyu dh
Å¡pkbZ 1.45 m gS vkSj mldh f=kT;k 30 cm gSA bl
i{kh&Lukukxkj dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 13.9
gy : eku yhft, fd csyu dh Å¡pkbZ h gS rFkk csyu vkSj v/Zxksys dh mHk;fu"B f=kT;k
r gSA rc]

2018-19
268 xf.kr
i{kh&Lukukxkj dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = csyu dk CSA + v/Zxksys dk CSA
2
= 2πrh + 2πr = 2π r (h + r)
22
= 2× × 30(145 + 30) cm 2
7
= 33000 cm2 = 3.3 m2

iz'ukoyh 13.1
22
tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π = yhft,A
7
1. nks ?kuksa] ftuesa ls izR;sd dk vk;ru 64 cm3 gS] osQ layXu iQydksa dks feykdj ,d Bksl
cuk;k tkrk gSA blls izkIr ?kukHk dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
2. dksbZ crZu ,d [kks[kys v/Zxksys osQ vkdkj dk gS ftlosQ Åij ,d [kks[kyk csyu
vè;kkjksfir gSA v/Zxksys dk O;kl 14 cm gS vkSj bl crZu (ik=k) dh oqQy Å¡pkbZ 13 cm gSA
bl crZu dk vkarfjd i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
3. ,d f[kykSuk f=kT;k 3.5 cm okys ,d 'kaoQq osQ vkdkj dk gS] tks mlh f=kT;k okys ,d vèkZxksys
ij vè;kjksfir gSA bl f[kykSus dh laiw.kZ Å¡pkbZ 15.5 cm gSA bl f[kykSus dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
4. Hkqtk 7 cm okys ,d ?kukdkj CykWd osQ Åij ,d v/Zxksyk j[kk gqvk gSA v/Zxksys dk
vfèkdre O;kl D;k gks ldrk gS\ bl izdkj cus Bksl dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
5. ,d ?kukdkj CykWd osQ ,d iQyd dks vanj dh vksj ls dkV dj ,d v/Zxksykdkj xM~<k
bl izdkj cuk;k x;k gS fd v/Zxksys dk O;kl ?ku osQ ,d fdukjs osQ cjkcj gSA 'ks"k cps
Bksl dk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
6. nok dk ,d oSQIlwy (capsule) ,d csyu osQ
vkdkj dk gS ftlosQ nksuksa fljksa ij ,d&,d
v/Zxksyk yxk gqvk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr
13-10)A iwjs oSQIlwy dh yackbZ 14 mm gS vkSj
mldk O;kl 5 mm gSA bldk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vko`Qfr 13.10
Kkr dhft,A
7. dksbZ racw ,d csyu osQ vkdkj dk gS ftl ij ,d 'kaoqQ vè;kjksfir gSA ;fn csyukdkj Hkkx
dh Å¡pkbZ vkSj O;kl Øe'k% 2.1 m vkSj 4 m gS rFkk 'kaoqQ dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ 2.8 m gS rks bl
racw dks cukus esa iz;qDr oSQuol (canvas) dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A lkFk gh] ` 500
izfr m2 dh nj ls blesa iz;qDr oSQuol dh ykxr Kkr dhft,A (è;ku nhft, fd racw osQ
vkèkkj dks oSQuol ls ugha <dk tkrk gSA)

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8. Å¡pkbZ 2.4 cm vkSj O;kl 1.4 cm okys ,d Bksl csyu esa ls blh Å¡pkbZ vkSj blh O;kl okyk
,d 'kaDokdkj [kksy (cavity) dkV fy;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k cps Bksl dk fudVre oxZ lasVhehVj
rd i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
9. ydM+h osQ ,d Bksl csyu osQ izR;sd fljs
ij ,d v/Zxksyk [kksndj fudkyrs gq,] ,d
oLrq cukbZ xbZ gS] tSlkfd vko`Qfr 13-11 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;fn csyu dh Å¡pkbZ 10 cm
gS vkSj vk/kj dh f=kT;k 3.5 cm gS rks bl
oLrq dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 13.11
13.3 Bkslksa osQ la;kstu dk vk;ru
fiNys vuqPNsn esa geus ;g ppkZ dh gS fd nks vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa osQ la;kstu ls cus Bkslksa
osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fdl izdkj Kkr fd, tkrs gSaA vc ge ns[ksaxs fd bl izdkj osQ Bkslksa
osQ vk;ru fdl izdkj ifjdfyr fd, tkrs gSaA è;ku nhft, fd i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
ifjdfyr djus esa geus nksuksa ?kVdksa (Bkslksa) osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQyksa dks tksM+k ugha Fkk D;ksafd
budks feykus dh izfØ;k esa i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy dk oqQN Hkkx yqIr gks x;k FkkA ijarq vk;ru
ifjdfyr djus dh fLFkfr esa ,slk ugha gksxkA nks vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa osQ la;kstu ls cus Bksl
dk vk;ru okLro esa nksuksa ?kVdksa osQ vk;ruksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gS] tSlkfd ge
uhps fn, mnkgj.k esa ns[ksaxsA
mnkgj.k 5 : 'kkark fdlh 'ksM (shed) esa
,d m|ksx pykrh gSA ;g 'ksM ,d ?kukHk
osQ vkdkj dk gS ftl ij ,d v/Zcsyu
vkjksfir gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-12)A
;fn bl 'ksM osQ vk/kj dh foek,¡
7 m × 15 m gSa rFkk ?kukHkkdkj Hkkx dh
Å¡pkbZ 8 m gS rks 'ksM esa lekosf'kr gks
ldus okyh gok dk vk;ru Kkr dhft,A
iqu% ;fn ;g eku ysa fd 'ksM esa j[kh
e'khujh 300 m3 LFkku ?ksjrh gS rFkk 'ksM vko`Qfr 13.12
osQ vanj 20 Jfed gSa ftuesa ls izR;sd 0.08 m3 osQ vkSlr ls LFkku ?ksjrk gS rc 'ksM esa
22
fdruh gok gksxh\ (π = yhft,A)
7

2018-19
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gy : 'ksM osQ vanj gok dk vk;ru (tc blesa dksbZ O;fDr ;k e'khujh ugha gS) ?kukHk
osQ vanj dh gok vkSj v/Zcsyu osQ vanj dh gok osQ vk;ruksa dks feyk dj izkIr gksxkA
vc] ?kukHk dh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj Å¡pkbZ Øe'k% 15 m, 7 m vkSj 8 m gSaA
lkFk gh] v/Zcsyu dk O;kl 7 m vkSj Å¡pkbZ 15 m gSA
1
blfy, okafNr vk;ru = ?kukHk dk vk;ru + csyu dk vk;ru
2
 1 22 7 7 
= 15 × 7 × 8 + × × × × 15 m3 = 1128.75 m3
 2 7 2 2 
vkxs] e'khujh }kjk ?ksjk x;k LFkku = 300 m3
rFkk 20 Jfedksa }kjk ?ksjk x;k LFkku = 20 × 0.08 m3 = 1.6 m3
vr%] 'ksM esa ml le; gok dk vk;ru] tc mlesa e'khujh vkSj Jfed gSa
= 1128.75 – (300.00 + 1.60) = 827.15 m3

mnkgj.k 6 : ,d twl (juice) cspus okyk vius xzkgdksa dks vko`Qfr

13-13 esa n'kkZ, fxyklksa ls twl nsrk FkkA csyukdkj fxykl dk
vkarfjd O;kl 5 cm Fkk] ijarq fxykl osQ fupys vk/kj (ryh) esa
,d mHkjk gqvk v/Zxksyk Fkk] ftlls fxykl dh /kfjrk de gks tkrh
FkhA ;fn ,d fxykl dh Å¡pkbZ 10 cm Fkh] rks fxykl dh vkHkklh
(apparent) èkkfjrk rFkk mldh okLrfod /kfjrk Kkr dhft,A
vko`Qfr 13.13
(π = 3.14 yhft,A)

gy : pw¡fd fxykl dk vkarfjd O;kl = 5 cm gS vkSj Å¡pkbZ = 10 cm gS] blfy,

fxykl dh vkHkklh /kfjrk = πr 2 h
= 3.14 × 2.5 × 2.5 × 10 cm3 = 196.25 cm3
ijarq bldh okLrfod /kfjrk mijksDr /kfjrk ls vk/kj esa cus v/Zxksys osQ vk;ru
osQ cjkcj de gSA
2 2
vFkkZr~ deh cjkcj gS πr3 = × 3.14 × 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm = 32.71 cm3
3
3 3
vr% fxykl dh okLrfod /kfjrk = vkHkklh /kfjrk – v/Zxksys dk vk;ru
= (196.25 – 32.71) cm3
= 163.54 cm2

2018-19
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 271

mnkgj.k 7 : ,d Bksl f[kykSuk ,d v/Zxksys osQ

vkdkj dk gS ftl ij ,d yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ
vkjksfir gSA bl 'kaoqQ dh Å¡pkbZ 2 cm gS vkSj
vkèkkj dk O;kl 4 cm gSA bl f[kykSus dk vk;ru
fuèkkZfjr dhft,A ;fn ,d yac o`Ùkh; csyu bl
f[kykSus osQ ifjxr gks rks csyu vkSj f[kykSus osQ
vk;ruksa dk varj Kkr dhft,A (π = 3.14 yhft,A) vko`Qfr 13.14

gy : eku yhft, BPC v/Zxksyk gS rFkk ABC v/Zxksys osQ vk/kj ij [kM+k ,d 'kaoqQ gS
1
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-14)A v/Zxksys (vkSj 'kaoqQ dh Hkh) dh f=kT;k = × 4 cm = 2 cm
2
2 3 1 2
blfy, f[kykSus dk vk;ru = πr + πr h
3 3
2 1 
=  × 3.14 × (2) + × 3.14 × ( 2) × 2 cm3 = 25. 12 cm3
3 2
3 3 
vc] eku yhft, fd fn, x, Bksl osQ ifjxr yac o`Ùkh; csyu EFGH gSA bl yac o`Ùkh;
csyu osQ vkèkkj dh f=kT;k = HP = BO = 2 cm gS rFkk bldh Å¡pkbZ
EH = AO + OP = (2 + 2) cm = 4 cm gSA
vr%] okafNr vk;ru = yac o`Ùkh; csyu dk vk;ru – f[kykSus dk vk;ru
= (3.14 × 22 × 4 – 25.12) cm3
= 25.12 cm3
bl izdkj] nksuksa vk;ruksa dk varj = 25.12 cm3 gSA
iz'ukoyh 13.2
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π=
7
yhft,A)
1. ,d Bksl ,d v/Zxksys ij [kM+s ,d 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gS ftudh f=kT;k,¡ 1 cm gSa rFkk 'kaoQq
dh Å¡pkbZ mldh f=kT;k osQ cjkcj gSA bl Bksl dk vk;ru π osQ inksa esa Kkr dhft,A
2. ,d bathfu;¯jx osQ fo|kFkhZ jpsy ls ,d iryh ,Y;wehfu;e dh 'khV dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
,d ekWMy cukus dks dgk x;k tks ,d ,sls csyu osQ vkdkj dk gks ftlosQ nksuksa fljksa ij
nks 'kaoqQ tqM+s gq, gksaA bl ekWMy dk O;kl 3 cm gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 12 cm gSA ;fn izR;sd
'kaoqQ dh Å¡pkbZ 2 cm gks rks jpsy }kjk cuk, x, ekWMy esa var£o"V gok dk vk;ru Kkr
dhft,A (;g eku yhft, fd ekWMy dh vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh foek,¡ yxHkx cjkcj gSaA)

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3. ,d xqykctkequ esa mlosQ vk;ru dh yxHkx 30%
phuh dh pk'kuh gksrh gSA 45 xqykctkequksa esa yxHkx
fdruh pk'kuh gksxh] ;fn izR;sd xqykctkequ ,d
csyu osQ vkdkj dk gS] ftlosQ nksuksa fljs v/Zxksykdkj
gaS rFkk bldh yackbZ 5 cm vkSj O;kl 2.8 cm gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-15)A
vko`Qfr 13.15

4. ,d dyenku ?kukHk osQ vkdkj dh ,d ydM+h ls

cuk gS ftlesa dye j[kus osQ fy, pkj 'kaDokdkj
xM~<s cus gq, gSaA ?kukHk dh foek,¡ 15 cm × 10 cm ×
3.5 cm gSAa izR;sd xM~<s dh f=kT;k 0.5 cm gS vkSj xgjkbZ
1.4 cm gSA iwjs dyenku esa ydM+h dk vk;ru Kkr
dhft, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-16)A

vko`Qfr 13.16
5. ,d crZu ,d mYVs 'kaoqQ osQ vkdkj dk gSA bldh Å¡pkbZ 8 cm gS vkSj blosQ Åijh fljs (tks
[kqyk gqvk gS) dh f=kT;k 5 cm gSA ;g Åij rd ikuh ls Hkjk gqvk gSA tc bl crZu esa lhls
dh oqQN xksfy;k¡ ftuesa izR;sd 0.5 cm f=kT;k okyk ,d xksyk gS] Mkyh tkrh gSa] rks blesa
ls Hkjs gq, ikuh dk ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx ckgj fudy tkrk gSA crZu esa Mkyh xbZ lhls dh xksfy;ksa
dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
6. Å¡pkbZ 220 cm vkSj vk/kj O;kl 24 cm okys ,d csyu] ftl ij Å¡pkbZ 60 cm vkSj f=kT;k 8
cm okyk ,d vU; csyu vkjksfir gS] ls yksgs dk ,d LraHk cuk gSA bl LraHk dk nzO;eku
Kkr dhft,] tcfd fn;k gS 1 cm3 yksgs dk nzO;eku yxHkx 8 g gksrk gSA (π = 3.14 yhft,A)
7. ,d Bksl esa] Å¡pkbZ 120 cm vkSj f=kT;k 60 cm okyk ,d 'kaoqQ lfEefyr gS] tks 60 cm f=kT;k
okys ,d v/Zxksys ij vkjksfir gSA bl Bksl dks ikuh ls Hkjs gq, ,d yac o`Ùkh; csyu esa
bl izdkj lh/k Mky fn;k tkrk gS fd ;g csyu dh ryh dks Li'kZ djsA ;fn csyu dh
f=kT;k 60 cm gS vkSj Å¡pkbZ 180 cm gS rks csyu esa 'ks"k cps ikuh dk vk;ru Kkr dhft,A
8. ,d xksykdkj dk¡p osQ crZu dh ,d csyu osQ vkdkj dh xnZu gS ftldh yackbZ 8 cm gS
vkSj O;kl 2 cm gS tcfd xksykdkj Hkkx dk O;kl 8.5 cm gSA blesa Hkjs tk ldus okyh ikuh
dh ek=kk eki dj] ,d cPps us ;g Kkr fd;k fd bl crZu dk vk;ru 345 cm3 gSA tk¡p
dhft, fd ml cPps dk mÙkj lgh gS ;k ugha] ;g ekurs gq, fd mijksDr ekiu vkarfjd
ekiu gS vkSj π = 3.14 A

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13.4 ,d Bksl dk ,d vkdkj ls nwljs vkdkj esa :ikarj.k

fuf'pr :i ls] vkius eksecfÙk;k¡ vo'; ns[kh
gksaxhA lkekU;r% ;s csyu osQ vkdkj dh gksrh
gaAS vkius i'kqvksa osQ vkdkj dh Hkh oqQN eksecfÙk;k¡
ns[kh gksaxh (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-17)A vko`Qfr 13.17
;s fdl izdkj cukbZ tkrh gS\a ;fn vki fdlh fof'k"V izdkj dh eksecÙkh cukuk
pkgrs gS]a rks vkidks ,d /krq osQ crZu (ik=k) esa ekse dks rc rd xeZ djuk iM+xs k tc
rd og iw.kZr;k nzo esa u cny tk,A fiQj vki bls ,d vU; ,sls crZu ;k ik=k esa (lk¡ps
es)a Mkysxa s ftldk vkdkj ogh gksxk ftl vkdkj dh vki eksecÙkh cukuk pkgrs gSAa
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,d Bksl csyu osQ vkdkj dh
eksecÙkh yhft,] bls fi?kykb, rFkk fi?kyh
gqbZ iwjh ekse dks [kjxks'k osQ vkdkj okys ,d
lk¡ps esa Mky nhft,A BaMk djus ij vkidks
[kjxks'k osQ vkdkj dh eksecÙkh izkIr gks tk,xhA
u;h eksecÙkh dk vk;ru ogh gksxk tks igyh
eksecÙkh dk FkkA ;gh ckr gesa rc Hkh ;kn
vko`Qfr 13.18
j[kuh pkfg,] tc ge ,d Bksl dks vU;
vkdkj osQ ,d nwljs Bksl esa ifjo£rr gksrs gq, ns[krs gSa vFkok tc dksbZ nzo inkFkZ
,d vkdkj osQ crZu ls ,d vU; vkdkj osQ crZu esa Mkyk tkrk gS] tSlk vki
vko`Qfr 13-18 esa ns[krs gSaA
mijksDr ppkZ dks le>us osQ fy,] vkb, ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 8 : ekWMy cukus okyh feêðh ls Å¡pkbZ 24 cm vkSj vk/kj f=kT;k 6 cm okyk ,d
'kaoqQ cuk;k x;k gSA ,d cPps us bls xksys osQ vkdkj esa cny fn;kA xksys dh f=kT;k Kkr
dhft,A
1
gy : 'kaoqQ dk vk;ru = × π × 6 × 6 × 24 cm3
3
4 3
;fn xksys dh f=kT;k r gS rks mldk vk;ru πr gSA
3

2018-19
274 xf.kr
pw¡fd 'kaoqQ osQ :i esa vkSj xksys osQ :i esa feêðh osQ vk;ru cjkcj gSa] blfy,
4 1
× π × r 3 = × π × 6 × 6 × 24
3 3
vFkkZr~ r3 = 3 × 3 × 24 = 33 × 23
vr% r= 3×2=6
blfy,] xksys dh f=kT;k 6 cm gSA
mnkgj.k 9 : lsYoh osQ ?kj dh Nr ij csyu osQ vkdkj dh ,d Vadh gSA bl Vadh esa
,d Hkwfexr Vadh esa Hkjs ikuh dks iai }kjk igq¡pk dj Vadh dks Hkjk tkrk gSA ;g Hkwfexr
Vadh ,d ?kukHk osQ vkdkj dh gS] ftldh foek,¡ 1.57 m × 1.44 m × 95cm gSaA Nr dh
Vadh dh f=kT;k 60 cm gS vkSj Å¡pkbZ 95 cm gSA ;fn Hkwfexr Vadh ikuh ls iwjh Hkjh gqbZ
Fkh] rks mlls Nr dh Vadh dks iwjk Hkjus osQ ckn Hkwfexr Vadh esa ikuh fdruh Å¡pkbZ rd
jg tk,xk\ Nr dh Vadh dh /kfjrk dh Hkwfexr Vadh dh /kfjrk ls rqyuk dhft,A
(π = 3.14 yhft,A)
gy % Nr dh Vadh dk vk;ru = Hkwfexr Vadh ls fudkys x, ikuh dk vk;ru
vc] Nr dh Vadh (csyu) dk vk;ru = πr2h
= 3.14 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.95 m3
Hkwfexr Vadh osQ ikuh ls iwjh Hkjh gksus ij ikuh dk vk;ru
= l × b × h = 1.57 × 1.44 × 0.95 m3
Nr dh Vadh dks ikuh ls iwjk Hkjus osQ ckn Hkwfexr Vadh esa 'ks"k cps ikuh dk vk;ru
= [(1.57 × 1.44 × 0.95) – (3.14 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.95)] m3 = (1.57 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.95 × 2) m3
mlesa cps ikuh dk vk;ru
blfy,] Hkwfexr Vadh eas 'ks"k cps ikuh dh Å¡pkbZ = l×b

1.57 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.95 × 2

= m
1.57 × 1.44
= 0.475 m = 47.5 cm
Nr dh Vd a h dh /kfjrk 3.14 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.95 1
lkFk gh] a h dh /kfjrk = 1.57 × 1.44 × 0.95
Hkfwexr Vd
=
2
vr%] Nr dh Vadh dh /kfjrk Hkwfexr Vadh dh /kfjrk dh vk/h gSA

2018-19
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mnkgj.k 10 : O;kl 1 cm okyh 8 cm yach rk¡cs dh ,d NM+ dks ,dleku eksVkbZ okys
18 m yacs ,d rkj osQ :i esa [khapk tkrk (cnyk tkrk) gSA rkj dh eksVkbZ Kkr dhft,A
2
vk;ru = π ×   × 8 cm3 = 2 π cm3
1
gy : NM+ dk
2
leku vk;ru okys rkj dh yackbZ = 18 m = 1800 cm
;fn rkj osQ vuqizLFk dkV (cross-section) dh f=kT;k r gS] rks rkj dk vk;ru
= π × r2 × 1800 cm3
vr% π × r2 × 1800 = 2π
1
vFkkZr~ r2 =
900
1
vFkkZr~ r= cm
30
1
vr%] rkj osQ vuqiLz Fk dkV dk O;kl] rkj dh pkSMk+ bZ cm, vFkkZr~ 0.67mm (yxHkx) gSA
15

mnkgj.k 11 : ikuh ls iwjh Hkjh gqbZ ,d v/Zxksykdkj Vadh dks ,d ikbi }kjk 3 4 yhVj
7
izfr lsoaQM dh nj ls [kkyh fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn Vadh dk O;kl 3m gS] rks og fdrus le;
22
esa vk/h [kkyh gks tk,xh\ (π = yhft,A)
7 3
gy : v/Zxksykdkj Vadh dh f=kT;k = m
2 3
2 22  3  99
vr%] Vadh dk vk;ru = × ×   m3 = m3
3 7 2 14
ml ikuh dk vk;ru] ftls [kkyh fd;k tkuk gS
1 99 3
= × m
2 14
99 99000
= × 1000 = yhVj
28 28

25 99000
vc] yhVj ikuh [kkyh gksrk gS 1 lsoaQM esa] blfy, yhVj ikuh [kkyh gksxk
7 28
99000 7
× lsoaQM esa] vFkkZr~ 16-5 feuV esaA
28 25

2018-19
276 xf.kr
iz'ukoyh 13.3
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π=
7
yhft,A)
1. f=kT;k 4.2 cm okys /krq osQ ,d xksys dks fi?kykdj f=kT;k 6 cm okys ,d csyu osQ :i esa
<kyk tkrk gSA csyu dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
2. Øe'k% 6 cm, 8 cm vkSj 10 cm f=kT;kvksa okys /krq osQ rhu Bksl xksyksa dks fi?kykdj ,d cM+k
Bksl xksyk cuk;k tkrk gSA bl xksys dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft,A
3. O;kl 7 m okyk 20 m xgjk ,d oqQvk¡ [kksnk tkrk gS vkSj [kksnus ls fudyh gqbZ feêðh dks
leku :i ls iSQykdj 22 m × 14 m okyk ,d pcwrjk cuk;k x;k gSA bl pcwrjs dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dhft,A
4. O;kl 3 m dk ,d oqQvk¡ 14 m dh xgjkbZ rd [kksnk tkrk gSA blls fudyh gqbZ feêðh dks
oqQ,¡ osQ pkjksa vksj 4 m pkSM+h ,d o`Ùkkdkj oy; (ring) cukrs gq,] leku :i ls iSQykdj
,d izdkj dk ck¡/ cuk;k tkrk gSA bl ck¡/ dh Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
5. O;kl 12 cm vkSj Å¡pkbZ 15 cm okys ,d yac o`Ùkh; csyu osQ vkdkj dk crZu vkblØhe
ls iwjk Hkjk gqvk gSA bl vkblØhe dks Å¡pkbZ 12 cm vkSj O;kl 6 cm okys 'kaoQq vksa esa Hkjk tkuk
gS] ftudk Åijh fljk v/Zxksykdkj gksxkA mu 'kaoqQvksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, tks bl
vkblØhe ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSaA
6. foekvksa 5.5 cm × 10 cm × 3.5 cm okyk ,d ?kukHk cukus osQ fy,] 1.75 cm O;kl vkSj 2 mm
eksVkbZ okys fdrus pk¡nh osQ flDdksa dks fi?kykuk iM+sxk\
7. 32 cm Å¡ph vkSj vk/kj f=kT;k 18 cm okyh ,d csyukdkj ckYVh jsr ls Hkjh gqbZ gSA bl ckYVh
dks Hkwfe ij [kkyh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl jsr dh ,d 'kaDokdkj <sjh cukbZ tkrh gSA ;fn
'kaDokdkj <sjh dh Å¡pkbZ 24 cm gS] rks bl <sjh dh f=kT;k vkSj fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A
8. 6 m pkSM+h vkSj 1.5 m xgjh ,d ugj esa ikuh 10 km/h dh pky ls cg jgk gSA 30 feuV esa]
;g ugj fdrus {ks=kiQy dh ¯lpkbZ dj ik,xh] tcfd ¯lpkbZ osQ fy, 8 cm xgjs ikuh dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
9. ,d fdlku vius [ksr esa cuh 10 m O;kl okyh vkSj 2 m xgjh ,d csyukdkj Vadh dks
vkarfjd O;kl 20 cm okys ,d ikbi }kjk ,d ugj ls tksM+rk gSA ;fn ikbi esa ikuh
3 km/h dh pky ls cg jgk gS] rks fdrus le; ckn Vadh iwjh Hkj tk,xh\

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13.5 'kaoqQ dk fNUud

vuqPNsn 13-2 esa] geus mu oLrqvksa dks ns[kk tks nks vk/kjHkwr
Bkslksa dks feykus ls curs gSaA vkb, vc blls oqQN fHkUu djsaA
ge ,d yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ ysaxs vkSj bldk ,d Hkkx gVk nsaxsA
,slk djus dh vusd fof/;k¡ gSaA ijarq ftl fof/ esa gekjh #fp
gS og ;g gS fd ge bl 'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj osQ lekarj ,d ry
}kjk bls dkVdj ,d NksVk yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ vyx djsaA vkius
bl ij vo'; gh è;ku fn;k gksxk fd ikuh ihus osQ fy, iz;ksx
fd, tkus okys fxykl] lkekU;r% blh vkdkj osQ gksrs gSa vko`Qfr 13.19

(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-19)A

fØ;kdyki 1 : oqQN feêðh ;k ,slk gh dksbZ inkFkZ (tSls IykfLVd] Dys bR;kfn) yhft,
vkSj ,d 'kaoqQ cukb,A bls pkowQ dh lgk;rk ls vk/kj osQ lekarj dkfV,A NksVs 'kaoqQ dks
gVk nhft,A vkiosQ ikl D;k cprk gS\ vkiosQ ikl ,d Bksl cprk gS] ftls 'kaoqQ dk
fNUud (frustum of a cone) dgrs gSaA
vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd blosQ fofHkUu f=kT;kvksa okys nks o`Ùkkdkj fljs gSaA vr%] tc
ge ,d fn, gq, 'kaoqQ dks mlosQ vk/kj osQ lekarj fdlh ry }kjk dkVrs gSa (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 13-20) vkSj bl ry osQ ,d vksj cus 'kaoqQ dks gVk nsrs gSa] rks ry osQ nwljh
vksj cps 'kaoqQ osQ Hkkx dks 'kaoqQ dk fNUud (frustum)* dgrs gSa

vko`Qfr 13.20
ge 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru fdl izdkj Kkr dj ldrs
gSa\ vkb, bls ,d mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V djsaA
* 'Frustum' ,d ySfVu 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^dkVk gqvk VqdM+k* vkSj bldk cgqopu gS 'Frusta'

2018-19
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mnkgj.k 12 : ,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud] tks 45 cm Å¡pk
gS] osQ fljksa dh f=kT;k,¡ 28 cm vkSj 7 cm gSaA bldk
vk;ru] oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj laiw.kZ i`"Bh;
22
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π = yhft,)
7
gy : bl fNUud dks nks yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQvksa OAB
vkSj OCD osQ varj osQ :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-21)A eku yhft, lsaVhehVj esa
'kaoqQ OAB dh Å¡pkbZ h1 gS vkSj fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ l1 gS]
vFkkZr~ OP = h1 vkSj OA = OB = l1 gSA eku yhft,
vko`Qfr 13.21
'kaoqQ OCD dh lsaVhehVj esa Å¡pkbZ h2 vkSj fr;Zd
Å¡pkbZ l2 gSA
gesa r1 = 28 cm, r2 = 7 cm vkSj fNUud dh Å¡pkbZ (h) = 45 cm fn, gq, gSaA
lkFk gh h1 = 45 + h2 (1)

lcls igys gesa Øe'k% 'kaoqQvksa OAB vkSj OCD dh Å¡pkb;ksa h1 vkSj h2 dks
fuèkkZfjr djuk vko';d gSA
pw¡fd f=kHkqt OPB vkSj OQD le:i gSa (D;ksa\)] blfy, gesa izkIr gS %
h1 28 4
= = (2)
h2 7 1
(1) vkSj (2) ls gesa h2 = 15 vkSj h1 = 60 izkIr gksrk gS
vc] fNUud dk vk;ru
= 'kaoqQ OAB dk vk;ru – 'kaoqQ OCD dk vk;ru
 1 22 1 22 
=  ⋅ ⋅ ( 28) 2 ⋅ (60) − ⋅ ⋅ (7) 2 ⋅ (15)  cm3 = 48510 cm 3
3 7 3 7 
'kaoqQ OAB rFkk 'kaoqQ OCD dh fr;Zd Å¡pkb;k¡ Øe'k% l1 vkSj l2 uhps n'kkZ,
vuqlkj izkIr gksrh gaS %
l2 = (7)2 + (15) 2 = 16.55 cm (yxHkx)

l1 = (28) 2 + (60) 2 = 4 (7) 2 + (15) 2 = 4 × 16.55 = 66.20 cm

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bl izdkj fNUud dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = πr1l1 – πr2l2

22 22
= (28)(66.20) – (7)(16.55) = 5461.5 cm2
7 7
vc] fNUud dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
= oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy + πr12 + πr22
22 22 2
= 5461.5 cm2 + (28)2 cm2 + (7) cm2
7 7
= 5461.5 cm2 + 2464 cm2 + 154 cm2 = 8079.5 cm2
eku yhft, fdlh 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dh Å¡pkbZ h gS] fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ l gS rFkk fljksa dh
f=kT;k,¡ r1 vkSj r2 (r1 > r2) gSa] rks ge blosQ vk;ru] oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj laiw.kZ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fuEufyf[kr lw=kksa dk lh/k iz;ksx djrs gq, Kkr dj ldrs gSa %
1
(i) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk vk;ru = πh(r12 + r22 + r1r2 )
3
(ii) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = π(r1 + r2) l
tgk¡ l = h2 + (r1 − r2 )2 .
(iii) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = πl (r1 + r2) + πr12 + πr22,
tgk¡ l = h2 + ( r1 − r2 ) 2

bu lw=kksa dks f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk dh vo/kj.kk dk iz;ksx djosQ fl¼ fd;k tk

ldrk gS] ijarq ge ;gk¡ bUgsa fl¼ ugha djsaxsA
vkb, bu lw=kksa dk iz;ksx djosQ mnkgj.k 12 dks gy djsaA

(i) fNUud dk vk;ru =

1
3
(
π h r12 + r22 + r1r2 )
1 22
= ⋅ ⋅ 45 ⋅ (28) 2 + (7) 2 + (28)(7)  cm3
3 7
= 48510 cm3

(ii) gesa izkIr gS l= h 2 + ( r1 − r2 ) =

2
(45) 2 + (28 − 7) 2 cm

= 3 (15) 2 + (7) 2 = 49.65 cm

2018-19
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vr%] fNUud dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
22
= π(r1 + r2) l = (28 + 7) (49.65) = 5461.5 cm2
7
(iii) fNUud dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
= π ( r1 + r2 ) l + πr1 + πr2
2 2

 22 22 2  2
=  5461.5 + ( 28)2 + (7)  cm = 8079.5 cm2
 7 7 

vkb, bu lw=kksa dk oqQN mnkgj.kksa esa iz;ksx djsaA

mnkgj.k 13 : guqeIik vkSj mldh iRuh xaxkEek xUus osQ
jl ls xqM+ cuk jgs gSaA mUgksaus xUus osQ jl dks xeZ djosQ
jkc ('khjk) cuk yh gS] ftls 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud osQ vkdkj
osQ lk¡pksa esa Mkyk tkrk gS] ftuesa ls izR;sd osQ nksuksa o`Ùkh;
iQydksa osQ O;kl Øe'k% 30 cm vkSj 35 cm gSa rFkk lk¡ps dh vko`Qfr 13.22
ÅèokZ/j Å¡pkbZ 14 cm gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-22)A ;fn 1 cm3 jkc dk nzO;eku yxHkx
22
1.2 g gS rks izR;sd lk¡ps esa Hkjh tk ldus okyh jkc dk nzO;eku Kkr djsAa π= yhft,
7
gy : pw¡fd lk¡pk ,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud osQ vkdkj dk gS] blfy, blesa Hkjh tk ldus
π
okyh jkc dk vk;ru = h ( r12 + r22 + r1 r2 ) ,
3
tgk¡ r1 cM+s vk/kj dh f=kT;k gS vkSj r2 NksVs vk/kj dh f=kT;k gSA

1 22   35  2  30  2  35 30   3
= 3 × 7 × 14   2  +  2  +  2 × 2   cm = 11641.7 cm3
 

;g fn;k gS fd 1 cm3 jkc dk nzO;eku 1.2g gSA vr% izR;sd lk¡ps esa Hkjh tk ldus okyh
jkc dk Hkkj nzO;eku = (11641.7 × 1.2) g
= 13970.04g = 13.97 kg = 14 kg (yxHkx)

2018-19
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mnkgj.k 14 : /krq ls cuh ,d [kqyh ckYVh 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud

osQ vkdkj dh gS] tks mlh /krq osQ cus ,d [kks[kys csyukdkj
vk/kj ij vkjksfir gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-23)A bl ckYVh osQ
nksuksa o`Ùkkdkj fljksa osQ O;kl 45 cm vkSj 25 cm gSa rFkk ckYVh dh
oqQy ÅèokZ/j Å¡pkbZ 40 cm vkSj csyukdkj vk/kj dh Å¡pkbZ 6 cm
gSA bl ckYVh dks cukus esa iz;qDr /krq dh pknj dk {ks=kiQy Kkr
dhft, tcfd ge ckYVh oQh eqfB;k (;k gRFks) dks blesa
lfEefyr ugha dj jgs gSaA lkFk gh] ml ikuh dk vk;ru Kkr
22
vko`Qfr 13.23
dhft, tks bl ckYVh esa /kj.k dj ldrk gSA π= yhft,
7
gy : ckYVh dh oqQy Å¡pkbZ = 40 cm gS] ftlesa vk/kj dh Å¡pkbZ Hkh lfEefyr gSA
blfy, 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dh Å¡pkbZ (40 – 6) cm = 34 cm gSA
vr%] 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ l = h2 + (r1 − r2 ) 2

tgk¡ r1 = 22.5 cm, r2 = 12.5 cm vkSj h = 34 cm

vr% l= 342 + (22.5 − 12.5) 2 cm

= 342 + 102 = 35.44 cm

blesa iz;qDr /krq dh pknj dk {ks=kiQy = 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
+ o`Ùkh; vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
+ csyu dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
= [π × 35.44 (22.5 + 12.5) + π × (12.5)2
+ 2π × 12.5 × 6] cm2

22
= [1240.4 + 156.25 + 150] cm2
7
= 4860.9 cm2
vc] ckYVh esa vk ldus okys ikuh dk vk;ru] ftls ckYVh dh /kfjrk Hkh dgrs gSa
π×h
= × ( r12 + r22 + r1r2 )
3

2018-19
282 xf.kr

22 34
= × × [(22.5) 2 + (12.5)2 + 22.5 × 12.5] cm2
7 3

22 34
= × × 943.75 = 33615.48 cm3
7 3
= 33.62 yhVj (yxHkx)

iz'ukoyh 13.4
22
(tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,] π = 7
yhft,A)
1. ikuh ihus okyk ,d fxykl 14 cm Å¡pkbZ okys ,d 'kaoqQ
osQ fNUud osQ vkdkj dk gSA nksuksa o`Ùkkdkj fljksa osQ O;kl
4 cm vkSj 2 cm gSaA bl fxykl dh /kfjrk Kkr dhft,A

2. ,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ 4 cm gS rFkk blosQ

o`Ùkh; fljksa osQ ifjeki (ifjf/;k¡) 18 cm vkSj 6 cm gSAa bl
fNUud dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 13.24

3. ,d rqdhZ Vksih 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ vkdkj dh gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-24)A ;fn blosQ
[kqys fljs dh f=kT;k 10 cm gS] Åijh fljs dh f=kT;k 4 cm gS vkSj Vksih dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ
15 cm gS] rks blosQ cukus esa iz;qDr inkFkZ dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

4. /krq dh pknj ls cuk vkSj Åij ls [kqyk ,d crZu 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ vkdkj dk
gS] ftldh Å¡pkbZ 16 cm gS rFkk fupys vkSj Åijh fljksa dh f=kT;k,¡ Øe'k% 8 cm vkSj 20 cm
gSaA ` 20 izfr yhVj dh nj ls] bl crZu dks iwjk Hkj ldus okys nw/ dk ewY; Kkr dhft,A
lkFk gh] bl crZu dks cukus osQ fy, iz;qDr /krq dh pknj dk ewY; ` 8 izfr 100 cm2 dh
nj ls Kkr dhft,A (π = 3.14 yhft,A )
5. 20 cm Å¡pkbZ vkSj 'kh"kZ dks.k (vertical angle) 60° okys ,d 'kaoqQ dks mldh Å¡pkbZ osQ
chpkschp ls gksdj tkrs gq, ,d ry ls nks Hkkxksa esa dkVk x;k gS] tcfd ry 'kaoqQ osQ vkèkkj
1
osQ lekarj gSA ;fn bl izkIr 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dks O;kl cm okys ,d rkj osQ :i esa cny
16
fn;k tkrk gS rks rkj dh yackbZ Kkr dhft,A

2018-19
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vkSj vk;ru 283

iz'ukoyh 13.5 (,sfPNd)*

1. O;kl 3 mm okys rk¡cs osQ ,d rkj dks 12 cm yacs vkSj 10 cm O;kl okys ,d csyu ij bl
izdkj yisVk tkrk gS fd og csyu osQ oØ i`"B dks iw.kZr;k <d ysrk gSA rkj dh yackbZ
vkSj nzO;eku Kkr dhft,] ;g ekurs gq, fd rk¡cs dk ?kuRo 8.88 g izfr cm3 gSA
2. ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt] ftldh Hkqtk,¡ 3 cm vkSj 4 cm gSa (d.kZ osQ vfrfjDr)] dks mlosQ d.kZ
osQ ifjr% ?kqek;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj izkIr f}&'kaoqQ (double cone) osQ vk;ru vkSj i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A (π dk eku tks Hkh mi;qDr yxs] iz;ksx dhft,A)
3. ,d Vadh] ftlosQ vkarfjd ekiu 150 cm × 120 cm × 110 cm gS]a esa 129600 cm3 ikuh gSA bl
ikuh esa oqQN fNnz okyh b±Vsa rc rd Mkyh tkrh gSa] tc rd fd Vadh iwjh Åij rd Hkj
1
u tk,A izR;sd b±V vius vk;ru dk ikuh lks[k ysrh gSA ;fn izR;sd b±V dh eki
17
22.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 6.5 cm gSa] rks Vadh esa oqQy fdruh b±Vsa Mkyh tk ldrh gSa] rkfd mlesa
ls ikuh ckgj u cgs\
4. fdlh eghus osQ 15 fnuksa esa] ,d unh dh ?kkVh esa 10 cm o"kkZ gqbZA ;fn bl ?kkVh dk {ks=kiQy
7280 km2 gS] rks n'kkZb, fd oqQy o"kkZ yxHkx rhu ufn;ksa osQ lkekU; ikuh osQ ;ksx osQ lerqY;
Fkh] tcfd izR;sd unh 1072 km yach] 75 m pkSM+h vkSj 3 m xgjh gSA

5. Vhu dh cuh gqbZ ,d rsy dh oqQIih 10 cm yacs ,d

csyu esa ,d 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dks tksM+us ls cuh gSA
;fn bldh oqQy Å¡pkbZ 22 cm gS] csyukdkj Hkkx dk
O;kl 8 cm gS vkSj oqQIih osQ Åijh fljs dk O;kl
18 cm gS] rks blosQ cukus esa yxh Vhu dh pknj dk
{ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 13-25)A
vko`Qfr 13.25

6. 'kaoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ fy,] iwoZ Li"V fd, laosQrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] oØ i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy vkSj laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy osQ mu lw=kksa dks fl¼ dhft,] tks vuqPNsn 13-5 esa fn,
x, gSaA
7. 'akoqQ osQ ,d fNUud osQ fy,] iwoZ Li"V fd, laosQrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] vk;ru dk og
lw=k fl¼ dhft,] tks vuqPNsn 13-5 esa fn;k x;k gSA
* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha nh xbZ gSA

2018-19
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13.6 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. vk/kjHkwr Bkslksa ?kukHk] csyu] 'kaoqQ vkSj xksys vkSj v/Zxksys esa ls fdUgha nks Bkslksa osQ la;kstu
(dks feykus ls) ls cus Bkslksa osQ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fu/kZfjr djukA
2. Bkslksa ?kukHk] csyu] 'kaoqQ] xksys vkSj v/Zxksys esa ls fdUgha nks Bkslksa osQ la;kstu ls cus Bkslksa
osQ vk;ru Kkr djukA
3. tc fdlh 'kaoqQ dks mlosQ vk/kj osQ lekarj fdlh ry }kjk dkVdj ,d NksVk 'kaoqQ gVk
nsrs gSa] rks tks Bksl cprk gS] og 'kaoqQ dk ,d fNUud dgykrk gSA
4. 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud ls lac¼ lw=k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

(i) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk vk;ru =

1
3
(
πh r12 + r22 + r1r2 )
(ii) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = πl(r1 + r2) tgk¡ l = h2 + ( r1 − r2 )2
(iii) 'kaoqQ osQ fNUud dk laiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = πl(r1 + r2) + π(r12 + r22)
mijksDr lw=kksa es]a h = fNUud dh (ÅèokZ/j) Å¡pkbZ] l = fNUud dh fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ rFkk
r1 vkSj r2 fNUud osQ nksuksa o`Ùkh; fljksa dh f=kT;k,¡ gSaA

2018-19
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lkaf[;dh 14
14.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk IX esa] vki fn, gq, vk¡dM+ksa dks voxhZo`Qr ,oa oxhZo`Qr ckjackjrk caVuksa esa O;ofLFkr
djuk lh[k pqosQ gSaA vkius vk¡dM+ksa dks fp=kh; :i ls fofHkUu vkys[kksa] tSls naM vkys[k]
vk;r fp=k (buesa vleku pkSM+kbZ okys oxZ varjky Hkh lfEefyr Fks) vkSj ckjackjrk
cgqHkqtksa osQ :i esa fu:fir djuk Hkh lh[kk FkkA rF; rks ;g gS fd vki voxhZo`Qr
vk¡dM+ksa osQ oqQN la[;kRed izfrfuf/ (numerical representives) Kkr djosQ ,d dne
vkxs c<+ x, FksA bu la[;kRed izfrfuf/;ksa dks osaQnzh; izo`fÙk osQ ekid (measures of
central tendency) dgrs gSaA geus ,sls rhu ekidksa vFkkZr~ ekè; (mean), ekè;d
(median) vkSj cgqyd (mode) dk vè;;u fd;k FkkA bl vè;k; esa] ge bu rhuksa
ekidksa] vFkkZr~ ekè;] ekè;d vkSj cgqyd] dk vè;;u voxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa ls oxhZo`Qr
vk¡dM+ksa osQ fy, vkxs c<+k,¡xsA ge lap;h ckjackjrk (cumulative frequency) vkSj lap;h
ckjackjrk lkj.kh dh vo/kj.kkvksa dh ppkZ Hkh djsaxs rFkk ;g Hkh lh[ksaxs fd lap;h
ckjackjrk oØksa (cumulative frequency curves), tks rksj.k (ogives) dgykrh gSa] dks fdl
izdkj [khapk tkrk gSA
14.2 oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;
tSlkfd ge igys ls tkurs gSa] fn, gq, izs{k.kksa dk ekè; (;k vkSlr) lHkh izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa
osQ ;ksx dks izs{k.kksa dh oqQy la[;k ls Hkkx nsdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA d{kk IX ls] ;kn
dhft, fd ;fn izs{k.kksa x1, x2,. . ., xn dh ckjackjrk,¡ Øe'k% f1, f2, . . ., fn gksa] rks bldk
vFkZ gS fd izs{k.k x1, f1 ckj vkrk gS_ izs{k.k x2, f2 ckj vkrk gS] bR;kfnA

2018-19
286 xf.kr

vc] lHkh izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa dk ;ksx = f1x1 + f2x2 + . . . + fnxn gS rFkk izs{k.kksa dh la[;k
f1 + f2 + . . . + fn gSA

vr%] budk ekè; x fuEufyf[kr }kjk izkIr gksxk %

f1 x1 + f 2 x2 +
+ f n xn
x =
f1 + f 2 +
+ f n

;kn dhft, fd mijksDr dks laf{kIr :i esa ,d ;wukuh v{kj Σ ¹cM+k flxek
(capital sigma)º ls O;Dr djrs gSaA bl v{kj dk vFkZ gS tksM+uk (summation) vFkkZr~

∑fx
i =1
i i
x = n

∑f
i =1
i

Σ fi xi
bls vkSj vf/d laf{kIr :i esa] x = fy[krs gSa] ;g le>rs gq, fd i dk eku 1
Σ fi
ls n rd fopj.k djrk gSA
vkb, bl lw=k dk fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa ekè; Kkr djus osQ fy, mi;ksx djsaA
mnkgj.k 1 : fdlh LowQy dh d{kk X osQ 30 fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk xf.kr osQ ,d isij esa] 100
esa ls izkIr fd, x, vad] uhps ,d lkj.kh esa fn, x, gSaA bu fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr vadksa
dk ekè; Kkr dhft,A

izkIrkad (xi) 10 20 36 40 50 56 60 70 72 80 88 92 95

fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k ( fi) 1 1 3 4 3 2 4 4 1 1 2 3 1

gy : ;kn dhft, fd ekè; Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa izR;sd xi ls mldh laxr ckjackjrk
fi }kjk xq.kuiQy dh vko';drk gSA vr%] vkb, bu xq.kuiQyksa dks lkj.kh 14-1 esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj ,d LraHk esa j[ksaA

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lkj.kh 14.1
izkIrkad (xi ) fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k ( fi ) f ix i
10 1 10
20 1 20
. 36 3 108
40 4 160
50 3 150
56 2 112
60 4 240
70 4 280
72 1 72
80 1 80
88 2 176
92 3 276
95 1 95
;ksx Σfi = 30 Σfixi = 1779

Σ fi xi 1779
vc x= = = 59.3
Σ fi 30
vr%] izkIr fd;k x;k ekè; vad 59-3 gSA
gekjs nSfud thou dh vf/dka'k fLFkfr;ksa esa] vk¡dM+s brus cM+s gksrs gSa fd mudk
,d vFkZiw.kZ vè;;u djus osQ fy, mUgsa lewgksa esa ck¡V dj (oxhZo`Qr djosQ) NksVk fd;k
tkrk gSA vr%] gesa fn, gq, voxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dks] oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa esa cnyus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk bu vk¡dM+ksa osQ ekè; Kkr djus dh fof/ fudkyus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
vkb, mnkgj.k 1 osQ voxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dks pkSM+kbZ] eku yhft,] 15 osQ oxZ
varjky cukdj oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa esa cnysaA ;kn jf[k, fd oxZ varjkyksa dh ckjackjrk,¡
fu£n"V djrs le;] fdlh mifj oxZ lhek (upper class limit) esa vkus okys izs{k.k vxys
oxZ varjky esa fy, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vad 40 izkIr djus okys 4 fo|k£Fk;ksa dks oxZ
varjky 25&40 esa u ysdj varjky 40&55 esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl ijaijk dks è;ku esa
j[krs gq,] vkb, budh ,d oxhZo`Qr ckjackjrk lkj.kh cuk,¡ (nsf[k, lkj.kh 14-2)A

2018-19
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lkj.kh 14.2
oxZ varjky 10 - 25 25 - 40 40 - 55 55 - 70 70 - 85 85 - 100

fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k 2 3 7 6 6 6

vc] izR;sd oxZ varjky osQ fy,] gesa ,d ,sls ¯cnq (eku) dh vko';drk gS] tks
iwjs varjky dk izfrfuf/Ro djsA ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd oxZ varjky dh
ckjackjrk mlosQ eè;&¯cnq osQ pkjksa vksj osQafnzr gksrh gSA vr%] izR;sd oxZ osQ eè;&fcanq
(mid-point) ¹;k oxZ fpÉ (class mark)º dks ml oxZ esa vkus okys lHkh izs{k.kksa dk
izfrfufèk (representative) ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;kn dhft, fd ge ,d oxZ varjky dk
eè; ¯cnq (;k oxZ fpÉ) mldh mifj vkSj fupyh lhekvksa dk vkSlr fudkydj Kkr
djrs gSaA vFkkZr~
mifj oxZ lhek + fupyh oxZ lhek
oxZ fpÉ =
2
10 + 25
lkj.kh 14-2 osQ lanHkZ esa] oxZ 10&25 dk oxZ fpÉ 2
, vFkkZr~ 17.5 gSA blh
izdkj] ge vU; oxZ varjkyksa osQ oxZ fpÉ Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ge bu oxZ fpÉksa dks lkj.kh
14-3 esa j[krs gSaA ;s oxZ fpÉ xi’s dk dke djrs gSaA O;kid :i esa oxZ varjky osQ oxZ
fpÉ xi osQ laxr ckjackjrk fi fy[kh tkrh gSA vc ge mnkgj.k 1 dh gh rjg] ekè;
ifjdfyr djus dh izfØ;k dh vksj vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA
lkj.kh 14.3
oxZ varjky fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k (fi ) oxZ fpÉ (xi ) f i xi

10 - 25 2 17.5 35.0
25 - 40 3 32.5 97.5
40 - 55 7 47.5 332.5
55 - 70 6 62.5 375.0
70 - 85 6 77.5 465.0
85 – 100 6 92.5 555.0
;ksx Σ fi = 30 Σ fixi = 1860.0

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lka f[;dh 289

vafre LraHk esa fn, ekuksa osQ ;ksx ls gesa Σ fixi izkIr gksrk gSA vr%] fn, gq, vk¡dM+ksa
dk ekè; x , uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj izkIr gksrk gS %
Σfi xi 1860.0
x = = = 62
Σf i 30
ekè; Kkr djus dh bl u;h fof/ dks izR;{k fof/ (direct method) dgk tk
ldrk gSA
ge ns[krs gSa fd lkjf.k;ksa 14-1 vkSj 14-3 esa] leku vk¡dM+ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gS rFkk buesa ekè; ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, ,d gh lw=k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ijarq
bu nksuksa esa gesa ifj.kke (ekè;) fHkUu&fHkUu izkIr gq, gSaA D;k vki lksp ldrs gSa fd
,slk D;ksa gqvk gS vkSj buesa ls dkSu&lk ekè; vf/d lgh gS\ nksuksa ekuksa osQ varj dk
dkj.k lkj.kh 14-3 esa dh xbZ eè;&¯cnq dYiuk gSA 59-3 lgh ekè; gS] tcfd 62 ,d
lfUudV ekè; gSA
dHkh&dHkh tc xi vkSj fi osQ eku cM+s gksrs gSa] rks xi vkSj fi osQ xq.kuiQy Kkr djuk
tfVy gks tkrk gS rFkk blesa le; Hkh vf/d yxrk gSA vr%] ,slh fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy,]
vkb, bu ifjdyuksa dks ljy cukus dh fof/ lkspsaA
ge fi osQ lkFk oqQN ugha dj ldrs] ijarq ge izR;sd xi dks ,d NksVh la[;k esa
cny ldrs gSa] ftlls gekjs ifjdyu ljy gks tk,¡xsA ge ,slk oSQls djsaxs\ izR;sd xi
essa ls ,d fuf'pr la[;k ?kVkus osQ ckjs esa vkidk D;k fopkj gS\ vkb, ;g fof/ viukus
dk iz;Ru djsaA
blesa igyk pj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd izkIr fd, x, lHkh xi esa ls fdlh xi dks
dfYir ekè; (assumed mean) osQ :i esa pqu ysa rFkk bls ‘a’ ls O;Dr djsaA lkFk gh]
vius ifjdyu dk;Z dks vkSj vf/d de djus osQ fy,] ge ‘a’ dks ,slk xi ys ldrs
gSa tks x1, x2, . . ., xn osQ eè; esa dgha vkrk gksA vr%] ge a = 47.5 ;k a = 62.5 pqu ldrs
gSaA vkb, a = 47.5 pqusaA
vxyk pj.k gS fd a vkSj izR;sd xi osQ chp dk varj di Kkr fd;k tk,] vFkkZr~
izR;sd xi ls ‘a’ dk fopyu (deviation) Kkr fd;k tk,A
vFkkZr~ di = x i – a
= xi – 47.5
rhljk pj.k gS fd izR;sd di vkSj mlosQ laxr fi dk xq.kuiQy Kkr djosQ lHkh fi di dk
;ksx Kkr fd;k tk,A ;s ifjdyu lkj.kh 14-4 esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA

2018-19
290 xf.kr
lkj.kh 14.4
oxZ varjky fo|k£Fk;ksa dh oxZ fpÉ di = xi – 47.5 fid i
la[;k ( fi ) (xi )
10 - 25 2 17.5 –30 –60
25 - 40 3 32.5 –15 –45
40 - 55 7 47.5 0 0
55 - 70 6 62.5 15 90
70 - 85 6 77.5 30 180
85 - 100 6 92.5 45 270
;ksx Σfi = 30 Σfidi = 435
Σfi di
vr%] lkj.kh 14-4 ls] fopyuksa dk ekè; d =
Σfi
vkb,] vc d vkSj x esa laca/ Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsaA
pw¡fd di Kkr djus osQ fy, geus izR;sd xi esa ls a dks ?kVk;k gS] blfy, ekè; x
Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge d esa a tksM+rs gSaA bls xf.krh; :i ls] uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj Li"V
fd;k tk ldrk gS %
Σfi di
fopyuksa dk ekè; d = Σfi
Σfi ( xi − a )
vr% d =
Σfi

Σfi xi Σf i a
= −
Σf i Σfi

Σfi
= x −a
Σfi
= x−a
vr% x = a+ d
Σfi di
vFkkZr~ x = a+
Σfi
vc lkj.kh 14-4 ls] a, Σfidi vkSj Σfi osQ eku j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS

2018-19
lka f[;dh 291

435
x = 47.5 + = 47.5 + 14.5 = 62
30
vr%] fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vadksa dk ekè; 62 gSA
ekè; Kkr djus dh mijksDr fof/ dfYir ekè; fof/ (assumed mean method)
dgykrh gSA
fØ;kdyki 1 : lkj.kh 14-3 ls] izR;sd xi (17.5, 32.5, bR;kfn ) dks ‘a’ ekudj ekè;
ifjdfyr dhft,A vki D;k ns[krs gSa\ vki ik,¡xs fd izR;sd fLFkfr esa ekè; ,d gh]
vFkkZr~ 62 vkrk gSA (D;ksa\)
vr%] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd izkIr fd, x, ekè; dk eku pqus gq, ‘a’ osQ eku
ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA
è;ku nhft, fd lkj.kh 14-4 osQ LraHk esa fn, lHkh eku 15 osQ xq.kt (multiples)
gSaA vr%] ;fn ge LraHk 4 osQ lHkh ekuksa dks 15 ls Hkkx ns nsa] rks gesa fi ls xq.kk djus
osQ fy, NksVh la[;k,¡ izkIr gks tk,¡xhA ¹;gk¡ 15] izR;sd oxZ varjky dh oxZ eki
(lkbt) gSAº
xi − a
vr%] vkb, eku ysa fd ui = gS] tgk¡ a dfYir ekè; gS vkSj h oxZeki gSA
h
vc ge lHkh ui ifjdfyr djrs gSa vkSj igys dh rjg gh izfØ;k tkjh j[krs gSa
(vFkkZr~ fi ui Kkr djrs gSa vkSj fiQj Σ fi ui Kkr djrs gSaA vkb, h = 15 ysdj] lkj.kh
14-5 cuk,¡A
lkj.kh 14.5
xi – a
oxZ varjky fi xi di = x i – a ui = fi u i
h

10 - 25 2 17.5 –30 –2 –4
25 - 40 3 32.5 –15 –1 –3
40 - 55 7 47.5 0 0 0
55 - 70 6 62.5 15 1 6
70 - 85 6 77.5 30 2 12
85 - 100 6 92.5 45 3 18

;ksx Σfi = 30 Σfiui = 29

2018-19
292 xf.kr

Σfi ui
eku yhft, u = gSA
Σf i
;gk¡ Hkh ge u vkSj x esa laca/ Kkr djsaxsA
xi − a
geasa izkIr gS ui =
h
( xi − a )
Σf i
1  Σ f x − a Σf i 
vr% u = h =  i i 
Σfi h  Σf i 

1  Σfi xi Σf 
=  −a i
h  Σf i Σfi 

1
= [ x − a]
h
;k hu = x − a
vFkkZr~ x = a + hu

 Σfi ui 
vr% x = a + h 
 Σfi 
vc] lkj.kh 14-5 ls a, h, Σfiui vkSj Σfi osQ eku izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 29 
x = 47.5 + 15 ×  
 30 
= 47.5 + 14.5 = 62
vr%] fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd;k x;k ekè; vad 62 gSA
ekè; Kkr djus dh mijksDr fof/ ix&fopyu fof/ (step deviation method)
dgykrh gSA
è;ku nhft, fd
l ix&fopyu fof/ rHkh lqfo/ktud gksxh] tcfd lHkh d i esa dksbZ lkoZ

xq.ku[kaM gSA
l rhuksa fof/;ksa ls izkIr ekè; ,d gh gSA

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lka f[;dh 293

l dfYir ekè; fof/ vkSj ix&fopyu fof/ izR;{k fof/ osQ gh ljyho`Qr :i
gSaA
l lw=k x = a + h u dk rc Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd a vkSj h Åij
nh gqbZ la[;kvksa dh Hkk¡fr u gksa] cfYd os 'kwU; osQ vfrfjDr ,slh okLrfod
xi − a
la[;k,¡ gksa rkfd ui = gksA
h
vkb, bu fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx ,d vU; mnkgj.k ls djsaA
mnkgj.k 2 : uhps nh gqbZ lkj.kh Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa ,oa la?kh; {ks=kksa (union territories)
osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kkas osQ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa] efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ izfr'kr caVu dks n'kkZrh gSA
bl vuqPNsn esa p£pr rhuksa fof/;ksa ls efgyk f'k{kdksa dk ekè; izfr'kr Kkr dhft,A
efgyk f'k{kdksa 15 - 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 55 - 65 65 - 75 75 - 85
dk izfr'kr
jkT;ksa@la?kh; 6 11 7 4 4 2 1
{ks=kksa dh la[;k
(lzksr % ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh }kjk fd;k x;k lkrok¡ vf[ky Hkkjrh; LowQy f'k{kk losZ)
gy : vkb, izR;sd oxZ varjky dk xi Kkr djsa vkSj mUgsa ,d LraHk esa j[ksa
(nsf[k, lkj.kh 14-6)A
lkj.kh 14.6

efgyk f'k{kdksa dk jkT;ksa@la?kh; {ks=kksa xi

izfr'kr dh la[;k ( fi )
15 - 25 6 20
25 - 35 11 30
35 - 45 7 40
45 - 55 4 50
55 - 65 4 60
65 - 75 2 70

75 - 85 1 80

2018-19
294 xf.kr

xi − 50
;gk¡] ge a = 50, h = 10, ysrs gSaA rc di = xi – 50 vkSj ui =
10
gksxkA

vc ge di vkSj ui Kkr djrs gSa vkSj bUgsa lkj.kh 14-7 esa j[krs gSaA
lkj.kh 14.7
x i - 50
efgyk f'k{kdksa jkT;ksa@la?kh; xi di = xi – 50 ui =
10
fixi fidi fiui

dk {ks=kkas dh
izfr'kr la[;k ( fi )
15 - 25 6 20 –30 –3 120 –180 –18
25 - 35 11 30 –20 –2 330 –220 –22
35 - 45 7 40 –10 –1 280 –70 –7
45 - 55 4 50 0 0 200 0 0
55 - 65 4 60 10 1 240 40 4
65 - 75 2 70 20 2 140 40 4
75 - 85 1 80 30 3 80 30 3

;ksx 35 1390 –360 –36

mijksDr lkj.kh ls] geaas Σfi= 35, Σfixi = 1390, Σfi di = – 360, Σfiui = –36 izkIr gksrk gSA
Σfi xi 1390
izR;{k fof/ dk iz;ksx djus ls] x= = = 39.71
Σfi 35
dfYir ekè; fof/ dk iz;ksx djus ls]
Σfi di ( −360)
x = a+ = 50 + = 39.71
Σfi 35
ix&fopyu fof/ osQ iz;ksx ls]
 Σf u   – 36 
x = a +  i i  × h = 50 +   × 10 = 39.71
 Σf i   35 
vr%] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa efgyk f'k{kdksa dk ekè; izfr'kr
39-71 gSA

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lka f[;dh 295

fVIi.kh : lHkh rhuksa fof/;ksa ls izkIr ifj.kke ,d gh leku gSA vr%] ekè; Kkr djus dh
fof/ pquuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd xi vkSj fi osQ eku D;k gSAa ;fn xi vkSj fi i;kZIr
:i ls NksVs gS]a rks izR;{k fof/ gh mi;qDr jgrh gSA ;fn xi vkSj fi osQ eku la[;kRed :i
ls cM+s gS]a rks ge dfYir ekè; fof/ ;k ix&fopyu fof/ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSAa ;fn
oxZeki vleku gSa vkSj xi la[;kRed :i ls cM+s gS]a rks Hkh ge lHkh di dk ,d mi;qDr
loZfu"B xq.ku[kaM h ysdj] ix&fopyu fof/ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSAa
mnkgj.k 3 : uhps fn;k gqvk caVu ,dfnolh; fØosQV eSpksa esa] xsanckt+ksa }kjk fy, x,
fofdVksa dh la[;k n'kkZrk gSA mi;qDr fof/ pqurs gq,] fy, x, fofdVksa dk ekè; Kkr
dhft,A ;g ekè; D;k lwfpr djrk gS\
fofdVksa dh 20 - 60 60 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 250 250 - 350 350 - 450
la[;k
xsanckt+ksa dh 7 5 16 12 2 3
la[;k
gy : ;gk¡ oxZ eki fHkUu&fHkUu gSa rFkk xi la[;kRed :i ls cM+s gSaA vkb, a = 200
vkSj h = 20 ysdj ix&fopyu fof/ dk iz;ksx djsaA rc] ge lkj.kh 14-8 esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj vk¡dM+s izkIr djrs gSa %
lkj.kh 14.8
di
fy, x, xsanckt+ksa xi di = xi – 200 ui = u i fi
20
fofdVksa dh la[;k
dh la[;k ( fi )

20 - 60 7 40 –160 –8 –56
60 - 100 5 80 –120 –6 –30
100 - 150 16 125 –75 –3.75 –60
150 - 250 12 200 0 0 0
250 - 350 2 300 100 5 10
350 - 450 3 400 200 10 30

;ksx 45 –106

2018-19
296 xf.kr

−106  −106 
vr%] u = gSA blfy,] x = 200 + 20   = 200 – 47.11 = 152.89 gSA
45  45 
;g gesa crkrk gS fd mijksDr 45 xsanckt+ksa us ,dfnolh; fØosQV eSpksa esa
152-89 dh vkSlr ls fofdV fy, gSaA
vkb, ns[ksa fd bl vuqPNsn esa i<+h vo/kj.kkvksa dks vki fdl izdkj vuqiz;ksx dj
ldrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 2 :
viuh d{kk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks rhu lewgksa esa ck¡fV, vkSj izR;sd lewg ls fuEufyf[kr esa
ls ,d fØ;kdyki djus dks dfg, %
1. vkiosQ Ldwy }kjk gky gh esa yh xbZ ijh{kk esa] viuh d{kk osQ lHkh fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk
xf.kr esa izkIr fd, x, vad ,df=kr dhft,A bl izdkj izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dk ,d
oxhZo`Qr ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh cukb,A
2. vius 'kgj esa 30 fnu dk fjdkWMZ fd, x, nSfud vf/dre rkieku ,df=kr
dhft,A bu vk¡dM+kas dks ,d oxhZoQ` r ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh osQ :i esa izLrqr dhft,A
3. viuh d{kk osQ lHkh fo|k£Fk;ksa dh Å¡pkb;k¡ (cm esa) ekfi, vkSj mudk ,d oxhZo`Qr
ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh cukb,A
tc lHkh lewg vk¡dM+s ,df=kr djosQ mudh oxhZo`Qr ckjackjrk caVu lkjf.k;k¡ cuk
ysa] rc izR;sd lewg ls vius ckjackjrk caVu dk ekè; fudkyus dks dfg,A blesa os tks
fof/ mi;qDr le>sa mldk iz;ksx djsaA
ç'ukoyh 14.1
1. fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ,d lewg }kjk vius i;kZoj.k lapsruk vfHk;ku osQ varxZr ,d losZ{k.k fd;k
x;k] ftlesa mUgksaus ,d eksgYys osQ 20 ?kjksa esa yxs gq, ikS/ksa ls lacaf/r fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+s
,df=kr fd,A izfr ?kj ekè; ikS/ksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
ikS/ksa dh la[;k 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 14

?kjksa dh la[;k 1 2 1 5 6 2 3

ekè; Kkr djus osQ fy, vkius fdl fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj D;ksa\

2018-19
lka f[;dh 297

2. fdlh iSQDVjh osQ 50 Jfedksa dh nSfud et+nwjh osQ fuEufyf[kr caVu ij fopkj dhft, %
nSfud et+nwjh (#i;ksa esa) 500 - 520 520 - 540 540 - 560 560 - 580 580 - 600

Jfedksa dh la[;k 12 14 8 6 10
,d mi;qDr fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] bl iSQDVªh osQ Jfedksa dh ekè; nSfud et+nwjh Kkr
dhft,A
3. fuEufyf[kr caVu ,d eksgYys osQ cPpksa osQ nSfud tsc[kpZ n'kkZrk gSA ekè; tsc[kpZ ` 18
gSA yqIr ckjackjrk f Kkr dhft, %
nSfud tsc HkÙkk 11 - 13 13 - 15 15 - 17 17 - 19 19 - 21 21 - 23 23 - 25
(#i;ksa esa)
cPpksa dh la[;k 7 6 9 13 f 5 4

4. fdlh vLirky esa] ,d MkWDVj }kjk 30 efgykvksa dh tk¡p dh xbZ vkSj muosQ ân; Lianu
(beat) dh izfr feuV la[;k uksV djosQ uhps n'kkZ, vuqlkj laf{kIr :i esa fy[kh xbZA ,d
mi;qDr fof/ pqurs gq,] bu efgykvksa osQ ân; Lianu dh izfr feuV ekè; la[;k Kkr
dhft, %
ân; Lianu dh izfr 65 - 68 68 - 71 71 - 74 74 - 77 77 - 80 80 - 83 83 - 86
feuV la[;k
efgykvksa dh la[;k 2 4 3 8 7 4 2

5. fdlh iqQVdj ckt+kj esa] iQy foozsQrk isfV;ksa esa j[ks vke csp jgs FksA bu isfV;ksa esa vkeksa dh
la[;k,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu FkhaA isfV;ksa dh la[;k osQ vuqlkj] vkeksa dk caVu fuEufyf[kr Fkk %
vkeksa dh la[;k 50 - 52 53 - 55 56 - 58 59 - 61 62 - 64

isfV;ksa dh la[;k 15 110 135 115 25

,d isVh esa j[ks vkeksa dh ekè; la[;k Kkr dhft,A vkius ekè; Kkr djus dh fdl fofèk
dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
6. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh fdlh eksgYys osQ 25 ifjokjksa esa Hkkstu ij gq, nSfud O;; dks n'kkZrh gS %
nSfud O;; 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
(#i;ksa esa)
ifjokjksa dh la[;k 4 5 12 2 2

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,d mi;qDr fof/ }kjk Hkkstu ij gqvk ekè; O;; Kkr dhft,A
7. ok;q esa lYiQj MkbZ&vkWDlkbM (SO2) oQh lkanzrk (Hkkx izfr fefy;u esa) dks Kkr djus osQ
fy,] ,d uxj osQ 30 eksgYyksa ls vk¡dM+s ,df=kr fd, x,] ftUgsa uhps izLrqr fd;k x;k
gS %
SO2 dh lkanzrk ckjackjrk
0.00 - 0.04 4
0.04 - 0.08 9
0.08 - 0.12 9
0.12 - 0.16 2
0.16 - 0.20 4
0.20 - 0.24 2

ok;q esa SO2 dh lkanzrk dk ekè; Kkr dhft,A

8. fdlh d{kk vè;kfidk us iwjs l=k osQ fy, viuh d{kk osQ 40 fo|k£Fk;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr
fuEufyf[kr :i esa fjdkWMZ (record) dhA ,d fo|kFkhZ ftrus fnu vuqifLFkr jgk mudk ekè;
Kkr dhft, %
fnuksa dh 0-6 6 - 10 10 - 14 14 - 20 20 - 28 28 - 38 38 - 40
la[;k
fo|k£Fk;ksa 11 10 7 4 4 3 1
dh la[;k
9. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh 35 uxjksa dh lk{kjrk nj (izfr'kr esa) n'kkZrh gSA ekè; lk{kjrk nj Kkr
dhft, %
lk{kjrk nj (% esa) 45 - 55 55 - 65 65 - 75 75 - 85 85 - 95

uxjksa dh la[;k 3 10 11 8 3

14.3 oxhZo`Qr vka¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd

d{kk IX ls ;kn dhft, fd cgqyd (mode) fn, gq, izs{k.kksa esa og eku gS tks lcls
vfèkd ckj vkrk gS] vFkkZr~ ml izs{k.k dk eku ftldh ckjackjrk vf/dre gSA lkFk gh]
geus voxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa osQ cgqyd Kkr djus dh Hkh ppkZ d{kk IX esa dh FkhA ;gk¡] ge
oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr djus dh fof/ dh ppkZ djsaxsA ;g laHko gS fd ,d

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lka f[;dh 299

ls vf/d ekuksa dh ,d gh vf/dre ckjackjrk gksA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa] vk¡dM+ksa dks
cgqcgqydh; (multi modal ) vk¡dM+s dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi] oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+s Hkh cgqcgqydh;
gks ldrs gSa] ijarq ge viuh ppkZ dks osQoy ,d gh cgqyd okyh leL;kvksa rd gh
lhfer j[ksaxsA
vkb, igys ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls ;g ;kn djsa fd voxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk
cgqyd geus fdl izdkj Kkr fd;k FkkA
mnkgj.k 4 : fdlh xsanckt+ }kjk 10 fØosQV eSpksa esa fy, x, fofdVksa dh la[;k,¡
fuEufyf[kr gSa %
2 6 4 5 0 2 1 3 2 3
bu vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
gy : vkb, mijksDr vk¡dM+ksa osQ fy,] ,d ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh cuk,¡] tSlk fd uhps
n'kkZ;k x;k gS %
fofdVksa dh la[;k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

fØosQV eSpksa dh la[;k 1 1 3 2 1 1 1

Li"V gS fd xsanckt+ us vf/dre eSpksa (3) esa 2 fofdV fy, gSaA vr%] bu vk¡dM+ksa
dk cgqyd 2 gSA
,d oxhZo`Qr ckjackjrk caVu esa] ckjackjrkvksa dks ns[kdj cgqyd Kkr djuk laHko
ugha gSA ;gk¡] ge osQoy og oxZ (class) Kkr dj ldrs gSa ftldh ckjackjrk vf/dre
gSA bl oxZ dks cgqyd oxZ (modal class) dgrs gSaA cgqyd bl cgqyd oxZ osQ vanj
dksbZ eku gS] ftls fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS %
 f1 − f0 
cgqyd = l+ ×h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
tgk¡ l= cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu (fupyh) lhek
h = oxZ varjky dh eki (;g ekurs gq, fd lHkh varjky cjkcj ekiksa osQ gS)
a
f1 = cgqyd oxZ dh ckjackjrk
f0 = cgqyd oxZ ls Bhd igys oxZ dh ckjackjrk rFkk
f2 = cgqyd oxZ osQ Bhd ckn esa vkus okyss oxZ dh ckjackjrk gSA

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bl lw=k dk iz;ksx n'kkZus osQ fy,] vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysaA

mnkgj.k 5 : fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ,d lewg }kjk ,d eksgYys osQ 20 ifjokjksa ij fd, x,
losZ{k.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu ifjokjksa osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k ls lacaf/r fuEufyf[kr
vk¡dM+s izkIr gq, %

ifjokj eki 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9 - 11

ifjokjksa dh 7 8 2 2 1
la[;k
bu vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;gk¡] vf/dre oxZ ckjackjrk 8 gS rFkk bl ckjackjrk dk laxr oxZ 3&5 gSA vr%]
cgqyd oxZ 3&5 gSA
vc]
cgqyd oxZ = 3 - 5, cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu lhek (l) = 3 rFkk oxZ eki (h) = 2 gSA
cgqyd oxZ dh ckjackjrk (f1) = 8
cgqyd oxZ ls Bhd igys okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk (f0) = 7 rFkk
cgqyd oxZ osQ Bhd ckn esa vkus okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk (f2) = 2 gSA
vkb, bu ekuksa dks lw=k esa izfrLFkkfir djsaA gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 f1 − f0 
cgqyd = l+ ×h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 

 8−7  2
= 3+  × 2 = 3 + = 3.286
2×8 − 7 − 2 7
vr%] mijksDr vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd 3.286 gSA
mnkgj.k 6 : xf.kr dh ,d ijh{kk esa 30 fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vadksa dk caVu
mnkgj.k 1 dh lkj.kh 14-3 esa fn;k x;k gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A lkFk
gh] cgqyd vkSj ekè; dh rqyuk dhft, vkSj budh O;k[;k dhft,A

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lka f[;dh 301

gy : mnkgj.k 1 dh lkj.kh 14-3 dks nsf[k,A pw¡fd vf/dre fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k (7)
okyk varjky 40&55 gS] blfy, cgqyd oxZ 40&55 gSA vr%]
cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu lhek (l) = 40 gS]
oxZ eki (h) = 15 gS]
cgqyd oxZ dh ckjackjrk (f1) = 7 gS]
cgqyd oxZ ls Bhd igys vkus okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk (f0) = 3 gS]
rFkk cgqyd oxZ osQ Bhd ckn esa vkus okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk (f2) = 6 gSA
vc] lw=k dk iz;ksx djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 f1 − f0 
cgqyd = l + ×h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 

 7−3 
= 40 +   × 15 = 52
 14 − 6 − 3 
vr%] cgqyd vad 52 gSA
vc] mnkgj.k 1 ls vki tkurs gSa fd ekè; vad 62 gSA
vr%] vf/dre fo|k£Fk;ksa dk vad 52 gS rFkk vkSlr osQ :i esa izR;sd fo|kFkhZ
us 62 vad izkIr fd, gSaA
fVIi.kh :
1. mnkgj.k 6 esa] cgqyd ekè; ls NksVk gSA ijarq fdUgha vkSj leL;kvksa (iz'uksa) osQ fy,
;g ekè; osQ cjkcj ;k mlls cM+k Hkh gks ldrk gSA
2. ;g fLFkfr dh ek¡x ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd gekjh #fp fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x,
vkSlr vadksa esa gS ;k fiQj vf/dre fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vkSlr vadksa esa gSA
igyh fLFkfr esa] ekè; dh vko';drk gksxh rFkk nwljh fLFkfr esa cgqyd dh vko';drk
gksxhA
fØ;kdyki 3 : fØ;kdyki 2 esa cuk, x, lewgksa vkSj mudks fu£n"V fd, dk;ks± osQ lkFk
fØ;kdyki tkjh jf[k,A izR;sd lewg ls vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr djus dks dfg,A muls
bldh rqyuk ekè; ls djus dks dfg, rFkk nksuksa osQ vFkks± dh O;k[;k djus dks dfg,A
fVIi.kh : vleku oxZ ekiksa okys oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Hkh ifjdfyr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ijarq ;gk¡ ge bldh ppkZ ugha djsaxsA

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302 xf.kr
ç'ukoyh 14.2
1. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh fdlh vLirky esa ,d fo'ks"k o"kZ esa HkrhZ gq, jksfx;ksa dh vk;q dks n'kkZrh
gS %
vk;q (o"kks± esa) 5 - 15 15 - 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 55 - 65

jksfx;ksa dh la[;k 6 11 21 23 14 5

mijksDr vk¡dM+ksa osQ cgqyd vkSj ekè; Kkr dhft,A nksuksa osQanzh; izo`fÙk dh ekiksa dh rqyuk
dhft, vkSj mudh O;k[;k dhft,A
2. fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+s] 225 fctyh midj.kksa osQ izsf{kr thou dky (?kaVksa esa) dh lwpuk nsrs
gSa %
thoudky (?kaVksa esa) 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 120

ckjackjrk 10 35 52 61 38 29

midj.kksa dk cgqyd thoudky Kkr dhft,A

3. fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+s fdlh xk¡o osQ 200 ifjokjksa osQ oqQy ekfld ?kjsyw O;; osQ caVu dks
n'kkZrs gSaA bu ifjokjksa dk cgqyd ekfld O;; Kkr dhft,A lkFk gh] ekè; ekfld O;;
Hkh Kkr dhft,A
O;; (` esa) ifjokjksa dh la[;k
1000 - 1500 24
1500 - 2000 40
2000 - 2500 33
2500 - 3000 28
3000 - 3500 30
3500 - 4000 22
4000 - 4500 16
4500 - 5000 7

4. fuEufyf[kr caVu Hkkjr osQ mPprj ekè;fed LowQyksa esa] jkT;ksa osQ vuqlkj] f'k{kd&fo|kFkhZ
vuqikr dks n'kkZrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa osQ cgqyd vkSj ekè; Kkr dhft,A nksuksa ekidksa dh
O;k[;k dhft,A

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lka f[;dh 303

izfr f'k{kd fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k jkT;@la?kh; {ks=kksa dh la[;k

15 - 20 3
20 - 25 8
25 - 30 9
30 - 35 10
35 - 40 3
40 - 45 0
45 - 50 0
50 - 55 2

5. fn;k gqvk caVu fo'o osQ oqQN Js"Bre cYysckt+ksa }kjk ,dfnolh; varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV eSpksa
esa cuk, x, juksa dks n'kkZrk gS %
cuk, x, ju cYysckt+ksa dh la[;k
3000 - 4000 4
4000 - 5000 18
5000 - 6000 9
6000 - 7000 7
7000 - 8000 6
8000 - 9000 3
9000 - 10,000 1
10,000 - 11,000 1

bu vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A

6. ,d fo|kFkhZ us ,d lM+d osQ fdlh LFkku ls gksdj tkrh gqbZ dkjksa dh la[;k,¡ uksV dh
vkSj mUgsa uhps nh gqbZ lkj.kh osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;kA lkj.kh esa fn;k izR;sd izs{k.k 3 feuV
osQ varjky eas ml LFkku ls gksdj tkus okyh dkjksa dh la[;kvksa ls lacaf/r gSA ,sls 100
varjkyksa ij izs{k.k fy, x,A bu vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
dkjksa dh la[;k 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80

ckjackjrk 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8

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304 xf.kr
14.4 oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d
tSlkfd vki d{kk IX esa i<+ pqosQ gSa] ekè;d (median) osQanzh; izo`fÙk dk ,slk ekid gS]
tks vk¡dM+ksa esa lcls chp osQ izs{k.k dk eku nsrk gSA ;kn dhft, fd voxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa
dk ekè;d Kkr djus osQ fy,] igys ge izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa dks vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr
 n + 1
djrs gSaA vc] ;fn n fo"ke gS] rks ekè;d   osa izs{k.k dk eku gksrk gSA ;fn n le
 2 
n n
gS] rks ekè;d oas vkSj 2
+1 osa izs{k.kksa osQ ekuksa dk vkSlr (ekè;) gksrk gSA
2
ekuk] gesa fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d Kkr djuk gS tks ,d ijh{kk esa 100
fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk 50 esa ls izkIr vad nsrs gSaA
izkIrkad 20 29 28 33 42 38 43 25

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 6 28 24 15 2 4 1 20

igys izkIr vadksa dk vkjksgh Øe rS;kj djsa vkSj ckjackjrk lkj.kh dks fuEu izdkj
ls cuk,¡A
lkj.kh 14.9
izkIrkad fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
ckjackjrk
20 6
25 20
28 24
29 28
33 15
38 4
42 2
43 1

;ksx 100

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lka f[;dh 305

n n 
;gk¡ n = 100 gS tks le la[;k gSA ekè;d izs{k.k osa rFkk  + 1 osa izs{k.k dk
2 2
vkSlr gksxkA vFkkZr~ 50osa rFkk 51osa izs{k.kksa dk vkSlrA bu izs{k.kksa dks Kkr djus osQ fy,]
ge fuEu izdkj c<+rs gSaA
lkj.kh 14.10
izkIrkad fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
20 6
25 rd 6 + 20 = 26
28 rd 26 + 24 = 50
29 rd 50 + 28 = 78
33 rd 78 + 15 = 93
38 rd 93 + 4 = 97
42 rd 97 + 2 = 99
43 rd 99 + 1 = 100

vc ge bl lwpuk dks n'kkZrk ,d u;k LraHk mijksDr ckjackjrk lkj.kh esa tksM+rs gSa
rFkk mls lap;h ckjackjrk LraHk dk uke nsrs gSaA
lkj.kh 14.11
izkIrkad fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k lap;h ckjackjrk
20 6 6
25 20 26
28 24 50
29 28 78
33 15 93
38 4 97
42 2 99
43 1 100

2018-19
306 xf.kr
mijksDr lkj.kh ls ge ikrs gSa%
50ok¡ izs{k.k 28 gS (D;ksas\)
51ok¡ izs{k.k 29 gS
28 + 29
blfy,] ekè;d = = 28.5
2
fVIi.kh : lkj.kh 14-11 osQ Hkkx esa lfEefyr LraHk 1 vkSj 3 lap;h ckjackjrk lkj.kh osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ekè;d vad 28-5 lwfpr djrk gS fd yxHkx 50 izfr'kr
fo|k£Fk;ksa us 28-5 ls de vad vkSj nwljs vU; 50 izfr'kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa us 28-5 ls vfèkd
vad izkIr fd,A
vkb, ns[ksa fd fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr esa lewfgr vk¡dM+s dk ekè;d oSQls izkIr djrs gSAa
fuEukuqlkj ,d fuf'pr ijh{kk esa 100 esa 53 fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr vadksa dk lewfgr
ckjackjrk caVu ij fopkj djsaA
lkj.kh 14.12
izkIrkad fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k
0 - 10 5
10 - 20 3
20 - 30 4
30 - 40 3
40 - 50 3
50 - 60 4
60 - 70 7
70 - 80 9
80 - 90 7
90 - 100 8

mijksDr lkj.kh ls fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus dk iz;kl djsaA

fdrus fo|k£Fk;ksa us 10 ls de vad izkIr fd, gSa\ Li"Vr;k] mÙkj 5 gSA
fdrus fo|k£Fk;ksa us 20 ls de vad izkIr fd, gSa\ è;ku nhft, fd 20 ls de vad
izkIr djus okys fo|k£Fk;ksa esa os fo|kFkhZ lfEefyr gSa] ftUgksaus oxZ 0 - 10 esa vad izkIr fd,
gSa vkSj os fo|kFkhZ Hkh lfEefyr gSa ftUgksaus oxZ 10 - 20 esa vad izkIr fd, gSaA vr%] 20

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lka f[;dh 307

ls de vad izkIr djus okys fo|k£Fk;ksa dh oqQy la[;k 5 + 3 vFkkZr~ 8 gSA ge dgrs gSa
fd oxZ 10 - 20 dh lap;h ckjackjrk (cumulative frequency) 8 gSA
blh izdkj] ge vU; oxks± dh lap;h ckjackjrk,¡ Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSa] vFkkZr~ ge
;g Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd 30 ls de vad izkIr djus okys fdrus fo|kFkhZ gSa] 40 ls de
vad izkIr djus okys fdrus fo|kFkhZ gSa] ---] 100 ls de vad izkIr djus okys fdrus
fo|kFkhZ gSaA ge bUgsa uhps ,d lkj.kh 14-13 osQ :i esa ns jgs gSa %
lkj.kh 14.13

izkIrkad fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k

(lap;h ckjackjrk)
10 ls de 5
20 ls de 5+3=8
30 ls de 8 + 4 = 12
40 ls de 12 + 3 = 15
50 ls de 15 + 3 = 18
60 ls de 18 + 4 = 22
70 ls de 22 + 7 = 29
80 ls de 29 + 9 = 38
90 ls de 38 + 7 = 45
100 ls de 45 + 8 = 53

mijksDr caVu ls de izdkj dk lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dgykrk gSA ;gk¡ 10, 20,
30, . . . 100, laxr oxZ varjkyksa dh mifj lhek,¡ gSaA
ge blh izdkj mu fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;kvksa osQ fy, Hkh ftUgksaus 0 ls vf/d ;k
mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSa] 10 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSa] 20
ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSa] bR;kfn osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh cuk ldrs
gSaA lkj.kh 14-12 ls ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd lHkh 53 fo|k£Fk;ksa us 0 ls vf/d ;k 0 osQ
cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSaA pw¡fd varjky 0 - 10 esa 5 fo|kFkhZ gSa] blfy, 53 – 5 = 48
fo|k£Fk;ksa us 10 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSaA blh izfØ;k dks tkjh
j[krs gq, ge 20 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 48 – 3 = 45, 30 ls vfèkd ;k mlosQ cjkcj
45 – 4 = 41, bR;kfn fo|kFkhZ izkIr djrs gSa] ftUgsa lkj.kh 14-14 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

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308 xf.kr
lkj.kh 14.14

izkIrkad fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k

(lap;h ckjackjrk)
0 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 53
10 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 53 – 5 = 48
20 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 48 – 3 = 45
30 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 45 – 4 = 41
40 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 41 – 3 = 38
50 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 38 – 3 = 35
60 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 35 – 4 = 31
70 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 31 – 7 = 24
80 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 24 – 9 = 15
90 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 15 – 7 = 8

mijksDr lkj.kh ;k caVu vf/d izdkj dk lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dgykrk gSA
;gk¡ 0, 10, 20, . . ., 90 laxr oxZ varjkyksa dh fuEu lhek,¡ gSaA
vc] oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge mijksDr nksuksa izdkj osQ
lap;h ckjackjrk caVuksa esa ls fdlh caVu dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
ge lkj.kh 14-12 vkSj lkj.kh 14-13 dks feykdj ,d u;h lkj.kh 14-15 cuk ysa
tks uhps nh xbZ gS %
lkj.kh 14.15
izkIrkad fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k ( f ) lap;h ckjackjrk (cf )
0 - 10 5 5
10 - 20 3 8
20 - 30 4 12
30 - 40 3 15
40 - 50 3 18
50 - 60 4 22
60 - 70 7 29
70 - 80 9 38
80 - 90 7 45
90 - 100 8 53

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lka f[;dh 309

vc] oxhZÑr vk¡dM+ksa osQ lcls eè; osQ izs{k.k dks ge osQoy lap;h ckjackjrk,¡ ns[k
dj gh ugha Kkr dj ldrs] D;ksafd lcls eè; dk izs{k.k fdlh varjky esa gksxkA vr%]
;g vko';d gS fd bl eè; izs{k.k dks ml oxZ varjky esa [kkstk tk,] tks vk¡dM+ksa dks
nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djrk gSA ijarq ;g oxZ varjky dkSu&lk gS\
n
bl varjky dks Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge lHkh oxks± dh lap;h ckjackjrk,¡ vkSj
2
n
Kkr djrs gSaA vc] ge og oxZ [kkstrs gSa ftldh lap;h ckjackjrk ls vf/d vkSj
2
mlosQ fudVre gSA bl oxZ dks ekè;d oxZ (median class) dgrs gSaA mijksDr caVu esa]
n
n = 53 gSA vr%] = 26.5 gqvkA vc] 60 - 70 gh og oxZ gS ftldh lap;h ckjackjrk 29,
2
n
vFkkZr~ 26.5 ls vf/d vkSj mlosQ fudVre gSA
2
vr%] 60 - 70 ekè;d oxZ gSA
ekè;d oxZ Kkr djus osQ ckn] ge fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk iz;ksx djosQ ekè;d Kkr
djrs gSa %
n 
 2 − cf 
ekè;d = l +   × h,
 f 
 
tgk¡ l= ekè;d oxZ dh fuEu lhek
n= izs{k.kksa dh la[;k
cf = ekè;d oxZ ls Bhd igys okys oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrk
f= ekè;d oxZ dh ckjackjrk
h= oxZ eki (;g ekurs gq, fd oxZ eki cjkcj gSa)
n
vc = 26.5, l = 60, cf = 22, f = 7, h = 10
2
dks lw=k esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 26.5 − 22  45
ekè;d = 60 +   × 10 = 60 +
 7  7
= 66.4
vr%] yxHkx vk/s fo|k£Fk;ksa us 66-4 ls de vad izkIr fd, gSa vkSj 'ks"k vk/s fo|k£Fk;ksa
us 66-4 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj vad izkIr fd, gSaA

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310 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 7 : fdlh LowQy dh d{kk X dh 51 yM+fd;ksa dh Å¡pkb;ksa dk ,d losZ{k.k
fd;k x;k vkSj fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+s izkIr fd, x, %
Å¡pkbZ (cm esa) yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k
140 ls de 4
145 ls de 11
150 ls de 29
155 ls de 40
160 ls de 46
165 ls de 51

ekè;d Å¡pkbZ Kkr dhft,A

gy : ekè;d Å¡pkbZ Kkr djus osQ fy,] gesa oxZ varjky vkSj mudh ckjackjrkvksa dh
vko';drk gSA
pw¡fd fn;k gqvk caVu de izdkj dk gS] blfy, gesa oxZ varjkyksa dh mifj lhek,¡
140, 145, 150, . . ., 165 izkIr gksrh gSa rFkk buosQ laxr oxZ varjky Øe'k% 140 ls de]
140-145, 145-150,.....160-165 gSaA fn, gq, caVu ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd ,slh 4 yM+fd;k¡
gSa ftudh Å¡pkbZ 140 ls de gS] vFkkZr~ oxZ varjky 140 ls de dh ckjackjrk 4 gSA vc
145 cm ls de Å¡pkbZ okyh 11 yM+fd;k¡ gSa vkSj 140 cm ls de Å¡pkbZ okyh 4 yM+fd;k¡
gSaA vr%] varjky 140 - 145 esa Å¡pkbZ j[kus okyh yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k 11 – 4 = 7 gksxhA
vFkkZr~ oxZ varjky 140 - 145 dh ckjackjrk 7 gSA blh izdkj] 145 – 150 dh ckjackjrk
29 – 11 = 18 gS] 150 - 155 dh ckjackjrk 40 – 29 = 11 gS] bR;kfnA vr% lap;h ckjackjrkvksa
osQ lkFk gekjh ckjackjrk caVu lkj.kh fuEufyf[kr :i dh gks tkrh gS %
lkj.kh 14.16

oxZ varjky ckjackjrk lap;h ckjackjrk

140 ls de 4 4
140 - 145 7 11
145 - 150 18 29
150 - 155 11 40
155 - 160 6 46
160 - 165 5 51

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lka f[;dh 311

n 51
vc n = 51 gSA vr%] = = 25.5 gSA ;g izs{k.k varjky 145 - 150 esa vkrk gSA rc]
2 2
(fuEu lhek) = 145,
l
ekè;d oxZ 145 - 150 osQ Bhd igys oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrk (cf ) = 11,
ekè;d oxZ 145 – 150 dh ckjackjrk f = 18 rFkk oxZ eki h = 5 gSA
n 
 2 − cf 
lw=k] ekè;d = l +  f  × h dk iz;ksx djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 
 

 25.5 − 11 
ekè;d = 145 +  ×5
 18 
72.5
= 145 + = 149.03
18
vr%] yM+fd;ksa dh ekè;d Å¡pkbZ 149.03 cm gSA
bldk vFkZ gS fd yxHkx 50% yM+fd;ksa dh Å¡pkb;k¡ 149.03 cm ls de ;k mlosQ
cjkcj gS rFkk 'ks"k 50% dh Å¡pkb;k¡ 149.03 cm ls vf/d gSA
mnkgj.k 8 : fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d 525 gSA ;fn ckjackjrkvksa dk ;ksx 100 gS]
rks x vkSj y dk eku Kkr dhft,A
oxZ varjky ckjackjrk
0 - 100 2
100 - 200 5
200 -300 x
300 - 400 12
400 - 500 17
500 - 600 20
600 - 700 y
700 - 800 9
800 - 900 7
900 - 1000 4

2018-19
312 xf.kr
gy :
oxZ varjky ckjackjrk lap;h ckjackjrk
0 - 100 2 2
100 - 200 5 7
200 - 300 x 7+x
300 - 400 12 19 + x
400 - 500 17 36 + x
500 - 600 20 56 + x
600 - 700 y 56 + x + y
700 - 800 9 65 + x + y
800 - 900 7 72 + x + y
900 - 1000 4 76 + x + y

;g fn;k gS fd n = 100 gSA

vr%] 76 + x + y = 100 vFkkZr~ x + y = 24 (1)
ekè;d 525 gS] tks oxZ 500&600 esa fLFkr gSA
vr%] l = 500, f = 20, cf = 36 + x, h = 100 gSA
n 
 − cf 
lw=k ekè;d = l +  2  h, dk iz;ksx djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 f 
 

 50 − 36 − x 
525 = 500 +   × 100
 20 
;k 525 – 500 = (14 – x) × 5
;k 25 = 70 – 5x
;k 5x = 70 – 25 = 45
vr% x= 9
blfy, (1) ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS fd 9+y= 24

2018-19
lka f[;dh 313

vFkkZr~ y = 15
vc tc geus rhuksa osQanzh; izo`fÙk osQ ekidksa dk vè;;u dj fy;k gS] rks vkb,
bl ckr dh ppkZ djsa fd ,d fof'k"V vko';drk osQ fy,] dkSu&lk ekid vf/d
mi;qDr jgsxkA
osQanzh; izo`fÙk dk vf/drj iz;ksx gksus okyk ekid ekè; gS] D;ksafd ;g lHkh isz{k.kksa
ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS rFkk nksuksa pje ekuksa osQ chp esa fLFkr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~] ;g laiw.kZ
vk¡dM+ksa esa lcls cM+s vkSj lcls NksVs izs{k.kksa osQ chp esa fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g gesa nks ;k
vf/d fn, gq, caVuksa dh rqyuk djus esa Hkh lgk;d gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fdlh ijh{kk esa]
fofHkUu LowQyksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vadksa osQ vkSlr (ekè;) dh rqyuk
djosQ ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd fdl LowQy dk izn'kZu csgrj jgkA
ijarq vk¡dM+ksa osQ pje eku ekè; ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] yxHkx ,d&lh
ckjackjrkvksa okys oxks± dk ekè; fn, gq, vk¡dM+ksa dk ,d vPNk izfrfuf/ gksxkA ijarq ;fn
,d oxZ dh ckjackjrk eku yhft, 2 gks vkSj 'ks"k ik¡p oxks± dh ckjackjrk,¡ 20] 25] 20]
21 vkSj 18 gksa] rks budk ekè; vk¡dM+ksa dk lgh izfr¯cc iznku ugha djsxkA vr% ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy,] ekè; vk¡dM+ksa dk ,d vPNk izfrfuf/Ro ugha djsxkA
mu leL;kvksa esa] tgk¡ O;fDrxr izs{k.k egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrs vkSj ge ,d ^izrhdkRed*
(typical) izs{k.k Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ekè;d vf/d mi;qDr jgrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
fdlh jk"Vª osQ Jfedksa dh izrhdkRed mRikndrk nj] vkSlr et+nwjh] bR;kfn osQ fy,
ekè;d ,d mi;qDr ekid jgrk gSA ;s ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftuesa pje (vFkkZr~ cgqr cM+s
;k cgqr NksVs) eku lac¼ gks ldrs gSaA vr%] bu fLFkfr;ksa esa] ge ekè; osQ LFkku ij]
osQanzh; izo`fÙk dk ekid ekè;d ysrs gSaA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa] tgk¡ vf/drj vkus okyk eku LFkkfir djuk gks ;k lcls vfèkd
yksdfiz; oLrq dk irk djuk gks] rks cgqyd lcls vf/d vPNk fodYi gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] lcls vf/d ns[ks tkus okyk yksdfiz; Vhoh izksxzke Kkr djus] ml miHkksDrk
oLrq dks Kkr djus] ftldh ek¡x lcls vf/d gS] yksxksa }kjk okguksa dk lcls vf/d
ilan fd, tkus okyk jax Kkr djus] bR;kfn esa cgqyd mi;qDr ekid gSA
fVIif.k;k¡ :
1. bu rhuksa osQanzh; izo`fÙk osQ ekidksa esa ,d vkuqHkkfod laca/ gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gS%
3 ekè;d = cgqyd $ 2 ekè;

2018-19
314 xf.kr
2. vleku oxZekiksa okys oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa osQ ekè;d Hkh ifjdfyr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
ijarq ;gk¡ ge budh ppkZ ugha djsaxsA

ç'ukoyh 14.3
1. fuEufyf[kr ckjackjrk caVu fdlh eksgYys osQ 68 miHkksDrkvksa dh fctyh dh ekfld [kir
n'kkZrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa osQ ekè;d] ekè; vkSj cgqyd Kkr dhft,A budh rqyuk dhft,A

ekfld [kir (bdkb;ksa esa) miHkksDrkvksa dh la[;k

65 - 85 4
85 - 105 5
105 - 125 13
125 - 145 20
145 - 165 14
165 - 185 8
185 - 205 4

2. ;fn uhps fn, gq, caVu dk ekè;d 28-5 gks rks x vkSj y osQ eku Kkr dhft, %
oxZ varjky ckjackjrk
0 - 10 5
10 - 20 x
20 - 30 20
30 - 40 15
40 - 50 y
50 - 60 5
;ksx 60

3. ,d thou chek ,tsaV 100 ikWfylh /kjdksa dh vk;q osQ caVu osQ fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+s Kkr
djrk gSA ekè;d vk;q ifjdfyr dhft,] ;fn ikWfylh osQoy mUgha O;fDr;ksa dks nh tkrh
gS] ftudh vk;q 18 o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d gks] ijarq 60 o"kZ ls de gksA

2018-19
lka f[;dh 315

vk;q (o"kks± eas) ikWfylh /kjdksa dh la[;k

20 ls de 2
25 ls de 6
30 ls de 24
35 ls de 45
40 ls de 78
45 ls de 89
50 ls de 92
55 ls de 98
60 ls de 100

4. ,d ikS/s dh 40 ifÙk;ksa dh yackb;k¡ fudVre feyhehVjksa esa ekih tkrh gS rFkk izkIr vk¡dM+ksa
dks fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh osQ :i esa fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS %
yackbZ (mm esa) ifÙk;ksa dh la[;k
118 - 126 3
127 - 135 5
136 - 144 9
145 - 153 12
154 - 162 5
163 - 171 4
172 - 180 2

ifÙk;ksa dh ekè;d yackbZ Kkr dhft,A

laosQr % ekè;d Kkr djus osQ fy,] vk¡dM+ksa dks lrr oxZ varjkyksa esa cnyuk iM+sxk] D;ksafd
lw=k esa oxZ varjkyksa dks lrr ekuk x;k gSA rc ;s oxZ 117.5 - 126.5, 126.5 - 135.5, . . .,
171.5 - 180.5 esa cny tkrs gSaA

2018-19
316 xf.kr
5. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh 400 fu;kWu ySaiksa osQ thou dkyksa (life time) dks izn£'kr djrh gS %
thou dky (?kaVksa esa) ySaiksa dh la[;k

1500 - 2000 14
2000 - 2500 56
2500 - 3000 60
3000 - 3500 86
3500 - 4000 74
4000 - 4500 62
4500 - 5000 48

,d ySai dk ekè;d thou dky Kkr dhft,A

6. ,d LFkkuh; Vsyhi+Qksu funsZf'kdk ls 100 oqQyuke (surnames) fy, x, vkSj muesa iz;qDr
vaxzst+h o.kZekyk osQ v{kjksa dh la[;k dk fuEufyf[kr ckjackjrk caVu izkIr gqvk %
v{kjksa dh la[;k 1-4 4-7 7 - 10 10 - 13 13 - 16 16 - 29

oqQyukeksa dh la[;k 6 30 40 16 4 4

oqQyukeksa esa ekè;d v{kjksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A oqQyukeksa esa ekè; v{kjksa dh la[;k Kkr
dhft,A lkFk gh] oqQyukeksa dk cgqyd Kkr dhft,A
7. uhps fn;k gqvk caVu ,d d{kk osQ 30 fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ Hkkj n'kkZ jgk gSA fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè;d
Hkkj Kkr dhft,A
Hkkj (fdyksxzke esa) 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75

fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k 2 3 8 6 6 3 2

14.5 lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dk vkys[kh; fu:i.k

tSlkfd ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd fp=k] v{kjksa ls vf/d vPNh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSaA ,d
vkys[kh; fu:i.k gesa ,d gh n`f"V esa muls lacaf/r vk¡dM+ksa dks le>us esa lgk;d fl¼
gksrk gSA d{kk IX esa] geus fn, gq, vk¡dM+ksa dks naM vkys[kksa] vk;rfp=kksa vkSj ckjackjrk
cgqHkqtksa dh lgk;rk ls fu:fir fd;k FkkA vkb, vc ,d lap;h ckjackjrk caVu dks
vkys[kh; :i ls fu:fir djsaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkb, lkj.kh 14-13 esa fn, lap;h ckjackjrk caVu ij fopkj djsaA

2018-19
lka f[;dh 317

;kn dhft, fd eku 10, 20, 30,

..., 100 laxr oxZ varjkyksa dh mifj lhek,¡
gSaA lkj.kh esa fn, vk¡dM+ksa dks vkys[kh;
:i ls fu:fir djus osQ fy,] ge {kSfrt
v{k (x-v{k) ij oxZ varjkyksa dh mifj
lhek,¡ ,d lqfo/ktud iSekuk (scale)
ysdj vafdr djrs gSa rFkk ÅèokZèkj v{k
( y-v{k) ij ogh ;k dksbZ vU; iSekuk
ysdj lap;h ckjackjrk,¡ vafdr djrs gSaA
vFkkZr~ nksuksa v{kksa ij ,d gh iSekuk pquuk vko`Qfr 14.1
vko';d ugha gSA vkb, vc ,d xzkiQ isij ij (mifj lhek] laxr lap;h ckjackjrk)
ls izkIr Øfer ;qXeksa (ordered pairs) osQ laxr ¯cnq (10, 5), (20, 8), (30, 12), (40, 15),
(50, 18), (60, 22), (70, 29), (80, 38), (90, 45), (100, 53) vkysf[kr djsa rFkk bu ¯cnqvksa oQk
,d eqDr e`nq gLr oØ (free hand smooth curve) }kjk feyk,¡A ;g izkIr gqbZ oØ ls de
izdkj dh ,d lap;h ckjackjrk oØ (cumulative frequency curve) ;k rksj.k (ogive)
dgykrh gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 14-1)A
vaxzst+h osQ 'kCn 'ogive' dks 'ogeev' (vkstho) cksyk tkrk gS] ftldh O;qRifÙk 'kCn
'ogee' ls gqbZ gSA ;g ,d mÙky oØ (convex curve) osQ :i esa ygjkrh gqbZ ,d
vory oØ (concave curve) osQ vkdkj dh oØ gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ ;g oØ S osQ
vkdkj dh gksrh gS ftlosQ fljs ÅèokZ/j jgrs gSaA 14oha vkSj 15oha 'krkfCn;ksa dh
xkWfFkd <ax (Gothic style) dh okLrqdyk es]a ogee vkdkj dk oØ ml dyk dh ize[q k
fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d gSA
vc] ge iqu% lkj.kh 14-14 esa fn, gq, (ls vf/d izdkj osQ) lap;h ckjackjrk
caVu ij fopkj djrs gSa vkSj mldk rksj.k [khaprs gSaA
;kn dhft, fd ;gk¡ 0, 10, 20, ...90
Øe'k% laxr oxZ varjkyksa 0 - 10, 10 - 20,
..., 90 - 100 dh fuEu lhek,¡ gSaA ^ls vfèkd
izdkj* osQ vkys[kh; fu:i.k osQ fy,] ge
mi;qDr iSekuk ysrs gq,] ,d xzkiQ isij ij
{kSfrt v{k ij fuEu lhek,¡ rFkk ÅèokZ/j
v{k ij lap;h ckjackjrk,¡ vafdr djrs gSaA
blosQ ckn] ge (fuEu lhek] laxr lap;h
ckja c kjrk) os Q vuq l kj ¯cnq (0, 53),
(10, 48), (20, 45), (30, 41), (40, 38), vko`Qfr 14.2

2018-19
318 xf.kr
(50, 35), (60, 31) (70, 24), (80, 15), (90, 8), vkysf[kr
djrs gSaA fiQj ge ¯cnqvksa dks ,d
eqDr gLr e`nq oØ }kjk feykrs gSaA vc tks gesa oØ izkIr gksrh gS og ^ls vf/d izdkj*
dh ,d lap;h ckjackjrk oØ ;k rksj.k dgykrh gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 14-2)A
fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd nksuksa rksj.k (vko`Qfr 14-1 vkSj vko`Qfr 14-2 okys) leku vk¡dM+kas
osQ laxr gS]a tks lkj.kh 14-12 esa fn, gSAa
vc iz'u mBrk gS fd D;k rksj.k fdlh
:i esa ekè;d ls lacaf/r gS\ D;k lkj.kh
14-12 osQ vk¡dM+ksa osQ laxr [khaph xbZ bu
nksuksa lap;h ckjackjrk oØksa ls ge vk¡dM+ksa
dk ekè;d Kkr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb,
bldh tk¡p djsaA
,d Li"V fof/ ;g gS fd ÅèokZèkj
n 53
v{k ij] = = 26.5 dh fLFkfr Kkr
2 2
djsa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 14-3)A bl ¯cnq
(fLFkfr) ls gksdj] {kSfrt v{k osQ lekarj vko`Qfr 14.3
,d js[kk [khafp, tks mijksDr oØ dks
,d ¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrh gSA bl ¯cnq
ls] {kSfrt v{k ij yac Mkfy,A {kSfrt
v{k vkSj bl yac osQ izfrPNsn ¯cnq ls
gh ekè;d fuèkkZfjr gks tkrk gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 14-3)A
ekè;d Kkr djus dh ,d vU;
fof/ fuEufyf[kr gS %
,d gh v{kksa ij nksuksa izdkj osQ
(vFkkZr~ ls de izdkj osQ vkSj ls vf/d
izdkj osQ) rksj.k [khafp,A nksuksa rksj.k ,d
¯cnq ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA bl ¯cnq ls] vko`Qfr 14.4
ge {kSfrt v{k ij yac [khaprs gSaA ;g yac {kSfrt v{k dks tgk¡ dkVrk gS] ogh vk¡dM+ksa
dk ekè;d gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 14-4)A

2018-19
lka f[;dh 319

mnkgj.k 9 : fdlh eksgYys osQ ,d 'kkW¯ix dkaIysDl (shopping complex) dh 30

nqdkuksa }kjk v£tr fd, x, ok£"kd ykHkksa ls fuEufyf[kr ckjackjrk caVu izkIr gksrk gS %
ykHk (yk[k #i;ksa esa) nqdkuksa dh la[;k

5 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 30

10 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 28

15 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 16

20 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 14

25 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 10

30 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 7

35 ls vf/d ;k mlosQ cjkcj 3

mijksDr vk¡dM+ksa osQ fy, ,d gh v{kksa ij nksuksa rksj.k [khafp,A blosQ ckn] ekè;d ykHk
Kkr dhft,A
gy : igys ge xzkiQ isij ij {kSfrt vkSj
ÅèokZèkj v{k [khaprs gSa] ftuesa ykHk osQ varjkyksa
dh fuEu lhek,¡ {kSfrt v{k osQ vuqfn'k ysrs gSa
vkSj lap;h ckjackjrkvksa dk ÅèokZ/j v{k osQ
vuqfn'k ysrs gSaA fiQj ge ¯cnqvksa (5, 30), (10,
28), (15, 16), (20, 14), (25, 10), (30, 7) vkSj
(35, 3) dks vkysf[kr djosQ ,d eqDr gLr oØ
ls feyk nsrs gSaA blls gesa ^ls vf/d osQ izdkj
dk* rksj.k izkIr gks tkrk gS] tSlkfd vko`Qfr
14-5 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vko`Qfr 14.5

vc vkb, mijksDr lkj.kh ls] oxZ varjky] laxr ckjackjrk,¡ vkSj lap;h ckjackjrk,¡
izkIr djsaA

2018-19
320 xf.kr
lkj.kh 14.17
oxZ varjky 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40

nqdkuksa dh la[;k 2 12 2 4 3 4 3

lap;h ckjackjrk 2 14 16 20 23 27 30

bu ekuksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ge (10, 2), (15, 14),

(20, 16), (25, 20), (30, 23), (35, 27), (40, 30) dks
vko`Qfr 14-5 okys vkys[k esa vkysf[kr djrs gSaA
fiQj budks ,d eqDr gLr oØ }kjk feykdj ^ls
de osQ izdkj dk* rksj.k izkIr djrs gSa] tSlkfd
vko`Qfr 14-6 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA buosQ izfrPNsn
¯cnq ls {kSfrt v{k ij yac Mkyus ij tks {kSfrt
v{k vkSj yac dk izfrPNsn ¯cnq gS] mlh osQ laxr
eku ls ekè;d izkIr gksrk gSA ;g ekè;d 17-5
yk[k #i;s gSA vko`Qfr 14.6
fVIi.kh : mijksDr mnkgj.k esa] oxZ varjky lrr (continuous) FksA rksj.k [khapus ls igys
;g lqfuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd oxZ varjky lrr gksaA (d{kk IX esa nh vk;r fp=kksa dh
jpuk,¡ Hkh nsf[k,A)

ç'ukoyh 14.4
1. fuEufyf[kr caVu fdlh iSQDVªh osQ 50 Jfedksa dh nSfud vk; n'kkZrk gS %
nSfud vk; (#i;ksa es)a 100 - 120 120 - 140 140 - 160 160 - 180 180 - 200

Jfedksa dh la[;k 12 14 8 6 10

^mijksDr caVu dks ,d de izdkj* osQ lap;h ckjackjrk caVu esa cnfy, vkSj mldk rksj.k
[khafp,A
2. fdlh d{kk osQ 35 fo|k£Fk;ksa dh esfMdy tk¡p osQ le;] muosQ Hkkj fuEufyf[kr :i esa
fjdkWMZ fd, x, %

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Hkkj (fd-xzk- esa) fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k

38 ls de 0
40 ls de 3
42 ls de 5
44 ls de 9
46 ls de 14
48 ls de 28
50 ls de 32
52 ls de 35

mijksDr vk¡dM+ksa osQ ^fy, de izdkj dk rksj.k* [khafp,A blosQ ckn ekè;d Hkkj Kkr
dhft,A
3. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh fdlh xk¡o osQ 100 iQkeks± esa gqvk izfr gsDVs;j (ha) xsgw¡ dk mRiknu n'kkZrs
gSa %
mRiknu (kg/ha) 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75 - 80

iQkeks± dh la[;k 2 8 12 24 38 16

bl caVu oQks ^vf/d osQ izdkj osQ* caVu esa cnfy, vkSj fiQj mldk rksj.k [khafp,A
14.6 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr ¯cnqvksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè; fuEufyf[kr izdkj Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS %
Σfi xi
(i) izR;{k fof/% x=
Σfi

Σ f i di
(ii) dfYir ekè; fof/ x=a+
Σf i

 Σf u 
(iii) ix&fopyu fof/% x =a+ i i ×h
 Σf i 
buesa ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd oxZ dh ckjackjrk mlosQ eè;&¯cnq] vFkkZr~ oxZ fpÉ
ij osaQfnzr gSA

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2. oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk cgqyd fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS %
 f1 − f 0 
cgqyd = l + ×h
2
 1 f − f 0 − f 2 

tgk¡ laosQr viuk LokHkkfod vFkZ j[krs gSaA

3. fdlh ckjackjrk caVu esa fdlh oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrk ml oxZ ls igys okys lHkh oxks±
dh ckjackjrkvksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA
4. oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS %
n 
 2 − cf 
ekè;d = l +  ×h
 f 
 
tgk¡ laosQr viuk LokHkkfod vFkZ j[krs gSaA
5. lap;h ckjackjrk caVuksa dks vkys[kh; :i ls lap;h ckjackjrk oØksa ;k ^ls de izdkj osQ*
;k ^ls vf/d izdkj osQ* rksj.k }kjk fu:i.kA
6. oxhZo`Qr vk¡dM+ksa dk ekè;d buosQ nksuksa izdkj osQ rksj.kksa osQ izfrPNsn ¯cnq ls {kSfrt v{k ij
yac Mkydj yac vkSj {kSfrt v{k osQ izfrPNsn ¯cnq osQ laxr eku ls izkIr gks tkrk gSA

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

oxhZÑr vk¡dM+ksa osQ cgqyd vkSj ekè;d dk ifjdyu djus osQ fy,] lw=k dk
iz;ksx djus ls igys ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd oxZ varjky lrr gSaA
blh izdkj dk izfrca/ dk iz;ksx rksj.k dh lajpuk osQ fy, Hkh djrs gSaA vxzr%]
rksj.k dh fLFkfr esa iz;qDr iSekuk nksuksa v{kksa ij leku ugha Hkh gks ldrk gSA

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izkf;drk 15
The theory of probabilities and the theory of errors now constitute
a formidable body of great mathematical interest and of great
practical importance
(izkf;drkvksa osQ fl¼kar vkSj =kqfV;ksa osQ fl¼kar vc vfr xf.krh; #fp dk rFkk
vfr O;kogkfjd egRo dk ,d fo'kky lewg LFkkfir djrs gSaA)
– R.S. Woodward
15.1 Hkwfedk
d{kk IX esa] vki ?kVukvksa dh izk;ksfxd (experimental) ¹;k vkuqHkfod (empirical)º
izkf;drkvksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u dj pqosQ gSa] tks okLrfod iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kkeksa ij vkèkkfjr
FkhaA geus ,d flDosQ dks 1000 ckj mNkyus osQ iz;ksx dh ppkZ dh Fkh] ftlesa ifj.kkeksa
(outcomes) dh ckjackjrk,¡ bl izdkj Fkha %
fpr (Head) : 455 iV (Tail) : 545
455
bl iz;ksx ij vk/kfjr] ,d fpr dh vkuqHkfod izkf;drk , vFkkZr~ 0.455 gS rFkk ,d
1000
iV dh vkuqHkfod izkf;drk 0.545 gSA (d{kk IX dh xf.kr dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ vè;k; 15
dk mnkgj.k 1 Hkh nsf[k,A) è;ku nhft, fd ;s izkf;drk,¡ ,d flDosQ dks 1000 ckj
mNkyus osQ ,d okLrfod iz;ksx osQ ifj.kkeksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA blh dkj.k] ;s vkuqHkfod
;k izk;ksfxd izkf;drk,¡ dgykrh gSaA oLrqr%] izk;ksfxd izkf;drk,¡ okLrfod iz;ksxksa osQ
ifj.kkeksa rFkk ?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr gksus dh i;kZIr fjdkW²Mx (recording) ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr] ;s izkf;drk,¡ osQoy ^vkdyu* (estimates) gh gSaA ;fn ge blh iz;ksx dks

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vU; 1000 ckj flDosQ dks mNky dj djsa] rks gesa buls fHkUu vk¡dM+s izkIr gks ldrs gSa]
ftlls gesa igys ls fHkUu izkf;drk vkdyu izkIr gksaxsA
d{kk IX esa] vkius ,d flDosQ dks vusd ckj mNkyk Fkk vkSj ;g uksV fd;k Fkk fd
fpr (;k iV) fdruh ckj vk;k (d{kk IX osQ vè;k; 15 osQ fØ;kdykiksa 1 vkSj 2 dks
nsf[k,)A vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk Fkk fd tSls&tSls flDdk mNkyus dh la[;k c<+rh xbZ]
1
oSls&oSls ,d fpr (;k iV) vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk la[;k 2
osQ fudVre vkrh
jghA vkius gh ugha] vfirq fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ O;fDr;ksa us blh izdkj osQ iz;ksx
fd, gSa vkSj fpr vkus dh la[;k dks fjdkWMZ fd;k gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ izQkalhlh thofoKkuh dkseVs fM cqiQkWu
(Comte De Buffon) us ,d flDds dks 4040 ckj mNkyk vkSj 2048 fpr izkIr fd,A

bl fLFkfr esa] ,d fpr vkus dh izkf;drk 2048 vFkkZr~ 0-507 FkhA fczVsu osQ ts-bZ- oSQfjp
4040
(J.E. Kerrich) us ,d flDosQ dh 10000 mNkyksa esa 5067 fpr izkIr fd,A bl fLFkfr
5067
esa] ,d fpr vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk = 0.5067 FkhA lkaf[;dhfon dkyZ fi;lZu
10000
(Karl Pearson) us blesa vf/d le; O;rhr djosQ ,d flDosQ dks 24000 ckj mNkykA
mlus 12012 fpr izkIr fd, rFkk bl izdkj mls ,d fpr osQ vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk
0-5005 izkIr gqbZA
vc] eku yhft, fd ge iz'u djrs gSa] ;fn flDdk mNkyus osQ iz;ksx dks eku
yhft, ,d fefy;u ckj fd;k tk,] rks fpr vkus dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk D;k gksxh\ ;fn
iz;ksx 10 fefy;u ckj fd;k tk,] rks izkf;drk D;k gksxh\ vki lgt Kku ls ;g vuqHko
djsaxs fd tSls&tSls flDosQ mNkyus dh la[;k c<+rh tkrh gS] oSls&oSls fpr (;k iV) vkus
1
dh izk;ksfxd izkf;drk ,d la[;k 0-5] vFkkZr~ osQ vklikl izrhr gksrh gSA ge bls fpr
2
(iV) ikus dh lS¼kafrd izkf;drk (theoretical probability) dgrs gSa] bls vki vxys
vuqPNsn esa ns[ksaxsA bl vè;k; esa ge ,d ?kVuk dh lS¼kafrd izkf;drk ¹ftls ikjaifjd
izkf;drk (classical probability) Hkh dgrs gSaº dk ifjp; djk,¡xs rFkk bl voèkkj.kk ij
vk/kfjr ljy leL;kvksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA

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15.2 izkf;drk µµ ,d lS¼kafrd n`f"Vdks.k

vkb, fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr ij fopkj djsa %
eku yhft, ,d flDosQ dks ;kn`PN;k mNkyk tkrk gSA
tc ge ,d flDosQ dh ckr djrs gSa] rc ge ;g dYiuk djrs gSa fd og U;k;laxr
(fair) gSA vFkkZr~ og lefer (symmetrical) gS] rkfd dksbZ dkj.k u gks fd og ,d
gh vksj] nwljh vksj dh vis{kk] vf/d fxjsA ge flDosQ osQ bl xq.k dks mldk
vi{kikriw.kZ (unbiased) gksuk dgrs gSaA ^;kn`PN;k mNky* (random toss) ls gekjk
rkRi;Z gS fd flDosQ dks fcuk fdlh i{kikr (bias) ;k #dkoV osQ Lora=krkiwod
Z fxjus
fn;k tkrk gSA

ge igys ls tkurs gSa fd flDdk nks laHko fof/;ksa esa ls osQoy ,d gh fof/ ls
fxj ldrk gS µ ;k rks fpr Åij gksxk ;k fiQj iV Åij gksxk ¹ge flDosQ osQ] mlosQ
fdukjs (edge) osQ vuqfn'k fxjus dh laHkkouk dks vLohdkj djrs gSa] tks mnkgj.kkFkZ] rc
laHko gS tc flDdk jsr ij fxjsºA ge ;g roZQlaxr:i ls eku ldrs gSa fd izR;sd
ifj.kke] fpr ;k iV] dk izdV gksuk mruh gh ckj gks ldrk gS ftruk fd vU; ifj.kke
dkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dgrs gSa fd ifj.kke fpr vkSj iV leizkf;d (equally likely)
gSaA leizkf;d ifj.kkeksa osQ ,d vU; mnkgj.k osQ fy, eku yhft, fd ge ,d ikls dks
isaQdrs gSaA gekjs fy,] ,d ikls dk vFkZ lnSo ,d U;k;laxr ikls ls gksxkA laHko ifj.kke
D;k gS\ ;s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 gSaA izR;sd la[;k osQ Åij vkus dh leku laHkkouk gSA vr%]
ikls dks isaQdus ls izkIr gksus okys leizkf;d ifj.kke 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vkSj 6 gSaA
D;k izR;sd iz;ksx osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gksrs gSa\ vkb, ns[ksaA
eku yhft, ,d FkSys esa 4 yky xsansa vkSj 1 uhyh xasn gS rFkk vki bl FkSys esa ls]
fcuk FkSys osQ vanj oqQN ns[ksa] ,d xsan fudkyrs gSaA blosQ D;k ifj.kke gSa\ D;k ,d yky
xsan vkSj ,d uhyh xsan osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa\ pw¡fd ;gk¡ 4 yky xsansa gSa vkSj uhyh
xsan osQoy ,d gh] vr% vki ;g vo'; Lohdkj djsaxs fd vkiosQ }kjk ,d uhyh xsan
dh vis{kk ,d yky xsan fudkyus dh laHkkouk vf/d gSA vr% ;s ifj.kke (,d yky
xsan vkSj ,d uhyh xsan) leizkf;d ugha gSaA ijarq FkSys esa ls fdlh Hkh jax dh xsan fudkyus
osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
vr%] lHkh iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kkeksa dk leizkf;d gksuk vko';d ugha gSA ijarq] bl

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vè;k; esa] ge vkxs ;g ekudj pysaxs fd lHkh iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
d{kk IX es]a geus ,d ?kVuk E dh iz;ksxkRed ;k vkuqHkfod izkf;drk P(E) dks
fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k Fkk %
vfHki;zksxkas dh la[;k ftueas ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ gS
P(E) =
vfHki;zksxkas dh oqQy l[a;k
izkf;drk dh vkuqHkfod O;k[;k dk cM+h la[;k esa nksgjk, tk ldus okys fdlh Hkh
iz;ksx ls tqMs+ izR;sd ?kVuk osQ fy, vuqi;z ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh iz;ksx dks nksgjkus
dh vko';drk ,d xaHkhj ifjlhek gS] D;ksfa d vusd fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vf/d O;; okyk gks
ldrk gS ;k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ,slk djuk laHko gh u gksA fuLlangs ] flDdk mNkyus
;k iklk isQa dus osQ iz;ksxksa es]a blesa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gqbAZ ijarq ,d mixzg (satellite) NksMu+ s
osQ iz;ksx dks ;g ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, ckj&ckj nksgjkus dh NksMr+ s le; mldh
vliQyrk dh vkuqHkfor izkf;drk D;k gS] osQ ckjs esa vki D;k lksprs gSa vFkok ;g fd ,d
HkwoQa i osQ dkj.k dksbZ cgqefa tyh bekjr u"V gksxh ;k ugha] dh vkuqHkfod izkf;drk
ifjdfyr djus osQ fy, HkwoQa i dh ifj?kVuk osQ nksckjk ?kfVr gksus osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg
ldrs gS\a
,sls iz;ksxksa es]a tgk¡ ge oqQN dYiukvksa dks lgh ekuus dks rS;kj gks tk,¡] ge ,d iz;ksx
osQ nksgjkus ls cp ldrs gS]a D;ksfa d os dYiuk,¡ lh/s lgh (lS¼kafrd) izkf;drk ifjdfyr
djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrh gSAa ifj.kkeksa osQ leizkf;d gksus dh dYiuk (tks vusd s iz;ksxksa
esa ekU; gksrh gS] tSls fd Åij flDdk mNkyus vkSj iklk isQa dus osQ nksuksa mnkgj.kksa esa gS)
bu dYiukvksa esa ls ,d gS tks gesa fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk dh
vksj vxzlj djrh gSA
fdlh ?kVuk E dh lS¼kafrd izkf;drk (theoretical probability) ¹ftls ijaijkxr
izkf;drk (classical probability) Hkh dgk tkrk gSAº P(E) fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
dh tkrh gS
E osQ vuqoQwy ifj.kkeksa dh l[ a ;k
P(E) =
i; z ksx oQs lHkh lHako ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
;gk¡ ge ;g dYiuk djrs gSa fd iz;ksx osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
ge laf{kIr :i esa] lS¼kafrd izkf;drk dks osQoy izkf;drk gh dgsaxsA
izkf;drk dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kk 1795 esa fi;js&lkbeu ykIykl (Pierre- Simon Laplace)
us nh FkhA

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izkf;drk fl¼kar dk lw=kikr 16oha 'krkCnh esa gqvk] tc ,d

brkyoh HkkSfrd'kkL=kh ,oa xf.krK ts- dkMZu us bl fo"k; ij
igyh iqLrd fy[kh] ftldk uke Fkk % The Book on Games
of Chance vius izknqHkkZo ls gh] izkf;drk osQ vè;;u dks
egku xf.krKksa dk è;ku viuh vksj vkd£"kr fd;kA bu
xf.krKksa esa tsEl cuwZyh (1654&1705)] ,-M+h eksbojs
(1667&1754) vkSj fi;js&lkbeu ykIykl ,sls yksx gSa ftUgksua s
bl {ks=k esa ,d lkFkZd ;ksxnku fn;kA ykIykl }kjk 1812 esa
fi;js&lkbeu ykIykl
fy[kh xbZ o`Qfr (Theorie Analytiquedes Probabilities) dks (1749 – 1827)
,d vosQys O;fDr }kjk izkf;drk osQ fl¼kar osQ fy, fd;k x;k
lcls cM+k ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gSA gky gh osQ oqQN o"kks± es]a izkf;drk dk vusd {ks=kks]a
tSls fd tSfodh] vFkZ'kkL=k] oa'k lacèa kh 'kkL=k (genetics), HkkSfrdh] lekt'kkL=k bR;kfn
{ks=kksa esa izpjq ek=kk esa mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSAS
vkb, ,sls iz;ksxksa ls lacaf/r oqQN ?kVukvksa dh izkf;drk Kkr djsa] ftuesa leizkf;d
gksus dh dYiuk ekU; gSA
mnkgj.k 1 : ,d fpr izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,] tc ,d flDosQ dks ,d ckj
mNkyk tkrk gSA lkFk gh] ,d iV izkIr djus dh Hkh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : ,d flDosQ dks ,d ckj mNkyus osQ iz;ksx esa] laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 2 gS –
fpr (H) vkSj iV (T) A eku yhft, ?kVuk E ^fpr izkIr djuk* gSA rc] E osQ vuqowQy
(vFkkZr~ fpr izkIr djus osQ vuqowQy) ifj.kke 1 gSA vr%]
E oQs
vuoqQwy ifj.kkeksa dh l[a;k 1
P(E) = P (fpr) = =
lHkh laHko ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k 2
blh izdkj] ;fn ?kVuk F iV izkIr djuk gS] rks
1
P(F) = P (iV) = (D;ksa\)
2
mnkgj.k 2 : ,d FkSys esa ,d yky xsan] ,d uhyh xsan vkSj ,d ihyh xsan gS rFkk lHkh
xsans ,d gh lkbt dh gSaA o`Qfrdk fcuk FkSys osQ vanj >k¡osQ] blesa ls ,d xsan fudkyrh
gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og xsan
(i) ihyh gksxh\ (ii) yky gksxh\ (iii) uhyh gksxh\

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gy : o`Qfrdk FkSys esa ls] mlesa fcuk >k¡osQ] xsan fudkyrh gSA vr%] mlosQ }kjk dksbZ Hkh
xsan fudkyuk leizkf;d gSA
ekuk ^ihyh xsan fudkyuk* ?kVuk Y gS] ^yky xsan fudkyuk* ?kVuk R gS rFkk ^uhyh
xsan fudkyuk* ?kVuk B gSA
vc] lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 3 gSA
(i) ?kVuk Y osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 1
1
vr% P(Y) =
3
1 1
blh izdkj] P(R) = vkSj P(B) =
3 3
fVIi.kh :
(1) fdlh iz;ksx dh og ?kVuk ftldk osQoy ,d gh ifj.kke gks izkjafHkd ?kVuk
(elementary event) dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k 1 esa nksuksa ?kVuk,¡ E vkSj F izkjafHkd ?kVuk,¡ gSaA
blh izdkj] mnkgj.k 2 esa] ?kVuk Y, R vkSj B esa izR;sd ,d izkjafHkd ?kVuk gSA
(2) mnkgj.k 1 esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd P(E) + P(F) = 1
mnkgj.k 2 esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd P(Y) + P(B) + P(R) = 1
è;ku nhft, fd fdlh iz;ksx dh lHkh izkjafHkd ?kVukvkssa dh izkf;drkvksa dk ;ksx
1 gSA ;g O;kid :i esa Hkh lR; gSA
mnkgj.k 3 : eku yhft, ge ,d ikls dks ,d ckj isQa drs gSAa (i) 4 ls cM+h la[;k izkIr gksus
dh izkf;drk D;k gS\ (ii) 4 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj la[;k izkIr gksus dh izkf;drk D;k gS\
gy : (i) ;gk¡ eku yhft, fd ^4 ls cM+h la[;k izkIr djuk* ?kVuk E gSA lHkh laHko
ifj.kke N% gSa] ;s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vkSj 6 gSa A Li"Vr%] ?kVuk E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kke 5 vkSj 6
gaSA vr% E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 2 gSA blfy,
2 1
P(E) = P(4 ls cM+h la[;k) = =
6 3
(ii) eku yhft, ^4 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj la[;k izkIr djuk* ?kVuk F gSA
lHkh laHko ifj.kke = 6 gSaA

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?kVuk F osQ vuqowQy ifj.kke 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 gSaA

vr% F osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 4 gSA
4 2
blfy, P(F) = =
6 3
D;k mijksDr mnkgj.k esa nh gqbZ ?kVuk E vkSj F izkjafHkd ?kVuk,¡ gSa\ ugha] ;s izkjafHkd
?kVuk,¡ ugha gSa] D;ksafd ?kVuk E osQ 2 ifj.kke gSa rFkk ?kVuk F osQ 4 ifj.kke gSaA
fVIi.kh : mnkgj.k 1 ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd
1 1
P(E) + P(F) = + =1 (1)
2 2
tgk¡ ?kVuk E ^,d fpr izkIr djuk* gS rFkk ?kVuk F ^,d iV izkIr djuk* gSA
mnkgj.k 3 osQ (i) vkSj (ii) ls Hkh ge ns[krs gSa fd
1 2
P(E) + P(F) = + =1 (2)
3 3
tgk¡ ?kVuk E ^4 ls cM+h la[;k izkIr djuk* rFkk ?kVuk F ^4 osQ cjkcj ;k de la[;k izkIr
djuk* gSA
è;ku nhft, fd 4 ls cM+h la[;k ugha izkIr djus dk vFkZ ogh gS tks 4 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ
cjkcj la[;k izkIr djus dk gS vkSj blh izdkj bldk foykse Hkh ;gh izdV djrk gSA
mijksDr (1) vkSj (2) esa] D;k ?kVuk ‘F’, ‘E ugha’ (not E) osQ leku ugha gSA gk¡] ,slk
gh gSA ge ?kVuk ‘E ugha ’ dks E ls O;Dr djrs gSaA
vr%] P(E) + P(E ugha ) = 1
vFkkZr~ P(E) + P( E ) = 1 gS] ftlls P( E ) = 1 – P(E) izkIr gksrk gSA
O;kid :i esa] fdlh ?kVuk E osQ fy, ;g lR; gS fd
P( E ) = 1 – P(E)

?kVuk ^E ugha* dks fu:fir djus okyh ?kVuk E ?kVuk E dh iwjd (complement)
?kVuk dgykrh gSA ge ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd E vkSj E ijLij iwjd ?kVuk,¡ gSaA
vkxs c<+us ls igys] vkb, fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsa%
(i) ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij la[;k 8 izkIr djus dh D;k izkf;drk gS\
(ii) ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij 7 ls NksVh la[;k izkIr djus dh D;k izkf;drk gS\

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vkb, (i) dk mÙkj nsa %
ge tkurs gSa fd ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij osQoy N% gh laHkkfor ifj.kke gSaA ;s ifj.kke
1] 2] 3] 4] 5 vkSj 6 gSaA pw¡fd ikls osQ fdlh Hkh iQyd ij 8 vafdr ugha gS] blfy,
8 osQ vuqowQy dksbZ Hkh ifj.kke ugha gS] vFkkZr~ ,sls ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 'kwU; (0) gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij] la[;k 8 izkIr djuk vlaHko (impossible) gSA
0
vr% P (8 izkIr djuk) = =0
6
vFkkZr~ ml ?kVuk] ftldk ?kfVr gksuk vlaHko gS] dh izkf;drk 0 gksrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk
dks ,d vlaHko ?kVuk (impossible event) dgrs gSAa
vkb, (ii) dk mÙkj nsa %
pw¡fd ikls osQ izR;sd iQyd ij ,slh la[;k fy[kh gS tks 7 ls NksVh gS] blfy, ikls
dks ,d ckj isaQdus ij ;g fuf'pr gS fd izkIr la[;k lnSo 7 ls NksVh gksxhA vr%] ?kVuk
osQ vuqoQw y ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k lHkh laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k osQ cjkcj gksxh] tks 6 gSA
6
blfy, P(E) = P (7 ls NksVh la[;k izkIr djuk) = =1
6
vr% ml ?kVuk] ftldk ?kfVr gksuk fuf'pr (sure) gS] dh izkf;drk 1 gksrh gSA ,slh
?kVuk dks ,d fuf'pr (sure) ;k fu/kZfjr (certain) ?kVuk dgrs gSAa
fVIi.kh : izkf;drk P(E) dh ifjHkk"kk ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd va'k (?kVuk E osQ vuqowQy
ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k) lnSo gj (lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k) ls NksVk gksrk gS ;k mlosQ
cjkcj gksrk gSA vr%]
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
vkb, vc ,d mnkgj.k] rk'kksa (playing cards) ls lacaf/r ysaA D;k vkius rk'kksa dh
,d xîóh ns[kh gS\ blesa 52 iÙks (cards) gksrs gSa] tks 4 lewgksa esa c¡Vs gksrs gSaA izR;sd lewg
esa 13 iÙks gksrs gSaA ;s 4 lewg gqoqQe (spades) (♠), iku (hearts) (♥), b±V (diamonds)
(♦) vkSj fpM+h (clubs) (♣) gSaA fpM+h vkSj gqoqQe dkys jax osQ gksrs gSa rFkk iku vkSj b±V yky
jax osQ gksrs gSaA izR;sd lewg osQ iÙks % bDdk (ace), ckn'kkg (king), csxe (queen), xqyke
(jack), 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 vkSj 2 gksrs gSaA ckn'kkg] csxe vkSj xqyke okys iÙks isQl dkMZ
( face cards) dgykrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 4 : vPNh izdkj ls isQVh xbZ 52 iÙkksa dh ,d xîóh esa ls ,d iÙkk fudkyk tkrk
gSA bldh izkf;drk ifjdfyr dhft, fd ;g iÙkk %

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(i) ,d bDdk gksxkA

(ii) ,d bDdk ugha gksxkA
gy : xîóh dks vPNh izdkj ls isQVus ls ifj.kkeksa dk leizkf;d gksuk lqfuf'pr gks tkrk gSA
(i) ,d xîóh esa 4 bDosQ gksrs gSaA eku yhft, ?kVuk E ^,d bDdk gksuk* gSA
E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 4
lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 52 (D;ksa\)
4 1
vr% P(E) = =
52 13
(ii) eku yhft, ?kVuk F ^,d bDdk ugha* gSA
ekuk F osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 52 – 4 = 48 (D;ksa\)
lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 52
48 12
vr% P(F) = =
52 13
fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd F vkSj oqQN ugha cfYd E gh gSA vr%] ge
P(F) dks bl izdkj
1 12
Hkh ifjdfyr dj ldrs gSa % P(F) = P( E ) = 1 – P(E) = 1 − = ⋅
13 13
mnkgj.k 5 : nks f[kykM+h laxhrk vkSj js'kek Vsful dk ,d eSp [ksyrs gSaA ;g Kkr gS fd
laxhrk }kjk eSp thrus dh izkf;drk 0-62 gSA js'kek osQ thrus dh D;k izkf;drk gS\
gy : eku yhft, S vkSj R Øe'k% laxhrk osQ thrus vkSj js'kek osQ thrus dh ?kVuk,¡
O;Dr djrs gSaA
laxhrk osQ thrus dh izkf;drk = P(S) = 0.62 (fn;k gS)
js'kek osQ thrus dh izkf;drk = P(R) = 1 – P(S)
¹pw¡fd ?kVuk,¡ R vkSj S iwjd gSaº
= 1 – 0.62 = 0.38
mnkgj.k 6 : lfork vkSj gehnk nks fe=k gSaA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nksuksa (i) osQ
tUe&fnu fHkUu&fHkUu gksa\ (ii) dk tUefnu ,d gh gks\ ¹yhi dk o"kZ (Leap year)dks
NksM+rs gq,º
gy : nksuksa fe=kksa esa ls fdlh ,d yM+dh] eku yhft,] lfork dk tUefnu o"kZ dk dksbZ
Hkh fnu gks ldrk gSA blh izdkj] nwljh yM+dh gehnk dk tUefnu Hkh o"kZ osQ 365 fnuksa
esa ls dksbZ ,d fnu gks ldrk gSA

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(i) ;fn gehnk dk tUefnu lfork osQ tUefnu ls fHkUu gS] rks mlosQ tUefnu osQ
vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k 365 – 1 = 364 gksxhA
364
vr% P (gehnk dk tUefnu lfork osQ tUefnu ls fHkUu gS) =
365
(ii) P (lfork vkSj gehnk dk tUefnu ,d gh gks)
= 1 – P (nksuksa dk tUefnu fHkUu gS)
364
= 1− [P( E ) = 1 – P(E) osQ iz;ksx ls]
365
1
=
365

mnkgj.k 7 : fdlh LowQy dh d{kk X esa 40 fo|kFkhZ gSa ftuesa ls 25 yM+fd;k¡ gSa vkSj
15 yM+osQ gSaA d{kk vè;kfidk dks ,d fo|kFkhZ d{kk&izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa pquuk gSA og
izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dk uke ,d vyx dkMZ ij fy[krh gS] tcfd dkMZ ,d tSls gSaA fiQj
og bu dkMks± dks ,d FkSys esa Mkydj vPNh rjg ls fgyk nsrh gSA blosQ ckn og FkSys
esa ls ,d dkMZ fudkyrh gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd dkMZ ij fy[kk gqvk uke ,d
(i) yM+dh dk gS\ (ii) yM+osQ dk gS\
gy : oqQy 40 fo|kFkhZ gSa vkSj buesa ls osQoy ,d uke dk dkMZ pquuk gSA
(i) lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 40
dkMZ ij yM+dh dk uke gksus osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 25 (D;ksa\)
25 5
vc] P (dkMZ ij yM+dh dk uke gS) = P(yM+dh) = =
40 8
(ii) dkMZ ij yM+osQ dk uke gksus osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 15 (D;ksa\)
15 3
vr%] P(dkMZ ij yM+osQ dk uke gS) = P(yM+dk) = =
40 8
fVIi.kh : ge P(yM+dk) dks bl izdkj Hkh fu/kZfjr dj ldrs gSa %
5 3
P (yM+dk) = 1 – P (yM+dk ugha) = 1 – P (yM+dh) = 1 − =
8 8

mnkgj.k 8 : ,d cDls esa 3 uhys] 2 lisQn vkSj 4 yky oaQps (marbles) gSaA ;fn bl cDls
esa ls ,d oaQpk ;kn`PN;k fudkyk tkrk gS rks bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g oaQpk
(i) lisQn gS\ (ii) uhyk gS\ (iii) yky gS\

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gy : ;g dguk fd oaQpk ;kn`PN;k :i ls fudkyk x;k gS] laf{kIr esa ;g dgus osQ cjkcj
gS fd lHkh ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA vr%]
lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 3 +2 + 4 = 9 (D;ksa\)
eku yhft, ?kVuk W ^oaQpk lisQn gS* dks] ?kVuk B ^oaQpk uhyk gS* dks rFkk ?kVuk R ^oaQpk
yky gS* dks O;Dr djrk gSA
(i) ?kVuk W osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 2
2
vr% P(W) =
9
3 1 4
blh izdkj] (ii) P(B) = = vkSj (iii) P(R) =
9 3 9
è;ku nhft, fd P(W) + P(B) + P(R) = 1 gSA

mnkgj.k 9 : gjizhr nks fHkUu&fHkUu flDdksa dks ,d lkFk mNkyrh gS (eku yhft, ,d
flDdk ` 1 dk gS vkSj nwljk flDdk ` 2 dk gS)A bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og de
ls de ,d fpr izkIr djsxh\
gy : ge ^fpr* osQ fy, H vkSj ^iV* osQ fy, T fy[krs gSaA tc nks flDdksa dks ,d
lkFk mNkyk tkrk gS] rks laHkkfor ifj.kke (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T) gSa rFkk ;s lHkh
leizkf;d gSaA ;gk¡ (H, H) dk vFkZ gS fd igys flDosQ (eku yhft, ` 1 osQ flDosQ) ij
^fpr* vk,xk vkSj nwljs flDosQ (` 2 osQ flDosQ) ij ^fpr* vk,xkA blh izdkj]
(H, T) dk vFkZ gS fd igys flDosQ ij ^fpr* vk,xk vkSj nwljs flDosQ ij ^iV* vk,xk]
bR;kfnA
?kVuk E ^de ls de ,d fpr vkuk* osQ vuqowQy ifj.kke (H, H), (H, T) vkSj
(T, H) gSaA (D;ksa\)
vr% E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 3
3
blfy, P(E) =
4
3
vFkkZr~ gjizhr }kjk de ls de ,d fpr izkIr djus dh izkf;drk gSA
4

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fVIi.kh % vki P(E) bl izdkj Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSa %
1 3  1
P (E) = 1 – P(E) = 1 – =  pw¡fd P(E) = P (dksbZ fpr ugha) = 
4 4 4
D;k vkius ;g ns[kk fd vc rd osQ lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa] izR;sd iz;ksx osQ lHkh laHko
ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k ifjfer Fkh\ ;fn ugha] rks vc bldh tk¡p dj yhft,A
vusd iz;ksx ,sls gSa] tgk¡ ifj.kke nks la[;kvksa osQ chp esa dksbZ Hkh la[;k gks ldrh
gS ;k ftuesa ifj.kke ,d o`Ùk ;k vk;r osQ vanj dk izR;sd ¯cnq gksrk gS] bR;kfnA D;k
vc vki lHkh laHko ifj.kkeksa dks fxu ldrs gSa\ tSlkfd vki tkurs gSa] ;g laHko ugha
gS] D;ksafd nks la[;kvksa osQ chp esa vifjfer :i ls vusd la[;k,¡ gksrh gSa] ;k ;g fd
,d o`Ùk osQ vanj vifjfer :i ls vusd ¯cnq gksrs gSaA vr%] vkiosQ }kjk vè;;u dh
xbZ (lS¼kafrd) izkf;drk dh ifjHkk"kk dks orZeku :i esa ;gk¡ iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
bl leL;k dk fiQj gy D;k gS\ blosQ mÙkj osQ fy,] vkb, fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ij
fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 10* : ,d E;wft+dy ps;j (musical chair) [ksy esa] tks efgyk laxhr ctk jgh
Fkh mls lykg nh xbZ fd og laxhr izkjaHk djus osQ ckn 2 feuV osQ vanj dHkh Hkh laxhr
can dj nsA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd laxhr izkjaHk gksus osQ igys vk/s feuV osQ vanj
can gks tk,xk\
gy : ;gk¡ laHko ifj.kke 0 vkSj 2 osQ chp dh lHkh la[;k,¡ gSaA ;g la[;k js[kk dk 0 ls 2
rd dk Hkkx gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 15-1)A

vko`Qfr 15.1
eku yhft, ?kVuk E ^laxhr izkjaHk gksus osQ igys vk/s feuV esa can gks tkrk gS*A
1
E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kke la[;k js[kk ij 0 ls osQ chp osQ lHkh ¯cnq gSaA
2
pw¡fd lHkh ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa] blfy, ge ;g roZQ ns ldrs gSa fd oqQy nwjh 2 esa ls
1
nwjh ?kVuk E osQ vuqowQy gSA
2
* ;g ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

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izkf;drk 335

1
?kVuk E osQ vuoqwQy njwh 2 =1
vr% P(E) = =
iwjh njwh ftleas ifj.kke fLFkr gks ldrs gaS 2 4
D;k ge mnkgj.k 10 dh vo/kj.kk dks fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk mlosQ vuqowQy
{ks=kiQy vkSj laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy osQ vuqikr osQ :i esa foLr`r dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 11* : ,d ykirk gsyhdkWIVj osQ ckjs esa lwpuk feyrh gS fd og vko`Qfr 15.2
esa n'kkZ, vk;rkdkj {ks=k esa dgha fxj x;k gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og vko`Qfr esa
n'kkZbZ xbZ >hy esa fxjk gS\

vko`Qfr 15.2
gy : gsyhdkWIVj dk vk;rkdkj {ks=k esa dgha Hkh fxjuk leizkf;d gSA
laiw.kZ {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy] tgk¡ gsyhdkWIVj fxj ldrk gS
= (4.5 × 9) km2 = 40.5 km2
>hy dk okLrfod {ks=kiQy = (2.5 × 3) km2 = 7.5 km2
7.5 75 5
vr%] P (gsyhdkWIVj >hy esa fxjk gS) = = = gSA
40.5 405 27

mngkj.k 12 : ,d fMCcs esa 100 dehtsa gSa] ftlesa ls 88 vPNh gSa rFkk 8 esa FkksM+h lh [kjkch
gS vkSj 4 esa vf/d [kjkch gSA ,d O;kikjh ftEeh os gh dehtsa Lohdkj djrk gS tks vPNh
* ;g ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

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gSa] tcfd ,d vU; O;kikjh lqtkrk mUgha dehtksa dks vLohdkj djrh gS ftuesa [kjkch
vf/d gSA bl fMCcs esa ls ,d deht dks ;kn`PN;k :i ls fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh D;k
izkf;drk gS fd og deht
(i) ftEeh dks Lohdkj gks\ (ii) lqtkrk dks Lohdkj gks\
gy : 100 dehtksa osQ fMCcs esa ls ,d deht ;kn`PN;k :i ls fudkyh tkrh gSA vr% ;gk¡
100 leizkf;d ifj.kke gSaA
(i) ftEeh osQ vuqowQy (dks Lohdkj) ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 88 (D;ksa\)
88
vr%] P (deht ftEeh dks Lohdkj gS) = = 0.88
100
(ii) lqtkrk osQ vuqowQy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 88 + 8 = 96 (D;ksa\)
96
vr%] P (deht lqtkrk dks Lohdkj gS) = = 0.96
100
mnkgj.k 13 : ,d lysVh ikls vkSj ,d uhys ikls dks ,d lkFk isaQdk tkrk gSA lHkh
laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dks fyf[k,A bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nksuksa iklksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx
(i) 8 gSA (ii) 13 gSA (iii) 12 ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA
gy : tc uhyk iklk ‘1’ n'kkZrk gS] rks lysVh ikls ij la[;kvksa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 esa ls dksbZ
Hkh la[;k gks ldrh gSA ;gh rc Hkh gksxk] tc uhys ikls ij ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’ ;k ‘6’ gksxkA
bl iz;ksx osQ laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dks uhps lkj.kh esa fn;k x;k gSA izR;sd Øfer ;qXe dh
igyh la[;k uhys ikls ij vkus okyh la[;k gS rFkk nwljh la[;k lysVh ikls ij vkus okyh
la[;k gSA
lysVh

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
uhyk
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
vko`Qfr 15.3

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izkf;drk 337

è;ku nhft, fd ;qXe (1, 4) ;qXe (4, 1) ls fHkUu gS (D;ksa\)

vr%] laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k = 6 × 6 = 36 gSA
(i) E }kjk O;Dr ?kVuk ^la[;kvksa dk ;ksx 8 gS* osQ vuqowQy ifj.kke (2, 6), (3, 5),
(4, 4), (5, 3) vkSj (6, 2) gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 15.3)A
vFkkZr~ E osQ vuqowQy ifj.kke = 5
5
blfy, P(E) =
36
(ii) tSlk fd vki vko`Qfr 15.3 ls ns[k ldrs gSa] ?kVuk F, ^la[;kvksa dk ;ksx 13 gS* osQ
vuqowQy dksbZ Hkh ifj.kke ugha gSA
0
vr% P(F) = =0
36
(iii) tSlk fd vki vko`Qfr 15.3 ls ns[k ldrs gSa] ?kVuk G ^la[;kvksa dk ;ksx ≤ 12 ls
NksVk ;k mlosQ cjkcj gS* osQ vuqowQy lHkh ifj.kke gSaA
36
vr% P(G) = =1
36

iz'ukoyh 15.1
1. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dks iwjk dhft, %
(i) ?kVuk E dh izkf;drk + ?kVuk ^E ugha* dh izkf;drk = gSA
(ii) ml ?kVuk dh izkf;drk tks ?kfVr ugha gks ldrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk
dgykrh gSA
(iii) ml ?kVuk dh izkf;drk ftldk ?kfVr gksuk fuf'pr gS gSA ,slh ?kVuk
dgykrh gSA
(iv) fdlh iz;ksx dh lHkh izkjafHkd ?kVukvksas dh izkf;drkvksa dk ;ksx gSA
(v) fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk ls cM+h ;k mlosQ cjkcj gksrh gS rFkk
ls NksVh ;k mlosQ cjkcj gksrh gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr iz;ksxksa esa ls fdu&fdu iz;ksxksa osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa\ Li"V dhft,A
(i) ,d Mªkboj dkj pykus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA dkj pyuk izkjaHk gks tkrh gS ;k dkj pyuk
izkjaHk ugha gksrh gSA

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(ii) ,d f[kykM+h ckLosQVckWy dks ckLosQV esa Mkyus dk iz;Ru djrh gSA og ckLosQV esa ckWy
Mky ikrh gS ;k ugha Mky ikrh gSA
(iii) ,d lR;&vlR; iz'u dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA mÙkj lgh gS ;k xyr gksxkA
(iv) ,d cPps dk tUe gksrk gSA og ,d yM+dk gS ;k ,d yM+dh gSA
3. iqQVckWy osQ [ksy dks izkjaHk djrs le; ;g fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, fd dkSu&lh Vhe igys ckWy
ysxh] blosQ fy, flDdk mNkyuk ,d U;k;laxr fof/ D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\
4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lh la[;k fdlh ?kVuk dh izkf;drk ugha gks ldrh\
2
(A) (B) –1.5 (C) 15% (D) 0.7
3
5. ;fn P(E) = 0.05 gS] rks ^E ugha* dh izkf;drk D;k gS\
6. ,d FkSys esa osQoy uhcw dh egd okyh ehBh xksfy;k¡ gSaA ekfyuh fcuk FkSys esa >k¡osQ mlesa
ls ,d xksyh fudkyrh gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og fudkyh xbZ xksyh
(i) larjs dh egd okyh gS\
(ii) uhcw dh egd okyh gS\
7. ;g fn;k gqvk gS fd 3 fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ,d lewg esa ls 2 fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ tUefnu ,d gh fnu
u gksus dh izkf;drk 0.992 gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd bu 2 fo|k£Fk;ksa dk tUefnu ,d
gh fnu gks\
8. ,d FkSys esa 3 yky vkSj 5 dkyh xsans gSaA bl FkSys esa ls ,d xsan ;kn`PN;k fudkyh tkrh gSA
bldh izkf;drk D;k gS fd xsan (i) yky gks\ (ii) yky ugha gks\
9. ,d fMCcs esa 5 yky oaQps] 8 lisQn oaQps vkSj 4 gjs oaQps gSaA bl fMCcs esa ls ,d oaQpk
;kn`PN;k fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd fudkyk x;k oaQpk
(i) yky gS\ (ii) lisQn gS\ (iii) gjk ugha gS\
10. ,d fiXxh cSad (piggy bank) esa] 50 iSls osQ lkS flDosQ gSa] ` 1 osQ ipkl flDosQ gSa] ` 2
osQ chl flDosQ vkSj ` 5 osQ nl flDosQ gSaA ;fn fiXxh cSad dks fgykdj mYVk djus ij dksbZ
,d flDdk fxjus osQ ifj.kke leizkf;d gSa] rks bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og fxjk gqvk
flDdk (i) 50 iSls dk gksxk\ (ii) ` 5 dk ugha gksxk\
11. xksih vius ty&tho oaqQM (aquarium) osQ fy, ,d
nqdku ls eNyh [kjhnrh gSA nqdkunkj ,d Vadh]
ftlesa 5 uj eNyh vkSj 8 eknk eNyh gSa] esa ls ,d
eNyh ;kn`PN;k mls nsus osQ fy, fudkyrh gS (nsf[k,
vko`Qfr 15-4)A bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd fudkyh
xbZ eNyh uj eNyh gS\ vko`Qfr 15.4

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izkf;drk 339

12. la;ksx (chance) osQ ,d [ksy es]a ,d rhj dks ?kqek;k tkrk gS] tks
foJke esa vkus osQ ckn la[;kvksa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 vkSj 8 esa ls fdlh
,d la[;k dks bafxr djrk gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 15.5)A ;fn ;s lHkh
ifj.kke leizkf;d gksa rks bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g rhj bafxr
(i) 8 dks djsxk\
(ii) ,d fo"ke la[;k dks djsxk\
(iii) 2 ls cM+h la[;k dks djsxk\
vko`Qfr 15.5

(iv) 9 ls NksVh la[;k dks djsxk\

13. ,d ikls dks ,d ckj isaQdk tkrk gSA fuEufyf[kr dks izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, %
(i) ,d vHkkT; la[;k (ii) 2 vkSj 6 osQ chp fLFkr dksbZ la[;k (iii) ,d fo"ke la[;k
14. 52 iÙkksa dh vPNh izdkj ls isQVh xbZ ,d xîóh esa ls ,d iÙkk fudkyk tkrk gSA fuEufyf[kr
dks izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, %
(i) yky jax dk ckn'kkg (ii) ,d isQl dkMZ vFkkZr~ rLohj okyk iÙkk
(iii) yky jax dk rLohj okyk iÙkk (iv) iku dk xqyke
(v) gqoqQe dk iÙkk (vi) ,d bZaV dh csxe
15. rk'k osQ ik¡p iÙkksaµb±V dk ngyk] xqyke] csxe] ckn'kkg vkSj bDdkµdks iyV djosQ vPNh
izdkj isQVk tkrk gSA fiQj buesa ls ;kn`PN;k ,d iÙkk fudkyk tkrk gSA
(i) bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g iÙkk ,d csxe gS\
(ii) ;fn csxe fudy vkrh gS] rks mls vyx j[k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d vU; iÙkk fudkyk tkrk
gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nwljk fudkyk x;k iÙkk (a) ,d bDdk gS\ (b) ,d csxe gS\
16. fdlh dkj.k 12 [kjkc isu 132 vPNs isuksa esa fey x, gSaA osQoy ns[kdj ;g ugha crk;k
tk ldrk gS fd dksbZ isu [kjkc gS ;k vPNk gSA bl feJ.k esa ls] ,d isu ;kn`PN;k fudkyk
tkrk gSA fudkys x, isu dh vPNk gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
17. (i) 20 cYcksa osQ ,d lewg esa 4 cYc [kjkc gSaA bl lewg esa ls ,d cYc ;kn`PN;k fudkyk
tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd ;g cYc [kjkc gksxk\
(ii) eku yhft, (i) esa fudkyk x;k cYc [kjkc ugha gS vkSj u gh bls nqckjk cYcksa osQ lkFk
feyk;k tkrk gSA vc 'ks"k cYcksa esa ls ,d cYc ;kn`PN;k fudkyk tkrk gSA bldh D;k
izkf;drk gS fd ;g cYc [kjkc ugha gksxk\
18. ,d isVh esa 90 fMLd (discs) gSa] ftu ij 1 ls 90 rd la[;k,¡ vafdr gSaA ;fn bl isVh
esa ls ,d fMLd ;kn`PN;k fudkyh tkrh gS rks bldh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, fd bl fMLd ij
vafdr gksxh % (i) nks vadksa dh ,d la[;k (ii) ,d iw.kZ oxZ la[;k (iii) 5 ls foHkkT; ,d la[;kA

2018-19
340 xf.kr
19. ,d cPps osQ ikl ,slk iklk gS ftlosQ iQydksa ij fuEufyf[kr v{kj vafdr gSa %
A B C D E A
bl ikls dks ,d ckj isQa dk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd (i) A izkIr gks\ (ii) D izkIr gks\
20.* eku yhft, vki ,d ikls dks vko`Qfr 15.6 esa n'kkZ, vk;rkdkj {ks=k esa ;kn`PN;k :i ls fxjkrs
gSaA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd og iklk 1m O;kl okys o`Ùk osQ vanj fxjsxk\
3m

2m

vko`Qfr 15.6
21. 144 ckWy isuksa osQ ,d lewg esa 20 ckWy isu [kjkc gSa vkSj 'ks"k vPNs gSAa vki ogh isu [kjhnuk
pkgsxa s tks vPNk gks] ijarq [kjkc isu vki [kjhnuk ugha pkgsxa As nqdkunkj bu isuksa esa ls] ;kn`PN;k
,d isu fudkydj vkidks nsrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd
(i) vki og isu [kjhnsaxs\
(ii) vki og isu ugha [kjhnsaxs\
22. mnkgj.k 13 dks nsf[k,A (i) fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks iwjk dhft, %
?kVuk
nksuksa iklksa dh 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
la[;kvksa dk ;ksx
1 5 1
izkf;drk 36 36 36

(ii) ,d fo|kFkhZ ;g roZQ nsrk gS fd ^;gk¡ oqQy 11 ifj.kke 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 vkSj

1
12 gSAa vr%] izR;sd dh izkf;drk gSA* D;k vki bl roZQ ls lger gS\a ldkj.k mÙkj
11
nhft,A

* ;g ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

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izkf;drk 341

23. ,d [ksy esa ,d #i, osQ flDosQ dks rhu ckj mNkyk tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd ckj dk ifj.kke
fy[k fy;k tkrk gSA rhuksa ifj.kke leku gksus ij] vFkkZr~ rhu fpr ;k rhu iV izkIr gksus ij]
guhiQ [ksy esa thr tk,xk] vU;Fkk og gkj tk,xkA guhiQ osQ [ksy esa gkj tkus dh izkf;drk
ifjdfyr dhft,A
24. ,d ikls dks nks ckj isaQdk tkrk gSA bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd
(i) 5 fdlh Hkh ckj esa ugha vk,xk\ (ii) 5 de ls de ,d ckj vk,xk\
¹laosQr % ,d ikls dks nks ckj isaQduk vkSj nks iklksa dks ,d lkFk isaQduk ,d gh iz;ksx ekuk
tkrk gSAº
25. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls roZQ lR; gSa vkSj dkSu ls roZQ vlR; gSa\ ldkj.k mÙkj nhft,A
(i) ;fn nks flDdksa dks ,d lkFk mNkyk tkrk gS] rks blosQ rhu laHkkfor ifj.kke& nks fpr]
1
nks iV ;k izR;sd ,d ckj gSaA vr%] buesa ls izR;sd ifj.kke dh izkf;drk gSA
3
(ii) ;fn ,d ikls dks isaQdk tkrk gS] rks blosQ nks laHkkfor ifj.kkeµ,d fo"ke la[;k ;k
1
,d le la[;k gSaA vr% ,d fo"ke la[;k Kkr djus dh izkf;drk gSA
2

iz'ukoyh 15.2 (,sfPNd)*

1. nks xzkgd ';ke vkSj ,drk ,d fo'ks"k nqdku ij ,d gh lIrkg esa tk jgs gSa (eaxyokj ls
'kfuokj rd)A izR;sd }kjk nqdku ij fdlh fnu ;k fdlh vU; fnu tkus osQ ifj.kke
leizkf;d gSAa bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd nksuksa ml nqdku ij (i) ,d gh fnu tk,¡x\s (ii) Øekxr
fnuksa esa tk,¡x\s (iii) fHkUu&fHkUu fnuksa esa tk,¡xs\
2. ,d ikls osQ iQydksa ij la[;k,¡ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 vkSj 6 fy[kh gqbZ gSAa bls nks ckj isQa dk tkrk gS rFkk
nksuksa ckj izkIr gqbZ la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx fy[k fy, tkrs gSaA nksuksa ckj isaQdus osQ ckn] izkIr ;ksx
osQ oqQN laHkkfor eku fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh esa fn, gSa bl lkj.kh dks iwjk dhft,A
igyh ckj isaQdus osQ eku
nwljh ckj isaQdus osQ eku

+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 3 3 4 4 7
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
2 5
3
3 5 9
6 7 8 8 9 9 12

* ;g iz'ukoyh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls ugha gSA

2018-19
342 xf.kr
bldh D;k izkf;drk gS fd oqQy ;ksx
(i) ,d le la[;k gksxk\ (ii) 6 gS\ (iii) de ls de 6 gS\
3. ,d FkSys esa 5 yky xsna vkSj oqQq N uhyh xsna s gSa ;fn bl FkSys esa ls uhyh xsna fudkyus dh izkf;drk
yky xsna fudkyus dh izkf;drk dh nqxuq h gS] rks FkSys esa uhyh xsna ksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
4. ,d isVh esa 12 xsans gSa] ftuesa ls x xsan dkyh gSA ;fn blesa ls ,d xsan ;kn`PN;k fudkyh
tkrh gS] rks bldh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, fd ;g xsan dkyh gSA
;fn bl isVh esa 6 dkyh xsan vkSj Mky nh tk,¡] rks dkyh xaasn fudkyus dh izkf;drk igyh
izkf;drk dh nqxquh gks tkrh gSA x dk eku Kkr dhft,A
5. ,d tkj esa 24 oaQps gSa ftuesa oqQN gjs gSa vkSj 'ks"k uhys gSaA ;fn bl tkj esa ls ;kn`PN;k
2
,d oaQpk fudkyk tkrk gS rks bl oaQps osQ gjk gksus dh izkf;drk ⋅ gSA tkj esa uhys oaQpksa
3
dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
15.3 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS %
1. izk;ksfxd izkf;drk vkSj lS¼kafrd izkf;drk esa varj
2. ?kVuk E dh lS¼kafrd (;k ijaijkxr) izkf;drk P(E) dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tkrk gS%
E osQ vuqoQwy ifj.kkekas dh la[;k
P (E) =
i;zksx oQs lHkh lHakkfor ifj.kkekas dh l[a;k
tgk¡ ge dYiuk djrs gSa fd iz;ksx osQ lHkh ifj.kke leizkf;d gSaA
3. ,d fuf'pr (;k fu/kZfjr) ?kVuk dh izkf;drk 1 gksrh gSA
4. ,d vlaHko ?kVuk dh izkf;drk 0 gksrh gSA
5. ?kVuk E dh izkf;drk ,d ,slh la[;k P(E) gS fd
0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1
6. og ?kVuk ftldk osQoy ,d gh ifj.kke gks ,d izkjafHkd ?kVuk dgykrh gSA fdlh iz;ksx
dh lHkh izkjafHkd ?kVukvksa dh izkf;drk dk ;ksx 1 gksrk gSA
7. fdlh Hkh ?kVuk E osQ fy, P (E) + P ( E ) = 1 gksrk gS] tgk¡ E ?kVuk ^ E ugha* dks O;Dr djrk
gSA E vkSj E iwjd ?kVuk,¡ dgykrh gSaA

2018-19
izkf;drk 343

ikBdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k

,d ?kVuk dh izk;ksfxd ;k vkuqHkfod izkf;drk okLrfod :i ls ?kVuk osQ ?kfVr
gksus ij vk/kfjr gksrh gS] tcfd ml ?kVuk dh lS¼kafrd izkf;drk esa oqQN
dYiukvksa osQ vk/kj ij ;g izkxqfDr dh tkrh gS fd D;k ?kVuk ?kVsxhA tSl&s tSls
,d iz;ksx esa vfHkiz;ksxksa dh la[;k c<+rh tkrh gS] oSl&s oSls izk;ksfxd vkSj
lS¼kafrd izkf;drkvksa dh yxHkx cjkcj gksus dh izR;k'kk dh tk ldrh gSA

2018-19
344 xf.kr

xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ A1
A1.1 Hkwfedk
gekjs nSfud thou esa roZQ izLrqr djus vkSj Li"V ¯pru djus dh {kerk vR;f/d
mi;ksxh gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, eku yhft, ,d jktuhfrK vki ls ;g dgrk gS fd
^;fn vki lkiQ&lqFkjh ljdkj pkgrs gSa rks vkidks eq>s oksV nsuk pkfg,A* okLro esa vkiosQ
vanj og ;g fo'okl iSnk djuk pkgrk gS fd ;fn vkius mls oksV ugha fn;k] rks vkidks
lkiQ&lqFkjh ljdkj ugha fey ldrh gSA blh izdkj] ;fn ,d foKkiu esa ;g crk;k tkrk
gS fd ^cqf¼eku O;fDr XYZ izdkj osQ twrs igurs gSa* rks oaQiuh vkiosQ vanj ;g ckr iSnk
djuk pkgrh gS fd ;fn vki XYZ izdkj osQ twrs ugha igurs gSa] rks vki ,d cqf¼eku
O;fDr ugha gSaA vki Lo;a ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd Åij fn, x, nksuksa gh dFku vke turk
dks cgdk ldrs gSaA vr% ;fn ge roZQ izLrqr djus dh izfØ;k dks lgh izdkj ls le>rs
gSa] rks vutkus esa ge bl izdkj osQ tky esa ugha i¡Ql ldrs gSaA
roZQ izLrqr djus dk lgh iz;ksx xf.kr oQk vk/kj gS] fo'ks"k :i ls miifÙk;k¡ izLrqr
djus esaA d{kk IX esa] vkidks miifÙk;ksa dh ladYiuk ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k gS vkSj okLro
esa vkius vusd dFkuksa] fo'ks"k :i ls T;kfefr osQ dFkuksa dks fl¼ Hkh fd;k gSA Lej.k
dhft, fd ,d miifÙk esa vusd xf.krh; dFku gksrs gSa] ftuesa ls izR;sd dFku miifÙk
osQ fiNys dFku ls ;k igys fl¼ fd, x, izes; ls] ;k fdlh vfHkx`ghr ls] ;k
ifjdYiukvksa ls rk£dd :i ls fuxfer gksrk gSA miifÙk dh jpuk esa iz;qDr gksus okyk
gekjk eq[; lk/u fuxefud roZQ.k dh izfØ;k gSA
bl vè;k; esa ge lcls igys bl ckr ij iqu£opkj djsaxs fd xf.krh; dFku D;k
gksrk gSA blosQ ckn ge vusd mnkgj.kksa }kjk fuxefud roZQ.k nsus osQ dkS'ky dks vkSj

2018-19
xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ 345

vfèkd l{ke cukus ij fopkj djsaxsA ;gk¡ ge fu"ks/ dh ladYiuk vkSj ,d fn, gq, dFku
dk fu"ks/ Kkr djus osQ ckjs esa Hkh ppkZ djsaxsA blosQ ckn ge bl ckr dh ppkZ djsaxs
fd fdlh fn, gq, dFku dk foykse Kkr djus dk vFkZ D;k gksrk gSA var esa] ge vusd
izes;ksa dh miifÙk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ d{kk IX esa i<+h xbZ fdlh miifÙk osQ vo;oksa
ij iqu£opkj djsaxsA ;gk¡ ge fojks/ksfDr (varfoZjks/) }kjk miifÙk dh /kj.kk ij Hkh fopkj
djsaxs] ftls vki d{kk IX esa lh[k pqosQ gSa rFkk bl iqLrd osQ vusd vU; vè;k;ksa esa Hkh
iz;ksx dj pqosQ gSaA

A1.2 xf.krh; dFkuksa dk iqujh{k.k

Lej.k dhft, fd ^dFku* ,d vFkZiw.kZ okD; gksrk gS] tks u rks vkns'k gksrk gS] u
foLe;kfncks/d (exclamation) gksrk gS vkSj u gh iz'u gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^oYMZ
di osQ iQkbuy esa dkSu&lh nks Vhesa [ksy jgh gSa\* ,d iz'u gS] ,d dFku ugha gSA ^tkb,
vkSj viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk dhft,*] ,d vkns'k gS] ,d dFku ugha gSA ^D;k gh cf<+;k xksy
gS!* ,d foLe;kfncks/d gS] ,d dFku ugha gSA
Lej.k jgs fd O;kid :i esa okD; fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d gks ldrk gS%
• lR;
• vlR;
• lafnX/
d{kk IX esas] vki ;g Hkh i<+ pqosQ gSa fd xf.kr esa] dFku osQoy rHkh Lohdk;Z gksrk
gS tcfd og ;k rks lR; gks ;k vlR; gksA vr% lafnX/ okD;ksa dks xf.krh; dFku
ugha ekuk tkrk gSA
vkb, ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj vius Kku dks nksgjk yssaA
mnkgj.k 1 : crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr okD; dFku gS ;k ugha gSA vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR;
Hkh crkb,A
(i) lw;Z i`Foh dh ifjØek djrk gSAS
(ii) okgu osQ pkj ifg, gksrs gSaA
(iii) izdk'k dh pky yxHkx 3 × 105 km/s gSA
(iv) uoacj ls ekpZ rd dksydkrk dh lM+d can jgsxhA
(v) lHkh ekuo u'oj gksrs gSaA

2018-19
346 xf.kr
gy :
(i) ;g okD; vlR; gS] D;ksafd [kxksyfonksa us ;g LFkkfir dj fn;k gS fd i`Foh lw;Z
dh ifjØek djrh gSA vr% ;g ,d dFku gSA
(ii) ;g okD; lafnX/ gS] D;ksafd ge ;g fu.kZ; ugha dj ldrs gSa fd ;g lR; gS ;k
vlR; gSA ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd okgu dkSu&lk gS] D;ksafd okgu 2,
3, 4, 6, 10, vkfn ifg;ksa okyk gks ldrk gSA vr% ;g ,d dFku ugha gSA
(iii) ;g okD; lR; gS] tSlkfd HkkSfrdfonksa usa lR;kfir fd;k gSA vr% ;g ,d dFku gSA
(iv) ;g okD; lafnX/ gS] D;ksafd ;g Li"V ugha gS fd ;gk¡ fdl lM+d osQ ckjs esa dgk
tk jgk gSA vr% ;g ,d dFku ugha gSA
(v) ;g okD; lR; gS] D;ksafd izR;sd ekuo dks dHkh u dHkh ejuk gh gSA vr% ;g
,d dFku gSA
mnkgj.k 2 : crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr okD; lR; gSa ;k vlR; gSaA vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR;
Hkh crkb,A
(i) lHkh leckgq f=kHkqt lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gksrs gSaA
(ii) oqQN lef}ckgq f=kHkqt leckgq f=kHkqt gksrs gSaA
(iii) lHkh lef}ckgq f=kHkqt leckgq f=kHkqt gksrs gSaA
(iv) oqQN ifjes; la[;k,¡ iw.kk±d gksrh gSaA
(v) oqQN ifjes; la[;k,¡ iw.kk±d ugha gksrh gSaA
(vi) lHkh iw.kk±d ifjes; la[;k ugha gksrs gSaA
(vii) fdUgha nks ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ chp ,d Hkh ifjes; la[;k ugha gksrh gSA
gy :
(i) ;g okD; lR; gS] D;ksafd leckgq f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk,¡ leku gksrh gSa] vr% ;s
lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gSaA
(ii) ;g okD; lR; gS] D;ksafd os lef}ckgq f=kHkqt ftlosQ vk/kj dks.k 60° osQ gSa] leckgq
f=kHkqt gksrs gSaA
(iii) ;g okD; vlR; gSA bldk ,d izR;qnkgj.k nhft,A
p
(iv) ;g okD; lR; gS] D;ksafd q
osQ :i dh ,slh ifjes; la[;k,¡] tgk¡ p iw.kk±d gSa vkSj
3
q = 1, iw.kk±d gSaA (mnkgj.k osQ fy, 3= )
1

2018-19
xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ 347

p
(v) ;g okD; lR; gS] D;ksafd q
osQ :i dh ,slh ifjes; la[;k,¡] tgk¡ p, q iw.kk±d gSa
3
vkSj q, p dks foHkkftr ugha djrk] iw.kk±d ugha gSa (mnkgj.k osQ fy, )
2
(vi) ;g okD; bl dFku osQ leku gS fd ^,d ,slk iw.kk±d gS] tks ifjes; la[;k ugha
gS*A ;g okD; vlR; gS] D;ksafd lHkh iw.kk±d ifjes; la[;k gksrs gSaA
(vii) ;g okD; vlR; gSA tSlkfd vki tkurs gSa fdUgha nks ifjes; la[;kvksa r vkSj s osQ
r +s
chp gksrh gSa] tks ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
2
mnkgj.k 3 : ;fn x < 4 gS rks fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa dkSu ls lR; gSa\ vius mÙkj dk
vkSfpR; Hkh crkb,A
(i)2x > 8 (ii) 2x < 6 (iii) 2x < 8
gy :
(i) ;g dFku vlR; gS] D;ksafd] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] x = 3 < 4, 2x > 8 dks larq"V ugha
djrk gSA
(ii) ;g dFku vlR; gS] D;ksafd mnkgj.k osQ fy, x = 3.5 < 4, 2x < 6 dks larq"V ugha
djrk gSA
(iii) ;g dFku lR; gS] D;ksafd ;g ogh gS tks fd x < 4 gSA

mnkgj.k 4 : mi;qDr izfrca/ yxkdj fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dk iquoZQFku nhft,] ftlls fd

os dFku lR; gks tk,¡\
(i) ;fn fdlh prqHkqZt osQ fod.kZ cjkcj gksa] rks og ,d vk;r gksrk gSA
(ii) fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa osQ nks ¯cnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk rhljh Hkqtk osQ
lekarj gksrh gSA
(iii) lHkh /u iw.kk±d p osQ fy, p vifjes; gksrk gSA

(iv) lHkh f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ nks okLrfod ewy gksrs gSaA
gy :
(i) ;fn ,d lekarj prqHkqZt osQ fod.kZ cjkcj gksa] rks og ,d vk;r gksrk gSA
(ii) ,d f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa osQ eè;&¯cnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk rhljh Hkqtk osQ
lekarj gksrh gSA

2018-19
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(iii) lHkh vHkkT; la[;kvksa p osQ fy, p vifjes; gksrk gSA

(iv) lHkh f}?kkr lehdj.k osQ vf/d ls vf/d nks okLrfod ewy gksrs gSaA
fVIi.kh : Åij osQ dFkuksa dk iqu%oQFku vU; izdkj Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
(iii) dk iqu%oQFku ^ p vifjes; gS] tgk¡ p ,slk /u iw.kk±d gS]a tks iw.kZ oxZ ugha gSA*

iz'ukoyh A1.1
1. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr okD; dFku gSa ;k ughaA ;fn dFku gSa] rks crkb, fd os lR; gSa ;k
vlR;A vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; Hkh nhft,A
(i) xf.kr dh lHkh ikB~; iqLrosaQ jkspd gksrh gSaA
(ii) i`Foh ls lw;Z dh nwjh yxHkx 1.5 × 108 km gSA
(iii) lHkh ekuo o`¼ gks tkrs gSaA
(iv) mÙkjdk'kh ls g£ly dh ;k=kk Fkdk nsus okyh gSA
(v) efgyk us ckbukoqQyj ls ,d gkFkh ns[kkA
2. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gS ;k vlR;A vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; Hkh nhft,A
(i) lHkh "kV~Hkqt cgqHkqt gksrs gSaA
(ii) oqQN cgqHkqt iapHkqt gksrs gSaA
(iii) lHkh le la[;k,¡ 2 ls HkkT; ugha gksrh gSaA
(iv) oqQN okLrfod la[;k,¡ vifjes; gksrh gSaA
(v) lHkh okLrfod la[;k,¡ ifjes; ugha gksrh gSaA
3. eku yhft, a vkSj b okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa] tgk¡ ab ≠ 0 gS] rc crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa
esa ls dkSu ls lR; gSa\ vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; Hkh nhft,A
(i) a vkSj b nksuksa
vfuok;Zr% 'kwU; gksus pkfg,A (ii) a vkSj b nksuksa 'kwU;srj gksus pkfg,A
(iii) ;k rks a ;k b 'kwU;srj gksuk pkfg,A
4. mi;qDr izfrca/ksa osQ lkFk fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dk ,slk iqu%oQFku nhft, ftlls fd os lR;
gks tk,¡A
(i) ;fn a2 > b2, rks a > b (ii) ;fn x2 = y2 , rks x = y
(iii) ;fn (x + y)2 = x2 + y2, rks x = 0 (iv) prqHkqt
Z osQ fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr
djrs gSaA

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xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ 349

A1.3 fuxefud roZQ.k

d{kk IX esa] vkidks fuxefud roZQ.k dh ladYiuk ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ ge
vusoQ mnkgj.kksa }kjk ;g Li"V djsaxs fd fdl izdkj fuxefud roZQ.k osQ iz;ksx ls] lR;
ekus x, iznÙk dFkuksa ls fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSaA bu dFkuksa dks ifjdYiuk,¡ ;k vk/kj okD;
(Hypotheses or Premises) dgrs gSAa vc ge oqQN mnkgj.kksa ls izkjaHk djsaxsA

mnkgj.k 5 : fn;k gqvk gS fd chtkiqj dukZVd jkT; esa gS] vkSj eku yhft, fd 'kckuk
chtkiqj esa jgrh gSA fdl jkT; esa 'kckuk jgrh gS\
gy : ;gk¡ nks ifjdYiuk,a¡ gSa %
(i) chtkiqj dukZVd jkT; esa gSA (ii) 'kckuk chtkiqj esa jgrh gSA
bu ifjdYiukvksa ls ge ;g fuxfer djrs gSa fd 'kckuk dukZVd jkT; esa jgrh gSA
mnkgj.k 6 : fn;k gqvk gS fd xf.kr dh lHkh ikB~;&iqLrosaQ jkspd gksrh gSa vkSj eku
yhft, vki xf.kr dh ,d ikB~;&iqLrd i<+ jgs gSaA tks ikB~;&iqLrd vki i<+ jgs gSa
mlosQ ckjs esa ge D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\
gy : nks ifjdYiukvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ge ;g fuxfer dj ldrs gSa fd vki ,d jkspd
ikB~;&iqLrd i<+ jgs gSaA
mnkgj.k 7 : y = – 6x + 5 fn;k gqvk gS vkSj eku yhft, fd x = 3 gS] y dk eku D;k gS\
gy : nksuksa ifjdYiukvksa ls gesa y = – 6 (3) + 5 = – 13 izkIr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 8 : fn;k gqvk gS fd ABCD ,d lekarj
prqHkqt
Z gS vkSj eku yhft, fd AD = 5 cm, AB = 7 cm
(vko`Qfr A1.1 nsf[k,)A DC vkSj BC dh yackb;ksa osQ
ckjs esa vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\ vko`Qfr A1.1
gy : gesa ;g fn;k gqvk gS fd ABCD ,d lekarjprqHkqt Z gS vr% ge ;g fuxfer dj
ysrs gSa fd os lHkh xq.kèkeZ tks ,d lekarjprqHkqZt osQ gksrs gSa] ABCD osQ Hkh gSaA blfy,
fo'ks"k :i ls ;g xq.k/eZ fd ^,d lekarjprqHkqZt dh lEeq[k Hkqtk,¡* ,d&nwljs osQ cjkcj
gksrh gSa] ABCD ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA D;ksafd ge tkurs gSa fd AD = 5 cm, blfy, ge
;g fuxfer dj ldrs gSa fd BC = 5 cm gSA blh izdkj ge ;g fuxfer dj ldrs gSa fd
DC = 7 cm

2018-19
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fVIi.kh : bl mnkgj.k esa ge ns[krs gSa fd fdl izdkj ,d nh gqbZ ifjdYiuk esa fNis
xq.k/eks± dks Kkr djus vkSj ykxw djus dh vko';drk izk;% iM+rh jgrh gSA
mnkgj.k 9 : fn;k gqvk gS fd lHkh vHkkT; la[;kvksa p osQ fy, p vifjes; gS vkSj eku
yhft, fd 19423 ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA 19423 osQ laca/ esa vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky
ldrs gSa\
gy : ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd 19423 vifjes; gSA
Åij osQ mnkgj.kksa esa bl ckr dh vksj vkius vo'; è;ku fn;k gksxk fd ge ;g
ugha tkurs fd ifjdYiuk,¡ lR; gSa ;k ughaA ge ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd oss lR; gSa] vkSj
rc fuxefud roZQ.k dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA n`"Vkarr% mnkgj.k 9 esa geus bl ckr dh tk¡p
ugha dh gS fd 19423 vHkkT; la[;k gS ;k ughaA vius roZQ osQ fy, ge bls vHkkT;
la[;k eku ysrs gSaA bl vuqPNsn esa ge bl ckr ij cy nsus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa fd
;fn ,d fo'ks"k dFku fn;k gqvk gS] rks ,d fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pus osQ fy, ge fuxefud
roZQ.k dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj djrs gSaA okLro esa ;gk¡ bl ckr dk vf/d egÙo gS fd
ge roZQ.k dh lgh izfØ;k dk iz;ksx djsa vkSj roZQ.k dh ;g izfØ;k ifjdYiukvksa dh
lR;rk ;k vlR;rk ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh] bl ckr dh vksj Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg,
fd ;fn ge xyr ifjdYiuk ls izkjaHk djsxa ]s rks ge xyr fu"d"kZ ij Hkh igqp ¡ ldrs gSAa

iz'ukoyh A1.2
1. fn;k gqvk gS fd lHkh efgyk,¡ u'oj gaS vkSj eku yhft, A ,d efgyk gSA A osQ ckjs esa
ge D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\
2. fn;k gqvk gS fd nks ifjes; la[;k dk xq.kuiQy ifjes; gS vkSj eku yhft, a vkSj b ifjes;
gSa rc ab osQ ckjs esa vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\
3. fn;k gqvk gS fd vifjes; la[;kvkssa dk n'keyo izlkj vuolkuh (non-terminating) vkSj
vukorhZ (non-recurring) gS vkSj 17 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA 17 osQ n'keyo izlkj osQ
ckjs esa ge D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\
4. fn;k gqvk gS fd y = x2 + 6 vkSj x = – 1 rc y osQ eku osQ ckjs esa ge D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gS\a
5. fn;k gqvk gS fd ABCD ,d lekarj prqHkqZt gS vkSj ∠ B = 80° rc lekarj prqHkqZt osQ vU;
dks.kksa osQ ckjs esa vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\

2018-19
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6. fn;k gqvk gS fd PQRS ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gS vkSj blosQ fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr
djrs gSaA prqHkqZt osQ ckjs esa vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\
7. fn;k gqvk gS fd lHkh vHkkT; la[;k p osQ fy, p vifjes; gS vkSj ;g Hkh eku yhft,
fd 3721 ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA D;k vki ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd 3721 ,d
vifjes; la[;k gS\ D;k vkidk fu"d"kZ lgh gS\ D;ksa ;k D;ksa ugha\

A1.4 oaQtsDpj (conjectures), ize;

s ] miifÙk;k¡ vkSj xf.krh; roZQ.k
vko`Qfr A1.2 ij fopkj dhft,A igys o`Ùk ij ,d
¯cnq gS] nwljs o`Ùk ij nks ¯cnq gSa] rhljs ij rhu]
bR;kfnA izR;sd fLFkfr esa ¯cnqvksa dks feykus okyh
lHkh laHko js[kk,¡ [khaph xbZ gSaA
js[kk,¡ o`Ùk dks ijLij viothZ {ks=kksa (ftuesa
dksbZ mHk;fu"B Hkkx ugha gksrk gS) esa foHkkftr
djrh gSaA ge bUgsa fxu ldrs gSa vkSj vius
ifj.kkeksa dks lkj.khc¼ djrs gSaA tSlk uhsps n'kkZ;k vko`Qfr A1.2
x;k gS%
¯cnqvksa dh la[;k izns'kksa dh la[;k
1 1
2 2

3 4

4 8
5

vki esa ls oqQN yksx ml lw=k dks izkIr dj losQ gksaxs ftlosQ iz;ksx ls ¯cnqvksa dh
la[;k Kkr gksus ij {ks=kksa dh la[;k dh izkxqfDr dj ldrs gSaA vki Lej.k dj ldrs gSa
fd d{kk IX esa] bl izdkj osQ cqf¼eÙkk iw.kZ vuqeku dks ^datsDpj* dgk x;k gSA

2018-19
352 xf.kr
eku yhft, vkidk oaQtsDpj ;g gS fd ;fn o`Ùk ij ^n* ¯cnq fn, gq, gSa] rks bu
¯cnqvksa dks leLr laHko js[kkvksa ls feykus ij 2n – 1 ijLij viothZ {ks=k curs gSaA ;g ,d
roZQlaxr vuqeku yxrk gSA ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn n = 5, rks gesa 16 {ks=k izkIr
gksrs gSaA vr% 5 ¯cnqvksa osQ fy, bl lw=k dks lR;kfir dj ysus osQ ckn D;k vki larq"V
gSa fd fdUgha Hkh n ¯cnqvksa osQ fy, 2n – 1 {ks=k gksrs gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS] rks ;fn dksbZ O;fDr
vkils ;g iwNs fd vki n = 25 osQ fy, bls oSQls lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa] rks vkidh
izfrfØ;k D;k gksxh\ ,sls iz'uksa dk mÙkj izkIr djus osQ fy, vkidks ,d ,slh miifÙk dh
vko';drk gksrh gS tks fuLlansg ;g izn£'kr djrh gks fd ;g ifj.kke lR; gS ;k ;g
izn£'kr djus osQ fy, fd oqQN ^n* osQ fy, ;g ifj.kke vliQy gks tkrk gS] ,d
izR;qnkgj.k gksuk pkfg,A okLro esa] ;fn vkiesa /S;Z gS vkSj n = 6 ij bls Kkr djus dk
iz;kl djsa rks ik,¡xs fd n = 6 ij 31 {ks=k gksrs gSa vkSj n = 7 ij 57 {ks=k gksrs gSaA vr% Åij
osQ oaQtsDpj dk n = 6 ,d izR;qnkgj.k gSA ;g rF; izR;qnkgj.k dh 'kfDr dks izn£'kr
djrk gSA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd d{kk IX esa bl ckr ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS fd fdlh dFku
dks vlR; fl¼ djus osQ fy, ,d gh izR;qnkgj.k i;kZIr gksrk gSA
bl ckr dh vksj vkius vo'; è;ku fn;k gksxk fd n = 1, 2, 3, 4 vkSj 5 ij ifj.kke
dk lR;kiu djus osQ ckn Hkh geus {ks=kksa dh la[;k ls lacaf/r miifÙk dh vko';drk
ij cy fn;k gSA vkb, ge oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k ysaA vki (vè;k; 5 esa fn, x,)
n (n + 1)
fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke ls vo'; ifjfpr gksaxs% 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = bldh ekU;rk
2
dks LFkkfir djus osQ fy, n = 1, 2, 3, vkfn osQ fy, ifj.kke dks lR;kfir dj nsuk gh
i;kZIr ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd oqQN ,sls Hkh ‘n’ gks ldrs gSa] ftlosQ fy, ;g ifj.kke lR;
u gks (tSlk fd Åij osQ mnkgj.k esa n = 6 ij ifj.kke vliQy gks tkrk gS)A vr% gesa
,d ,slh miifÙk dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks bldh lR;rk fuLlansg LFkkfir djsA mPp
d{kkvksa esa vki bldh miifÙk osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxsA
vc] vko`Qfr A1.3 ij fopkj dhft,] tgk¡ PQ
vkSj PR ¯cnq P ls o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gSaA
vki (izes; 10-2 esa) ;g fl¼ dj pqosQ gSa fd
PQ = PR gSA vki bl izdkj dh vusd vkÑfr;k¡ [khap
dj vkSj laxr Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh ekih xbZ yackb;ksa }kjk
izR;sd fLFkfr esa bl ifj.kke dks osQoy lR;kfir djosQ vko`Qfr A1.3
vki larq"V ugha gq, FksA

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D;k vkidks ;kn gS fd miifÙk esa D;k&D;k Fkk\ ;g dFkuksa (ftUgsa ekU; roZQ dgrs gS)a
osQ ,d vuqØe ls fey dj cuk Fkk] ftlesa izR;sd dFku] miifÙk esa vkiwoZ dFkuksa ls ;k
izekf.kr fd, tkus okys ifj.kke ls Lora=k igys fl¼ fd, tk pqoQs ifj.kkeksa ls ;k vfHkx`ghrksa
ls ;k ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;k vkiosQ }kjk dh xbZ dYiukvksa ls izkIr gksrk gS vkSj vki viuh miifÙk
dks dFku PQ = PR ls lekIr djrs gSa vFkkZr~ ml dFku ls ftls vki fl¼ djuk pkgrs FksA
miifÙk dh jpuk djus dh ;gh fof/ gksrh gSA
vc ge oqQN mnkgj.kksa vkSj izes;ksa ij fopkj djsaxs vkSj mudh miifÙk;ksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djsaxs ftlls gesa ;g vf/d vPNh rjg le>us esa lgk;rk feysxh fd budh
jpuk fdl izdkj dh tkrh gSA
lcls igys ge miifÙk dh rFkkdfFkr ^izR;{k* ;k ^fuxefud* fof/ osQ iz;ksx ls
izkjaHk djsaxsA bl fof/ esa ge vusd dFku izLrqr djrs gSaA izR;sd dFku fiNys dFkuksa
ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA ;fn izR;sd dFku rk£dd :i ls lgh gS (vFkkZr~ ,d ekU; roZQ
gS)] rks blls lgh fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 10 : nks ifjes; la[;kvksa dk ;ksxiQy ,d ifjes; la[;k gksrh gSA
gy :
Ø-la- dFku fo'ys"k.k@fVIi.kh
1. eku yhft, x vkSj y ifjes; la[;k,¡ gSaA D;ksfa d ifj.kke ifjes; la[;kvksa
osQ ckjs esa gS] blhfy, ge
x vkSj y ls izkjaHk djrs gSa tks
fd ifjes; gSA
m p
2. eku yhft, x= , n ≠ 0 vkSj y = q , ifjes; la[;kvksa dh ifjHkk"kk
n
iz;qDr djsaA
q ≠ 0 tgk¡ m, n, p vkSj q iw.kk±d gSaA

m p mq + np
3. vr% x+ y= + =
n q nq D;ksfa d ifj.kke ifjes; la[;kvksa
osQ ;ksxiQy osQ ckjs esa gS]
blfy, ge x + y ysrs gSaA

2018-19
354 xf.kr

4. iw.kk±dksa osQ xq.k/eks± dks ykxw djus ij ge iw.kk±dksa osQ Kkr xq.k/eks± osQ
ns[krs gSa fd mq + np vkSj nq iw.kk±d gSaA iz;ksx djus ijA
5. D;ksfa d n ≠ 0 vkSj q ≠ 0, blfy, iw.kk±dksa osQ Kkr xq.k/eks± dk
nq ≠ 0. iz;ksx djosQA
mq + np
6. vr%] x + y = nq ,d ifjes; la[;k dh ifjHkk"kk
ifjes; la[;k gSA dk iz;ksx djosQA
fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd Åij dh miifÙk dk izR;sd dFku igys ls LFkkfir fd, x,
rF; ;k ifjHkk"kk ij vk/kfjr gSA
mnkgj.k 11 : 3 ls cM+h izR;sd vHkkT; la[;k 6k + 1 ;k 6k + 5 osQ :i dh gksrh gS] tgk¡
k ,d iw.kk±d gSA
gy :
Ø-la- dFku fo'ys"k.k@fVIi.kh
1. eku yhft, p, 3 ls cM+h ,d vHkkT; D;ksafd ifj.kke dk laca/
la[;k gSA 3 ls cM+h ,d vHkkT; la[;k
ls gS] blfy, lcls igys
ge bl izdkj dh la[;k ls
izkjaHk djrs gSaA
2. p dks 6 ls Hkkx nsus ij ge ;g ns[krs gSa ;wfDyM dh foHkktu&
fd p dk :i 6k, 6k + 1, 6k + 2, 6k + 3, izesf;dk dk iz;ksx djus ij
6k + 4, ;k 6k + 5 gks ldrk gS] tgk¡ k ,d
iw.kk±d gSA
3. ijarq 6k = 2(3k), 6k + 2 = 2(3k + 1), vc ge 'ks"kiQyksa dk fo'ys"k.k
6k + 4 = 2(3k + 2) vkSj 6k + 3 = 3(2k + 1) djsaxs tcfd p ,d vHkkT;
vr% ;s vHkkT; la[;k,¡ ugha gSA la[;k gksA
4. vr% p dks vfuok;Zr% 6k + 1 ;k 6k + 5 vU; fodYiksa dk fujkdj.k
osQ :i dk gksuk gksxk] tgk¡ k ,d iw.kk±d djus osQ ckn ge bl
gSA fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSaA

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fVIi.kh : Åij osQ mnkgj.k esa fofHkUu fodYiksa dk fujkdj.k dj ysus osQ ckn ge fu"d"kZ ij
igq¡prs gSAa bl fof/ dks dHkh&dHkh fu%'ks"k.k }kjk miifÙk (proof by exhaustion) dgk tkrk gSA
ize;s A1.1 (ikbFkkxksjl&izes; dk foykse):
;fn ,d f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk dh yackbZ dk
oxZ vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;ksa osQ oxks± osQ
;ksxiQy osQ cjkcj gks] rks igyh Hkqtk dk
lEeq[k dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA
miifÙk : vko`Qfr A1.4
Ø-la- dFku fo'ys"k.k
1. eku yhft, ∆ABC ifjdYiuk D;ksafd ge bl izdkj osQ
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 dks larq"V djrh gSA f=kHkqt ls lacaf/r dFku dks
fl¼ dj jgs gSa] blfy,
ge blh dks ysdj izkjaHk
djrs gSaA
2. AB ij yac js[kk BD dh jpuk dhft, ;g og varZKku okyk pj.k
bl izdkj fd BD = BC gkss vkSj A dks D gS] ftlosQ ckjs esa ge dg
ls feykb,A pqosQ gSa fd bldh
vko';drk gesa izes;ksa dks
fl¼ djus esa izk;% gksxhA
3. jpuk osQ vuqlkj ∆ABD ,d ledks.k ge ikbFkkxksjl ize;s dk iz;ksx
f=kHkqt gS] vkSj ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ djrs gSa ftls igys fl¼
vuqlkj AD2 = AB2 + BD2 fd;k tk pqdk gSA
4. jpuk osQ vuqlkj BD = BC gSA vr% roZQlaxr fuxeu
AD2 = AB2 + BC2.
5. vr% AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = AD2 dYiuk vkSj fiNys dFku dks
ykxw djus ij
6. D;ksfa d AC vkSj AD /ukRed gS] blfy, la[;kvksa osQ Kkr xq.k/eZ
AC = AD dks ykxw djus ij

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7. vHkh gh geus ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd Kkr izes; ykxw djus ij

AC = AD vkSj jpuk osQ vuqlkj
BC = BD vkSj AB mHk;fu"B gSA
vr% SSS osQ vuqlkj ∆ABC ≅ ∆ABD
8. D;ksfa d ∆ABC ≅ ∆ABD, blfy, igys LFkkfir rF; osQ vk/kj
∠ABC = ∠ABD tks fd ,d ledks.k gS ij roZQlaxr fuxeu
n

fVIi.kh : Åij fn, x, izR;sd ifj.kke dks ,d&nwljs ls Ükà[kfyr pj.kksa osQ vuqØe ls
fl¼ fd;k x;k gSA buosQ Øe dk egÙo gSA miifÙk dk izR;sd pj.k fiNys pj.kksa vkSj
igys Kkr fd, x, ifj.kkeksa ls izkIr gksrk gS (izes; 6.9 Hkh nsf[k,)A
iz'ukoyh A1.3
uhps fn, x, izR;sd iz'u esa vkidks ,d dFku fl¼ djus osQ fy, dgk x;k gSA izR;sd miifÙk
esa iz;ksx fd, x, lHkh pj.k crkb, vkSj izR;sd pj.k osQ fy, dkj.k crkb,A
1. fl¼ dhft, fd nks Øekxr fo"ke la[;kvksa dk ;ksxiQy] 4 ls HkkT; gksrk gSA
2. nks Øekxr fo"ke la[;k,¡ yhft,A muosQ oxks± dk ;ksxiQy Kkr dhft, vkSj rc izkIr ifj.kke
esa 6 tksM+ nhft,A fl¼ dhft, fd bl rjg izkIr dh xbZ ubZ la[;k lnk gh 8 ls HkkT;
gksrh gSA
3. ;fn p ≥ 5 ,d vHkkT; la[;k gks rks fn[kkb, fd p2 + 2, la[;k 3 ls HkkT; gSA
[laosQr: mnkgj.k 11 dk iz;ksx dhft,A]
4. eku yhft, x vkSj y ifjes; la[;k,¡ gSaA fn[kkb, fd xy ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
5. ;fn a vkSj b /u iw.kk±d gksa] rks vki tkurs gSa fd a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b, tgk¡ q ,d iw.kZ la[;k
gSA fl¼ dhft, HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, r)
[laosQr : eku yhft, HCF(b, r) = h gSA vr% b = k1h vkSj r = k2h, tgk¡ k1 vkSj k2 vlgHkkT;
(co-prime) gSAa ]
6. f=kHkqt ABC dh Hkqtk BC dh ,d lekarj js[kk Hkqtkvksa AB vkSj AC dks Øe'k% D vkSj E
AD AE
ij dkVrh gSA fl¼ dhft, fd =
DB EC

A1.5 dFku dk fu"ks/ (Negation)

bl Hkkx esa ge bl ckr ij ppkZ djsaxs fd fdlh dFku dk ^fu"ks/* djus dk D;k vFkZ
gS] ijarq ppkZ izkjaHk djus ls igys ge vkidks oqQN laosQru ls ifjfpr djk nsuk pkgrs

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gSa] ftudh lgk;rk ls ge bu ladYiukvksa dks ljyrk ls le> ldrs gSaA vkb, lcls
igys ge ,d dFku dks ,d ,dy bdkbZ osQ :i esa ysa vkSj mls ,d uke ns nsaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy, ge dFku ^1 flracj] 2005 dks fnYyh esa o"kkZ gqbZ Fkh* dks p ls izdV dj
ldrs gSaA bls ge bl izdkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa
p: 1 flracj] 2005 dks fnYyh esa o"kkZ gqbZ FkhA
blh izdkj vkb, ge ;g Hkh fy[k ysAas
q: lHkh vè;kid efgyk,¡ gSaA
r: ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh gSA
s: 2 + 2 = 4.
t:f=kHkqt ABC leckgq f=kHkqt gSA
;g laosQru gesa dFkuksa osQ xq.k/eks± osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS vkSj
bl ckr esa Hkh lgk;rk djrh gS fd ge mUgsa fdl izdkj la;ksftr dj ldrs gSaA izkjaHk
esa mu dFkuksa dk vè;;u djsaxs] ftUgsa ge ^ljy* dFku dgrs gSa vkSj rnqijkar ^feJ*
dFkuksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA
vkb, vc ge fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ij fopkj djsa ftlesa ge fn, gq, izR;sd dFku
ls ,d u;k dFku dh jpuk djsaxsA
ewy dFku u;k dFku
p: 1 flracj 2005 dks ~p: ;g vlR; gS fd 1 flracj]
fnYyh esa o"kkZ gqbZ FkhA 2005 dks fnYyh esa o"kkZ gqbZ FkhA
q: lHkh vè;kid efgyk gSaA ~ q: ;g vlR; gS fd lHkh vè;kid
efgyk gSaA
r: ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh gSA ~r: ;g vlR; gS fd ekbd osQ oqQÙks
dh iwN¡ dkyh gSA
s: 2 + 2 = 4 ~s: ;g vlR; gS fd 2 + 2 = 4
t: f=kHkqt ABC leckgq gSA ~t: ;g vlR; gS fd f=kHkqt ABC
leckgq gSA

lkj.kh esa fn;k x;k izR;sd u;k dFku laxr iqjkus dFku dk fu"ks/ (negation) gSA
vFkkZr~ ~p, ~q, ~r, ~s vkSj ~t Øe'k% dFkuksa p, q, r, s vkSj t osQ fu"ks/ gSaA ;gk¡ ~p dks

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^ugha p’ (not p) i<+k tkrk gSA dFku ~p, ml fu'p;kRed dFku (assertion) dk fu"ks/
djrk gS ftls dFku p dgrk gSA è;ku nhft, fd viuh lkekU; ckrphr esa ~p dk vFkZ
;g gS fd ^1 flracj] 2005 dks fnYyh esa o"kkZ ugha gqbZ FkhA* fiQj Hkh] ,slk djrs le;
gesa lkoèkkuh cjrus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vki laHkor% ;g lksp ldrs gSa fd fn,
gq, dFku esa fdlh mi;qDr LFkku ij osQoy 'kCn ^ugha* yxk nsus ls gh dFku dk fu"ks/
izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;|fi ;g fØ;k ‘p’ osQ laca/ esa rks ykxw gks tkrh gS] ijarq
dfBukbZ rc gksrh gS tcfd gekjk dFku 'kCn ^lHkh* ls izkjaHk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
dFku q% lHkh vè;kid efgyk gSa ij fopkj dhft,A geus ;g dgk gS fd bl dFku
dk fu"ks/ ~q: ;g vlR; gS fd lHkh vè;kid efgyk gksrh gSaA ;g bl dFku osQ gh
leku gS fd ^oqQN vè;kid ,sls gSa tks iq#"k gSaA* vkb, vc ;g ns[ksa fd tc ge q esa
osQoy ^ugha* yxk nsrs gSa rc D;k gksrk gSA rc gesa ;g dFku izkIr gksrk gS fd ¶lHkh
vè;kid efgyk ugha gSa¸ ;k ge ;g dFku izkIr dj ldrs gSa fd ¶ugha gSa lHkh
vè;kid efgyk¸A igys dFku ls yksx Hkze esa iM+ ldrs gSa] blls ;g vFkZ fudyrk gS
fd lHkh vè;kid iq#"k gSa (;fn ge 'kCn ^lHkh* ij cy nsrs gSa)A ;g fu'p; gh q dk
fu"ks/ ugha gSA rFkkfi nwljs dFku ls ~q dk vFkZ izkIr gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ de ls de ,d
vè;kid ,slk gS tks efgyk ugha gSA vr% fdlh dFku dk fu"ks/ fy[krs le; lko/kuh
cjrus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
vc] ge bl ckr dk fu.kZ; oSQls djsa fd tks fu"ks/ geus izkIr fd;k gS og lgh
gS ;k ugha\ blosQ fy, ge fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
eku yhft, p ,d dFku gS vkSj ~p bldk fu"ks/ gSA rc ~p vlR; gksrk gS tc dHkh
p lR; gksrk gS vkSj ~p lR; gksrk gS tc dHkh p vlR; gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ;g lR; gS fd ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh gS] rks ;g
vlR; gS fd ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh ugha gSA ;fn ;g vlR; gS fd ekbd osQ
oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh gS] rks ;g lR; gS fd ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh ugha gSA
blh izdkj dFkuksa s vkSj t osQ fu"ks/ ;s gSa%
s : 2 + 2 = 4; fu"ks/ ~s: 2 + 2 ≠ 4
t: f=kHkqt ABC leckgq gS] ~t: f=kHkqt ABC leckgq ugha gSA
vc] ~(~s) D;k gS\ ;g 2 + 2 = 4 gksxk tks fd s gS vkSj ~(~t) D;k gS\ ;g f=kHkqt ABC
leckgq gS* vFkkZr~ t gksxkA oLrqr% ;fn dksbZ dFku p gks] rks ~(~p) Lo;a dFku p gksrk gSA.

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mnkgj.k 12 : fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa osQ fu"ks/ crkb,%

(i) ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh ugha gSA
(ii) lHkh vifjes; la[;k,¡ okLrfod la[;k,¡ gksrh gSaA
(iii) 2 vifjes; gSA
(iv) oqQN ifjes; la[;k,¡ iw.kk±d gksrh gSaA
(v) lHkh vè;kid iq#"k ugha gSaA
(vi) oqQN ?kksM+s Hkwjs ugha gSaA
(vii) ,slh dksbZ okLrfod la[;k x ugha gS ftlls fd x2 = – 1
gy :
(i) ;g vlR; gS fd ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh iw¡N dkyh ugha gS vFkkZr~ ekbd osQ oqQÙks dh
iwN
¡ dkyh gSA
(ii) ;g vlR; gS fd lHkh vifjes; la[;k,¡ okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa vFkkZr~ oqQN (de ls
de ,d) vifjes; la[;k,¡ okLrfod la[;k,¡ ugha gSaA bls bl izdkj Hkh fy[kk tk
ldrk gS ^lHkh vifjes; la[;k,¡ okLrfod la[;k,¡ ugha gSaA*
(iii) ;g vlR; gS fd 2 vifjes; gS vFkkZr~ 2 vifjes; ugha gSA
(iv) ;g vlR; gS fd oqQN ifjes; la[;k,¡ iw.kk±d gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh ifjes; la[;k
iw.kk±d ugha gSA
(v) ;g vlR; gS fd lHkh vè;kid iq#"k ugha gSa vFkkZr~ lHkh vè;kid iq#"k gSaA
(vi) ;g vlR; gS fd oqQN ?kksM+s Hkwjs ugha gS vFkkZr~ lHkh ?kksM+s Hkwjs gSaA
(vii) ;g vlR; gS fd ,slh dksbZ okLrfod la[;k x ugha gS ftlls fd x2 = – 1 vFkkZr~ de
ls de ,d okLrfod la[;k x gS ftlls fd x2 = – 1
fVIi.kh : Åij dh ppkZ ls fdlh dFku dk fu"ks/ izkIr djus dk fuEufyf[kr
dk;Zdkjh fu;e (working rule) izkIr dj ldrs gSa%
(i) igys ^ugha* osQ lkFk dFku fyf[k,A
(ii) ;fn dksbZ Hkze gks] rks vki oqQN mi;qDr la'kks/u (modification) dj ldrs gSa] fo'ks"k
:i ls ^lHkh* ;k ^oqQN* ls lacaf/r dFkuksa esaA

iz'ukoyh A1.4
1. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa osQ fu"ks/ fyf[k,%

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(i) euq"; u'oj (mortal) gSA (ii) js[kk l js[kk m osQ lekarj gSA
(iii) bl vè;k; esa vusd iz'ukofy;k¡ gSaA (iv) lHkh iw.kk±d ifjes; la[;k gSA
(v) oqQN vHkkT; la[;k,¡ fo"ke gSA (vi) dksbZ Nk=k vkylh ugha gSA
(vii) oqQN fcfYy;k¡ dkyh ugha gSA
(viii) ,slh dksbZ la[;k x ugha gS ftlls fd x = − 1
(ix) la[;k 2] /u iw.kk±d a dks foHkkftr djrh gSA (x) iw.kk±d a vkSj b vlgHkkT; gSA
2. uhps fn, x, izR;sd iz'u esa nks dFku gSaA crkb, fd nwljk dFku igys dFku dk fu"ks/ gS
;k ugha
(i) eqerkt Hkw[kh gS] (ii) oqQN fcfYy;k¡ dkyh gSa]
eqerkt Hkw[kh ugha gSA oqQN fcfYy;k¡ Hkwjh gSaA
(iii) lHkh gkFkh fo'kky gSaA (iv) lHkh vfXu'kked ;a=k yky gSaA
,d gkFkh fo'kky ugha gSA lHkh vfXu'kked ;a=k yky ugha gSaA
(v) dksbZ vkneh xk; ugha gSA
oqQN vkneh xk; gSaA
A1.6 dFku dk foykse
vc ge ,d dFku osQ foykse dh vfHk/kj.kk (notion) dk irk yxk,¡xsA blosQ fy, gesa
^feJ (compound)* dFku dh vFkkZr~ ,d ,sls dFku dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks ,d ;k
vf/d ^ljy* dFkuksa dk la;kstu gksrk gSA ,sls rks feJ dFku cukus dh vusd fofèk;k¡
gSa] ijarq ;gk¡ ge mu fof/;ksa ij è;ku oasQfnzr djsaxs tks 'kCnksa ^;fn* vkSj ^rks* osQ iz;ksx
}kjk nks ljy dFkuksa dks tksM+dj izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dFku
dFku ^;fn o"kkZ gks jgh gS] rks lkbfdy ls tkuk dfBu gS* fuEufyf[kr nks
dFkuksa ls cuk gSA
p: o"kkZ gks jgh gSA
q: lkbfdy ls tkuk dfBuA
iwoZ esa crk, x, laoQs ru dk iz;ksx djosQ ge ;g dg ldrs gS%a ;fn p, rks q gSA ge ;g
Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ‘p ls rkRi;Z q izkIr gksrk gS*A vkSj bls ge p ⇒ q ls izdV djrs gSAa
vc] eku yhft, fd dFku ;g gS fd ^;fn ikuh dh Vadh dkyh gS] rks blesa ihus
dk ikuh gSA* ;g p ⇒ q osQ :i dk gS tgk¡ ifjdYiuk p gS (ikuh dh Vadh dkyh gS) vkSj
fu"d"kZ q gS (Vadh esa ihus dk ikuh gS)A eku yhft, ge ifjdYiuk vkSj fu"d"kZ dk

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fofue; (Interchange) dj nsa] rc ,slh fLFkfr esa gesa D;k izkIr gksrk gS\ gesa q ⇒ p izkIr
gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ;fn Vadh esa ihus okyk ikuh gS] rks Vadh vo'; dkyh gksxhA bl dFku
dks dFku p ⇒ q dk foykse (converse) dgrs gSAa
O;kid :i esa dFku p ⇒ q dk foykse q ⇒ p gksrk gS tgk¡ p vkSj q dFku gSaA è;ku
nhft, fd p ⇒ q vkSj q ⇒ p ,d&nwljs osQ foykse gaSA
mnkgj.k 13 : fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa osQ foykse fyf[k,%
(i) ;fn tehyk lkbfdy pyk jgh gS] rks 17 vxLr jfookj dks iM+rk gSA
(ii) ;fn 17 vxLr jfookj gS] rks tehyk lkbfdy pyk jgh gSA
(iii) ;fn ikSfyus Øksf/r gksrh gS] rks mldk psgjk yky gks tkrk gSA
(iv) ;fn ,d O;fDr osQ ikl f'k{kk esa Lukrd dh fMxzh gS] rks mls f'k{k.k dh vuqefr gksrh gSA
(v) ;fn ,d O;fDr dks ok;jy laØe.k gS] rks mls rst cq[kkj gksrk gSA
(vi) ;fn vgen eqacbZ esa gS] rks og Hkkjr esa gSA
(vii) ;fn f=kHkqt ABC leckgq gS] rks mlosQ lHkh var%dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA
(viii) ;fn x ,d vifjes; la[;k gS] rks x dk n'keyo izlkj vuolkuh (non-terminating)
vukorhZ (non-recurring) gksrk gSA
(ix) ;fn x – a cgqin p(x) dk ,d xq.ku[kaM gS] rks p(a) = 0.
gy : Åij fn;k x;k izR;sd dFku p ⇒ q osQ :i dk gSA vr% foykse Kkr djus osQ fy,
igys ge p vkSj q dks igpkurs gSa vkSj rc q ⇒ p fy[krs gSaA
(i) p: tehyk lkbfdy pyk jgh gS vkSj q: 17 vxLr jfookj dks iM+rk gSA vr% foykse
;g gS ;fn 17 vxLr jfookj dks iM+rk gS] rks tehyk lkbfdy pyk jgh gSA
(ii) ;g (i) dk foykse gSA vr% bldk foykse Åij (i) esa fn;k x;k dFku gSA
(iii) ;fn ikSyhu dk psgjk yky gks tkrk gS] rks og Øksf/r gSA
(iv) ;fn ,d O;fDr dks i<+kus dh vuqefr gS] rks mlosQ ikl f'k{kk esa Lukrd dh fMxzh gSA
(v) ;fn ,d O;fDr dks rst cq[kkj gS rks] mls ok;jy laØe.k gSA
(vi) ;fn vgen Hkkjr esa gS] rks og eqacbZ esa gSA
(vii) ;fn f=kHkqt ABC osQ lHkh var%dks.k cjkcj gSa] rks og leckgq f=kHkqt gSA
(viii) ;fn x dk n'keyo izlkj vuolkuh vukorhZ gS] rks x ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

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(ix) ;fn p(a) = 0, rks x – a cgqin p(x) dk ,d xq.ku[kaM gSA
è;ku nhft, fd bl ckr dh fpark fd, fcuk fd dFku lR; gS ;k vlR;] geus
Åij fn, x, izR;sd dFku dk osQoy foykse fy[k fn;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
fuEufyf[kr dFku ij fopkj dhft,A ;fn vgen eqca bZ esa gS] rks og Hkkjr esa gSA ;g dFku
lR; gSA vkb, vc ge bldk foykse ysAa ;fn vgen Hkkjr esa gS] rks og eqca bZ esa gSA ;g
vko';d ugha gS fd ;g lnk lR; gh gks&og Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa gks ldrk gSA
xf.kr esa] fo'ks"k :i ls T;kfefr esa vkidks ,slh vusd fLFkfr;k¡ feyrh gSa] tgk¡
p ⇒ q lR; gksrk gS vkSj vkidks ;g fu.kZ; ysuk gksrk gS fd D;k foykse vFkkZr~ q ⇒ p
Hkh lR; gSA
mnkgj.k 14 : fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa osQ foykse crkb,A izR;sd fLFkfr esa ;g Hkh fu.kZ;
yhft, fd foykse lR; gS ;k vlR;A
(i) ;fn n ,d le iw.kk±d gS] rks 2n + 1 ,d fo"ke iw.kk±d gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn ,d okLrfod la[;k dk n'keyo&izlkj lkar (terminating) gS] rks la[;k
ifjes; gSA
(iii) ;fn ,d fr;Zo~Q Nsnh js[kk (transversal) nks lekarj js[kkvksa dks dkVrh gS] rks laxr
dks.kksa dk izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gksrk gSA
(iv) ;fn ,d prqHkqZt dh lEeq[k&Hkqtkvksa dk izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gks] rks prqHkqZt lekarj
prqHkqZt gksrk gSA
(v) ;fn nks f=kHkqt lok±xle gS] rks muosQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA
gy :
(i) foykse ;g gS fd ^;fn 2n + 1 ,d fo"ke iw.kk±d gS] rks n ,d le iw.kk±d gksrk gSA*
;g ,d vlR; dFku gS (mnkgj.k osQ fy, 15 = 2(7) + 1, vkSj 7 fo"ke gSA)
(ii) ^;fn ,d okLrfod la[;k ifjes; gS] rks bldk n'keyo izlkj lkar gksrk gSA* ;g
foykse gSA ;g ,d vlR; dFku gSA D;ksafd ifjes; la[;k dk ,d vuolkuh
vkorhZ n'keyo izlkj Hkh gks ldrk gSA
(iii) foykse ;g gS fd ^;fn ,d fr;Zd Nsnh js[kk nks js[kkvksa dks bl izdkj dkVrh gks
fd laxr dks.kksa dk izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gks] rks nksuksa js[kk,¡ lekarj gksrh gSa*A d{kk IX
dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ vfHkx`ghr 6.4 osQ vuqlkj geus ;g eku fy;k gS fd ;g dFku
lR; gSA
(iv) ^;fn ,d prqHkqZt lekarj prqHkqZt gks] rks blosQ lEeq[k Hkqtkvksa dk izR;sd ;qXe
cjkcj gksrk gSA* ;g foykse gSA ;g lR; gS (izes; 8-1] d{kk IX)A

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(v) ^;fn nks f=kHkqtksa osQ laxr dks.k cjkcj gksa] rks os lok±xle gksrs gSa* foykse gSA ;g
dFku vlR; gSA ;g ge vki ij NksM+ jgs gSa fd vki buosQ fy, ,d mi;qDr
izR;qnkgj.k Kkr djsaA

iz'ukoyh A1.5
1. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa osQ foykse fyf[k,
(i) ;fn Vksfd;ks esa xehZ gks] rks 'kju osQ 'kjhj ls vf/d ilhuk fudyus yxrk gSA
(ii) ;fn 'kkfyuh Hkw[kh gks] rks mldk isV oqQM+oqQM+kus yxrk gSA
(iii) ;fn ;'koar dks Nk=k&o`fÙk fey jgh gks] rks mls ,d fMxzh fey ldrh gSA
(iv) ;fn ikS/s esa iwQy yxs gq, gksa] rks og ltho gksrk gSA
(v) ;fn tkuoj ,d fcYyh gS] rks bldh ,d iw¡N gksrh gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa osQ foykse fyf[k,A izR;sd fLFkfr esa ;g crkb, fd foykse lR; gS ;k
vlR;
(i) ;fn f=kHkqt ABC lef}ckgq gks] rks blosQ vk/kj dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA
(ii) ;fn ,d iw.kk±d fo"ke gks] rks bldk oxZ ,d fo"ke iw.kk±d gksrk gSA
(iii) ;fn x2 = 1, rks x = 1
(iv) ;fn ABCD ,d lekarj prqHkqt
Z gks] rks AC rFkk BD ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSAa
(v) ;fn a, b vkSj c iw.kZ la[;k,¡ gSa] rks a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
(vi) ;fn x vkSj y nks fo"ke la[;k,¡ gSa] rks x + y ,d le la[;k gksrh gSA
(vii) ;fn ,d lekarj prqHkqZt PQRS osQ 'kh"kZ ¯cnq ,d o`Ùk ij fLFkr gksa] rks og ,d vk;r
gksrk gSA

A1.7 fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk

vHkh rd vkius lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ifj.kkeksa dh lR;rk LFkkfir djus osQ fy, izR;{k roZQ
dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA vc ge ^ijks{k* rdks± fo'ks"k:i ls ^fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk*
(proof by conrtradiction) uked xf.kr osQ ,d vfr 'kfDr'kkyh lk/u dk irk yxk,¡xsA ge
bl fof/ dk iz;ksx vè;k; 1 esa vusd la[;kvksa dh vifjes;rk LFkkfir djus vkSj vU;
vè;k;ksa esa oqQN izes;ksa dks fl¼ djus osQ fy, dj pqosQ gSaA ;gk¡ ge bl vfHk/kj.kk dks
Li"V djus osQ fy, vusd mnkgj.k ysaxsA

2018-19
364 xf.kr
vkxs vè;;u djus ls igys vkb, ge bl ckr ij ppkZ djsa fd fojks/ksfDr D;k
gSA xf.kr esa fojks/ rc gksrk gS tcfd gesa ,d ,slk dFku p izkIr gksrk gS fd p lR; gksrk
gS vkSj bldk fu"ks/ ~p Hkh lR; gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
p: , tgk¡ a vkSj b vlgHkkT; la[;k,¡ gSaA
q: la[;k 2 `a' vkSj `b' nksuksa
dks foHkkftr djrh gSA
;fn ge ;g eku ysa fd p lR; gS vkSj ge ;g Hkh n'kkZ ldsa fd q Hkh lR; gS]
rks] gesa ,d fojks/ksfDr izkIr gksrh gS D;ksafd q dk ;g rkRi;Z gS fd p dk fu"ks/ lR; gSA
;fn vkidks ;kn gks fd ;gh ckr ;FkkrF; rc ?kVh Fkh tc ge ;g fl¼ djus dk iz;kl
dj jgs Fks fd 2 vifjes; gS (nsf[k, vè;k; 1)A
fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk fdl izdkj dk;Z djrh gS\ vkb, ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k
ysdj bl ij ge fopkj djsaA eku yhft, fuEufyf[kr fn;k gqvk gS%
lHkh efgyk,¡ u'oj gksrh gSAa A ,d efgyk gSA fl¼ dhft, fd efgyk A u'oj gSA
;|fi ;g ,d ljy mnkgj.k gS] fiQj Hkh vkb, ge ns[ksa fd fojks/ksfDr ls bls ge
oSQls fl¼ dj ldrs gSaA
l vkb, ge ;g eku ysa fd ge dFku p dh lR;rk LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa (;gk¡ ge
;g n'kkZuk pkgrs gSa fd p : ^efgyk A u'oj gS* lR; gS)
l vr% lcls igys ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd dFku lR; ugha gS vFkkZr~ ge ;g eku
ysrs gSa fd p dk fu"ks/ lR; gSA (vFkkZr~ efgyk A u'oj ugha gS)A
l rc ge p osQ fu"ks/ dh lR;rk ij vk/kfjr vusd roZQlaxr fuxeu djrs gSaA
(D;ksafd ^efgyk A u'oj ugha gS* blfy, gesa dFku ^lHkh efgyk,¡ u'oj gSa*
dk ,d izR;qnkgj.k izkIr gks tkrk gSA vr% ;g vlR; gS fd lHkh efgyk,¡
u'oj gSa)A
l ;fn blls fojks/ksfDr mRiUu gksrh gS] rks ;g fojks/ksfDr gekjh nks"kiw.kZ ekU;rk fd
^p lR; ugha gS* osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA (;g ,d fojks/ksfDr gS D;ksafd geus ;g n'kkZ;k
gS fd dFku ^lHkh efgyk,¡ u'oj gS* vkSj bloQk fu"ks/ fd ^lHkh efgyk,¡ u'oj
ugha gSa*] lR; gSA ;g fojks/ksfDr blfy, gksrh gS] D;ksafd ge ;g ekudj pys Fks
fd A u'oj ugha gSA)A
l vr% gekjh dYiuk xyr gS vFkkZr~ p dks lR; gksuk gh gS (vr% A u'oj gS)A

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xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ 365

mnkgj.k 15 : ,d 'kwU;srj ifjes; la[;k vkSj ,d vifjes; la[;k dk xq.kuiQy vifjes;

gksrk gSA
gy :
dFku fo'ys"k.k@fVIi.kh
ge fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk dk iz;ksx djsaxsA eku
yhft, r ,d 'kwU;srj ifjes; la[;k gS vkSj x ,d
vifjes; la[;k gSA
m
eku yhft, , r= tgk¡ m, n iw.kk±d gS vkSj m ≠ 0,
n
n ≠ 0 gesa
;g fl¼ djuk gS fd rx vifjes; gSA
eku yhft, rx ifjes; gSA ;gk¡ ge ml dFku dk fu"ks/
lR; eku ys jgs gSa ftls gesa
fl¼ djuk gSA
p
rc , rx = , q ≠ 0, tgk¡ p vkSj q iw.kk±d gSA ;g fiNys dFku vkSj ifjes;
q
la[;k dh ifjHkk"kk ls izkIr
gksrk gSA
p m
lehdj.k rx = , q ≠ 0, vkSj r = ,
q n
p np
dk iz;ksx djus ij gesa x = =
rq mq
izkIr gksrk gSA
D;ksfa d np vkSj mq iw.kk±d gSa vkSj mq ≠ 0, iw.kk±dksa osQ xq.k/eks± vkSj ifjes;
blfy, x ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA la[;k dh ifjHkk"kk dk iz;ksx
djus ij
;g ,d fojks/ksfDr gS D;ksafd geus x dks ifjes; blh fojks/ksfDr oQks
fn[kk;k gS] ijarq gekjh ifjdYiuk osQ vuqlkj x ge <w¡<+ jgs FksA
vifjes; gSA
fojks/ksfDr bl nks"kiw.kZ dYiuk] fd roZQlaxr fuxeu
rx ifjes; gS osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA

2018-19
366 xf.kr
vc ge mnkgj.k 11 fl¼ djsaxs] ijarq bl ckj ge fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk dk iz;ksx
djsaxsA ifj.kke uhps fn;k x;k gSA
dFku fo'ys"k.k@fVIi.kh
vkb, ge ;g eku ysa fd dFku lR; ugha gSA tSlkfd ge igys ns[k pqosQ
gSa fd ;g fojks/ksfDr }kjk
miifÙk dh lgk;rk ls roZQ
nsus dk izkjaHk gSA
vr% ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd ,d ,slh vHkkT; ;g ifj.kke osQ dFku dk
la[;k p > 3 gksrh gS tks 6n + 1 ;k 6n + 5 osQ :i fu"ks/ gSA
dk gksrk gS] tgk¡ n ,d iw.kZ la[;k gSA
6 osQ Hkkx ij ;wfDyM dh foHkktu izesf;dk dk igys fl¼ fd, x, ifj.kkeksa
iz;ksx djus vkSj bl rF; dk iz;ksx djus ij fd dk iz;ksx djus ijA
p, 6n + 1 ;k 6n + 5 osQ :i dk
ugha gS] gesa p = 6n ;k 6n + 2 ;k 6n + 3
;k 6n + 4 izkIr gksrk gSA
vr% p ;k rks 2 ;k 3 ls HkkT; gSA roZQlaxr fuxeu
blfy,] p vHkkT; ugha gSA roZQlaxr fuxeu
;g ,d fojks/ksfDr gS] D;ksafd gekjh ifjdYiuk rF;r% ge ;gh pkgrs gSa
osQ vuqlkj p vHkkT; gSA
fojks/ksfDr blfy, gksrh gS D;ksafd ge ;g ekudj
pys Fks fd ,d ,slh vHkkT; la[;k p > 3 gksrh gS]
tks 6n + 1 ;k 6n + 5 osQ :i dh ugha gksrhA
ifj.kker% 3 ls cM+h izR;sd vHkkT; la[;k 6n + 1 ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr djrs gSaA
;k 6n + 5 :i dh gSA
n
fVIi.kh : Åij dh miifÙk osQ mnkgj.k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd ,d ifj.kke dks vusd
fof/;ksa ls fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2018-19
xf.krh; miifÙk;k¡ 367

s A1.2 : ,d ¯cnq ls ml js[kk osQ] tks ml ¯cnq ls gksdj ugha tkrh gS] ¯cnqvksa dks
ize;
feykus okys lHkh js[kk&[kaMksa esa y?kqre js[kk&[kaM js[kk ij yac gksrk gSA
miifÙk :

vko`Qfr A1.5

dFku
eku yhft, XY nh gqbZ js[kk gS] P ,d ¯cnq gS] tks
XY ij fLFkr ugha gS vkSj PM, PA1, PA2, . . .
vkfn] ¯cnq P ls js[kk XY osQ ¯cnqvksa rd [khaps
x, js[kk&[kaM gS ftuesa PM y?kqre js[kk&[kaM gS
(vko`Qfr A 1.5 nsf[k,)
eku yhft, PM, XY ij yac ugha gSA
js[kk XY ij PN yac Mkfy,] tSlkfd vko`Qfr
A1.5 esa ¯cnqfdr js[kk ls fn[kk;k x;k gSA
lHkh js[kk&[kaMksa PM, PN, PA1, PA2, . . vkfn esa
y?kqre js[kk&[kaM gS] ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd
PN < PM
;g gekjs bl ifjdYiuk dh fojks/ksfDr gS fd
,slh lHkh js[kk&[kaMksa esa PM y?kqre js[kk&[kaM gSA
vr% js[kk&[kaM PM, XY ij yac gSA
fo'ys"k.k@fVIi.kh
D;ksafd gesa ;g fl¼ djuk gS
fd lHkh js[kk&[kaMksa PM, PA1,
PA2, . . . vkfn esa y?kqre
js[kk&[kaM] XY ij yac gksrk
gS] vr% lcls igys ge bu
js[kk&[kaMksa dks ysrs gSaA
;g fojks/ksfDr }kjk fl¼ fd,
tkus okys dFku dk fu"ks/ gSA
ifj.kkeksa dks fl¼ djus osQ
fy, gesa izk;% jpuk djus
dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
PN ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk d.kZ
ls NksVh gksrh gS vkSj la[;kvksa
osQ Kkr xq.k/eZA
;FkkrF; ge ;gh pkgrs gSaA
ge fu"d"kZ ij vk tkrs gSaA

2018-19
368 xf.kr
iz'ukoyh A1.6
1. eku yhft, a + b = c + d, vkSj a < c, rks fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g
fn[kkb, fd b > d
2. eku yhft, r ,d ifjes; la[;k gS vkSj x ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk
dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g fn[kkb, fd r + x ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
3. fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g fl¼ dhft, fd ;fn fdlh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,
a2 le gS] rks a Hkh le gksrk gSA
[laoQs r : eku yhft, a le ugha gS] vFkkZr~ ;g 2n + 1 osQ :i dk gS] tgk¡ n ,d iw.kk±d gS vkSj
rc vkxs cf<+,A]
4. ^fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk* dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g fl¼ dhft, fd ;fn iw.kk±d a osQ fy,
a2, 3 ls HkkT; gks] rks a,Hkh 3 ls HkkT; gSA
5. fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙk dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g fn[kkb, fd n dk ,slk dksbZ eku ugha gksrk
ftlosQ fy, 6n dk vafre vad 'kwU; gksA
6. fojks/ksfDr dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g fl¼ dhft, fd ,d lery dh nks js[kk,¡ ,d ls vfèkd
¯cnq ij izfrPNsn ugha dj ldrh gSaA

A1.8 lkjka'k
bl ifjf'k"V esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. fdlh miifÙk osQ fofHkUu vo;o vkSj d{kk 9 esa i<+h xbZ vU; lacaf/r ladYiuk,¡A
2. fdlh dFku dk fu"ks/A
3. fdlh dFku dk foykseA
4. fojks/ksfDr }kjk miifÙkA

2018-19
xf.krh; fun'kZu 369

xf.krh; fun'kZu A2
A2.1 Hkwfedk
l ,d o;Ld ekuo 'kjhj esa yxHkx 1,50,000 fdeh yach /efu;k¡ vkSj f'kjk,¡ gksrh gSa
ftuesa jDr izokfgr gksrk gSA
l euq"; dk ân; 'kjhj esa izfr 60 lsoaQM esa 5 ls 6 yhVj rd jDr iai djrk
jgrk gSA
l lw;Z dh lrg dk rkieku yxHkx 6000° C gSA

D;k vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gqvk gS fd fdl izdkj gekjs oSKkfud vkSj xf.krK
bu ifj.kkeksa dk vkdyu dj losQ gSa\ D;k mUgksaus oqQN o;Ldksa osQ e`r 'kjhjksa ls /efu;ksa
vkSj f'kjkvksa dks ckgj fudky dj budh yackbZ ekih gS\ D;k ân; }kjk izfr lsoaQM iai
fd, x, jDr dh ek=kk Kkr djus osQ fy, 'kjhj ls jDr dks ckgj fudkyk gS\ D;k lw;Z
dh lrg dk rkieku Kkr djus osQ fy, mUgksaus vius lkFk FkekZehVj ysdj lw;Z rd dh
;k=kk dh gS\ fuf'pr gh ,slk ugha gqvk gSA rc iz'u mBrk gS fd mUgksaus bu vk¡dM+ksa dks
fdl rjg izkIr fd;k gSA\
fu'p; gh bldk mÙkj xf.krh; fun'kZu esa fufgr gS] ftlls ge vkidks d{kk IX
esa ifjfpr djk pqosQ gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd xf.krh; fun'kZu okLrfod thou ls tqM+h
fdlh fLFkfr dk xf.krh; fooj.k gksrk gS vkSj vkidks ;g Hkh ;kn gksxk fd xf.krh;
fun'kZu fdlh leL;k dk xf.krh; fun'kZ izkIr djus dk ,d izØe gSA lkFk gh leL;k
dk fo'ys"k.k djus vkSj gy djus esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vr% xf.krh; fun'kZu esa] ge okLrfod txr ls tqM+h fdlh leL;k dks ysrs gSa vkSj
mls ge ,d rqY; xf.krh; leL;k esa :ikarfjr dj nsrs gSaA rc ge xf.krh; leL;k gy

2018-19
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djrs gSa vkSj blosQ gy dh O;k[;k okLrfod txr~ ls tqM+h leL;k osQ lkFk djrs gSaA vkSj
rc ;g ns[kuk vko';d gS fd izkIr gy vFkZiw.kZ gS] tks fun'kZ osQ ekU;dj.k dk ,d
pj.k gSA oqQN mnkgj.k tgk¡ xf.krh; fun'kZu vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS] uhps fn, gSa%
(i) ,d ,sls LFkku ij fdlh unh dh xgjkbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ Kkr djuk tgk¡ igqp
¡ k
ugha tk ldrk gSA
(ii) i`Foh vkSj vU; xzgksa dk nzO;eku vkdfyr djukA
(iii) i`Foh vkSj fdlh vU; xzg osQ chp dh nwjh vkdfyr djukA
(iv) fdlh ns'k esa ekulwu osQ vkus dh izkxqfDr djukA
(v) LVkWd ekosZQV dh izo`fÙk (Trend) dh izkxqfDr djukA
(vi) fdlh O;fDr osQ 'kjhj esa jDr dk vk;ru vkdfyr djukA
(vii) 10 o"kZ ckn fdlh uxj dh tula[;k dh izkxqfDr djukA
(viii) fdlh isM+ dh ifÙk;ksa dh la[;k vkdfyr djukA
(ix) fdlh uxj osQ ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr fofHkUu iznw"kdksa dk ppm vkdfyr
djukA
(x) i;kZoj.k ij iznw"kdksa dk izHkko vkdfyr djukA
(xi) lw;Z dh lrg dk rkieku vkdfyr djukA
bl vè;k; esa ge xf.krh; fun'kZu osQ iz Øe ij iqu%fopkj djsaxs vkSj bls Li"V
djus osQ fy, ge vius vkl&ikl osQ osQ txr~ ls tqM+s oqQN mnkgj.k ysxsaA vuqPNsn A2.2
esa ge ,d fun'kZ osQ fuekZ.k ls lacaf/r lHkh pj.kksa ls vkidks ifjfpr djk,¡xsA vuqPNsn
A2.3 esa ge fofHkUu izdkj osQ mnkgj.kksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA vuqPNsn A2.4 esa] ge xf.krh;
fun'kZu osQ egÙo ls lacaf/r dkj.kksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
;gk¡ ;g Lej.k jgs fd gekjk y{; ml egRoiw.kZ fof/ osQ izfr vkidks tkx:d
djuk gS] ftlesa xf.kr okLrfod txr~ ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa lgk;d gksrh
gSA fiQj Hkh xf.krh; fun'kZu osQ egÙo dks okLro esa le>us osQ fy, vkidks xf.kr dk
oqQN vkSj Kku gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA mPp d{kkvksa esa vkidks blls lacaf/r oqQN
mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feysaxsA

2018-19
xf.krh; fun'kZu 371

A2.2 xf.krh; fun'kZu osQ pj.k

d{kk IX esa] geus fun'kZu osQ iz;ksx ls lacaf/r oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj fd;k FkkA D;k
bu mnkgj.kksa ls vkidks izØe vkSj blls lacaf/r pj.kksa dh oqQN lw{e tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ
Fkh\ vkb, ge xf.krh; fun'kZu ls lacaf/r eq[; pj.kksa ij iqu%fopkj djsaA
pj.k 1 (leL;k le>uk) okLrfod leL;k ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj ;fn vki ,d
lewg esa dke dj jgs gSa] rks mu leL;kvksa ij fopkj dhft, ftUgsa vki le>uk pkgrs
gSaA oqQN dYiuk,¡ djosQ vkSj oqQN dkjdksa dh mis{kk djosQ leL;k dks izca/ ;ksX;
dhft, ftlls fd leL;k dk izca/u fd;k tk losQA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] eku yhft, gekjh leL;k ,d >hy esa eNfy;ksa dh la[;k vkdfyr
djuk gSA ;gk¡ ;g laHko ugha gS fd izR;sd eNyh dks idM+ dj ckgj fudkyk tk, vkSj
fiQj mudh fxurh dh tk,A ,slh fLFkfr esa ge laHkor% ,d izfrn'kZ (Sample) ys ldrs
gSa vkSj bldh lgk;rk ls >hy esa mifLFkr eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k vkdfyr djus dk
iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA
pj.k 2 (xf.krh; fooj.k vkSj lw=k.k)% leL;k osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa dk o.kZu xf.krh;
'kCnksa esa dhft,A y{k.kksa dks xf.krh; :i esa o.kZu djus dh oqQN fof/;k¡ ;s gSa%
l pjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,

l lehdj.k ;k vlfedk,¡ fyf[k,

l vk¡dM+s ,df=kr dhft, vkSj mUgsa lkj.kh :i esa laxfBr dhft,

l xzkiQ cukb,

l izkf;drk,¡ ifjdfyr dhft,

mnkgj.k osQ fy, % ,d izfrn'kZ ysdj tSlk fd pj.k 1 esa crk;k x;k gS] ge
eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk vkdyu fdl izdkj djrs gSa\ rc ge izfrn'kZ osQ :i esa
yh xbZ eNfy;ksa dks fpfÉr djrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa 'ks"k eNfy;ksa osQ lkFk jgus osQ fy, >hy
esa iqu% NksM+ nsrs gSaA blosQ ckn iqu% >hy ls eNfy;ksa dk ,d vU; izfrn'kZ ysrs gSa vkSj
;g ns[krs gSa fd bl u, izfrn'kZ esa igys fpfÉr dh xbZ fdruh eNfy;k¡ gSaA rc vuqikr
vkSj lekuqikr dk iz;ksx djosQ ge eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk ,d vkdyu izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vkb, ge >hy ls 20 eNfy;ksa dk ,d izfrn'kZ ysa vkSj mUgsa
fpfÉr dj rnqijkar mUgsa mlh >hy esa NksM+ nssa ftlls os >hy dh 'ks"k eNfy;ksa osQ lkFk

2018-19
372 xf.kr
fey tk,¡A rc eNfy;ksa osQ bl fefJr lewg ls ge ,d vU; izfrn'kZ (eku yhft,
50 eNfy;ksa dk izfrn'kZ) ysrs gSa vkSj ns[krs gSa fd bl u, izfrn'kZ esa fpfÉr eNfy;ksa
dh la[;k fdruh gSA vr% ge vius vk¡dM+s ,df=kr djrs gSa vkSj mldk fo'ys"k.k
djrs gSaA
;gk¡ ge ;g eku dj pyrs gSa fd fpfÉr eNfy;k¡ vU; eNfy;ksa osQ lkFk ,d
leku :i ls fey tkrh gSa vkSj tks izfrn'kZ ge ysrs gSa] og eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk
,d vPNk izfrfuf/ gSA
pj.k 3 (xf.krh; leL;k gy djuk)% rc fofHkUu xf.krh; rduhdksa dks ykxw djosQ
pj.k 2 esa fodflr dh xbZ ljyhÑr xf.krh; leL;k dks gy fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, eku yhft, fd pj.k 2 osQ mnkgj.k osQ nwljs izfrn'kZ esa 5 eNfy;k¡
5 1
fpfÉr gSaA vr% eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk 50
vFkkZr~ 10
fpfÉr gSaA ;fn ;g oqQy
1
la[;k dk izfr:ih gks] rks tula[;k dk = 20.
10
vr% oqQy tula[;k = 20 × 10 = 200.
pj.k 4 (gy dh O;k[;k)% fiNys pj.k esa izkIr fd, x, gy dks vc ge okLrfod
thou ls tqM+h ml fLFkfr osQ lanHkZ esa ysrs gSa] ftlls geus pj.k 1 izkjaHk dh FkhA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, pj.k 3 dh leL;k dk gy djus ij gesa eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k
200 izkIr gqbZ FkhA
pj.k 5 (fun'kZ dk ekU;dj.k)% vc ge viuh ewy fLFkfr ij ykSV vkrs gSa vkSj
ns[krs gSa fd xf.krh; fof/ ls izkIr fd, x, ifj.kke lkFkZd gSa ;k ughaA ;fn lkFkZd gaS
rks ge fun'kZ dk iz;ksx rc rd djrs gSa tc rd fd ubZ lwpuk miyC/ ugha gksrh gS
;k dYiuk,¡ ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSaA
dHkh&dHkh ljyhdj.k osQ laca/ esa dh xbZ dYiukvksa osQ dkj.k xf.krh; fooj.k nsrs
le; okLrfod leL;k osQ vfuok;Z igyqvksa ls ge oafpr jg ldrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa
gy cgq/k okLrfodrk ls gV dj gksrk gS vkSj okLrfod fLFkfr esa bldk dksbZ vFkZ ugha
gksrkA ;fn ,slk gksrk gS] rks ge pj.k 1 esa dh xbZ dYiukvksa ij iqu%fopkj djrs gSa vkSj
oqQN vU; dkjdksa dks ysdj ftUgsa igys ugha fy;k x;k Fkk] bUgsa okLrfod cuk nsrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, pj.k 3 esa geus eNfy;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk ,d vkdyu izkIr
fd;k Fkk] ;g >hy esa mifLFkr eNfy;ksa dh okLrfod la[;k ugha Hkh gks ldrh gSA vc

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xf.krh; fun'kZu 373

ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd pj.k 2 vkSj 3 dks oqQN ckj nksgjkus ij izkIr fd, x, ifj.kkeksa dk
ekè; ysus ij gesa oqQy la[;k dk mÙke vkdyu izkIr gksrk gS ;k ugha blls eNfy;ksa dh
la[;k dk ,d mÙke vkdyu izkIr gks tk,xkA
xf.krh; fun'kZu izØe dks ns[kus dh ,d vU; fof/ vkÑfr A2.1 esa fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA

okLrfod thou ls tqM+h leL;k

ljy dhft,
leL;k dks xf.krh; :i esa
O;Dr dhft,

leL;k gy dhft,
dYiuk,¡ ifjo£rr
dhft,

okLrfod thou ls tqM+h

fLFkfr esa gy dk fuoZpu
dhft,

D;k gy OkkLrfod thou ls gk¡

ugha fun'kZ mi;qDr gSa
tqM+h fLFkfr dks xzg.k dj
ysrk gS\
vkÑfr A2.1
gy dh ljyrk cuk, j[kus osQ fy,] fun'kZd ljyhdj.k vkSj ifj'kq¼rk osQ chp
larqyu cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gSaA os vk'kk djrs gSa fd lfUudV okLrfodrk osQ brus fudV
gks] fd oqQN izxfr gks losQA loksZÙke ifj.kke og gksrk gS ftlls ;g izkxqfDr dh tk losQ
fd vkxs D;k gksxk ;k ftlls lkekU; ifj'kq¼rk osQ lkFk ifj.kke dk vkdyu fd;k tk
losQA Lej.k jgs fd leL;k dks ljy cukus osQ laca/ esa gekjs }kjk dh xbZ fHkUu&fHkUu

2018-19
374 xf.kr
dYiukvksa ls fHkUu&fHkUu fun'kZ izkIr gks ldrs gSaA vr% dksbZ Hkh fun'kZ ifjiw.kZ ugha gksrkA
oqQN mÙke ;k blls Hkh oqQN csgrj fun'kZ gks ldrs gSaA

iz'ukoyh A2.1
1. fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr ij fopkj dhft,A
rsjgoha 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk esa fy;ksukMZ fiQcksu'kh us ,d iz'u fd;k fd ml fLFkfr
esa fdrus [kjxks'k gks tk,¡xs tcfd vki us osQoy nks [kjxks'kksa ls izkjaHk fd;k Fkk vkSj
;gk¡ ;g eku yhft, fd ,d tksM+k [kjxks'k gj eghus f'k'kqvksa dk ,d tksM+k iSnk
djrk gS vkSj [kjxks'k dk izR;sd tksM+k viuk igyk f'k'kq nks eghus dh vk;q ij iSnk
djrk gSA ekg&izfr&ekg [kjxks'kksa osQ tksM+ksa dh la[;k 'kwU; vkSj igys eghus dks
NksM+dj fiNys nks eghus esa [kjxks'kksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA.

eghuk [kjxks'kksa osQ tksM+s

0 1
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 5
5 8
6 13
7 21
8 34
9 55
10 89
11 144
12 233
13 377
14 610
15 987
16 1597

2018-19
xf.krh; fun'kZu 375

Bhd 16 eghus ckn vkiosQ ikl [kjxks'kksa osQ yxHkx 1600 tksM+s izkIr gks tkrs gSaA
bl fLFkfr esa leL;k dk vkSj xf.krh; fun'kZu osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa dk Li"V dFku nhft,A

A2.3 oqQN n`"Vkar

vkb, vc ge xf.krh; fun'kZu osQ oqQN mnkgj.k ysa
mnkgj.k 1 (,d tksM+k iklk isaQduk)% eku yhft, vkidh vè;kfidk vkidks vuqeku
yxkus osQ fuEufyf[kr [ksy dh pqukSrh nsrh gSA bl [ksy esa og ,d tksM+k iklk isQosQaxhA
iklk isaQosQ tkus ls igys vkidks ;g vuqeku yxkuk gksrk gS fd iklksa ij vkbZ la[;kvksa
dk ;ksx D;k gksxkA lgh mÙkj gksus ij vkidks nks ikbaV feyasxs vkSj xyr mÙkj gksus ij
vkiosQ nks ikbaV dV tk,¡xsA dkSu&lh la[;k,¡ loksZÙke vuqeku gksaxh\
gy :
pj.k 1 (leL;k le>uk) % vkidks oqQN ,slh la[;kvksa dk Kkr gksuk vko';d gksrk
gS ftudk iklksa ij vkus dk la;ksx vf/d gksrk gSA
pj.k 2 (xf.krh; fooj.k) % xf.krh; :i esa ;g leL;k iklksa ij vkbZ la[;kvksa osQ
fofHkUu laHko ;ksxksa dh izkf;drk,¡ Kkr djus esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr 36 la[;k&;qXeksa esa ls ,d ;kn`fPNd fodYi osQ :i esa O;Dr djosQ ge
vR;f/d ljy :i esa fLFkfr dk fun'kZu dj ldrs gSaA
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
izR;sd ;qXe dh igyh la[;k igys ikls ij vkus okyh la[;k gksrh gS vkSj nwljh la[;k
nwljs ikls ij vkus okyh la[;k gksrh gSA
pj.k 3 (xf.krh; leL;k dks gy djuk)% Åij osQ izR;sd ;qXe dh la[;kvksa dks
tksM+us ij laHkkfor ;ksx osQ :i esa gesa 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 vkSj 12 izkIr gksrs gSaA ;g
ekudj fd lHkh 36 ;qXe le&laHkkoh (equally likely) gSa] gesa buesa ls izR;sd dh

2018-19
376 xf.kr
izkf;drk Kkr djuh gksrh gSA
bls ge fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh osQ :i esa O;Dr djrs gSa%

;ksx 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
izkf;drk
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

1
;gk¡ vki ;g ikrs gSa fd 7 dk ;ksx izkIr djus dh izkf;drk gS tks fd vU; la[;kvksa
6
dks ;ksx osQ :i esa izkIr djus dh izkf;drk ls vf/d gSA
pj.k 4 (gy dk fuoZpu) D;ksafd ;ksx 7 izkIr djus dh izkf;drk vf/dre gS]
blfy, vkidks la[;k lkr dk vuqeku ckj&ckj yxkuk pkfg,A
pj.k 5 (fun'kZ dk ekU;dj.k) ,d tksMk+ iklksa dks vusd ckj mNkfy, vkSj ,d lkis{k
ckjackjrk lkj.kh cukb,A lkis{k ckjackjrkvksa dh rqyuk laxr izkf;drkvksa ls dhft,A ;fn ;s
,d&nwljs osQ fudV u gks] rks ,slh fLFkfr esa ikls laHkor% vfHkur (biased) gksxa As rc] ml
la[;k dk eku fudkyus osQ fy, ge vk¡dM+s izkIr dj ldrs gSa ftl ij vfHkur gSA
vxyk mnkgj.k ysus ls igys gesa bldh oqQN i`"BHkwfe dk Kku gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA
vusd yksxksa osQ lkFk ;g lkekU; vuqHko gksrk gS fd tc mUgsa /ujkf'k dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] muosQ ikl vko';d /ujkf'k ugha gksrhA nSfud thou dh vko';d oLrqvksa dks
[kjhnus ;k vkjke dh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnus osQ fy, gesa /ujkf'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
LdwVj] jsÚhtjsVj] Vsyhfotu] dkj vkfn tSlh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnus osQ laca/ esa lhfer
fuf/ okys xzkgdksa osQ fy, O;kikfj;ksa us fdLr ;kstuk uked ,d ;kstuk pykbZ gSA
dHkh&dHkh bu oLrqvksa dks [kjhnus osQ laca/ esa xzkgdksa dks yqHkkus osQ fy, ,d
foØsrk foi.ku rduhd osQ varxZr fdLr ;kstuk pykrk gSA fdLr ;kstuk osQ varxZr oLrq
[kjhnrs le; xzkgd dks ,d le; esa iwjk Hkqxrku ugha djuk gksrkA oLrq [kjhnrs le; mls
oLrq dh dher osQ ,d va'k dk gh Hkqxrku djuk gksrk gS vkSj 'ks"k jkf'k dk Hkqxrku fdLrksa
esa fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd ekfld] frekgh] Nekgh ;k okf"kZd gks ldrh gSA gk¡] ;g
ckr vo'; gS fd fdLr ;kstuk osQ varxZr [kjhnnkj dks oqQN vf/d jkf'k dk Hkqxrku
djuk gksrk gSA D;ksafd ckn dh frfFk;ksa esa (ftls vkfLFkxr Hkqxrku (deferrd payment)
dgk tkrk gS) Hkqxrku fd, tkus osQ dkj.k foØsrk oqQN C;kt olwy djrk gSA

2018-19
xf.krh; fun'kZu 377

fdLr ;kstuk dks vPNh rjg le>us ls lacaf/r oqQN mnkgj.k ysus ls igys vkb,
ge bl ladYiuk ls lacaf/r ckj&ckj iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa dks le> ysaA
,d oLrq dh udn dher og /ujkf'k gksrh gS ftldk Hkqxrku xzkgd dks oLrq
[kjhnrs le; djuk gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh% ;fn Hkqxrku ;kstuk ,slh gks fd 'ks"k /ujkf'k dk iwjk Hkqxrku ,d o"kZ osQ vanj
gh dj fn;k tkrk gks] rc ,slh fLFkfr esa vkfLFkxr Hkqxrku ij lk/kj.k C;kt yxk;k tkrk gSA

iqjkus le; esa ½.k osQ :i esa yh xbZ jkf'k ij yxk, x, C;kt dks izk;% vPNk ugha
ekuk tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd ,slk djuk oftZr ekuk tkrk FkkA C;kt osQ Hkqxrku ls
lacaf/r dkuwu ls cpus dh ,d fof/ ;g Fkh fd ½.k ,d eqnkz esa fy;k tkrk
Fkk vkSj Hkqxrku nwljh eqnzk esa fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj bl rjg C;kt fofu;e nj fNi
tkrk FkkA

vkb, vc ge ,d lacaf/r xf.krh; fun'kZu leL;k ij fopkj djsaA

mnkgj.k 2% twgh ,d lkbfdy [kjhnuk pkgrh gSA blosQ fy, og ckt+ kj tkrh gS vkSj
ikrh gS fd tks lkbfdy og [kjhnuk pkgrh gS mldh dher ` 1800 gSA twgh osQ ikl
` 600 gSaA vr% og nqdkunkj dks ;g crkrh gS fd og bl fLFkfr esa ugha gS fd og bl
le; lkbfdy [kjhn losQA FkksM+k cgqr fglkc yxkus osQ ckn og twgh dks ;g crkrk gS
fd ` 600 udn nsdj vkSj 'ks"k /ujkf'k ` 610 dh nks ekfld fdLr nsdj og lkbfdy
[kjhn ldrh gSA vc twgh osQ lkeus nks fodYi cps jgrs gSaA ;k rks og fdLr ;kstuk dks
eku ys ;k cSad ls ½.k ysdj tks fd 10% dh okf"kZd lk/kj.k C;kt ij miyC/ gS] udn
Hkqxrku dj ns rks crkb, fd vkfFkZd n`f"V ls dkSu&lk fodYi vf/d mÙke gksxk\
gy :
pj.k 1 (leL;k le>uk)% twgh dks ;g fu/kZfjr djuk gS fd og nqdkunkj }kjk fn,
x, fodYi dks eku ys ;k ughaA blosQ fy, mls ;g pkfg, fd og nks C;kt&njksa ls
ifjfpr gks tk,] ,d rks og tks fd fdLr ;kstuk esa yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljk og tks
C;kt cSad yxkrk gS (vFkkZr~ 10%)A
pj.k 2 (xf.krh; fooj.k)% ;kstuk dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus osQ fy, mls cSad
}kjk yh tkus okyh C;kt&nj dh rqyuk esa nqdkunkj }kjk nh tkus okyh C;kt&nj dks ns[kuk
gksrk gSA è;ku jgs fd pw¡fd iwjh /ujkf'k dk Hkqxrku ,d o"kZ osQ vanj&vanj djuk gS]

2018-19
378 xf.kr
blfy, jkf'k ij lk/kj.k C;kt gh nsuk gksxkA
ge tkurs gSa fd lkbfdy dh udn dher = ` 1800
vkSj fdLr ;kstuk osQ varxZr udn Hkqxrku = ` 600
vr% 'ks"k dher ftldk Hkqxrku fdLr ;kstuk osQ varxZr djuk gS = ` (1800 – 600)
= ` 1200
eku yhft, nqdkunkj }kjk fy;k tkus okyk okf"kZd C;kt nj r % gSA
izR;sd fdLr dh /ujkf'k = ` 610
fdLrksa esa Hkqxrku dh tkus okyh /ujkf'k = ` 610 + ` 610 = ` 1220
fdLr ;kstuk osQ varxZr Hkqxrku fd;k tkus okyk C;kt = ` 1220 – ` 1200 = ` 20 (1)
D;ksafd twgh ,d eghus rd ` 1200 vius ikl j[krh gS] blfy,
igys eghus dk ewy/u = ` 1200
nwljs eghus dk ewy/u = ` (1200 – 610) = ` 590
nwljs eghus osQ ewy/u dh 'ks"k jkf'k ` 590 + yxk;k x;k C;kt ` 20 = ekfld fd'r ` 610
= nwljh fd'rA
vr% ,d eghus dk oqQy ewy/u = ` 1200 + ` 590 = ` 1790
1790 × r × 1
vc C;kt = ` (2)
100 × 12
pj.k 3: (leL;k gy djuk) : (1) vkSj (2) ls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
1790 × r × 1
= 20
100 × 12

20 × 1200
;k r= = 13.14 (yxHkx)
1790
pj.k 4: (gy dk fuoZpu)% fd'r ;kstuk osQ varxZr yxk;k x;k C;kt nj = 13.14 %.
cSad }kjk yxk;k x;k C;kt nj = 10%
vr% lkbfdy [kjhnus osQ fy, mls cSad ls ½.k ysuk vf/d ilan djuk pkfg, D;ksafd
vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ;g vf/d mÙke gSA

2018-19
xf.krh; fun'kZu 379

pj.k 5 (fun'kZ dk ekU;dj.k) bl fLFkfr esa bl pj.k dk dksbZ fo'ks"k egÙo ugha gS]
D;ksafd la[;k,¡ fu;r gSaA fiQj Hkh] cSad ls ½.k ysus osQ laca/ esa LVSai isij dh ykxr tSlh
vkSipkfjdrk,¡ fuHkkus osQ dkj.k izHkkoh C;kt nj] ;fn fdLr ;kstuk dh C;kt nj ls vf/
d gks tkrk gS rks og viuh jk; cny Hkh ldrh gSA
fVIi.kh : vHkh Hkh C;kt nj dk fun'kZu viuh izkjafHkd voLFkk esa gS vkSj vHkh Hkh
ekU;dj.k foÙkh; cktkj dh ,d leL;k gSA ;fn fdLr fu;r djus esa fHkUu&fHkUu C;kt
nj fuxfer fd;k x;k gks] rc ekU;dj.k ,d egRoiw.kZ leL;k gks tkrk gSA

iz'ukoyh A2.2
uhps nh xbZ izR;sd leL;k esa leL;kvksa dks gy djus osQ fy, xf.krh; fun'kZu dh
fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dks n'kkZb,A
1. ,d vkWfuZFkkWykWftLV ,d cM+s {ks=k esa rksrksa dh la[;k vkdfyr djuk pkgrh gSA
buesa ls oqQN dks idM+us osQ fy, og ,d tky fcNkrh gS vkSj 32 rksrs idM+ ysrh
gS] ftUgsa og fjax igukdj vkt+ kn NksM+ nsrh gSA vxys lIrkg esa og 40 rksrksa osQ fy,
tky fcNkrh gS ftuesa 8 fjafxr gks tkrs gSaA
(i) mlosQ nwljs idM+ dk fdruk
va'k fjafxr gksrk gS\
(ii) {ks=k esa rksrksa dh oqQy la[;k dk
,d vkdyu Kkr dhft,A
2. eku yhft, layXu vkÑfr ,d taxy
osQ ,d gokbZ tgkt ls [khpha xbZ
iQksVks dks n'kkZrk gS] ftlesa izR;sd fcanq
,d isM+ fu:fir djrk gSA vkidk
mís'; i;kZoj.k los{Z k.k osQ ,d va'k vko`Qfr A2.2
osQ :i esa bl ekxZ ij isM+ksa dh la[;k
Kkr djuk gSA
3. ,d Vh- oh- dks ;k rks ` 24000 udn nsdj ;k ` 8000 udn vkSj ` 2800 oQh N%
ekfld fdLrksa esa Hkqxrku djosQ [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA ,d Vh- oh- [kjhnus osQ fy,
vyh ckt+ kj tkrk gS vkSj blosQ fy, mlosQ ikl ` 8000 gSaA bl le; mlosQ ikl
nks fodYi gSaA ,d fodYi ;g gS fd og fdLr ;kstuk osQ varxZr Vh- oh- [kjhns
vkSj nwljk fodYi ;g gS fd fdlh foÙkh; lkslkbVh ls ½.k ysdj udn Hkqxrku

2018-19
380 xf.kr
djosQ Vh- oh- [kjhnsA lkslkbVh 18% dh okf"kZd lk/kj.k C;kt dh nj ls C;kt
yxkrh gSA vyh osQ fy, dkSu&lk fodYi vf/d mÙke gS\

A2.4 xf.krh; fun'kZu dk egÙo D;ksa gS\

tSlkfd geus mnkgj.kksa esa ns[kk gS fd xf.krh; fun'kZu ,d vkarj fo"k; 'kk[kk gSA blesa
xf.krK vkSj vU; fo"k; {ks=kksa osQ fo'ks"kK orZeku mRiknksa esa lq/kj ykus] mÙke mRikn
fodflr djus ;k oqQN mRiknksa osQ O;ogkj dh izkxqfDr djus esa vius Kku vkSj fo'ks"kKrk
dk lg;ksx nsrs gSaA
;w¡ rks fun'kZu dk egRoiw.kZ gksus osQ vusd fo'ks"k dkj.k gSa ijarq fdlh u fdlh :i
esa vf/dka'k dkj.kksa dk laca/ fuEufyf[kr ls gksrk gS %
l le>nkjh c<+kuk % ;fn ,d ,slk xf.krh; fun'kZ gks tks okLrfod txr ls tqM+s ra=k
osQ vfuok;Z O;ogkj dks izn£'kr djrk gks] rks fun'kZ dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ ge ra=k
dks vPNh rjg le> ldrs gSaA vkSj] fun'kZ dk fuekZ.k djrs le; gh ge ;g irk
yxk ysrs gSa fd ra=k esa dkSu&dkSu dkjd vf/d egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj ra=k dh
fHkUu&fHkUu igyw ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk fdl izdkj lacaf/r gSaA
l izkxqfDr ;k iwokZuqeku ;k vuqdj.k djuk % izk;% ge ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd
okLrfod txr ls tqM+s ra=k dk Hkfo"; esa D;k egÙo gS] ijarq ra=k osQ lkFk lh/k
iz;ksx djuk [kphZyk] vO;kogkfjd ;k vlaHko gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ekSle dh
izkxqfDr osQ fy,] ekuo esa vkS"kf/&n{krk dk vè;;u djus] ,d U;wDyh;j fj,sDVj
dk b"Vre vfHkdyu Kkr djuk] vkfn&vfknA
vusd izdkj osQ laxBuksa esa iwokZuqeku yxkus dk vf/d egÙo gksrk gS] D;ksafd
fu.kZ;u esa Hkkoh ?kVukvksa dh izkxqfDr;ksa dks fuxfer djuk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,%
l foi.ku foHkkxksa esa ek¡x osQ fo'oluh; iwokZuqeku fcØh laca/h rduhdksa dh
;kstuk cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
l LowQy cksMZ dks fofHkUu ft+ yksa esa LowQy tkus okys cPpksa dh la[;k esa gks jgh
o`f¼ dk iwokZuqeku yxkuk vko';d gksrk gS] ftlls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k tk losQ
fd dgk¡ vkSj dc u, LowQy [kksys tk losaQA
izk;% Hkfo"; dh izkxqfDr djus osQ fy, iwokZuqeku yxkus okys fiNys vk¡dM+ksa dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA lcls igys rks ml izfr:i dks igpkuus osQ fy, vk¡dM+ksa dk

2018-19
xf.krh; fun'kZu 381

fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa tks bldk o.kZu dj losQA rc iwokZuqeku yxkus osQ fy, bu
vk¡dM+ksa vkSj izfr:i dk iz;ksx Hkfo"; esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl vk/kjHkwr j.kuhfr dk
iz;ksx vf/dka'k iwokZuqeku rduhdksa esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g bl dYiuk ij
vkèkkfjr gksrk gS fd og izfr:i ftls igpku fy;k x;k gS] Hkfo"; esa Hkh ykxw gksrk
jgsxkA
l vkdyu djuk % izk;% gesa cM+s ekuksa dk vkdyu djuk gksrk gSA bl laca/ esa taxy
esa o`{kksa] >hy esa eNfy;ksa vkfn ls lacaf/r mnkgj.k vki ns[k pqosQ gSaA ,d vU;
mnkgj.k osQ :i esa] pquko osQ igys pquko esa Hkkx ysus okyh ik£V;k¡ pquko esa viuh
ikVhZ osQ thrus dh izkf;drk dh izkxqfDr djuk pkgrh gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls os bl ckr
dk vkdyu djuk pkgrh gSa fd muosQ fuokZpu {ks=k osQ fdrus yksx mudh ikVhZ dks
oksV nsaxsA viuh izkxqfDr osQ vuqlkj vius pquko vfHk;ku dh j.kuhfr osQ ckjs esa
fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSaA pquko esa] fdl ikVhZ dks fdruh lhVsa feysaxh] bldh izkxqfDr
djus osQ fy, fuxZe erkuqeku (exit polls) dk O;kid iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

iz'ukoyh A2.3
1. fiNys ik¡p o"kks± osQ vk¡dM+kas osQ vk/kj ij o"kZ osQ var esa nloha d{kk osQ cksMZ ijh{kk esa vkiosQ
LowQy }kjk xf.kr esa izkIr fd, tkus okys vkSlr izfr'kr vadksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkb,A

A2.5 lkjka'k
bl ifjf'k"V esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. ,d xf.krh; fun'kZ okLrfod thou ls tqM+h fLFkfr dk xf.krh; fooj.k gksrk gSA xf.krh;
fun'kZu okLrfod thou ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dks gy djus vkSj bls iz;ksx djus osQ fy,
xf.krh; fun'kZ dk fuekZ.k djus dk izØe gSA
2. fun'kZu esa fuEufyf[kr pj.k ykxw fd, tkrs gSa % leL;k le>uk] xf.krh; fun'kZ dk lw=k.k]
bls gy djuk] okLrfod thou ls tqM+h fLFkfr esa bldk fuoZpu djuk vkSj var esa vfr
egRoiw.kZ fun'kZ dk ekU;dj.kA
3. oqQN xf.krh; fun'kZ fodflr djukA
4. xf.krh; fun'kZu dk egÙoA

2018-19