Summary Lecture Ashik (25th

Oct Monday)
Created @October 22, 2021 10:04 AM

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Updated @November 22, 2021 10:57 PM

8th September:

How Sociology Evolved ?

France - Napoleon Bonaparte Started French Institutions

European Experiment started 1400 AD to bring young population together

(Cambridge..)

Mathematics,Logic,Philosophy was the beginning adding on astronomy

Slowly Physics, chemistry and biology joined the club and later on medicine

Sociology as a study evolved in europe just 150 years ago and much later - 20th
century in india

Revolution and Change

A Sudden complete social transformation

Socio Political and economic

Revolutions just not have to involve war or violence, could be something like green
revolution

The important decisive revolution was the Industrial Revolution 1760's

Aristocracy started slowly breaking up, farm labourers migrated to work in

small factories

the land had to be rented - a new idea called 'rent' began

'Private property &Individual ownership' started shaping up

Summary Lecture Ashik (25th Oct Monday) 1

 So land rights evolved eventually

Adam Smith
A tutor previously and today called the father of modern economics

Book - the wealth of nations (which margaret thatcher seemed to carry everywhere)

A factory which makes pots, individual people will have certain specialisations and
division of labour happens accordingly - Making clay, creating pots, packing and
more

"The future of any country and economy will expand itself on the ideas of division of
labour and detailed specialisation"

1. Extensive Division of Labour

2. Detailed Specialization

The Italian Minister "Niccolò Machiavelli" has elaborated the idea over a book - "The
Prince"

FR 's Conclusions
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity has existed as an idea from Aristotle's times but
French revolution pushed it to developing structures

People looked to other forms of governance

Outcomes:

Industrial Revolution exerted social change - Land reforms and so on

French Revolution brought out socio political change as parliamentary governance

and structured Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Russian Revolution brought out a transformative change i n political structure -

communism

Other:

Bombay univeristy was the first to bring sociology as a discipline in india

Intellectual and Philosophical Trends

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 Last 600 years have been very decisive in massive change, a change that 30,000
years of human history have been shaped

Led to various new disciplines

Basic Disciplines and Derivative Disciplines

Three Key Ideas:

1)Positivism
The First intellectual and philosophical trend that started to shape up in european
universities is Positivism

Positivism or the discourse of positivism brought a very clear distinction

between philosophy and science and the aim of this discourse is to study all
the social phenomenon/institutions through the same fundamental methods
that are used to study mathematics, astronomy, physics or biology.

Prior to the 19th Century , there was no clear distinction between philosophy
and science and with the work of august comte "course de philosophie
positive", the necessity of science in terms of its methodology to understand the
Society and social relationships gained momentum and became louder

August Comte published the book "course de philosophie postive", between

1830 and 1842, and it is in this work that we come across the word "sociology" and
he is regarded as the father of sociology

2)Humanitarianism
Humanitarianism is a principle that nations subscribed to, it started from 19
century

Humanitarianism is a social consciousness or an ideology committed to the cause

of human welfare or societal welfare , which started dominating the intellectual
atmosphere of europe from 19th century and also defined the role of state in terms
of provision of welfare as a fundamental duty of the state towards its subjects

Nation states goes by natural entitlements , once we have a border,

How does the states deal with its subjects

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 France, has a social security scheme like when in unemployment, government pays
a basic income as a social security

3)Evolutionism
Evolutionism is an outcome of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, published in
1859, where we find the idea - philosophy of evolution became a very important
method to understand the social structures of societies and to understand the
structure of development of human beings and animals

Charles Darwin, a marine engineer on his sails studied animals and plants first

Nature takes a lot of time but selects the best of characteristics

An example of evolutionism in society is marriage, being an indispensable

characteric for a marriage, family and kinship

Interestingly, Subjects like Egyptology occured

The Idea of monogamy is a victorian concept, polygamy was a accepted idea in the first
place
An intervention due to colonialism changed major ideas

Equality and Responsibility (Social Relationships, Anthropologists, Sociologists)

Origin and Perspectives

herbert spencer, emile durkheim, max weber - Founding fathers of Sociology

Encyclopedic: first phase of emergence of sociology concerned in the history and

social life of early humans such as kinship, marriage.

Influence of philosophy history due to quantitative of human tendencies

Towards understanding social relations through quantitative methods. Sociology

modelled with biology

Sociology became recognized as a science of the industrial society we live in. We

aren't much of a pastoral society that of earlier

Encompasses ideological and scientific

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 Palaeontology started developing in Germany 󾓨 (The evolution of subjects in
european institutions)

T B Bottomore pointers by him:

Sociology consists of both ideology and social character

Sociology being recognised as a science of Industrial Society today

Sociology understands radical change and society

Sociology should understand social relations, human relationships and the depth of
it

Evolutionary Transition of Sociology

Ancient phase - Encyclopaedic understanding

Early phase - Quantification

3rd phase - Biology as analogy

4th phase - Industrial society

5th phase - Ideological and Scientific character

Two Types of Relationships

Consanguineal Relationship

The relationship of persons descended from the same ancestor. Thus sons are
consanguine with their fathers, brothers with each other

Affinal Relationship

The relationship that a person has to the blood relatives of a spouse by virtue of the
marriage

Summary Lecture Ashik (25th Oct Monday) 5

 Citizenship:

What are the two latin terms on citizenship?

Jus Soli - Meaning "right of soil"), commonly referred to as birthright citizenship, is the
right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship
Jus Sanguinise - This Latin phrase means by "right of blood" and refers to citizenship
acquired not based on the place of birth but through the citizenship of one or both
parents.

Switzerland follows Jus Sanguinise mostly

Society Depends on:

1. Mutual Awareness

2. Solidarity

3. Division of Labour

4. Cooperation

Gregarious instinct
by Psychologist MC Dougall - The Inherent nature of human mentality

Sigmund Freud proposed the theory of Eros

and Thanatos

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 Sigmund Freud - Austrian Neurologist

Through the interaction of Eros and Thanatos, we ourselves become a higher unity,
where Eros helps us handling our inherent aggressions, while Thanatos helps us
handling the libidinal energy that permanently aspires to overstep all boundaries and
spread into the world

Gillin and Gillin

Culture is the cement binding into a society and its component that is the individual.

Human Society is nothing but people interacting and culture is nothing but the
patterning of their behaviour

This patterns of interaction could be called culture

The sum total of the interactions, the procedures, the ideas would form culture
eventually

Ralph Linton
Refers to culture as social heritage of man

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 ex: If a marriage is happening, people ideally stick to a certain behaviour - greeting,
lighting lamps and more

Ralph Linton

Community - Emory S. Bogardus

Emory S. Bogardus

Definitions of 'Community'
Boggardus

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 Defined community as a social group as a 'we' feeling and living in a given area.

Kingsley Davis
Defined community as the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of
social life

R M Maciver
Defined community as an area of social living marked by some degree of social
coherence.

Ogburn and Nimkoff

Defined community as a group or collection of groups that inhabit a locality

Manheim
Defines community as any circle of people who live together and belong together in
such a way that they do not share this or that particular interest only but a whole set of
interests

On Community
In all cases, We have the sense of togetherness and territoriality

Community provides stability and naturalness

Size of a community (More than 5000 population is a town, less means Village)

Regulation

Temples (Land owning communities get first day ritual rights, followed by service
caste and oppressed)

Community and Society

The objective and interest of the society is varied but as community have a realisation of
what suits a specific community and its importance. They know what would be the
achievements of a community .

Summary Lecture Ashik (25th Oct Monday) 9

 The Word community comes from the roots of actual latin but it went to french but
their understanding is different

Dominant (Landowning) Caste | Servicing Caste

If you want affirmative action, it must be on the basis of who are the dominant and
servicing caste in a region

the last caste census was done in 1931 and the 2011 report was not released

Normative text - how ideally should a society be (Varna is a normative text)

The realest social operability is through caste groups not the varna

the varna just says what caste groups operate about, no where defines boundaries

a community encompasses all groups (the 'we') feeling

ASSOCIATIONS:
In General, an association is a group of people organised for the achievement of
particular interests

An association has a bureaucratic structure

As established forms or conditions of procedure is a characteristics of group activity

R M Maciver

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 "An organization deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some interest or a set of
interests which its members share".

Morris Ginsberg
"A group of social beings related to one another by the fact that they possess or have
instituted in common, an organization with a view to securing a specific end or specific
ends. In general, an association is a group of people organized for the achievement of a
particular interest or interests"

CA Ellwood
defines instituions as habitual ways of living together, systematized and established by
the authorities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSOCIATION:

1. A delibereate human group

2. A shared common interest.

3. Co-operation.
4. Organization/Bueracracy/Leadetship

5. Regulation of relations(eg. eligibility)

6. The members of the association act as the agents of the association/ the association
itself acts as an agency of a larger association.
7. Durability- temporary association(the dissolution of the association after the common
goal is achived)/permanent association(associations that are a part of an association)

You do have natural associations and membership - like Religion

Customary institutions like religion, marriage accomplished much more than any
modern association in terms of purpose

Objective is to be a tangible one

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 Associations should have a primary purpose

Also, We could have associations within institutions but not the other way round.

Institutions - Crescive and Enacted

Crescive
Those institutions that develop naturally, unconsciously and even spontaneously are
called cresescive institutions

Enacted
Those institutions that consciously develop, purposefully planned and established are
referred as enacted

Few other differences between Associations and Institutions :

1. Associations are more towards
formal in nature wheres institutions
could be both formal and informal in
nature
2. There are goals set up buy its
regulations in a association whereas
institutions consist both people and
their rules and culturre which also
evolves over a period of time

3. The associations could get dissolved after achieveing the set purpose of its creation
wheras insitutions by and large remain to serve the community

On Customs:
Duncan Mitchell in his dictionary of sociology refers customs as established modes of
thoughts and actions

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 Customs are socially accredited ways of acting - Maclver and Page

customs are those folkways that persist over relatively longer period of time so as to
attain a degree of formal recognition and also to be passed down from one generation
to another
-this was the idea of Lundberg

Gillen and Gillen defines more customs and group routines that are taught by the
members of the society to be necessary to the groups continued existence

Folkways:

The ways of eating, taking, coversational styles, greeting, expressing love, daily
actions and all such comes under folkways

MORES:
the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a society or community.

Summary Lecture Ashik (25th Oct Monday) 13

 it represents the norms

Summer says when the elements of truth and right are developed in doctrines of welfare
the folkways are raised to another plane, that is the plane of mores
MacIver and Page: conceptions of group welfare, standards of right and wrong of the
folkways are converted into mores.
Gillin and Gilin: Mores are customs and group routines which are taught by the society
to be necessary for the group's continued existence.
Edward Sapir: customs that state strong feelings of rightness and wrongness of mode of
behavior
Eg: incest, not wearing clothes in front of others, slavery, sati was a more, sharia laws.

Culture as super organic and ideational

This characteristic was given by Herbert spencer
By super organic herbert spencer means that culture is neither organic nor inorganic in
nature but transcends above these two and becomes super organic as the meanings of
physical objects

Super organic and irrational

Intrinsically Valuable

Quite proud of the heritage that it inherited

Herbert spencer-By super organic means the culture is neither organic nor inorganic in
nature but transcends above these two and become superorganic as the meanings of
physical object and physiological act attained enormous social importance. Spencer
further considers culture as an ideal and it is intrinsically valuable and every member of
the society is quite proud of the heritage at its inheritance and this does not have a
monetary or untangible value but become part of life which is priceless.

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 Human society is nothing but people interacting perennially and culture is the patterning
of their behaviour

Duncan Mitchell

A sub culture is generally taken to mean a section of a national culture or society

5 main elements of culture

1. Cognitive

2. Belief

3. Values and Norms

4. Signs

5. Non normative ways of behaviour

Signal indicates past present future of a thing

Non Normative:

Artefacts | Mentifacts | Sociofacts

5 Important Understandings for Social

Reflexes

Instincts

Urges

Capacities

Comprehension and Educability

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