TEST1-1 Let's Go Bats: (prei) ('ɔbstәkl)

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剑桥雅思阅读真题词汇
剑桥七—TEST1—1 Let’s Go Bats
bats hunt at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey
and avoid obstacles.
prey [prei] 被捕食的动物
obstacle ['ɔbstәkl] 障碍 (物) ,阻碍 (物)
the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way
about somehow.
insect 昆虫
prey on 捕食
given that 考虑到；鉴于
exploit ['ɛksplɔɪt] 利用或开发（尤指矿藏和其他自然资源） But the daytime
economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such
as birds
make a go of 使成功，相处得好 natural selection has favored bats that
make a go of the night-hunting trade
It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the
ancestry of all mammals.
nocturnal [nɔk'tə:nəl] 夜的;夜间发生的
way back 老早就, 很久以前
ancestry ['ænsɛstrɪ] [集合称]先祖,祖先,祖宗 ancestor ['ænsistә]祖先，祖宗（特别是远
于祖父辈的人）
trade 手艺;职业.
mammal ['mæm!] 哺乳动物 mamma [儿]妈妈
mammalian [mæ'meiljən] 哺乳动物的 our mammalian ancestors probably only managed
to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living
at night.
scrape a living 勉强够维持生活
find their way about 找出途径，努力前进，达到
somehow. 以某种方式; 通过某种途径
Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot
see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and
scattered by the dirt in the water.
obstruct 阻碍, 阻挡
scatter 使分散，驱散，分散
maneuver [mə'nu:və] 熟练而巧妙地引导，操纵 Given the questions of how to
maneuver in the dark, what solutions might an engineer
consider
The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to
use a lantern or a searchlight
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lantern ['læntən] （通常指手提的）灯笼; 提灯

searchlight 探照灯.
firefly 萤火虫
solution [sә'lju:ʃәn] 解答, 解决办法
This doesn't require a prohibitive amount of energy:
prohibitive [prə(ʊ)ˈhɪbɪtɪv] (费用、价格等)过高的 prohibit vt.禁止, 阻止
a male's tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from
some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed
directly to the light source itself
pinprick （光等的）点，针孔
expose 使暴露, 使接触到, 使曝光
using light to find one's own way around requires vastly more
energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the
light that bounces off each part of the scene.
detect 发觉, 侦查, 探测
fraction 1，小部分, 一点儿 2. 分数；小数
bounce off 从 ... 弹跳出来，从 ... 弹回，试探
illuminate [i'lju:mineit] 照明 The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it
is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path
headlight 车等的)车前大灯;前照灯
immense [i'mens] 极广大的, 无边的, <口>非常好的
In any event 不管怎样;无论如何
apart from 除了
uncanny ['ʌn'kæni] 神奇的,不可思议的;不寻常的 blind humans sometimes seem to
have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path
vision 视觉 It has been given the name 'facial vision', because blind
people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch,
on the face.
tricycle 三轮车
phantom limb (截肢后依然感到肢体存在的)幻肢(感).
phantom ['fæntәm]幻觉；幻象
limb 肢（腿﹑ 臂或翼）:
Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually
using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to
sense the presence of obstacles
echo 回声,回响
presence 存在
After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of
time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection 侦
查,探测 of submarines.
submarine ['sʌbməri:n] 潜水艇
adapt 使某事物适合於新的用途﹑情况等而修改，改造某事物
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feat bat’s “radar” achieves feats of detection and navigation that

would strike an engineer dumb with admiration.
feat 技艺；功绩；业绩；英勇事迹
navigation 航海, 导航
strike sb dumb 使哑口无言
coin 1、创造（新词语）2、铸造(货币)
sonar 声纳.
剑桥七—TEST1—2 MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT
The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of

the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources.
entwine [inˈtwain] 1，与…密切相关（或紧密相联）2，使…盘绕,缠绕<于…>
twine （麻﹑棉等制成的）二股的线或细绳编织，捻,搓<线>;
manipulate mә'nipjuleit （熟练控制或操纵）
As towns gradually expanded water was brought from
increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated
engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts
expand 扩大, 增大,扩张
sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] 机器、体系等复杂巧妙的；先进的；精密的
aqueduct ['ækwiˏdʌkt] 沟渠,水道,导水管.
At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with
an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers , supplied
the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is
provided in industrial world today.
innovative [ˈinəuveitiv] 革新的；创新的
At the height of 达最高点，在最旺盛时，处在 ... 的最巅峰
sewer [ˈsuːə(r)] 污水管,下水道,阴沟
layout 布局,安排
occupant [ˈɔkjʊpənt] 房屋、建筑等的）使用者，居住者
During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the
19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose
dramatically
revolution 革命
dramatically [drә'mætikli] 戏剧性地;引人注目地
unprecedented [ʌn 前所未有的, 没有先例的
ˈprɛsɪdɛntɪd]
Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of
monumental engineering projects designed to control floods,
protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation
and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions
of people.
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monumental [ˏmɔnju'mentl] 重要的；意义深远的；不朽的

monument n.纪念碑, 历史遗迹, 不朽作品
hydropower [ˈhaidrəupauə] 水力发电
Food production has kept pace with soaring populations
mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems
that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.
soar (物价, 失业人数等)飞涨, 猛增
artificial 人工的, 人造的
irrigation [ɪrɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n] 灌溉; irritation
Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is
produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.
turbine ['tә:bain] 涡轮
spin 使某物快速旋转
more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking
water
access （接近或进入某地的）方法; 通路
drinking water 饮用水
two and a half billion people do not have adequate sanitation
services
sanitation [sæni'teiʃәn] 卫生, 卫生设施，设备
adequate [ˈædikwit] 足够的，充分的（足以满足要求或需求的）
preventable [prɪˈventəb(ə)l] 可防止的,可预防的 Preventable water-related diseases kill an
estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day
falling behind in 在某方面落后 we are falling behind in efforts to solve these
problems.
jeopardize [ˈdʒepədaiz] 危害，伤害 The consequences of our water policies extend
beyond jeopardizing human health.
millions of people have been forced to move from their homes
– often with little compensation to make way for the reservoirs
behind dams.
compensation [ˌkɔmpen 赔偿金
ˈseiʃən]
make way for 让路
reservoir [ˈrezəvwɑ:] 贮水池,水库,储器,
thrive 繁荣 ,water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river
ecosystems where they thrive
degrade 降低 … 的品格 ( 或质量、价值等 ); 使丢脸 Certain irrigation
practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural
productivity.
aquifer [ˈækwifə] 含水土层,地下蓄水层 Groundwater aquifers are being pumped
down faster than they are naturally replenished
resort 依靠的东西,凭借的手段
replenish [riˈpleniʃ] 把…装满;把…再备足,补充
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millennium [mi'leniәm] 一千年, At the outset of the new millennium

outset 开始,开端
tenfold 十倍地 in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold
approximately [əˈprɔksimətli] 大概 ; 近乎 Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of
water to produce $1 million of commercial output;
approach 1、在空间或时间上）接近, 靠近 2、(于性质之状态、数量等方
面) 接近…,将近; 近似…3,、方法，办法
even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must
find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting
ecological criteria and to a smaller budget
criteria [kraiˈtiəriən] 标准
budget [ˈbʌdʒit] 预算.
warranted [ˈwɔrəntid] 有正当理由的，有根据的
剑桥七—TEST1—3 EDUCATING PSYCHE
approach [ә'prәutʃ] 方法; 手段:way of dealing with a person or thing

One theory discussed in the book is that proposed by George
Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion.
propose 提议, 建议
suggestion 暗示
Lozanov's instructional technique is based on the evidence
that the connections made in the brain through unconscious
processing are more durable than those made through
conscious processing.
instructional 教学的;教学用的
conscious [ˈkɔnʃəs] 有意识的,
concentration [ˌkɔnsənˈtreiʃən] 集中力,注意力,专心 if we think of a lecture we listened to with
great concentration
typeface 字体,
binding 书籍的)装订;封皮,
mannerism ['mænәrizm] 说话方式、姿态、动作等之) 特殊习惯 [癖性],
Even if these peripheral details are a bit elusive, they come
back readily in hypnosis
peripheral [pəˈrifərəl] 次要地，无关紧要地
elusive [iˈlu:siv] 难以理解的,难以记起的
elude 1、躲避，逃避 2、<事物>从 <理解、记忆中> 溜走; 使<人>无
法了解 [认知]
readily 快捷地；轻而易举地；便利地
hypnosis 催眠状态
attribute [ә'tribju:t] 1，归因于,2，被认为是某人所写。This phenomenon can be
partly attributed to the common counterproductive approach to
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study
counterproductive 反作用的
induce 1.引起;导致 2.引诱;劝
fatigue [fəˈti:g] 疲乏; 疲劳; 疲倦
function 机器等 ) 工作 , 运行 .it also simply reflects the way the brain
functions
suggestopedia 暗示教学法
reserve capacity 储存能力，备用容量 The curriculum then becomes peripheral
and is dealt with by the reserve capacity of the brain
variant [ˈveəriənt] 变量
baroque 巴罗克风格的 baroque music
beforehand 提前地,超前地,
preliminary [priˈliminəri] 预备的, 初步的
improvised [ˈimprəvaiz] 即席而作的, 即兴的
What is distinctive in the suggestopedic method is that they
are devoted entirely to assisting recall.
distinctive [diˈstiŋktiv] 独特的；特别的；有特色的
distinct 有区别的，不同的，
assist 帮助, 辅助
accessible [əkˈsesəbəl] 易接近的
trance 恍惚（被催眠的、昏厥的或心醉神迷的状态；介于沉睡
和清醒之间
Such rituals may be seen as placebos
ritual 仪式,仪式的程序; 典礼
placebo [pləˈsi:bəu] 安慰剂
be dispensed with 省去 ( 无需 )Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with
authority to be effective.
Just as a doctor calls on the full power of autocratic suggestion
by insisting that the patient take precisely this white capsule
precisely three times a day before meals, Lozanov is
categorical in insisting that the suggestopedic session be
conducted exactly in the manner designated, by trained and
accredited suggestopedic teachers.
autocratic [ɔ:təˈkrætik] 独裁的, 专制的
capsule [ˈkæpsju:l] n 胶囊
categorical [ˌkætiˈgɔrikəl] 明确的,绝对的;
accredited [əˈkredit] 鉴定合格的；达到标准的
While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through
success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers
are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his
associates. We can, perhaps, attribute mediocre results to an
inadequate placebo effect.
notoriety [,nәutә'raiәti] 恶名昭彰;声名狼藉
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emulate ['emjuleit] 赶超某人；模仿,

mediocre [ˌmi:diˈəukə] 平凡的, 中等的
associate [əˈsəuʃieit] 1、将<物、人>联想在一起 2、交往；（尤指）混在一起 3、使
… 联合 4,工作等之)同伴,伙伴; 同事.5, 伙伴的;共事的;合伙的.副
的
剑桥七—TEST2—1 why pagodas don’t fall down
how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings

— 500 or so wooden pagodas— remained standing for
centuries
flimsy [ˈflimzi] 脆弱的;易损坏的;轻薄的
pagoda [pә'gәudә] （印度和东亚的）宝塔
The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400
people, toppled elevated highways, flattened s office blocks
and devastated the port area of Kobe
disastrous [diˈzɑ:strəs] 毁灭性的，损失惨重的
topple [ˈtɔpəl] 使倾覆；使倒塌
elevate [ˈeliveit] 举起,提起
flatten 使…成为平地
devastate [ˈdevəsteit] 毁灭; 摧毁
Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple
in nearby Kyoto unscathed though it leveled a number of
buildings in the neighborhood.
unscathed [ʌnˈskeiðd] 未受损伤; 未遭伤害
level 夷平
mystify [ˈmistifai] 使迷惑不解；使糊涂 Japanese scholars have been mystified
for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable.
shock absorber 减震器 its special shock absorbers can dampen the effect of
sudden sideways movements from an earthquake,
absorb [əbˈsɔ:b] 1, 吸收（某事物）; 吸进:
2 、将（某物 [ 某人 ] ）合并 ; 并吞 ; 同化 : The larger firm
absorbed the smaller one. 那大公司并吞了那小公司.
3，减轻（冲击﹑ 困难等的）作用或影响 : Buffers absorbed
most of the shock. 缓冲器使震动减少了许多
dampen [ˈdæmpən] 1、使…潮湿 2 使 <兴致、热诚> 受挫折 b. 使<人>泄气,使…沮
丧
skyscraper [ˈskaiˌskreipə] 摩天楼
with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure
upright
peg 木、金属或塑料）钉子，楔子，橛子，短桩
wedge [wedʒ] 楔子
upright 垂直的, 竖式的,
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the master builder sends his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-
five metres into the sky
soar 1、<塔、山等> 耸立 2、(物价, 失业人数等)飞涨, 猛增
majestic [məˈdʒestik] 威严的; 壮丽的; 高贵的; 宏伟的 majesty (帝王之) 威严; 高贵;
庄严
As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and
were attached to important temples
attach 1.贴上,系上 2.使依附;使附属(+to) 3，使依恋﹑ 爱慕﹑ 留恋
watchtower 瞭望塔
batter 接连猛击 typhoons that batter Japan in the summe
eaves [i:vz] 屋檐 eavesdrop v 偷听；窃听
gush [gʌʃ] 流出 , 泻出 , 涌出 This prevents rainwater gushing down the
walls.
overhang (屋顶、楼房)伸出部分
porcelain [ˈpɔ:səlin] 瓷 ceramics [siˈræmiks] =porcelain+pottery [ˈpɔtəri] +earthenware
tile 瓦, 瓷砖
earthenware 陶器
resilience [ri'ziliәns] 1、弹性, 2、恢复力,在逆境中调整的能力 the great resilience of
Japanese pagodas.
flex v.曲伸，活动（四肢或肌肉，尤指准备体力活动）
sway 摇动, 摇摆
the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no
load 不负重 at all.
startling [ˈstɑ:tliŋ] 使人吃惊的,惊人的 startle 使（人或动物）吓一跳
it does not rest on the ground，but is suspended from the top
of the pagoda
suspend 悬挂
rest 躺或倚靠在某物上; 靠某物支撑
In short the shinbashira was acting like an enormous
stationary pendulum
In short 简言之；总之,
stationary 固定的; 不可移动的
pendulum [ˈpendjuləm] 钟摆.
What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was
that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be
made to slither to and fro independent of one another
trial and error 反覆试验; 不断摸索
stack 通常指码放整齐的）一叠，一摞，一堆
to and fro 来回地; 往复地
slither ['sliðə] 滑行；蛇行；爬行
consecutive [kənˈsekjutiv] 连续的 Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing
a snake dance — with each consecutive floor moving in the
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opposite direction to its neighbours above and below

The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the
building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far
because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it,
transmitting energy away along the column.
constrain [kənˈstrein] .强迫, 抑制, 拘束
bang 砰砰)猛击,猛撞
transmit [træns'mit] 将某事物传送﹑ 传递﹑ 传达或传染给对方
because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan
being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars
that carry the weight of the building is connected to its
corresponding pillar above.
taper 使）逐渐变窄
successive 连续的,继承的
vertical [ˈvə:tikəl] 垂直的
pillar 柱子; 支柱.
counterpart [ˈkauntəpɑ:t] 相对应或具有相同功能的人或物
stack 堆积 They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile
of hats.
Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole
tightrope walker 走钢丝表演者
balancing pole 平衡杆.
mass 重物 The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it
is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The
same holds true for a pagoda.
anticipate [æn'tisipeit] 预见到，预料 Japanese master builders of a thousand years
ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.
剑桥七—TEST2—2 The Ture Cost of Food
immediate 直接的 That cost, however, is not in immediate cash

The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of
food production that have made the food cheaper: in the
pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of
wildlife ,
collateral [kəˈlætərəl] 附带的,次要的
enervation [,enә'veiʃәn] 无活力;衰弱
First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and
pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of
livestock, and now genetic engineering — the onward march
of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-
century, as the yields of produce have soared.
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mechanization 机械化
chemical fertiliser [ˈfə:tilaizə] 化学肥料
pesticide [ˈpestisaid] 杀虫剂
monoculture 单种栽培
battery [ˈbætəri] 养鸡房（养鸡等用的成排鸡笼, 可使母鸡多产蛋或育肥
battery rearing 笼养
livestock 家畜, 牲畜（如牛羊
intensive farming 密集农业
yield 产量；产出
colossal [kəˈlɔsəl] 巨大的; 广大的; 庞大的 the damage it has caused has been
colossal
vanish 消失 In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved 最喜欢的
farmland birds, such as the skylark 云雀, the grey partridge 鹧
鸪, the lapwing 田凫 and the corn bunting 黍鹀, have vanished
hedgerow ['hedʒrәu] （尤指英国田边或路边的）矮树篱 Thousands of miles of
hedgerows thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the
landscape
The faecal 排泄物的，渣滓的 filth 垃圾 of salmon farming has
driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of
Scotland
salmon [ˈsæmən] 大马哈鱼；三文鱼（具有柔嫩粉红色肉，特征是从咸水游到淡
水中去产卵）
loch (Scot 苏格兰)湖，湾
Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of
continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use,
soil fertility [fə:ˈtiliti] 土壤肥力
industrial fertiliser 工业化肥
while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the
fertiliser run-off.
algae ['ælgi:] 藻类; 海藻
externality [,ekstә:'næliti] 外在性 , 客观性 That is mainly because the costs of all this
damage are what economists refer to as externalities
aesthetic [i:sˈθetik] 美学的 To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial
at all, but merely aesthetic
staggering 巨大的 ; 惊人的 But the costs to society can actually be
quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering
sums
This is equivalent to￡208 for every hectare of arable land and
permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total
government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And
according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate
be equivalent to [iˈkwivələnt] 等于(相当于)
arable [ˈærəbəl] 适于耕种的; 可开垦的
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pasture [ˈpɑ:stʃə] 牧场
conservative estimate 保守估计.
The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m
for removal of nitrates
nitrogen 氮 nitric acid 硝酸 nitrate 硝酸盐;
phosphorus 磷 phosphoric acid 磷酸 phosphate 磷酸盐
sulphur 硫; 硫磺 sulphuric acid 硫酸. sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫(气
体)
soil erosion 水土流失 106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses
through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies
propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up
the mess that modern farming leaves behind.
subsidy [ˈsʌbsidi] 补助
prop up 支持
feasible [ˈfi:zəbəl] 可行的 a feasible suggestion, scheme, 切实可行的建议﹑计划
viable= feasible 切实可行的; 可实施的 a viable plan, proposition, proposal,
agrochemical [,ægrәu'kemikәl] 农业化肥
剑桥七—TEST2—3 Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
Integrate [ˈintigreit] 使成整体, 使一体化 China is integrated into the international

community since reform and opening up
The disappointing results of many conventional road transport
projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by
which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the
beginning of the 1980s
disappointing 令人失望的,使人沮丧的
conventional [kənˈvenʃənəl] 依照惯例的; 约定俗成的; 因循守旧的
convention 1，习俗, 惯例 2，（某一职业﹑团体或政党）的大会:
availability 利用或获得的可能性 improving the availability of transport
The concept of 'integrated rural transport' was adopted in the
task of examining the transport needs of the rural households
in the district.
adopt 采纳，吸收
household 一家人，家庭,户
objective 目标 , 目的 ,The objective was to reduce the time and effort
needed to obtain access to essential goods and services
through an improved rural transport system.
obtain 获得, 得到
access 接近或进入某地的）方法; 通路
The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be
used instead for activities that would improve the social and
__________________________________________________
economic development of the communities

underlying 潜藏在内的,潜在性的
assumption 假定; 设想; 假说
Tanzanian [ˏtænzəˈnɪəŋ] 坦桑尼亚的 Tanzanian government.
When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally
isolated during the rainy season.
virtually [ˈvə:tʃuəli] 事实上,实质上,实际上,几乎
isolate [ˈaisəleit] 使孤立；使隔离
rely 依靠；依赖 People relied primarily on the paths, which were
slippery and dangerous during the rains.
primarily ['praimәrili] 主要地, 首先地
alternative [ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] 选择性的 , 二中择一的 alternative means of transport were
restricted to donkeys in the north of the district.
alternate 轮流; 交替
grinding mills 磨房
implement [ˈimplimənt] 1，履行,实行,实施 2、工具;器具;用具 a number of approaches
were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access
to transport.
arduous [ˈɑ:djuəs] 困难的; 费力的.the paths were a real safety risk and made the
journey on foot even more arduous
wheelbarrow ['hwi:l,bærәu]手推车.
ox 牛 Oxen
manufacture [ˏmænju'fæktʃә] 制造, 加工; The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still
too expensive for all but a few of the households
refinement 机器,技术等的精巧的改,改良 focused on the refinement and
institutionalization of these activities.
institutionalization 制度化
The road improvements and accompanying maintenance
system had helped make the district centre accessible
throughout 贯穿,从头到尾 the year
accompany 陪伴的，附随的
accessible 易接近的, 可到达的,
fluctuate [ˈflʌktʃueit] 波动
However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and
requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few
improvements had been completed.
inhabitant [inˈhæbitənt] 住户,居民,居住者
assistance 协助
top-down (规划或设计)从总体到细节的;综合的 It would have been easy
to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down
' approach
illustrate [ˈiləstreit] (以实例、比较等) 说明,阐明 This clearly illustratesthe need for
supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.
__________________________________________________
supplementary [ˌsʌpli 补充的; 附加的

ˈmentəri]
剑桥七—TEST3—1 PASSAGE 1 Ant Intelligence
spring 蹦 ; 跃起 ; 跳出 When we think of intelligent members of the

animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind
are apes and monkeys
But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect
kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint
of intelligence
kingdom ‘生物’ (动、植物分类上的) 界
suggest 使人想起,使人联想到
hint 细微的迹象; 线索
Among these, the world of the ant has come in for
considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants
demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been
rejected by those involved in these investigations
scrutiny [ˈskru:tini] 仔细检查
spark （指品质或感情）一星，丝毫，一丁点
cognition [kɒg'niʃәn] 认识；认知；感知
repel 击退；驱逐 Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical
signals to contact one another in case of attack.
Such chemical communication can be compared to the human
use of visual and auditory channels as in religious chants,
advertising images and jingles political slogans and martial
music to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes.
auditory [ˈɔ:ditəri] 听觉的
channel （表达的）方式，方法，手段
chant [tʃɑ:nt] 圣歌,赞美诗
jingle [ˈdʒiŋgəl] 1、吸引人又易记的）简短的韵文或歌曲（尤指广播或电视广告
中的, 2、（金属撞击发出的）丁当声
martial music [ˈmɑ:ʃəl] 军乐
propagate [ˈprɔpəgeit] 传播；宣传
political slogan 政治口号
embarrassment [im 窘迫；为难.Ants are so much like human beings as to be an
ˈbærəsmənt] embarrassment
They farm fungi, raise aphids 蚜虫 as livestock, launch armies
to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies,
capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information
ceaselessly.
farm 在农场饲养（动物）:
__________________________________________________
fungi ['fʌŋgaɪ] 菌类（fungus 的复数）

spray 喷剂
confuse 使糊涂
be engaged in 从事, 参加
in ants there is no cultural transmission — everything must be
encoded in the genes — whereas in humans the opposite is
true.
encode 编码, 译码
whereas 然而，但是
opposite [ˈɔpəzɪt] 对面的, 对立的, 相反的
Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn
baby, other skills being learned from others in the community
as the child grows up.
instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt] 本能
newborn 刚出生的,新生的
continuity [ˌkɔntiˈnju:iti] 连续性 It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge
advantage over ants.
Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are
sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of
humans five thousand years ago but have been totally
overtaken by modern human agribusiness
herd 1，兽群; 牧群 2、牧放（兽群）
craft 手艺；工艺
agribusiness 农业综合企业.
The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable.
Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of
ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was
thought.
sustainable [sә'steinәbl] 可持续的
adaptable （对新的环境）有适应能力的
cellulose ['seljulәus] 纤维素 Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves — but some
fungi can.
The ants cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them
leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food.
Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might
act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.
cultivate [ˈkʌltiveit] 培养, 耕作
feed on 吃
secrete [si'kri:t] 分泌
antibiotic [ˌæntibaiˈɔtik] 抗菌素
fertilise 使（土地等）肥沃, 多产
It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a
single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged
__________________________________________________
from the distant past. Not so。

propagate [ˈprɔpəgeit] 1，遗传（特征等）2、传播;使普及
Not so 远不及, 完全不
Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically
screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests.
These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are
continually domesticating new species.
screen 筛查；检查
domesticate [dəˈmestikeit] 1、驯养，驯化（动物）2、使本土化
genetically 基因的; 遗传学的
DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or
modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with
neighboring ant colonies.
modify [ˈmɔdifai] 更改, 修改
swap [swɔp] 交换
strain 动植物的品种
prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles — the
forcing house of intelligence 。 — the evidence suggests that
ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million
years,
forcing house 温室, 温床
settings (大自然的) 环境,背景
close on 几乎；接近；差不多
When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are
amazed at what has been accomplished by humans.
survey 俯视,眺望,环视
amazed 惊异的
accomplished [əˈkʌmpliʃt] 完成,达成
This 'megalopolis' was reported to be composed of 360 million
workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected
nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.
megalopolis [,megә'lɒpәlis] 巨大都市
territory ['teritәri] 领土, 版图, 地域
We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern
France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years.
hail as 热情地承认某人 [某事物]为.
cave painting 洞穴壁画
albeit 虽然 ( 即使 )Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a
different kind?
when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by
integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously
update in their heads.
forage 四处搜寻 [食物等]
__________________________________________________
bearing 方位,方向;方向感
consult 查阅 <参考书、字典等>They combine the evidence of visual
landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a
framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn
too.
Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise
their foraging teams.
scout 侦查兵
maze 迷宫
mobilise 动员
Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze
where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to
prevent the foraging team using odour clues.
elaborate [i'læbәreit] 详尽而复杂的; 精心制作
precaution [priˈkɔ:ʃən] 预防措施
Discussion now centres on whether the route through the
maze is communicated as a 'left- right' sequence of turns or as
a 'compass bearing and distance' message.
sequence [ˈsi:kwəns] 序列, 顺序
During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has
grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she
knows them as individuals
exhaustive 详尽的; 彻底的
attached 依恋；爱慕
Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company 陪伴; 与他人在一
起 of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in
their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little
lives’
剑桥七—TEST3—2 Population movements and genetics.
A Study of the origins and distribution of human populations

used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence
distribution [ˌdistriˈbju:ʃən] 1,分发;分配 2.散布,分布
archaeological [,ɑ:kiә'lɒdʒikl] 考古学的
fossil [ˈfɔsəl] 化石的
clue The best information on early population movements is now
being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the
clues 线索; 端倪 to be found in genetic material.
North-East Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the
launching ground for the first human colonizers of the New
World
__________________________________________________
Siberia [saiˈbiəriə] 西伯利亚

colonizer 殖民地开拓者, 殖民者
was there one major wave of migration across the Bering
Strait into the Americas, or several?
migration [maiˈgreiʃən] 迁移,移居,迁徙
Bering Strait [ˈberiŋ] 白令海峡
An important project, led by the biological anthropologist
Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes)
of one particular protein— Immunoglobin G found in the fluid
portion of human blood
anthropologist [ænθrə 人类学家 anthropology
ˈpɔlədʒist]
高频学科词汇 meteorology [,mi:tiә'rɒlәdʒi] 气象学 astrology[ә'strɒlәdʒi] 占星术

mythology [mi'θɒlәdʒi] 神话学 zoology [zәu'ɒlәdʒi] 动物学
psychology[sai'kɒlәdʒi] 心理学 physiology [,fizi'ɒlәdʒi] 生理学
archeology[ˌɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi]考古学 ecology[i:'kɒlәdʒi]生态学 theolog
[θi'ɒlәdʒi]y 神学 sociology [,sәusi'ɒlәdʒi] 社会学
geology[dʒi'ɒlәdʒi]地质学 biology [bai'ɒlәdʒi]生物学 chronology
[krә'nɔlәdʒi]年代学 etymology [ˏeti'mɔlәdʒi]词源学
variant ['vєәriәnt] 变量
fluid 液体
protein [ˈprəuti:n] 蛋白质
interbreeding 杂种繁殖 All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the
generations, and members of an human population will share
a set of such variants.
by comparing the Gm allotypes 同种异型 of two different
populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their
genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an
indication of the length of time since these populations last
interbred.
tribe 部落, 部族
calibrate [ˈkælibreit] 1、测定口径 2、使标准化,校准
sample 取样, 采样, 抽取...的样品 Williams and his colleagues sampled
the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North
America
correspond [ˌkɔriˈspɔnd] 一致 , 符合 , 调和 their Gm allotypes could be divided into two
groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing
of South American Indians
Eskimo 爱斯基摩人又称因努伊特人(Inuit)。与阿留申人的族源
关系最近，两者共同构成北极地区及亚北极地区土著居民之主
要成分，其范围自格陵兰、阿拉斯加、加拿大以至西伯利亚最
东端
Aleut 阿留申族(居住阿留申群岛与阿拉斯加之土著)
__________________________________________________
Maya 马雅人，中美洲印第安人的族群，公元 250～900 年间创

造出西半球最伟大的文明之一
aboriginal [æbəˈridʒənəl] adj 土著的，原来的；n 土著居民
deduce 推论 From this evidence it was deduced that there had been
three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait.
ancestral [ænˈsestrəl] 祖先的; 祖传的
all three groups appear to be descended from the same
ancestral (Paleo 古,旧,原始-Indian) population.
be descended from 是…的后裔
light 了解 ; 领悟 ; 启发 :There are two other kinds of research that
have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American
population
tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component,
minimally affected by environmental and other factors.
crown 牙冠
root 牙根
component [kəmˈpəunənt] 成分；零件
minimally ˈmɪnɪməl 最低限度地
the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern
Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor
shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the
tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted
lower first molars.
prehistoric a. 历史以前的, 史前的
shovel [ˈʃʌvəl] 铲子；铁锨
canine ['keinain] 犬齿
incisor [inˈsaizə] 门牙; 前齿
molar [ˈməulə] 臼齿（用作研磨食物的牙齿）
premolar 小臼齿
trait[treit] 个性; 显着的特点
scooping 铲状工具, 铲子, 勺.
premolar 小臼齿
molar 臼齿
ties in with According to Turner, this ties in with 有联系 the idea of a single
Paleo-Indian migration out of North Asia,
The linguist Joseph Greenberg has argued that all Native
American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, a
view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations
linguist [ˈliŋgwist] 语言学家
Amerind 印第安人或爱斯基摩人 American Indian
credence [ˈkri:dəns] 信任；相信
Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of
whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to
__________________________________________________
account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time
by American Indians
notion['nәuʃәn] 观念, 想法, 信念
account for 解释；说明…的原因
there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence
provides strong for Greenberg's view.
dental [ˈdentl] 牙齿的
backing 拥护,支援,支持
剑桥七—TEST3—4 Plans to protect the forests fo the Europe
heritage [ˈheritidʒ] Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage
遗产.
imbalances 不平衡；不均衡
European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by
major threats to European forests, threats which know no
frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution,
soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and
sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and
forest heritage.
concerned 关心
frontier [ˈfrʌntiə] 国界; 边界
other than 不同于
geography [dʒiˈɔgrəfi] 1，某地区的地形, 地势 2，地理学, 地理
deterioration[di,tiәriә'reiʃәn] 恶化,降低; 退步
mismanagemen 管理不善; 处置失当
woodland 林地
The topics discussed included how to combat forest fires and
the extension of European research programs on the forest
ecosystem
combat 抗争，斗争
ecosystem ['i:kәu,sistәm] 生态系统
Those confined to a particular geographical areas, such as
countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries
therefore had to be discarded
confine 局限于
border 毗邻, 接界
Mediterranean[meditəˈreiniən] 地中海
discard 抛弃,遗弃
Nordic ['nɒ:dik] 北欧日耳曼民族的；北欧人的，斯堪的纳维亚国家的.
European countries see forests as performing a triple function:
biological, economic and recreational.
__________________________________________________
perform 执行
triple 三重的; 三方的
recreational 娱乐的
by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through
the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for
humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting
power plant.
photosynthesis [ˌfəutəu 光合作用
ˈsinθəsis]
oxygen [ˈɔksidʒən] 氧气
solar energy 太阳能
forests offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an
urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind
and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting,
riding and hiking
condemn [kənˈdem] 1，使人无奈接受，使某人接受不好的某事物;2，责难，谴责
unrivalled [ʌnˈraɪv(ə)ld] 无双的,无与伦比的
unwind 放松
hiking 远足,徒步旅行.
dawn 开始 ; 开端 The economic importance of forests has been
understood since the dawn of man
The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are
effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All
European forests are artificial, having been adapted and
exploited by man for thousands of years
effectively 实际上,事实上
primary forest 原始森林 primary 1，原始的，初期的, 初级的, 2 主要的,根
[经]
本的,基本的
artificial [ˌɑ:tiˈfiʃəl] 人工的
a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers
and generations of people, and that it must allow for the
inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and
hence, in policy.
transcend [trænˈsend] 超越，超出
allow for 考虑到
hence 因此
Strasbourg 斯特拉斯堡，法国东部城市，位于法、德边界
上。1979 年开始，欧盟、北约会议大多都在这里举行。
A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any
ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity
over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to
ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.
coherent 一致的,协调的
__________________________________________________
unforeseen 未预见到的; 意料之外的

That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed
resolutions to assist national policy- making. The first proposes
the extension and systematization of surveillance sites to
monitor forest decline
resolution [ˌrezəˈlu:ʃən] 1、(会议等的)正式决定,决议 2、决心;决定 3、解决;解答
surveillance [sә:'veilәns] 监视, 监督
The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a
number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants 空气污染物 the
principal culprits Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide
should be particularly closely watched。However, their effects
are probably accentuated by soil imbalances such as soil
acidification
cumulative effect 累积的
[ˈkju:mjulətiv]
culprit [ˈkʌlprit] 犯人,罪犯，罪魁祸首
compound [kəmˈpaund] 化合物
accentuate [əkˈsentʃueit] 1，强调:突出（某事物）; 2，以重音读出
acidification [ә,sidifi'keiʃәn] 酸化
剑桥七—TEST4—1 Pulling strings to build pyramids
sledge 雪橇 tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges

But there is no evidence to back this up 支持
While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she
noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd
postures 姿势
hieroglyphˈhaɪərəɡlɪf 图画文字
peruse [pəˈru:z] 细读…,精读

monument [ˈmɔnjumənt] 遗迹；有历史价值的建筑物
Intrigued 好奇的 Clemmons contacted Gharib, aeronautics
professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was
fascinated by the idea
Intrigue [inˈtri:g] 1、密谋 [耍阴谋] [对付…] [with] [against]~ with A against B
2、激起某人的兴趣或好奇
aeronautics [ˌeərəuˈnɔ:tiks] 航空学; 航空术
fascinate [ˈfæsineit] 迷住, 使神魂颠倒
Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone
column from horizontal to vertical 垂直的 , using no source of
energy except the win
column [ˈkɔləm] 圆柱
horizontal [hɔrɪˈzɔnt(ə)l] 水平的
__________________________________________________
wind-tunnel 风洞
Even a modest force, if sustained, over a long time, would lift
the 33.5-tonne column
modest （数量﹑ 体积等）不大的, 适度的, 中等的
sustain 支撑,支持
The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the
applied force
pulley [ˈpuli] 滑轮
magnify [ˈmægnifai] 放大
they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of
the horizontal column ， with pulleys suspended from the
scaffold's apex
rig 1、装配 2、（以欺诈手段）操纵或控制（某事物）
scaffold ['skæfәld] 支架
tip 顶端
apex [ˈeipeks] 顶点
rectangular [rek'tæŋgjulә] 矩形的 rectangular nylon sail
nylon [ˈnailɔn] 尼龙
sail 帆
'There was a huge initial force — five times larger than the
steady state force,' Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites
could lift huge weights, Gharib realised
jerk 突然的拉﹑ 推
Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for
accomplished sailors like the Egyptians
harness [ˈhɑ:nis] 控制及利用（自然界的力量）以产生电能等
accomplished [əˈkʌmpliʃt] 虽非专业) 精通的,熟练的; 技术高超的
A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks
uncannily ike a modern glider
artefact 人工制品（尤指有考古价值的工具或武器）
glider 滑翔机
Chinese were using kites to deliver messages and dump
flaming debris on their foes
dump 丢弃
debris /debri/ 碎片; 残骸
foe 敌人
剑桥七—TEST4—2 Endless Harvest
The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska — cold,
nutrient -rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds,
and over 400 species of fish, shellfish( 尤指食用的 ) 贝类 ( 牡
__________________________________________________
蛎、蛤、蚌等), crustaceans 甲壳纲的动物, and mollusks 软体

动物 . Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's
commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest
in the world.
feed <河>注入 <更大的河、湖等>
nutrient ['nju:triәnt] 有营养的
bounty [ˈbaunti] 慷慨,好施,博爱,仁爱
fishery 渔业; 水产业
spawn [spɔ:n] 产卵 sperm
the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries,
guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska's
natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis
state constitution 州宪法
mandate 授权
panel [ˈpænl] 专门小组;评判小组
subsistence communities 保留区 subsistence communities throughout the region, who
normally have priority over commercial fishing, were
devastated.
subsist （尤指藉微少的食物或金钱）维持生活; 生存:
The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe
it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they
contend it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts,
prompted in part by cumulative effects of the El Nino ， a
phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a
harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were
frozen
contend 争论,辩论,
prompt 促使；导致；激起
culminate ˈkʌlmineit] （以某种结果）告终；（在某一点）结束
剑桥七—TEST4—3 EFFECTS OF NOISE
plausible [ˈplɔ:zəbəl] 借口或解释有道理的；可信的 it is plausible to suppose that we

should prefer peace and quiet to noise
disruptive [disˈrʌptiv] 破坏性的 The noise was quite disruptive at first
subject 实验对象
steering wheel 方向盘
the most significant finding from research on noise is that its
predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are
much more able to 'tune out' chronic background noise 背景噪
音,
predictability 可预测性
__________________________________________________
tune out 不理会 tune radio in to 调整频率等以接收某一节目 tune sb in

to sth 使某人理解或体谅（他人的思想及感情等
chronic 长期的
For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute
apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of
noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals
space 隔开
random [ˈrændəm] 随机的
interval 1、（两事件中的）间隔时间 2、（物体之间的）间隔空间
the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects
when the subjects were required to proofread written material
under conditions of no noise
after-effect 后果，结果
proofread [ˈpru:fˌri:d] 校正, 校对（为找错误证据进行的阅读）
Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or eliminates
the negative effects of noise
variable [ˈveəriəbəl] 变量
eliminate [iˈlimineit] 排除, 消除
transient ['trænziәnt] 短暂的; 瞬间的，转瞬即逝的: Life is transient.人生如朝露。
distract 转移（注意力）；分散（思想）；使分心 It was found that
children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and
were more easily distracted
ethnicity [eθˈnisiti] 种族，
剑桥六—TEST1—1 AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS
Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles,
demolishing rivals with seeming ease. A big part of the secret is
an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies
underpinned by science and medicine 。 it provide coaching,
training facilities and nutritional advice.
demolish [dɪˈmɔlɪʃ] 轻易战胜；彻底打败
underpin 加固, 支援, 支持
extensive [ɪkˈstensɪv] 广泛的；广博的
intensive [ɪnˈtensɪv] 集中的; 密集的:
nutritional [nju:'triʃənl] 营养的;滋养的
pros 职业选手,专家,行家
he AIS collaborates with other universities and research
centres., applying skills learned in one to others, such as
swimming and squash 回力球。 they don’t waste our time
looking at ethereal scientific questions
collaborate with [kəˈlæbəreɪt] 协作；合作
__________________________________________________
ethereal [ɪˈθɪərɪəl] 非人间的; 超凡的，天上的;

This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The
focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an
extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimeter there. No
gain is too slight to bother with
wring 1、拧，绞，拧出，绞出 2、用力或费力从某人处榨出或取得某
事物
tweak [twiːk] 拧, 扭（某物
bother with （为做某事物）费工夫, 添麻烦:.
millimeter 毫米
a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving
in slow motion. the coach could measures the distance between
strokes. From above, the coach can analyze how her spine
swivels 。 This system will enable the coach to build a
biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding
swimmers.
slice [slaɪs] 切开;划破
stroke （尤指游泳或划船的）一次划水
spine 脊柱; 脊椎
swivel ['swivl] 使…旋转,使…回转.
biomechanical 生物力学的
profile 外形, 轮廓
budding 开始发展的
It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a
second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's
performance into factors that can be analysed individually
average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish
times, and so on 。 At the end of each race, SWAN spits out
data on each swimmer.
frame 电影’画面,镜头
duration 持续时间
velocity [vɪˈlɔsɪtɪ] （沿某一方向的）速度，通常用以指无生命之物
spit out [spɪt] (口语)把话吐出,坦白说出
they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be
embedded in an athlete's clothes to monitor heart rate,
sweating
unobtrusive [,ʌnәb'tru:siv] 不突出的, 不显眼的，不引人注意的
obtrude [әb'tru:d] [从…]推出,伸出
sensor 传感器；灵敏元件
embed 把…嵌入,埋入
AIS developed a test that measures how much of the immune-
system protein immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白 A is present in
__________________________________________________
athletes' saliva.
immune 免疫的
immunity[i'mju:niti] 免疫力;免疫性
saliva [səˈlaɪvə] 涎,唾液
All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit
those targets 。 Techniques like these have transformed
Australia into arguably （ the world's most successful sporting
nation.
gear towards 对某事物加以调节以适合某种需要或达到某种水平或标准
arguably 常用于形容词比较级或最高级前）可论证地，按理
replicate [ˈreplɪkeɪt] 复制；（精确地）仿制
visual imaging 视觉成像
剑桥六—TEST1—2 DELIVERING THE GOODS
International trade is growing at a startling pace. the volume of

trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about
twice that. foreign markets now tempt businesses that never
much worried about sales beyond their nation's borders.
tempt 诱惑, 引诱
The worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs
duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation of the
explosion in international commerce
barrier 障碍 (物) ,阻碍
customs duties 进口税
import quota [ˈkwəʊtə] 进口配额
boom 人口﹑ 贸易等的）突然增加; 繁荣昌盛时期
friction 摩擦
turn 时间的转换点 At the turn of the 20th century 20 世纪之交
International commerce was dominated by raw materials, such
as iron ore, processed commodities. But these sorts of products
are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively
high.
iron ore 铁矿石
commodity [kəˈmɔdɪtɪ] 货场；商品；物品
bulky [ˈbʌlkɪ] 庞大的; 体积胀大的 bulk 1 巨大的形体或身躯 2. 大部份；大半
concentrate 集中 Most of the world's disk-drive manufacturing is
concentrated in South-east Asia.
compact 紧凑的, 紧密的,
deregulation 撤消管制规定 deregulation has helped to drive the process
along.
The invention of the container crane made it possible to load
__________________________________________________
and unload containers without capsizing the ship

container crane 集装箱起重机
capsize [kæpˈsaiz] 使倾覆;弄翻
By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold
货舱*and containers on the deck(船的) 舱面,甲板, were giving
way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at
a time.
vessel [ˈvesəl] 大船；轮船
First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from
restrictions on what they could carry, America's freight railways
dramatically reduced their employment, trackage and their
fleets of locomotives
haulier =hauler（美）货运承运人, 运输机, 运输工
trackage 轨道;轨长;线路使用权(或费),
locomotive [ˈləʊkəməʊtɪv] 机车,火车头-
fleet （同一机构的或同时运行的）机群﹑ 公共汽车队﹑ 计程车队等
State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight
rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as
cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping
unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing
these barriers down would help the world's economies grow
even
toleration 容忍；宽容 tolerate
monopoly [məˈnɔpəlɪ] 垄断；独占
deter 威慑；吓住
剑桥六—TEST1—3 Climate Change and the Inuit
cut off from 孤立

thaw [θɔ:] 解冻；溶化
There are reports of igloos （因纽特人的）圆顶冰屋 losing
their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes of
lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts
insulate 1，使某人 [某物]与不良影响隔绝 2，使隔热；使隔音；使绝缘
drip 滴下
permafrost 永冻土, 永冻层（如在极地的
abstract 抽象的 Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to
most of us
summertime 夏季，夏日
in store 必将来到或发生；等候
The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming,
cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels
__________________________________________________
knock-on effect 撞击效应

precipitation 降水（量）
precipitate 1，倒栽葱地落下 2，使突然陷入加速（坏事）；促进,2，使(水
蒸汽)凝结成雨
precarious [prɪˈkeərɪəs] 不稳固的; 不安全的 They live in precarious balance with one of
the toughest environments on earth
In Canada, where the Inuit 因纽特人 people are jealously
guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest
territory
jealous [ˈdʒeləs] 1，对自己的权利﹑ 所有物等）精心守护的, 占有的 2，吃醋
的；妒忌的
guard 保卫; 保护
autonomy [ɔ:ˈtɔnəmi] 自治
terrain [ˈterein] 地形
sled 雪车,雪橇
nomadic [nəuˈmædik] 游牧的
provision 粮食；食品；食物
scarce [skeəs] <食物、生活必需品等> 不足的,缺乏的,短少的
benefits 救济金(保险公司或社会福利制度在生病、退休、失业或死亡时
所给予的)
obesity [әu'bi:siti] 肥胖 Obesity, heart disease and diabetes
diabetes [ˌdaiəˈbi:ti:z] 糖尿病
With so much at stake the Inuit are determined to play a key
role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the
Arctic.
at stake 危如累卵, 在危险中,
tease out 梳理,拣选出
But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and
weight
credibility [,kredi'biliti] 可信度,确实性
weight 重要性﹑ 严重性或影响力
research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives
impinge [imˈpindʒ] 侵犯,侵害
onslaught [ˈɔnslɔ:t] n. 突击, 猛击, 猛攻
capricious [kəˈprɪʃəs] （态度或行为）反覆无常的, 变幻莫测的, 任性的 IQ could help
to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty
about how much of what we're seeing is natural
capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human
activity.
caprice [kəˈpri:s] n 多变;反复无常;怪念头
剑桥六—TEST2—1 Advantages of public transport
__________________________________________________
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃənt] 尤指机器, 系统等）有效力的 public transport is more efficient

than cars.
The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth 珀斯
is a good example of a city with minimal public transport
Melbourne ['melbәn] 墨尔本
tram 有轨电车
'the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly
inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms
inefficient （指机器﹑ 方法等）无效率的, 无效果的, 效率低的, 不经济的
inadequate 不充分的; 不足的; 不够好的:
It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the
models of cities with good public transport by arguing that
such systems would not work in their particular city.
reject 抛弃；拒绝
Toronto [təˈrɔntəʊ] 多伦多
objection 反对，反对的理由
correlation 相互关系
local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to
spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won
and the railway worked spectacularly well.
referendum [ˌrefəˈrendəm] 全民投票（以表决某政治问题）; 全民投的票
spectacularly 引人注目的; 出色的; 与众不同的
adopt 采用,采纳 <意见、方针等>Newman believes the main reason
for adopting one sort of transport over another is politic
In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six
centuries
However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban
sprawl causing massive congestion problems which now make
commuting times far higher.
stable 稳定的; 稳固的; 牢固的; 安定的
infrastructure 基本设施
keep pace with 跟上步伐
sprawl [sprɔ:l] 不规则的扩张延伸蔓延，
congestion (交通等的) 阻塞
There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth
encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only
viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that.
A new study makes this point even more starkly 显而易见的;
明摆着的; 鲜明的.
viable [ˈvaiəbəl 切实可行的; 可实施的
refute [riˈfju:t] 反驳,驳斥,驳倒
Stockholm ['stɒkhәulm] 斯德哥尔摩(瑞典 Sweden 的首都),
Jakarta [dʒəˈkɑːtə] 雅加达，印度尼西亚 Indonesia 首都和全国最大的城市
__________________________________________________
Bangkok ['bæŋkɒk] 曼谷，泰国 Thailand 首都

flourish [ˈflʌriʃ] 兴隆 ; 繁荣 The new world will largely depend on human
creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come
together face-to-face.'
It was once assumed that improvements in
telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the
population as people were no longer forced into cities
telecommunication 电信，远距离通讯
dispersal [dis'pә:sl] 散布, 分散
剑桥六—TEST2—2 GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
in the pink 极健康; 极佳状况:extremely healthy; in perfect condition

afflict [əˈflikt] 使痛苦, 折磨 The results of a 14-year study to be announced
later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old
age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do
strike, it is much later in life.
arthritis 关节炎, high blood pressure and circulation problems
— the major medical complaints in this age group are troubling
a smaller proportion every year。Other diseases of old age —
dementia 痴呆 stroke, arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 and
emphysema 肺气肿 . — are also troubling fewer and fewer
people.
high blood pressure 高血压病 [hypertension]
circulation [ˌsə:kjuˈleiʃən] 血液循环
artery [ˈɑ:təri] 动脉硬化. vein 静脉
ageing 衰老; 成熟的过程; 老化
demographer [di:'mɒgrәfә] 人口统计学家
Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the
twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a
better start in life than their predecessors. Clearly, certain
diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances
nutrition [nju:ˈtriʃən] 营养; 滋养; 食物
predecessor [ˈpri:disesə] 祖先; 前任; 前辈
beat a retreat 撤退, 放弃
downside 不利的方面难
subtle [ˈsʌtl] 难以察觉或描述的; 细微的 a subtle distinction 微妙的差别
If =although 用於承认某事可能属实或可能发生)即使; 纵然; 虽然
graying 年老 graying of America's population
calculate [ˈkælkjʊleɪt] 计算 Researchers calculate there would be an additional one
million disabled elderly people in today's population
The group found that those elderly people who were able to
__________________________________________________
retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay

healthy in old age. The increasing self-reliance of many elderly
people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of
simple home medical aids
retain 保持或保留（某物）
self-reliance 自恃; 靠自己; 自力更生
rats that exercise on a treadmill 踏车 have raised levels of
brain-derived neurotrophic 神经营养的 factor coursing through
their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps
neurons 神经元，神经细胞 functioning, may prevent the brains
of active humans from deteriorating
Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist 流行病学家 found a
connection between self-esteem 自尊，自负 and stress in
people over 70. In laboratory simulations 模拟实验 of
challenging activities 。 those who felt in control of their lives
pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol
皮质醇. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been
linked to heart disease.
hormone 荷尔蒙，激素
chronic 慢性地, 长期地
older people fare best when they feel independent but know
they can get help when they need it.
fare 过日子
剑桥六—TEST2—3 Numeration
intellectual [ɪntɪˈlektjʊəl] 智力的 , 有智力的 , 显示智力的 ; n. 知识分子 One of the first

great intellectual feats 技艺 of a young child is learning how to
count.
From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of
numeration
bound up with 和某事密切相关
numeration 记数, 计算;计算法
facility 容易学好或做好事物的能力:
conviction [kənˈvikʃən] 确信,信念
sequence 次序, 顺序, 序列 sequence of events
Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if
not advanced, was sufficient 。
tribes 部落，部族
sufficient 充分的, 足够的
suffice 能满足（某人 [ 某事物 ] ）之需要的 ; 足够的 this range will
generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of
human existence.
__________________________________________________
Our ancestors 祖先,祖宗 had little use for actual numbers As

they began to settle grow plants and herd animals, the need
for a sophisticated number system became paramount
settle 定居; 安家落户,
sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] <机器、技术等> (引进尖端技术而) 极为复杂的,先进的,精巧的,
高性能的
paramount [ˈpærəmaʊnt] 最高的；至上的；最重要的.
Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be
readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only
able to count one
arithmetic [əˈrɪθmətɪk] 算术，算法
readily 容易地,轻易地
indigenous [ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs] 土生土长的:本地的; 土产的
the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is
not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really
an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of
particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the
earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from
two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate
the number 4 ，as connected with four birds, to the number 4,
as connected with four rocks.
fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentl] 基础的, 基本的
abstract 抽象的,
attachment 附著,连结
hindrance [ˈhɪndrəns] 妨碍，阻碍
conceive [kənˈsi:v] 1、想出（主意﹑ 计划等）; 构思 2、怀孕；怀胎
distinct 种类不同的; 分开的
elementary [elɪˈmentərɪ] 1，容易解决的; 容易回答的 2、基本的；初级的，基础的，
notation 1.标记法 [U] 2.记号,标志;乐谱;棋谱符号 [C]
diversity [daiˈvə:siti] 差异, 多样性
numerate [ˈnju:mərət] 算出来, 列举, 读出
Intermix 混合;混杂 Intermixed with the development of a number sense
is the development of an ability to count.
indispensable[indiˈspensəbəl] 不可缺少的; 必需
剑桥六—TEST3—1 THE POWER OF THE BIG SCREEN
Before the eyes of the stunned thrilled audience, photographs

came to life and moved across a flat screen.
stun 1、使目瞪口呆或感到震惊, 2、使昏厥、不省人事，被或好象
被重击了一般
thrilled [θrɪl] 激动的；胆战心惊的；吓得浑身发抖的
__________________________________________________
came to life 苏醒过来, 变得活跃, 显得逼真

dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk] 动力的；有活力的,cinema, the unique, hypnotic 催眠的; 催眠术
的 quality that has made film the most dynamic effective art
form of the 20th century.
In their confusion they feared that a real train was about to
crush them.'
confusion 疑惑（状态）,
crush [krʌʃ] 压坏；压伤；挤压变形
platform （火车站的）站台 , 月台 the movie showed a section of a
railway platform flooded with sunshine.
A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time
in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the
real, objective flow of time was captured.
imply 暗示;含有...的意思;暗指
whim [wim] 忽起的念头, 一时的兴致
objective 客观的
overwhelmingly[әuvә'hwelmiŋ 压倒性地, 不可抵抗地,
li]
fiction 小说
realism 现实主义, 写实主义
And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th
century more intimately than any other period. the life of the
modern world has been recorded on film in massive,
encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any
preceding generations.
intimately [ˈintimitli] 1、（指知识）精通的, 详尽的 2、亲密的,亲近的
encyclopedic [ensaɪkləʊˈpiːdɪk] 百科全书式的
preceding 在前的, 前述的
consequence [ˈkɔnsikwəns] 结果；后果 The 'star' was another natural consequence of
cinema.
Film personalities have such an immediate presence that,
inevitably, they become super-real
personality 名人,名士
super-real 超真实.
inevitably 必然地,必定,不可避免地
some said that, once this novelty had worn off ，cinema would
fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a
fairground attraction
novelty 新颖,新奇
worn off 失效；效力减少；消失,
fade away 逐渐减弱；慢慢消失；衰弱
gimmick [ˈgɪmɪk] 骗人的玩意儿；花招
fairground 游乐场
__________________________________________________
Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a

documentary form.
primarily 首要地,主要地;根本上
documentary [ˌdɔkjuˈmentəri] (电影、电视等)记录的;记实的
Originally plots of these movies were conceived as short
stories
originally 起初,原来
conceive 构想出,想像,设想
reel 一卷轴.
Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains
the dominant cinematic convention of today.
settled upon 决定或达成一致意见
narrative [ˈnærətɪv] 记叙文;故事
cinematic [ˌsiniˈmætik] 电影的
convention [kənˈvenʃ(ə)n] 1，习俗, 惯例 2，（某一职业﹑团体或政党）的大会:
unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and
the audience screamed and fledconvinced by the dangerous
reality of what they saw,
mere 仅仅的,只不过的
scream （因伤痛、害怕、激动等）尖叫
flee （尤指遇到危险﹑ 威胁等）逃跑;逃离,
astonishing [əˈstɔnɪʃ] 令人惊讶的;惊人的,the world could never be the same again-
that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing more
real than reality.
剑桥六—TEST3—2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions
It is a great deal 非常 easier to motivate employees in a

growing organisation than a declining one.
motivate 刺激;激发，给...动机
adverse [ˈædvə:s] 不利的,有害的
When organisations are expanding and adding personnel,
promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of
being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings
of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice
and encourage employees
personnel [ˌpə:səˈnel] (总称)人员,员工
associate 1，使有联系 2，联想,把...联想在一起 3、结交,交往[+with] 4、
伙伴的;共事的;合伙的 5.副的
association 协会；社团；联盟
dynamic 充满精力的,有生气的
optimism [ˈɔptimizəm] 乐观；乐观主义
__________________________________________________
entice 引诱；诱惑
unfortunately 不幸地；遗憾地,
minor 不重要的,次要的 The minor employees remain because their
job options are limited.
When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile
workers are prone to leave voluntarily
prone 有...倾向的,易于...的
voluntary [ˈvɔləntəri] 自愿地；自动地；主动地
unheard 无人理会 ; 未引起注意 Pay cuts, unheard of during times of
growth, may even be imposed
Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be
the next to be made redundant
morale 士气；精神力量
redundant [riˈdʌndənt] 被解雇的, 失业的
how to motivate employees under such retrenchment
conditions
retrenchment rɪˈtrentʃ.mənt 削减,减少支出,节约
autonomous [ɔ:ˈtɔnəməs] 自治的; 自治权的 if the job is running a small business or an
autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers
should be sought.
bureaucratic [bjuәrәu'krætik] 官僚政治的; 官僚作风的 bureaucratic organisation
affiliation 隶属关系
inconsistent 不一致的, 不协调的,high achievers should not be put into jobs
that are inconsistent with their needs
moderate [ˈmɔdərit] 适度地,有节制地
participation and the culture are incongruous 不协调的; 不和谐
的; 不一致的,
whether the goals should be assigned 分配,分派 by a manager
or collectively 共同的，集体的 set in conjunction with 与...连接,
与 ... 协力 the employees. The answer to that depends on
perceptions 了解；领悟 of goal acceptance and the
organisation's culture
employees must have the capability of doing the job and must
regard the appraisal process as valid.
capability 能做某事的素质; 能力
regard 把...视为, 看作
appraisal [əˈpreizəl] 鉴定；评价
lump 很多 allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum
contingent [kənˈtɪndʒənt] 视情况而发生的 Managers need to make rewards contingent
advancements 级别或地位的晋升; 升级 should be allocated for
the attainment of the employee's specific goals..,
attainment 成就
visibility 能见度；可见度
__________________________________________________
The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that

employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable
and equal to the input given.
transparent 透明的
perceive 意识到, 注意到,
equitable 公正的; 合理的
rating 等级, 级别 importance ratings
rate 估价,评价 production workers rated advancement very highly,
剑桥六—TEST3—3 The Search for the Anti-aging Pill
As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the

market today has been proved to slow human aging-the build-
up of molecular and cellular damage that increases
vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention,
consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced diet,
works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing
longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest
that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity
in humans, too.
aging 衰老
build-up 发展，增长
molecular [məˈlekjələ] 分子的 molecule ['mɔlikju:l]
cellular ['seljulə] 细胞的
vulnerability [,vʌlnәrә'biliti] 易受伤，脆弱性 vulnerable
infirmity 虚弱, 衰弱
intervention [,intə'venʃən] 干涉，干预 intervene 干涉,干预;调停
longevity [lɔn'dʒeviti] 长命, 寿命
prolong 延长,加长
caloric 热量的, (热)卡的
restriction 限制, 约束
people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by
roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500
calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a
regimen, especially for years on end 。 But what if someone
could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of
eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? it can
postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes,
arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer)
intake 摄取量
equivalent 相等的, 相当的
mortal 1，人；凡人；普通人 2，终有一死的, 3、致命的
__________________________________________________
regimen [ˈredʒəmən] 养生之道,摄生法

on end 连续不断地
mimic 模仿
physiological 生理学的, 生理学上的
postpone [pəustˈpəun] 使延期, 推迟, 搁置
after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents
seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No
compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people
has been found yet, but the search has been informative and
has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics 模仿
的；拟态的 can indeed be developed eventually.
agent 药剂,作用 (药) 剂
rodent [ˈrəʊdənt] 啮齿动物
informative 提供信息的，提供消息的
fan 煽动；激起
lifespan 寿命,预期生命期限
yeast [ji:st] 酵母；酵母菌 ferment ['fə:ment]使发酵 fermentation 发酵
fruit fly 果蝇
hamster 仓鼠
pancreatic [,pæŋkri'ætik]胰脏的 hormone insulin [ˈinsjulin]胰岛素
Unlike the multitude of elixirs 万灵药；长生不老药 being touted
as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter
fundamental processes that underlie aging.
multitude [ˈmʌltitju:d] 多数, 大批
tout [taut] 极力称赞 [推荐]
underlie 成为…的基础
When 2DG is administered to animals
administer 1、供给药物, 用药 2、正式发给或给予某事物; 3、管理（业务
等）; 治理
glucose [ˈglu:kəus] 葡萄糖
synthesis [ˈsinθisis] 合成
retard [riˈtɑ:d] 延迟 ATP production might retard aging
Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of
glucose could indicate cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't)
and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that
emphasizes 强调,注重 preservation of the organism over such
'luxuries' as growth and reproduction.
hypothesis [haɪˈpɔθəsɪs] 假设，假说
indicate 暗示
induce 劝诱或促使
organism [ˈɔ:gənizəm] 有机体；生物；（尤指）微生物
__________________________________________________
剑桥六—TEST4—1 Doctoring Sales
sales representative 销售代表;推销员简称 rep

pharmaceutical 制药的 pharmacy 'fɑrməsɪ] 1、（医院的）药房，配药室 2、药剂
[,fɑ:mə'sju:tikl] 学；制药学
physician [fiˈziʃən] 内科医生
promotional gift 宣传品
promote 1，促进；推动 2、【美】宣传,推销(商品等)
trunk 1. 树干; 身躯 2. 象鼻 3. 大衣箱汽车尾部的行李箱;
gadget ['gædʒit] 小器具；小装置,
honoraria [ˌɔnəˈreəriəm] 酬金；谢礼
Salespeople 推销员 like Schaefer walk the line 行业 between
the common practice of buying a prospect 's time with a free
meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs.
prospect 能成为主顾或委托者的人
bribe 贿赂
are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of
pharmaceutical marketing?
escalating 上涨
extravagance [ik'strævәgәns] 奢侈；挥霍
glossy 光彩夺目的；有光泽的 glossy gloss 光泽,色泽
primary sources 原始来源, 第一手来源

tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] 惊人的,巨大的 a tremendous advantage
The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are
often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants,
flashy 华丽而俗气的; 炫耀的
pamphlet [ˈpæmflit] (平装的) 小册子
inundation [,inʌn'deiʃәn] (洪水般的)扑来;压倒 an inundation of promotional gadgets.
emblazon [im'bleizn] （用图案、符号或文字醒目地）装饰 Rarely do patients watch
a doctor write with a pen that isn't emblazoned with a drug's
name,
dispense 配（药）；发（药）the availability of samples led doctors to
dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred
drug choice.
sky-rocketing sky-rocketing prescription prices
bottom line 最终赢利（或亏损）；损益表底线
grapple with 努力解决(问题等)
scrutinize [ˈskru:tinaiz] 详细检查 ; 细看 companies must continue to be heavily
scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies.
剑桥六—TEST4—2 Do literate women make better mothers?
__________________________________________________
literate 能读写的,识字的
literacy [ˈlitərəsi] 读写能力
value 重视
Nicaragua [ˏnɪkəˈræɡjʊə]尼加拉瓜
National literacy Crusade
crusade [kru:ˈseid] 1. (为某种目的而发起的)运动 2.【史】十字军东征;圣战
infancy 婴儿期; 幼儿期
infant n.婴儿, 幼儿
infant mortality rate
curriculum [kəˈrikjuləm] (学校等的)全部课程
exert [igˈzə:t] 用,运用 literate women exert more control at home,
bypass 绕过, 忽视, 回避
notoriously 臭名昭著的, 声名狼藉的
implications 含义 , 暗示 The Nicaraguan study may have important
implications for governments
maternal 母亲的 maternal education is important
剑桥六—TEST4—3 reports on bullying
persistent 持续的 , 持久的 Persistent bullying is the worst experiences a

child can face
Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal -being
taunted or called hurtful names-to the physical-being kicked or
shoved as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from
social groups
bullying [ˈbuli] 恃强欺弱(行为)
verbal [ˈvə:bəl] 口头的
taunt [tɒ:nt] 嘲骂; 辱骂; 奚落; 嘲弄
hurtful 带来痛苦的,造成损害的
shove 猛推；乱挤
exclude [ikˈsklu:d] 隔绝,排除
recalcitrant [ikˈsklu:d] 反抗的 ; 顽强的 ; 不听话的 .these cases may be particularly
recalcitrant
can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and
depressed. In extreme cases 极端情况, 极端事例 it can even
lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare.
unworthy (道德上) 无价值的,不值得敬重的
depressed 情绪低落的；沮丧的
thankfully （用以表示高兴或宽慰）幸亏
Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with
interpersonal relationships as adults,and convicted of anti-
__________________________________________________
social offences
victimise 使受害，使受苦
interpersonal relationships 人际关系
convict ;判...有罪,判决
offence 犯罪；罪行.
the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a
package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all
schools in England
package 一组事物,一揽子交易
circulate 1、<报章杂志、书等> 流传,贩卖 2、（液体或气体）环流，循
环
halve 减半
explicit [ikˈsplisit] 清楚明确不含糊的
sanction 制裁,处罚
disseminate [diˈsemineit] 传播，散布，播种
Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is
worthwhile,
assertiveness training (训练畏怯者果断的)建立自信心训练
liable 易...的, 有...倾向的,
substitute [ˈsʌbstitju:t] 替补 curriculum work should be an addition to policy work, not
a substitute
boredom 厌烦，无聊
train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful
fighting,
distinguish [dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ] 区分，辨别
剑桥五—TEST1—1 johnson’s dictionary
chaos 混乱；杂乱 bringing some order to the chaos of English

spelling
dictionaries compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray
compile 汇编;编辑
Alphabetical 按字母表顺序的
certain 某某，某位
Cawdray's tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words
concentrate 集中
scholarly 博学的;学问精深的;学术水平高的,学术上的
one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to
convey an impression of fine learning.
convey 传达,传递，表达
the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the
English, middle class, who were anxious to define and
circumscribe the various worlds to conquer -lexical as
__________________________________________________
well as social and commercial.

circumscribe 在...周围画线，限定
lexical 词汇的
conquer 克服, 征服, 战胜
lexical 词汇的
It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very
model of an eighteenth-century literary man
highly 非常,很,高度地
appropriate 适当的,恰当的
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense
to the heights of genius
critic 批评家,评论家
genius 天才
Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on
such a large scale had seemed impossible without the
establishment of an academy to make decisions about
right and wrong usage
Up until 直到, 到 ... 为止
time 时期；时代；年代
academy 学会,协会
usage （词语的）用法，惯用法
single-handed 一个人的; 单独的,独力的.he would do it single-handed
Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the
bookseller Robert Dosley
contract 合同, 契约
bookseller 书商
installment 分期付款
Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair
station 驻扎,部署
rickety 不牢靠的, 不稳固的
garret 顶层房间; （尤指）阁楼
biographer 传记作者
Elizabethan 伊利莎白女王时代
he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries,
and to make his work one of heroic synthesis.
draw on 利用；动用
heroic 崇高的,高雅的的
much more 多得多
vicissitude ( 人生、命运等的 ) 变化 ; 盛衰 , 浮沉 After many vicissitudes
the Dictionary was finally published
lexicographer 词典编纂人
noble 值得赞赏的,卓越的 This very noble work
__________________________________________________
perpetual 永久的 will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the

Author
patronage 资助; 赞助; 支持 without any patronage of the great
without any patronage of the great; not in the soft
obscurity of retirement, or under the shelter of academic
bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in
sickness and in sorrow'. For all its faults and eccentricities
his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in
his own words, 'setting the orthography, displaying the
analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the
significations of English words'. It is the cornerstone of
Standard English, an achievement which, in James
Boswell's words,' conferred stability on the language of his
country'.
patronage 资助; 赞助; 支持
obscurity 不著名,无名
bower 凉亭，遮荫处
sorrow 悲伤, 哀惜, 不幸
eccentricity 与众不同,奇特
masterpiece 杰作,名作
orthography 正字法；正确拼法
analogy, 类似, 类推
ascertain 探知, 发现; 确定
cornerstone 奠基石；基石
confer 授予，赠予
The Dictionary made Johnson famous and so well
esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King
George III to offer him a pension
esteem 尊敬, 尊重
prevail upon 劝说某人做某
hail 承认 ... 为 ; 拥立 the Dictionary was immediately hailed in
many European countries as a landmark
grant （尤指正式地或法律上）同意,准予,允许
剑桥五—TEST1—2 Nature or Nurture?
behavioural psychology 行为心理学,

tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their
willingness to obey instructions given by a 'leader' in a
situation in which the subjects might feel a personal
distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform
all walks of life 各行各业
instruction 命令,指示
__________________________________________________
distaste 不喜欢; 厌恶
the experiment was in the noble cause of education
noble 高尚的; 高贵的; 崇高的
cause 理由,根据;动机
Milgram's experimental set-up involved placing the
teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches
set-up 计划，安排
panel 控制板;操纵盘
switch （电路的）开关
a shock was to be administered beginnin9 at the lowest
level and increasing in severity with each successive
wrong answer
administer 执行,实施,
severity 严格;严厉
successive 连续的,相继的
The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor hired by
Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a
spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with
an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing
both the experiment and the experimenter
spectrum 辐度; 范围
groan 呻吟, 抱怨
scream 尖叫声
writhing 扭动或翻滚
assortment 分等,分配,类别,分类
expletive 助词,虚字
denounce 抨击, 谴责
As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately
give the wrong answers to questions posed by the
teacher
unfold 展开
deliberately 故意地，蓄意地
teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy
and carry on with the experiment
cry for 哭着要, 恳求
mercy 慈悲, 怜悯
revulsion 厌恶; 憎恶
psychiatrist 精神病学家
The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the
teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter
overwhelming 压倒性的, 无法抵抗的
consensus 一致的意见；共识
__________________________________________________
experimenter 实验者
they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in
1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts
lunatic 精神错乱的, 疯狂的
fringe （地方﹑群体或活动的）外围
How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy
between what calm,rational, knowledgeable people predict
in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered,
but cooperative 'teachers' actually do in the laboratory of
real life?
discrepancy 相差, 差异,
fluster 使紧张, 使慌张
One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be
some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was
activated by the experiment
inclination 倾向, 爱好
built-in 与生俱有的,内在的
aggression 好斗情绪；攻击性
instinct 本能
Milgram's teacher- subjects were just following a genetic
need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil
by administering the electrical shoc
discharge 释放
pent-up （指感情）不流露的, 被抑制的
primal 最初的; 原始的
urge 强烈的欲望;冲动
hard-core 中坚的；骨干
notion 观念, 想法
Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a
larger context that is benevolent and useful to society
context 上下文, 背景,
benevolent 仁慈的,仁爱的
The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to
legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who
perform there.
legitimacy 合法性,正当
evoke 唤起
Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique
personality and personal and moral code with that of
larger institutional structures, surrendering individual
properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the
service of malevolent systems of authority.
forgo 弃绝；放弃
__________________________________________________
moral code 道德准则

surrender 放弃
property 性质, 属性
self-sacrifice 自我牺牲
malevolent 恶意的; 恶毒的; 怀恨的
The problem for biologists, psychologists and
anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar
explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the
problem of modern sociobiology
sort out 解决；澄清
polar 对立的，相反的
plausible 貌似真实的,貌似有理的
in essence 本质上；实质上
elucidate Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with
elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.
Put another way 换句话说
elucidate vt.阐明, 说明
剑桥五—TEST1—3 The Truth about the Environment
hit-list (按计划)进行杀害或打击的名单,黑名单
environmentalist s 环保人士
extinct 熄灭的, 灭绝的,
most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have
been exaggerated or are transient - associated with the early
phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by
restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form
of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes
global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is
going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is
unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may
well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.
industrialization 工业化, 产业化
abundant 丰富的 , 充裕的 ,natural resources have become more
abundant
exaggerate 夸大, 夸张,
transient 短暂的, 瞬时的
associate 使联合, 使发生联系
restrict 限制,限定, 约束
accelerate 加速, 促进
greenhouse gas 温室气体
global warming 全球气温变暖
devastating 毁灭性的
__________________________________________________
inappropriate 不适当的
Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief
that environmental standards are declining and four factors
seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.
nurture 养育,培育
disjunction 分离,分裂
perception 认识,观念;看法
lopsidedness 倾向一方;偏重;一边较大
roll in 大量涌进
press release (通讯社发布的) 通讯稿
selfless 无私的; 不自私的
scepticism 怀疑态度 That would matter less if people applied the same
degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to
lobby groups in other fields.
lobby group s 游说集团
self-interested 利己主义的, 自私的
altruistic 利他主义的，无私的
impartial 公平的, 不偏不倚的
in question 讨论中的;考虑中的
confusion 不确定；困惑
distortion (事实等的) 歪曲,曲解
America's encounter with El Niño in 1997 and 1998. This
climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism,
causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes
ski-slope 滑雪坡
wreck 破坏; 毁灭
El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象，圣婴现象（严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海
域的大风及海水的大规模移动）
encounter 相遇, 遭遇
Bulletin 布告,公告
allergy 过敏症
dispose of 处理, 处置
intuition 直观,直觉,第六感
if America's trash output continues to rise
trash 垃圾, 废物
output 出产;生产
radically 根本地, 完全地
pressing 紧迫的, 迫切的
catastrophic 悲惨的, 灾难的
minimal 最小的, 极微
剑桥五—TEST2—1 BAKELITE
__________________________________________________
Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist discovered and

patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. launched the
modern plastics industry.
Belgian 比利时的; 比利时人的
patent 取得...的专利权, 请准专利
revolutionary 革命性的
synthetic 合成的
launch 发动；开始
semi - 半
constituent 构成要素,成分
thermoplastic 热塑塑料(热塑性)
Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert 恢复,
还原 to their original viscous 黏稠的；黏滞的 state distinction
区别, 差别
thermosetting 【化】热固的;热变定的
pragmatic 实际的
the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling
supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.
substitute 代替者, 代替物
dwindle 使减少;使缩小
tortoiseshell 龟甲
ivory 象牙
domain 领域, 范围
impetus 推动力；冲力
embark on 从事;开始做 he embarked on research into phenolic resins 苯
酚树脂
resin 合成树脂,
volatile fluid 挥发性流
volatile 易挥发的 Petrol is a volatile liquid.汽油是易挥发的液体。
amass 积聚(财富),积累
vacuum 真空
kettle 烧水用的）壶，水壶
soluble 可溶的, 可溶解的
malleable 指金属）可锻的, 有延展性的
filler 填充料
catalyst 催化剂
ammonia 氨
granular 似粒状的; 含颗粒的
Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its
early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity.
Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen
goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilizable.
__________________________________________________
Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties,

and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of
shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer
restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-
plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and
was despised and destroyed in vast quantities.
disdain 鄙视; 轻视; 蔑视
unparalleled 无比的, 无双的
porous 可渗透的；多孔的
resistant 抵抗的,耐...的
germ-free 无菌的
sterilizable 可灭菌的
insulate 绝缘
property 性质, 属性
relish 欣赏,嗜好,喜好
dazzle 令人目眩的,耀眼的
array 展示; 显示
shade 浓淡深浅；色度
drab 单调的; 乏味的
despise 鄙视;看不起
era 时代, 纪元
renaissance 复兴，再生；文艺复兴
appreciate 欣赏,赏识
originality 创造性，独特性
alternative 供替代的选择
剑桥五—TEST2—2 What’s so funny?
review 回顾,回忆 John McCrone reviews recent research on humour

pedigree 家系 , 血统 , 出身 The histories about humour have an
ancient pedigree.
joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which
is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline
punchline (故事, 戏剧, 笑话等中的)妙语.
psychic 精神的;心灵的
puncture 削弱（某人的傲气﹑ 信心等）; 泄某人的气
ludicrous 可笑的, 滑稽的, 愚蠢的
Plato 柏拉图
Aristotle 亚里士多德
jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of
incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or,
though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.
incongruity a.不和谐,矛盾,不合适
__________________________________________________
nonsense a.胡扯；胡言乱语
silly a.愚蠢的, 傻的
linguist 语言学家
He says that while there is no single format for jokes,
many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual
shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an
unexpected interpretation that is also apt.
format 形式
conceptual 概念上的
comedian 喜剧演员
interpretation 解释;阐明
humour is just a form of creative insight a sudden leap to
a new perspective
insight 洞察力; 深刻的了解
perspective 看法,观点
the laughter of social appeasement 平息;缓和
crucial 至关重要的；关键性的 Play is a crucial part of
development in most young mammals
Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles
turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a 'play-face' - a gaping
expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise. In
humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and
laughs
ultrasonic 超音速的, 超声的
squeak 吱吱声
scuffle 混战, 扭打
nasty 危险的；严重的
Chimpanzee 黑猩猩
gape 张口结舌,目瞪口呆
accompany 陪伴, 伴随
pant 气喘,气促
mutate 变异, 突变
trigger 触发, 引起
instinctual 本能的
markers 标识物, 标记
People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a
play situation, whether they feel amused or not.
fairground 露天游乐场
tickle 使快乐, 逗乐
flag 打旗号表示
circuits 电路
vocalization 发声; 说话
核磁共振 NMR，Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
__________________________________________________
Resonance 共鸣, 回声, 共振

investigate 调查,研究
comprehend 理解；领会；了解 comprehend the meaning of this letter
radio wave 无线电波
magnetic field 磁场
snapshot 快照
apparatus 器官
metabolic 新陈代谢的
abrupt 突然的
blink 眨眼
demanding 要求高的
shudder 战栗, 发抖
umour may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is
no evolutionary accident
luxury 奢侈品
mechanism (自然现象产生的)物理过程;【化】历程;【生】机制
evolutionary 发展的;进化的
accident 意外事情;偶然因素.
I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the
mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If
we can figure out how the mind processes humour, then
we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in
general.'
distort 歪曲，扭曲
perceptual 感知的;知觉的
lingual 语言的
figure out 理解
process 处理
have a handle on 弄懂；理解；搞明白
剑桥五—TEST2—3 The Birth of Scientific English
dominate 支配 , 统治 World science is dominated today by a small

number of languages
prominence 显著;杰出,卓越 prominence of scientific English today
lingua franca（母语不同的人共用的）通用语，交际语
intellectual 有知识者, 知识分子.
The European Renaissance 复活 , 复兴 , 文艺复兴 (c. 14th-
16th century)
England was one of the first countries where scientists
adopted and publicized Copernican ideas with enthusiasm
巨大的热情, 热心.
adopt 采取;采纳;吸收
__________________________________________________
Copernican 哥白尼的
Copernicus n. 哥白尼（波兰天文学家）
exploration 勘探,探索
magnetism 【物】磁学
compass 指南针
cartography 制图学；
astronomy 天文学
found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote
empirical scientific research.
Royal Society (英国)皇家学会
empirical 经验(上)的
encyclopedias 百科全书
treatise 论文, 专著
Optics 光学
popular science 大众科学
cling 粘住；附着 ~ (to sth)
A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have
been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers
in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which
had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'.
preliminary 初步的, 开始的
obscure 费解的；难以理解的
precisely 正好,恰恰
perverse 执拗的；任性的；不通情理的 a perverse child 任性的孩子
secrecy 秘密, 保密
cipher 密码；暗号
delay 耽搁;延误 The accident delayed the train for two hours. 事
故使火车耽搁了两小时。
inadequacy 不充分；不足；不够
argument 论据;论点
objective 客观的
impersonal 非指个人的；客观的
hypothetical 假设的, 有待证实的
entities 独立存在物；实体.
intellectual property rights 知识产权
equip 1, 装备 , 配备 2, 使有能力 ; 使有资格 ; 赋予 Your training will
equip you for your future job.
reflect 反射, 反映
Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for
improving the English language came to little
possess 拥有,持有;具有;占有
came to little 没有什么结果
__________________________________________________
foster 培养,促进 foster the publication of science i n English

monograph 专题论文 , 专著 the Royal Society also published
monographs in English
curator （博物馆、收藏品展览、图书馆等的）馆长，管理员
This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript
of oral demonstrations and lectures.
largely 大部分;主要地
narrative 叙述的, 叙事的
transcript 抄本,誊本;副本
journal 日报;杂志;期刊
genre 类型；流派
inaugurate 开始;开展
The 17th century was thus a formative period in the
establishment of scientific English . In the following century
much of this momentum was lost lexical professional
societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new
disciplines.
formative （对某事物或性格的发展）有重大影响的
momentum 气势,冲力
lexical 词汇的
institute 创立;设立;制定
promote 促进；推动
discipline 学科
剑桥五—TEST3—1 Early Childhood Education
The report argued for enhanced equity of access and

better funding for childcare
enhance 提高, 加强, 增加
equity 公平, 公正
access 接近的机会,进入的权利
funding 资金;基金
childcare （尤指父母上班时的）儿童保育，儿童照管
Unquestionably 无疑地,确实地,
missing out 错过(机会)
by the age of three, most children have the potential to
understand about 1000 words every child is born with a
natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during
the second and third years of life
potential 可能性;潜力,潜能
suppress 抑制,忍住
under-achievement 成绩低下 educational under-achievement
__________________________________________________
substantial 多的;大量的
a pilot programme was launched in Missouri
pilot 试验性的;试点的
launch 发起;使开始从事
bypass 规避，绕过
a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family
configurations
cross-section 截面（图）; 断面（图）; 剖面（图）
status 情形,状况,状态
configuration 某物的构造,结构,布局.
nterfere with 妨碍；干扰
foster 代养，抚育，照料（他人子女一段时间）
check-up 检查, 体格检查
handicap 障碍
At the age of three, the children who had been involved in
the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a
cross-section of children selected from the same range of
socio-economic backgrounds and family situations, and
also a random sample of children that age. The results
were phenomenal
alongside 与…一起；与…同时
random 随机的
phenomenal (口语)惊人的,非凡的
auditory comprehension, verbal 言辞上的 ; 言语的 , 字句的
ability and language ability strides 进步 ,发展 further along
更向前
auditory adj.耳的, 听觉的
auditory comprehension, verbal 言辞上的 ; 言语的 , 字句的
ability and language ability
stride 进步,发展
further along 更向前
eliminate 除去, 排除, 剔除 Child abuse was virtually eliminated.
abuse 滥用, 虐待
interaction 互动.
剑桥五—TEST3—2 Disappearing Delta
The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along

Egypt’s Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate,
fertile 肥沃的
erode 腐蚀, 侵蚀
astounding 令人惊奇的,令人震惊的
In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the
__________________________________________________
currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced

by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Nile,
but this is no longer happening.
scour 冲刷
sediment 沉淀物, 沉积
River Nile 尼罗河
delta （河口的）三角洲
hold back 阻碍
deposite 1.放置;寄存]You can deposit your bags at the counter. 你
可将皮包存放在柜台处。
2.使沉淀;使沉积 The river deposited silt at its mouth. 那条
河在河口沉积淤泥。
3. 把 ( 钱 ) 储存 , 存放 ( 银行等 ) He deposited 5,000 dollars in
the bank. 他在银行存了五千元。
silt 淤沙,淤泥
upstream 上游的
divert 使转向;使改道
canal 运河; 沟渠
lagoon 环礁湖，泻湖
aquaculture 水产养殖
laden 装满的, 负载的
pollutant 污染物质
concur 同意; 表示意见一致
mercury 水银, 汞
lead 铅
copper 铜
zinc 锌
coincide 同时发生
stimulate 促进；激发
principally 主要地
erosion 腐蚀, 冲蚀, 侵蚀
waterway 航道, 水路
desalination 减少盐分, 脱盐作用
devise 发明；设计；想出 devise a new type of transistor 发明一种
新晶体管.
剑桥五—TEST3—3 The Return of Artificial Intelligence
After years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial

intelligence ' (Al) seems poised to make a comeback
in the wilderness 不再处於重要的或有影响的地位（尤指政治上）
artificial intelligence 人工智能
poise 处于准备状态；蓄势待发
__________________________________________________
comeback 复出；重返；再度受欢迎.
vanish 突然不见;消失,
consciousness 觉察；感觉；意识
ignit 点燃,使燃烧 ignited public debate about Al
irony 挖苦,讽刺
inverted commas 引号
hype 天花乱坠的公开宣传
justification 正当的理由;借口
Admittedly 诚然，无可否认
informative 提供有用信息的；给予知识的
encompass 包含,含有
disparate 迥然不同的; 无法比较的
rehabilitation 修复;复兴
speech recognition 语音辨识
cybernetics 控制论
For years, Al researchers had implied that a breakthrough
was just around the corner. Prototypes of medical-
diagnosis programs and speech recognition appeared to
be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn.
imply 暗示
around the corner 即将来临
Prototype 原型；雏形；最初形态
diagnosis 诊断
false dawn 虚幻的一线希望;空欢喜.
peak 到达最高点 Most researchers agree that Al peaked around
1985
A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by
the growing power of computers had high expectations.
rear on 用…喂养；以…娱乐，培养
science-fiction 科幻小说
Thinking computers and household robots failed to
materialize, and a backlash ensued.
materialize 实现；发生；成为现实
backlash 激烈反应，激烈反对
ensue 随后 [接著] 发生,续起
undue 不适当的
retrenchment 削减,减少支出,节约
opt 选择
align 与某人结盟; 与某人一致
neural 神经的
Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved,
such as building a system that could land an aircraft
__________________________________________________
unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been

Al
mundane 平凡的,不稀奇的
unattended 无人看管（或照料）的
deem 认为, 相信
characterize 描绘...的特性
The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this
way was that Al came to refer to 'blue-sky' research that
was still years away from commercialization.
goal-post 球门柱
blue-sky (美)不切实际的,没有具体化的; 无价值的
commercialization 商业化
implement 履行 ; 实施 ; 执行 Researchers joked that Al stood for
'almost implemented’
tide reckon promising their system, based on a cluster of
30 processors , could be used to spot camouflaged
vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a
noisy background lives up to
tide 潮流;趋势;形势
reckon 想；认为
promising 有希望的, 有前途的
cluster 群, 堆, 组, 团, 串
processor 处理器
camouflage 伪装, 掩饰
extract 设法得到
lives up to 符合达到预期标准
emphasize 强调
the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the
growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web
pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new
technologies to help filter and categorize information
overload 超载, 过载
exacerbate 使恶化, 使增剧
filter 过滤
categorize 分类, 归类
encapsulate 概括,压缩 <事实、消息等>
transcribe 记录；抄录 transcribe speech
optimism 乐观；乐观主义
lip-read 视话, 唇读
premature 过早发生的事物
剑桥五—TEST4—1 The Impact of Wilderness Tourism
__________________________________________________
The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as

never before.
remote 遥远的;偏僻的
booming 兴旺的, 繁荣的, 轰隆作响的
promote 1.促进, 2.晋升, 3.推销促销,推销
wetland 湿地,沼泽地
these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal
pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in
terms of the culture of their inhabitants.
fragile 不牢固的；脆弱的
vulnerable （身体上或感情上）脆弱的，易受…伤害的
abnormal 不正常的,反常的;不规则的
in terms of 就...而论;在...方面
An important characteristic is their marked seasonality,
with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each
year
harsh 严酷的,恶劣的
prevail 普遍存在；盛行
marked 显著的
seasonality 季节性
defined 规定,限定,使明确
hard currency 强势货币,硬通货
breed （人的）类型，种类
Lapland 拉普兰(挪威、瑞典、芬兰及苏联北部拉普人居住的
地区)
the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-
farmers, for example can make more money in a few
weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they
can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that
many of them give up their farm-work
profound 深切的；深远的
porter 搬运工人
trek 尤指徒步）长途跋涉
there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and
irrigation systems and tend to crops.
terrace 梯田
tend to 照管,照料;护理;管理
undermine 暗中破坏;逐渐损害
dry up 枯竭；耗尽
dilemma 困境, (进退两难的)窘境
adventure 冒险
degradation 毁坏，恶化
__________________________________________________
showers 淋浴
legion 大量，大批（某类型的人）
reinvigorating 使再振作;使复苏
integrate 使成一体,使结合
second home 第二寓所
communal 公共的;社区的
destination 目的地
repatriate 寄（钱）回国
transient 暂住的；临时的
handicrafts 手工艺品
penetrate 渗透
artwork 美术品;艺术品
pottery 陶器
jewellery (总称)珠宝;首饰.
aspiration 渴望,抱负,志向
剑桥五—TEST4—2 Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass
a large pane, of toughened glass in the roof of a

shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without
warning and fell from its frame.
shatter 被砸碎,破碎
toughened glass 钢化玻璃
pane 窗玻璃
manufacturer 制造商
crystal 结晶体
fragment 碎片,破片
association 协会，联盟
far between 远离的(稀少的)
consultant 顾问
tip of the iceberg 冰山一角
bus shelters 公共汽车候车亭
cube 立方体;立方形物体
razor-sharp (剃刀般)锋利的,锐利的
shard 瓷器的碎片
bolt 将...用螺栓拴紧
transparent 透明的
elapse s 逝去, 过去
complicated 复杂的
rash 一下子爆发的一连串 a rash of failures
time-consuming 耗时的
__________________________________________________
剑桥五—TEST4—3 The effects of light on plant and animal species
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons.

Firstly it is used as a cue for the tiiming of daily and seasonal
rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to
assist growth in plants.
organism 生物,有机体
cue 暗示,信号
rhythm 节奏;韵律
Breeding 繁殖
trigger 触发, 引起
In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate
greatly from day to day
temperate 温暖的;温带的
fluctuate 波动,变动
photoperiodism 光周期现象, 光周性
long-day plant 长日照植物
day length 日长
exceed 超过;胜过
day-neutral 无论有无阳光均能生长的 plants.
offspring 子女,后代
fledge 长羽毛
nest 筑巢
seedle 秧苗, 树苗
fertilization 受精(作用)
perennial 终年的,常年的
simultaneous 同时发生的
convert 转变,变换
uptake 吸收；吸收速度
intensity 强度
sugarcane 甘蔗
shade-tolerant 耐荫性
horticulture 园艺
__________________________________________________
自然科学类高频词汇
cell
cellular ['seljulə] 细胞的
aging n.老化,衰老，成熟的过程
hormone [‘hɒ:mәun] 激素；荷尔蒙
insulin ['insjulin] n.胰岛素
protein [‘prəuti:n] 蛋白质
glucose [‘glu:kəus] 葡萄糖
fat 脂肪
vitamin ['vaitәmin] n.维生素
cellulose ['seljulәus] 纤维素
obesity [әu’bi:siti] 肥胖
obese [әu'bi:s] a.肥胖的
diabetes [ˌdaiə’bi:ti:z] 糖尿病
heart disease 心脏病
hypertension [,haipә'tenʃәn] 高血压 high blood pressure
cancer 癌症
artery [‘ɑ:təri] 动脉
vein [vein] 静脉
Copernican 哥白尼的
Copernicus [kәu'pә:nikәs] 哥白尼（波兰天文学家）
Plato ['pleitәu] 柏拉图
Aristotle ['æristɒtl] 亚里士多德
__________________________________________________
高频学科词汇
anthropologist [ænθrə’pɔlədʒist] 人类学家
anthropology [,ænθrә'pɒlәdʒi] 人类学
meteorology [,mi:tiә'rɒlәdʒi] 气象学
linguist [liŋ'gwist] 语言学家
linguistics [liŋ'gwistiks] 语言学
biology [bai'ɒlәdʒi] 生物学
chronology [krә'nɔlәdʒi] 年代学
sociology [,sәusi'ɒlәdʒi] 社会学
theology [θi'ɒlәdʒi] 神学
ecology [i:'kɒlәdʒi] 生态学
archeology [ˌɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi] 考古学
physiology [,fizi'ɒlәdʒi] 生理学
psychology [sai'kɒlәdʒi] 心理学
zoology [zәu'ɒlәdʒi] 动物学
mythology [mi'θɒlәdʒi] 神话学
astrology [ә'strɒlәdʒi] 占星术
astronomy [ә'strɒnәmi] 天文学
arithmetic =numeration [ə’rɪθmətɪk] 算术，算法
numeration [,nju:mә'reiʃәn] n. 记数, 计算
molecular [mə’lekjələ] 分子的
molecule ['mɔlikju:l] 分子
atom 原子 Two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of
oxygen to form a molecule of water. 两个氢原子和一个氧原子
结合组成一个水分子。
toughened glass 钢化玻璃
El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象，圣婴现象（严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带
海域的大风及海水的大规模移动）
御景华庭业主委员会职责及成员分工
一、总则
由业主大会会议选举产生。是业主大会日常运作的组织和实施主体。它对
业主大会负责，具体执行业主大会交办的各项物业管理事宜，并向业主大会报
告工作，受业主、业主大会监督。它的权利基础是业主对物业的所有权，在物
业管理区域内代表和维护全体业主合法权益。
二、业委会组织职责
1. 召集业主大会会议，报告物业管理的实施情况。
2. 代表业主与业主大会选聘的物业服务企业签订物业服务合同。
__________________________________________________
3. 及时了解业主或使用人的意见和建议，监督和协助物业服务企业履行
物业服务合同。
4. 监督管理规约的实施。
5. 拟订需提交业主大会讨论审议决定的各类计划、制度、方案；
6. 决定因维修物业或者公共利益，业主或物业服务企业确需临时占用、
挖掘道路、场地的申请；
7. 督促违反物业服务合同约定逾期不交纳物业服务费用的业主，限期交
纳物业服务费用；
8. 对任意弃置垃圾、排放污染物或者噪声、违反规定饲养动物、违章搭
建、侵占通道、拒付物业费等损害他人合法权益的行为，依照法律、法规以及管
理规约，要求行为人停止侵害、消除危险、排除妨害、赔偿损失；
9.

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__________________________________________________

剑桥七—TEST1—1 Let’s Go Bats

lantern ['læntən] （通常指手提的）灯笼; 提灯

feat bat’s “radar” achieves feats of detection and navigation that

剑桥七—TEST1—2 MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of

monumental [ˏmɔnju'mentl] 重要的；意义深远的；不朽的

millennium [mi'leniәm] 一千年, At the outset of the new millennium

剑桥七—TEST1—3 EDUCATING PSYCHE

approach [ә'prәutʃ] 方法; 手段:way of dealing with a person or thing

emulate ['emjuleit] 赶超某人；模仿,

剑桥七—TEST2—1 why pagodas don’t fall down

how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings

opposite direction to its neighbours above and below

剑桥七—TEST2—2 The Ture Cost of Food

immediate 直接的 That cost, however, is not in immediate cash

剑桥七—TEST2—3 Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project

Integrate [ˈintigreit] 使成整体, 使一体化 China is integrated into the international

economic development of the communities

supplementary [ˌsʌpli 补充的; 附加的

剑桥七—TEST3—1 PASSAGE 1 Ant Intelligence

spring 蹦 ; 跃 起 ; 跳 出 When we think of intelligent members of the

fungi ['fʌŋgaɪ] 菌类（fungus 的复数）

from the distant past. Not so。

剑桥七—TEST3—2 Population movements and genetics.

A Study of the origins and distribution of human populations

Siberia [saiˈbiəriə] 西伯利亚

高频学科词汇 meteorology [,mi:tiә'rɒlәdʒi] 气 象 学 astrology[ә'strɒlәdʒi] 占 星 术

Maya 马雅人，中美洲印第安人的族群，公元 250～900 年间创

剑桥七—TEST3—4 Plans to protect the forests fo the Europe

unforeseen 未预见到的; 意料之外的

剑桥七—TEST4—1 Pulling strings to build pyramids

sledge 雪 橇 tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges

peruse [pəˈru:z] 细读…,精读

剑桥七—TEST4—2 Endless Harvest

蛎、蛤、蚌等), crustaceans 甲壳纲的动物, and mollusks 软体

剑桥七—TEST4—3 EFFECTS OF NOISE

plausible [ˈplɔ:zəbəl] 借口或解释有道理的；可信的 it is plausible to suppose that we

tune out 不理会 tune radio in to 调整频率等以接收某一节目 tune sb in

剑桥六—TEST1—1 AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS

ethereal [ɪˈθɪərɪəl] 非人间的; 超凡的，天上的;

剑桥六—TEST1—2 DELIVERING THE GOODS

International trade is growing at a startling pace. the volume of

and unload containers without capsizing the ship

剑桥六—TEST1—3 Climate Change and the Inuit

cut off from 孤立

knock-on effect 撞击效应

efficient [ɪˈfɪʃənt] 尤指机器, 系统等）有效力的 public transport is more efficient

Bangkok ['bæŋkɒk] 曼谷，泰国 Thailand 首都

剑桥六—TEST2—2 GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK

in the pink 极健康; 极佳状况:extremely healthy; in perfect condition

retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay

intellectual [ɪntɪˈlektjʊəl] 智力 的 , 有 智力 的 , 显 示智 力的 ; n. 知识 分子 One of the first

Our ancestors 祖先,祖宗 had little use for actual numbers As

剑桥六—TEST3—1 THE POWER OF THE BIG SCREEN

Before the eyes of the stunned thrilled audience, photographs

came to life 苏醒过来, 变得活跃, 显得逼真

spring 蹦 ; 跃起 ; 跳出 When we think of intelligent members of the

高频学科词汇 meteorology [,mi:tiә'rɒlәdʒi] 气象学 astrology[ә'strɒlәdʒi] 占星术

sledge 雪橇 tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges

intellectual [ɪntɪˈlektjʊəl] 智力的 , 有智力的 , 显示智力的 ; n. 知识分子 One of the first

It is a great deal 非常 easier to motivate employees in a

persistent 持续的 , 持久的 Persistent bullying is the worst experiences a

chaos 混乱；杂乱 bringing some order to the chaos of English

perpetual 永久的 will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the

dominate 支配 , 统治 World science is dominated today by a small