LP1: MEANING OF HISTORY, SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA AND HISTORICAL CRITICISM

History – Greek word istoria means “learning”

- Systematic account of a set of natural phenomena whether non-chronological (not in order)
or not.
- primarily concerned with the reconstruction of it.
- accounts of phenomena, especially of human affairs, in a chronological order.
* The Latin equivalent scientia was used more regularly to designate non-chronological systematic
accounts of natural phenomena.

✖ history-as-actuality ✓ history-as-record
Historical Method – the process of critically examining and analyzing the records of the past.
Historiography – the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived from the historical
method.
Sources – are items that provide information or proof.
Primary sources – are simply sources that are created during the time period in study.
- texts, eyewitness accounts, testimonies, documents, autobiographies, artifacts, and even
creative works
Secondary sources – are sources that are already interpreted and analyzed data from primary
sources.
- history textbooks, written analysis, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias,
Historical criticism
1. External criticism – authenticity
2. Internal criticism – credibility

LP2: ANTONIO PIGAFETTA: FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

Antonio Pigafetta – born into a wealthy Vicenza family
- Italian scholar and explorer
- He served on board the galleys of the Knights of Rhodes, and accompanied the papal
nuncio, Monsignor Chieregati, to Spain.
- He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the
flag of King Charles I of Spain
18 out of 240 survived
March 16, 1521, Saturday – arrived at Thieves’ Island—Zamal
March 18, 1521, Monday – saw a boat coming towards them with nine men in it
Uraca – fish and vessel of palm wine
Umai – rice, cocos
Cochi / cocho – fruit which the palm trees bear
Palmito – hole at the summit of the tree
Zuluam – island where they dwelt
Humunu – now Homonhon Island, “Watering Place of good signs”
Homonhon Island - an island in the province of Eastern Samar, Philippines, on the east side of Leyte
Gulf.
Archipelago of St. Lazarus – circumjacent island where they stayed on the day of feast of St. Lazarus
Schione – old, had face painted, and had gold rings in his ears
Oaphre – who wear holes in their ears
March 28, 1521 - they saw a bonfire which turned out to be Limasawa where they anchored.
Boloto – small boat
Balanghay – oldest watercraft in the Philippines
Animd – gum of a tree
In 1521, Rajah Calambu of Limasawa Island in the Philippines managed to guide the ships of
Magellan, a potential threat, safely past his island
Rajah Siagu – was the ruler of Butuan when the first mass in the Philippines was held.
- He was part of the social elite of the Butwan polity.
Rajah Humabon – later baptized as Don Carlos
- was the Rajah of Cebu at the time of Portuguese-born
March 31, 1521 – feast of Easter; first mass in Limasawa
Mazzava Island – where they found two fountains of fresh water
Barbastigly – kind of bird which are as large as eagles
Molucca Islands –
Juan Sebastián Elcano – was a Castilian navigator of Basque origin best known for having completed
the first circumnavigation of the Earth in the ship Victoria
Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese navigator and explorer
 - From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across
the Pacific.
April 27, 1521 – Magellan died
Chief Lapu-Lapu – defeated the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
Ladrones Island – Magellan named the islands the Ladrones (Spanish: “Thieves”) because while he
was there some of the islanders took a small skiff that he had trailing behind one of his ships.
Christian – a person who has received Christian baptism or is a believer in Christianity.
Datu Zula – chief of Mactan. Zula who had promised his service to the King of Spain was opposed by
another Chief, Lapu-lapu. Datu Lapu-lapu declared that Mactan would never submit to the Spanish
King
Duarte Barbosa – was a Portuguese writer and officer from Portuguese India. He was a Christian
pastor and scrivener in a feitoria in Kochi, and an interpreter of the local language, Malayalam
Juan Rodríguez Serrano – also known as João Rodrigues Serrão in the Portuguese version, was a 16th-
century Spanish navigator, born in Fregenal de la Sierra, Badajoz, who sailed with Fernão de
Magalhães during the first circumnavigation of the world.
September 6, 1522 – returned to spain
Victoria – only ship returned
Five ships
1. Trinidad – Ferdinand Magellan
2. San Antonio – Juan de Cartagena
3. Concepcion – Gaspar de Quesada
4. Santiago – João Serrão
5. Victoria – Luis Mendoza – Juan Sebastian Elcano
6.
LP3: JUAN DE PLASENCIA’S CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
Customs of the Tagalogs – is a narrative on the established culture of the Tagalogs in Luzon
- Original document is currently kept in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain
- Written on 1589
Doctrina Christiana – first book printed in the Philippines
Juan de Plasencia – Spanish priest from the Franciscan order
- Fray Juan de Plasencia or Joan de Portocarrero
Dato – is the chief, captain of wars, whom governed, obeyed, reverenced
Barangay – is the unit of government ruled by a chieftain, and consist of 30-100 families together with
their relatives and slaves.
Maharlica – free born, they do not pay tax
Aliping Namamahay – lived in their own houses and lords of their property and gold
- Commoners
Aliping sa Guiguilid – served their master in his house and his cultivated islands and can be sold
- Slaves
Simbahan – temple or place of adoration
Pandot – worship
Sibi – roof
Sorihile – small lamps
Bathala – all powerful or maker of all things
Tala – morning star
Mapolon – change of seasons
Balatic – Greater Bear
Lic-ha – idols they possessed
Dian Masalanta – patrons of lovers and generation
Lacapati and Idianale – patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry
Catolonan – male or female priest
Maca – another life of rest; “paradise” “village of rest”
Casanaan – place of punishment, grief, and affliction
Sitan – demons
Vibit – ghost
Tigbalaang – phantoms
Patianac - if any woman died in childbirth, she and the child suffered punishment; and that, at night,
she could be heard lamenting.
LP4: EMILIO JACINTO, “KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN”
Kartilya ng Katipunan – most important Katipunan documents
- determines the rules of conduct in the Katipunan.
- original title was “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” or Lessons of the
Organization of the Sons of the Country.
- guidebook for the rules and regulations of the Katipunan.
- written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896.
KKK or Katipunan – deemed the mostimportant organization formed in Philippine history.
Kartilya – a short note or letter of instructions.
- can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct.
Katipunan – literally means association or assembly.
Emilio Jacinto – was born in Trozo, Manila on December 15, 1875
- His father was Mariano Jacinto and his mother was Josefa Dizon.
- joined the Katipunan in 1894 and was the youngest member at 19 years old.
- “Brains of the Katipunan” “Soul of the Revolution” “Eyes of the Katipunan”
April 16, 1899 – Jacinto died of malaria at 23y/o in the town of Magdalena, Laguna

LP5: THE 1898 PHILIPPINE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Philippine Declaration of Independence - the moment when the indio transformed into the Filipino.
A glorious moment wherein our forefathers asserted and declared their independence.
July 4, 1946 – granted independence
George Dewey – sailed to Manila bay in order to bring the war to the Spaniards in the Philippines
Manifest Destiny – belief that the USA was always destined for greatness and expansion to the west.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – created the Declaration
- first adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo
- the one who waved the Philippine flag during the declaration of independence.
Pact of Biak-na-Bato – agreement signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General Primo de
Rivera which temporarily ceased hostilities (labanan)
Independence – the fact or state of being independent
*The declaration of independence was written in order to encourage and motivate more Filipinos to
fight against the Spaniards.
June 12, 1898 – declared the independence of the Philippines
August 1896 – resolved to start a revolution in order to regain the independence and sovereignty
January 21, 1872
White triangle – distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the “Katipunan” which by means of its
blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution
Three stars – Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay (Visayas)
Sun – gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization
Eight rays – Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas
Blue, Red, and White - commemorating the flag of the United States of North America, as a
manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection
which it lent us and continues lending us.

LP6: FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOVERNOR WOOD

Gov. Gen. Leonard Wood – replaced Harrison as the new governor-general.
October 5, 1921 – Wood returned to Manila
July 23, 1923 - growing tension between Wood and Filipino leaders
National Supreme Council – formed between two opposing political parties into common cause
against Goverrnor Wood.
August 7, 1927 – Wood died
Cabinet Crisis of 1923 - event when Filipino members of the cabinet relinquished their posts to
protest Governor General Wood's handling of the Conley Case.
November 17, 1926 – upper and lower house of the Philippine legislature adopted the draft as a joint
resolution
Jose Abad – born in San Fernando, Pampanga
- son of Vicente Abad Santos and Toribia Basco
December 30, 1941 – Abad adminitered the oath of office of President Quezon and VP Osmena
April 11, 1942 – Japanese army arrested Abad in Barili, Cebu and he was subsequently brought to
Mindanao
May 7, 1942 – he was executed in Malabang, Lanao in the presence of his son Pepito.
Jorge Bocobo – born in Gerona, Tarlac on October 19, 1886.
Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood – is an example of a joint resolution expressing the
legislators’ disgust with the way Gov. Wood was running the affairs of the government.
 - originally published as Appendix of Maximo M. Kalaw’s Philippine Government under the
Jones Law.
Lewis Gleeck – one of the author
Executive Order No. 37 – it abolished the Board of Control that Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison
created during his term.
Board of Control – given voting powers and could even outvote the governor
Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide’s Document Sources of Philippine History – where grievances
against Gov. Wood was sourced from
Grievances – protest, complaint or criticism
Nationalistic spirit – devotion or loyalty to one’s country
Circumstances – a certain situation or condition
Document – a paper or a form written by some Filipinos against Gov. Wood
Joint resolution – a resolution passed by both the Senate and House of Representatives
Usurpation—to seize or exercise authority or possession wrongfully.
Political Emancipation – the act or process of a government by which a person is liberated from the
authority and control of another person.

LP7: ALFRED MCCOY, POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN ERA

Political cartoons and caricatures – considered as vehicles of history
- They are made to convey editorial commentary on politics, politicians, and current events
that utilize both metaphorical and satirical language.
Alfred McCoy – his writing has focused on two topics —Philippine political history and global opium
trafficking.
- The Philippines remains the major focus of his research.
Alfredo Roces – Man of Arts and Letters
- He is an artist-writer who designed the book, contributed an essay on the Philippine graphic
satire of the book.
“The Doctor is Busy” – illustrates the people who has power
“A Mass is Better” – they use women in terms of entretainment (prostitution)
“In a Rather Sympathetic Portrayal” – they valuate the separation of the states
- Pagpapakitang tao
“Political Begging” – vote buying
“Corrupt Officials” – self explanatory

LP8: PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S. CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 18, 1986
Teodoro Locsin Jr. – prepared the speech
Corazon Aquino – completed her own speech
- Her administration became known for restoring democracy in the Philippines.
February 25, 1986 – the Philippines had “2 presidents''
*Cory’s speech delivers a clear narrative of the kind of economic, social and political tyranny
experienced by the Filipino people under the dictatorship of the Marcos under Martial Rule.
De Facto – being such in effect although not formally recognize. Directly translated as “in reality”
Democracy – a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by
them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free
elections
Writ of Habeas Corpus – literally means to "produce the body". It is a court order demanding that a
public official (such as a warden) deliver an imprisoned individual to the court and show a valid reason
for that person's detention.
Martial Law - the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an
emergency when the civilian law enforcement agencies are unable to maintain public order and
safety