Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Carlos Arley Mendez

Group 203058_79

Identification number

1100888946

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2021 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity

Answers: (write with your own words)

1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open propagation medium?

The best medium is the free space and empty of earth’s atmosphere called the troposphere..

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss Tangent”?

Those are signal loss according to material and displacement.

3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value of the “Loss Tangent”?

The “Loss Tangent” are classified like:

 Perfect dielectric: It does not conduct current or not dissipative.

 Perfect conductor: It does not present polarized current.

 Good insulator: It is called lost low loss dielectric(𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≤ 0.01𝛿 ≤ 0.6°).

 Good conductor: It has bias current (𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≥ 10𝛿 ≥ 84°).

 Dissipative dielectric: It has both effects and account with losses (0.01 ≤ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≤

10 0.6° < 𝛿 < 84°).

4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a medium (they are

different from the wave parameters).

Constant of propagation 𝛾: The constant propagation can eliminate cases, in order to simply assign

their value to another variable.

Attenuation constant 𝛼: There are two types of losses in a microstrip line: a dielectric substrate loss

and than ohmic skin loss in the conductors. The power carried by a wave traveling in the positive

direction in a quasi-TEM

Phase constant 𝜷: It’s the axial propagation constant for a particular mode, usually expressed in

radians per unit length.

Intrinsic Impedance 𝜼: in this definition we find relationship between magniyudes and magnetic

fields

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Example:

Identification number:1100888946, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 946

Then: 𝑓 = ( 946 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 956 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 956 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧

Selected propagation medium: cooper

Conductivity: 𝛔 = 5.80𝑥107 𝑆/𝑚

Electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟏

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

𝜎 𝜎 5.80𝑥107 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 956𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Solution:

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = 1090538256.17
2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 1090538256.17
𝛿 = 1.57079
∝= 90°

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

According this table, the medium is Good conductors

 3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown
below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

𝜸 = √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) = √𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 (𝝈 + 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐 ) = . ..

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Example:
Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

γ = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

γ = √j ∗ 2 ∗ π ∗ 956 ∗ 106 ∗ 580 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

𝛾 = 661654.7

𝜶 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜 = √π ∗ 956 ∗ 106 ∗ 580 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

 𝑁𝑝
𝜶 = 661654.7
𝑚

𝜷 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜 = √π ∗ 956 ∗ 106 ∗ 580 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

𝑅𝑎𝑑
𝜷 = 661654.7
𝑚
4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
d. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
e. Wavelength 𝝀.
f. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.

2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 956 ∗ 106
𝑉𝑝 = = 9078.33 𝑚/𝑠
661654.7
2∗𝜋
𝜆= = 0.000009 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
661654.7
1
𝛿𝑝 = = 0.000001 𝑚
661654.7
Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain in your own words the meaning
and the result obtained for: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿), 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝 .

Thank to The loss tangent I can identify of the cooper is a good conductor and I
can compared the displacement current.

The 𝑉𝑝 which the electromagnetic wave through in copper is 9078.33m/s then

confirm that the copper is a good conductor

In the case of wave length (𝜆), I can said to it was to 0.000009 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚 then
was a wave short
For this reason he 𝛿𝑝 was short, finally my conclusion is the wave
traveling in constant oscillation.

Application example

Example:

For this frequency type 456 Mhz according to National Agency Spectro ANE and
MinTIC’s is utilized for the Mobil and Static Service of Radio-Communication for
the people emergency

Video link

URL:

References

 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York:
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-60). Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp. 513-
519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.a
spx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.a
spx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live
 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Recovered
from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
 Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic waves in open media.
[Video]. Recovered from https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439