Dr.

Sachin Kapur
M.Phil, Phd

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students &

Teachers Mentored
 Telegram
APP

tinyurl.com/neetlivechat
Tests
Quizzes
Live Doubt Sessions
More Personalized
PLUS Courses
Crash Courses COMING SOON!
on
sachin.kapur
Step 1 Step 2

INSTALL
Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
NEET
Rahul

NEET

NEET
Step 6 Step 7

SACHINLIVE

27,000
43,200
SACHINLIVE
 Chemical Control and
Coordination

Lecture 5

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
FAMOUS FAILURES

COLONEL SANDERS
FOUNDER OF KFC FOOD CHAIN
His fried chicken secret recipe was rejected
1009 times before a restaurant finally
accepted it.
(Successful at the age of 65)
Adrenal Glands
Chemical Control and Coordination
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Gland

➢ These are also called suprarenal glands.

➢ These lie superior to each kidney.
➢ In an adult, each adrenal gland is 3–5 cm in height, 2–3 cm in width, and a little
less than 1 cm thick, with a mass of 3.5–5 g.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Gland

➢ During embryonic development, adrenal glands differentiate into two

structurally and functionally distinct regions:
○ Large, peripherally located adrenal cortex (80–90% of the gland)
○ Small, centrally located adrenal medulla.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Gland

➢ A connective tissue capsule covers it.

➢ The adrenal glands, like the thyroid gland, are highly vascularized.
➢ The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are essential for life.
➢ Complete loss of adrenocortical hormones leads to death due to dehydration
and electrolyte imbalances in a few days to a week.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Gland

➢ The adrenal medulla produces three catecholamine hormones—

○ norepinephrine,
○ epinephrine,
○ small amount of dopamine.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal cortex

➢ It is subdivided into three zones,

each of which secretes different
hormones.

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis
Chemical Control and Coordination
Chemical Control and Coordination

Zona Glomerulosa

➢ Its cells are closely packed and arranged in spherical clusters.

➢ These secrete hormones called mineralocorticoids because they affect mineral
homeostasis.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Zona Fasciculata

➢ The middle zone, or zona fasciculata, is the widest of the three zones.
➢ It consists of cells arranged in long and straight columns.
➢ It secrete mainly glucocorticoids, so named because they affect glucose
homeostasis.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Zona Reticularis

➢ Cells of inner zone, the zona reticularis, are arranged in branching cords.
➢ They synthesize small amounts of weak androgens, steroid hormones that have
masculinizing effects.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Mineralocorticoids

➢ Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid.

➢ It regulates homeostasis of sodium and potassium ions
➢ It helps to adjust blood pressure and blood volume.
➢ It also promotes excretion of H in the urine.
Chemical Control and Coordination

RAAS

➢ The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone or RAA pathway controls secretion of

aldosterone:
➢ Stimuli that initiate the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone pathway include
dehydration, Na+ deficiency, or hemorrhage.
➢ These conditions cause a decrease in blood volume.
➢ Decreased blood volume leads to decreased blood pressure.
Chemical Control and Coordination
Chemical Control and Coordination

RAAS

➢ As blood flows through capillaries, particularly those of the lungs, the enzyme
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into the hormone
angiotensin II.
➢ Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.
Chemical Control and Coordination

RAAS

➢ Aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na+ and water.

➢ It also stimulates the kidneys to increase secretion of K+ and H+ into urine.
➢ With increased water reabsorption by the kidneys, blood volume increases.
Chemical Control and Coordination

RAAS

➢ As blood volume increases, blood pressure increases to normal.

➢ Angiotensin II stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles.
➢ The resulting vasoconstriction of the arterioles increases blood pressure and
thus helps raise blood pressure to normal.
Glucocorticoids

➢ These regulate metabolism and

resistance to stress.
➢ These include cortisol
(hydrocortisone), corticosterone,
and cortisone.
➢ Cortisol is most abundant,
accounting for about 95% of
glucocorticoid activity.
Control of Glucocorticoid Secretion

➢ It occurs via a typical negative feedback system.

➢ Low blood levels of glucocorticoids, mainly
cortisol, stimulate neurosecretory cells in the
hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH).
➢ CRH promotes the release of ACTH from anterior
pituitary.
➢ ACTH flows in the blood to the adrenal cortex,
where it stimulates glucocorticoid secretion.
Effects of Glucocorticoids

Protein Breakdown

➢ These increase rate of protein breakdown and thus increase the liberation of
amino acids into bloodstream.
➢ The amino acids may be used by body cells for synthesis of new proteins or for
ATP production.
Effects of Glucocorticoids

Glucose Formation

➢ Upon stimulation by glucocorticoids, liver cells convert certain amino acids or

lactic acid to glucose.
➢ Such conversion of a substance other than glycogen or another monosaccharide
into glucose is called gluconeogenesis.
Effects of Glucocorticoids

Lipolysis

➢ Glucocorticoids stimulate lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides and release

of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood.
Effects of Glucocorticoids

Resistance to Stress

➢ Additional glucose supplied by liver cells provides tissues with ready source of
➢ ATP to combat a range of stresses, including
○ Exercise, fasting, fright,
○ Temperature extremes, high altitude,
○ Bleeding, infection, surgery, trauma, disease.
Effects of Glucocorticoids

Anti-inflammatory Effects

➢ Glucocorticoids inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflammatory

responses.
➢ Unfortunately, glucocorticoids also retard tissue repair, and as a result, they
slow wound healing.
➢ These are very useful in treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders such as
rheumatoid arthritis.
Effects of Glucocorticoids

Suppression of Immune Response

➢ High doses of glucocorticoids suppress immune responses.

➢ For this reason, glucocorticoids are prescribed for organ transplant recipients to
retard tissue rejection by the immune system.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Androgens

➢ In both males and females, adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of weak
androgens.
➢ Major androgen secreted by the adrenal gland is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
➢ After puberty in males, the androgen testosterone is also released in much greater
quantity by the testes.
➢ Amount of androgens secreted by adrenal gland in males is usually so low that their
effects are insignificant.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Androgens

➢ In females adrenal androgens play important roles.

➢ They promote libido (sex drive) and are converted into estrogens.
➢ After menopause, when ovarian secretion of estrogens ceases, all female
estrogens come from conversion of adrenal androgens.
➢ These also stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Medulla

➢ It is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

➢ It develops from same embryonic tissue as all other sympathetic ganglia.
➢ Its cells lack axons and form clusters around large blood vessels.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Medulla

➢ Its hormone producing cells are called chromaffin cells.

➢ These are innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Medulla

➢ The two major hormones synthesized by the adrenal medulla are

○ Epinephrine also called adrenaline
○ Norepinephrine also called noradrenaline
Chemical Control and Coordination

Adrenal Medulla

➢ Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla secrete an unequal amount of these

hormones—about 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine.
➢ In stressful situations and during exercise, impulses from the hypothalamus
stimulate sympathetic preganglionic neurons, which stimulate chromaffin cells to
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Chemical Control and Coordination

Effects of Adrenal Medullary Hormones

➢ These increase heart rate and force of contraction,

➢ Cardiac output and blood pressure also increases.
➢ Increase in blood flow to the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue.
➢ There is dilation of airways to lungs
➢ Increase in levels of glucose and fatty acids in blood
 Telegram
APP

tinyurl.com/neetlivechat
 #NEETLiveDaily
namokaul ashwanityagi.iitr mahendra.singh_physics

sachin.kapur
 11th Grade
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Subjects Timings
Biology 4 PM
Physics 5 PM
Chemistry 6 PM
 12th Grade
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Subjects Timings
Biology 4 PM
Physics 5 PM
Chemistry 6 PM
SACHINLIVE