SAMPLING

Statistics – FoodTech
 A population consists of the
totality of the observation with
which we are concerned

A sample is a subset of a
population
 SAMPLING UNIT
• INDIVIDU
• ORGANISASI
• AREA GEOGRAFIS
• kemasan PRODUK
• dll

Population

Sample

Sample
Sampling Unit
Observation Unit Sampling Unit
Measurement Unit (Unit Pengambilan Sampel)
Census - complete evaluation of all members of population
• Sometime difficult if not impossible to conduct

There is a need for a REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

The target population:

The population about which we wish to draw inferences
on the basis of a sample

Bias:
The difference between the expected
value of the estimator and the
Population population quantity being estimated

Sample
µ = the population mean (nilai tengah populasi)
_
X = The sample average (rata-rata sampel)
_
X=ˆ µ (Estimator of µ)

σ2 = the population variance (ragam populasi)

s2 = The sample variance (ragam sampel)

s =ˆσ (Estimator of σ)
Population

Sample
Any function of the random variables constituting
a random sample is called a statistic

Central Tendency

Sample Mean =

Central Tendency
S=
√S
2
 S=
ΣX 2
= n √S

Σ 2
X – (ΣX) 2
n
s =
2
n-1
 x6 x8
x2 x4 xn
x1 x3 x7
x5

ERROR (galat)
 x6 x8
x2 x4 xn
x1 x3 x7
x5

ERROR (galat)
The normal approximation for  will generally be good if n ≥ 30,
provided the population distribution is not terribly skewed.
If n < 30, the approximation is good only if the population is not too
different from a normal distribution and, as stated above, if the
population is known to be normal, the sampling distribution of  will
follow a normal distribution exactly, no matter how small the size of
the samples.
 1 12

11

2 Population 10

3 9

4 8
7
5 6
The sample size n = 30 is a guideline to use for the Central Limit
Theorem. However, as the statement of the theorem implies, the
presumption of normality on the distribution of  becomes more
accurate as n grows larger.
Find z value
for
P*=(1- a/2)

2,575
Find z value for
P*=(1- a/2)
 , 1,2, 1,3 & 1,4

, 90% & 99%

, 0,4, 0,3 & 0,2

Tarik kesimpulan berdasarkan hasil yang anda peroleh!

 METHODS OF SAMPLING

Random Sampling
each member of the population has a probability of
being selected

a. Unrestricted Random Sampling

- (n) members of the population (N) are numbered
selected using random numbers. Replacement is
conducted before the next draw.

b. Simple Random Sampling

- Similar to UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING but
with no replacement
Determining Sample Size

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

For estimating population mean (µ)

B2
2 D = -----
Nσ 4
n = ____________2
(N-1)D +σ

B = error of estimation at 95% confidence level

 Let X1, X2, ..., Xn be n independent random
variables, each having the same probability
distribution f(x). We then define x1, x2, ..., xn to be
random sample of size n from the population f(x)
and write its joint probability distribution as
f(x1, x2, ..., xn) = f(x1)f(x2)...f (xn)