16

ELECTRIC CHARGES
AND FIELDS
Quantisation of charge implies
FACT / DEFINITION TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) charge cannot be destroyed
Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it (b) charge exists on particles
produces and experiences (c) there is a minimum permissible charge on a particle
(a) electric effects only (d) charge, which is a fraction of a coulomb is not possible.
(b) magnetic effects only If an object possesses an electric charge, it is said to be
(c) both electric and magnetic effects electrified or ... A ... When it has no charge, it is said to
(d) None of these be ... B ... Here, A and B refer to
Charge is (a) charged, neutral (b) neutral, charged
(a) transferable (b) associated with mass (c) discharged, charged (d) active, reactive
(c) conserved (d) All of these A positively charged rod is brought near an uncharged
A body is positively charged, it implies that conductor. If the rod is then suddenly withdrawn, the charge
(a) there is only positive charge in the body. left on the conductor will be
(b) there is positive as well as negative charge in the body (a) positive (b) negative
but the positive charge is more than negative charge (c) zero (d) cannot say
(c) there is equal positive and negative charge in the body Two spheres A and B of exactly same mass are given equal
but the positive charge lies in the outer regions positive and negative charges respectively. Their masses
(d) negative charge is displaced from its position after charging
On rubbing, when one body gets positively charged and (a) remains unaffected (b) mass of A > mass of B
other negatively charged, the electrons transferred from (c) mass of A < mass of B (d) Nothing can be said
positively charged body to negatively charged body are When a comb rubbed with dry hair attracts pieces of paper.
(a) valence electrons only This is because the
(b) electrons of inner shells (a) comb polarizes the piece of paper
(c) both valence electrons and electrons of inner shell (b) comb induces a net dipole moment opposite to the
(d) yet to be established direction of field
Which of the following is the best insulator? (c) electric field due to the comb is uniform
(a) Carbon (b) Paper (d) comb induces a net dipole moment perpendicular to
(c) Graphite (d) Ebonite the direction of field
If a body is negatively charged, then it has When some charge is transferred to ...A... it readily gets
(a) excess of electrons (b) excess of protons distributed over the entire surface of ... A... If some charge
(c) deficiency of electrons (d) deficiency of neutrons is put on ... B..., it stays at the same place.
Here, A and B refer to
When a body is charged by induction, then the body
(a) becomes neutral (a) insulator, conductor (b) conductor, insulator
(b) does not lose any charge (c) insulator, insulator (d) conductor, conductor
(c) loses whole of the charge on it Quantisation of charge was experimentally demonstrated by
(d) loses part of the charge on it (a) Einstein’s photoelectric effect
On charging by conduction, mass of a body may (b) Frank-Hertz experiment
(a) increase (b) decreases (c) Davisson and Germer experiment
(c) increase or decrease (d) None of these (d) Millikan’s oil drop experiment
 EBD_7208
248 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
In annihilation process, in which an electron and a positron A point charge is kept at the centre of metallic insulated
transform into two gamma rays, which property of electric spherical shell. Then
charge is displayed? (a) electric field out side the sphere is zero
(a) Additivity of charge (b) electric field inside the sphere is zero
(b) Quantisation of charge (c) net induced charge on the sphere is zero
(c) Conservation of charge (d) electric potential inside the sphere is zero
(d) Attraction and repulsion If one penetrates a uniformly charged spherical cloud,
The law, governing the force between electric charges is electric field strength
known as (a) decreases directly as the distance from the centre
(a) Ampere's law (b) Ohm's law (b) increases directly as the distance from the centre
(c) Faraday's law (d) Coulomb's law (c) remains constant
The value of electric permittivity of free space is (d) None of these
(a) 9 × 109 NC2/m2 (b) 8.85 × 10–12Nm2/C2 sec Electric lines of force about a negative point charge are
(c) 8.85 × 10–12 C2/Nm2 (d) 9 × 109C2/Nm2 (a) circular anticlockwise
Coulomb’s law is true for (b) circular clockwise
(a) atomic distances (= 10–11 m) (c) radial, inwards
(b) nuclear distances (= 10–15 m) (d) radial, outwards
(c) charged as well as uncharged particles Electric lines of force
(d) all the distances (a) exist everywhere
What happens when some charge is placed on a soap (b) exist only in the immediate vicinity of electric charges
bubble? (c) exist only when both positive and negative charges
(a) Its radius decreases (b) Its radius increases are near one another
(c) The bubble collapses (d) None of these (d) are imaginary
Two point charges + Q and + q are separated by a certain Positive electric flux indicates that electric lines of force are
distance. If + Q > + q then in between the charges the electric directed
field is zero at a point (a) outwards (b) inwards
(a) closer to + Q (c) either (a) or (b) (d) None of these
(b) closer to + q The S.I. unit of electric flux is
(c) exactly at the mid-point of line segment joining + Q and (a) weber (b) newton per coulomb
+ q.
(c) volt × metre (d) joule per coulomb
(d) no where on the line segment joining + Q and + q.
If the flux of the electric field through a closed surface is
An electric field can deflect
zero, then
(a) neutrons (b) X-rays
(a) the electric field must be zero everywhere on the surface
(c) -rays (d) -particles
(b) the electric field may not be zero everywhere on the
The unit of electric field is not equivalent to
surface
(a) N / C (b) J / C
(c) the charge inside the surface must be zero
(c) V / m (d) J / Cm
(d) the charge in the vicinity of the surface must be zero
If an electron has an initial velocity in a direction different
Electric flux over a surface in an electric field may be
from that of an electric field, the path of the electron is
(a) a straight line (b) a circle (a) positive (b) negative
(c) an ellipse (d) a parabola (c) zero (d) All of the above
A charged particle is free to move in an electric field. It will If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface
travel respectively is 1 and 2, the electric charge inside the surface
(a) always along a line of force will be
(b) along a line of force, if its initial velocity is zero (a) ( 2 + 2) × o (b) ( 2 – 2) × o
(c) along a line of force, if it has some initial velocity in the (c) ( 1 + 2) × o (d) ( 2 – 1) × o
direction of an acute angle with the line of force For distance far away from centre of dipole the change in
(d) none of the above magnitude of electric field with change in distance from the
If a linear isotropic dielectric is placed in an electric field of centre of dipole is
strength E, then the polarization P is (a) zero.
(b) same in equatorial plane as well as axis of dipole.
(a) independent of E
(c) more in case of equatorial plane of dipole as compared
(b) inversely proportional to E
to axis of dipole.
(c) directly proportional to E (d) more in case of axis of dipole as compared to equatorial
(d) directly proportional to E plane of dipole.
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 249
A region surrounding a stationary electric dipoles has An electric dipole is placed at the centre of a sphere
(a) magnetic field only then
(b) electric field only (a) the flux of the electric field through the sphere is not
(c) both electric and magnetic fields zero.
(d) no electric and magnetic fields (b) the electric field is zero at every point of the sphere.
(c) the electric field is not zero anywhere on the sphere.
The electric field at a point on equatorial line of a dipole
(d) the electric field is zero on a circle on the sphere.
and direction of the dipole moment
(a) will be parallel If a dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform electric
(b) will be in opposite direction
field E , then torque acting on it is given by
(c) will be perpendicular
(d) are not related (a) p.E (b) p E
Debye is the unit of
(c) p E (d) p E
(a) electric flux (b) electric dipole moment
(c) electric potential (d) electric field intensity An electric dipole has a pair of equal and opposite point
An electric dipole will experience a net force when it is placed charges q and –q separated by a distance 2x. The axis of
in the dipole is
(a) from positive charge to negative charge
(a) a uniform electric field
(b) from negative charge to positive charge
(b) a non-uniform electric field
(c) Perpendicular to the line joining the two charges
(c) both (a) and (b)
drawn at the centre and pointing upward direction
(d) None of these
(d) Perpendicular to the line joining the two charges
An electric dipole is kept in a non-uniform electric field. It drawn at the centre and pointing downward direction
experiences Gauss’s law states that
(a) a force and a torque
(b) a force but not a torque 1
(a) the total electric flux through a closed surface is
(c) a torque but no force 0
times the total charge placed near the closed surface.
(d) neither a force nor a torque
The formation of a dipole is due to two equal and dissimilar 1
(b) the total electric flux through a closed surface is
point charges placed at a 0
(a) short distance (b) long distance times the total charge enclosed by the closed surface.
(c) above each other (d) none of these
(c) the total electric flux through an open surface is 1 times
If a dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform electric 0
the total charge placed near the open surface.
field E , then torque acting on it is given by (d) the line integral of electric field around the boundary of
(a) p.E (b) p E 1
an open surface is times the total charge placed near
0
(c) p E (d) p E
the open surface.
If Ea be the electric field strength of a short dipole at a The Gaussian surface
point on its axial line and Ee that on the equatorial line at (a) can pass through a continuous charge distribution.
the same distance, then (b) cannot pass through a continuous charge distribution.
(a) Ee= 2Ea (b) Ea = 2Ee (c) can pass through any system of discrete charges.
(c) Ea = Ee (d) None of the above (d) can pass through a continuous charge distribution as
When an electric dipole P is placed in a uniform electric well as any system of discrete charges.
Gauss's law is valid for
field E then at what angle between P and E the value
(a) any closed surface
of torque will be maximum?
(b) only regular close surfaces
(a) 90° (b) 0°
(c) any open surface
(c) 180° (d) 45°
(d) only irregular open surfaces
An electric dipole is placed at an angle of 30° to a
The total electric flux emanating from a closed surface
non-uniform electric field. The dipole will experience
(a) a translational force only in the direction of the field enclosing an -particle is (e-electronic charge)
(b) a translational force only in the direction normal to the 2e e
(a) (b)
direction of the field 0 0
(c) a torque as well as a translational force 0e
(d) a torque only (c) e 0 (d)
4
 EBD_7208
250 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
The electric field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly Which of the above statements is incorrect?
charged wire at a distance r is directly proportional to (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) r (b) r2 (c) Only III (d) Only IV
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
1 1
(c) (d) I. The charge q on a body is always given by q = ne,
r r2 where n is any integer, positive or negative.
For a given surface the Gauss's law is stated as E . dA 0 . II. By convention, the charge on an electron is taken to
From this we can conclude that be negative.
(a) E is necessarily zero on the surface III. The fact that electric charge is always an integral
(b) E is perpendicular to the surface at every point multiple of e is termed as quantisation of charge.
(c) the total flux through the surface is zero IV. The quatisation of charge was experimentally
(d) the flux is only going out of the surface demonstrated by Newton in 1912.
The electric field inside a spherical shell of uniform surface (a) Only I (b) Only II
charge density is (c) Only IV (d) Only III
(a) zero
Select the correct statements Coulomb's law correctly
(b) constant different from zero
describes the electric force that
(c) proportional to the distance from the curve
I. binds the electrons of an atom to its nucleus
(d) None of the above
II. binds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
The electric field near a conducting surface having a
atom
uniform surface charge density is given by
III. binds atoms together to form molecules
(a) and is parallel to the surface (a) I and II (b) I and III
0
(c) II and III (d) I, II and III
2 Select the correct statements from the following
(b) and is parallel to the surface
0 I. Inside a charged or neutral conductor, electrostatic
field is zero
(c) and is normal to the surface
0
II. The electrostatic field at the surface of the charged
conductor must be tangential to the surface at any
2 point
(d) and is normal to the surface
0 III. There is no net charge at any point inside the
A hollow sphere of charge does not have electric field at conductor
(a) outer point (b) interior point (a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) beyond 2 m (d) beyond 100 m (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
Charge motion within the Gaussian surface gives changing
physical quantity In a uniform electric field E a charge +q having negligible
(a) electric field (b) electric flux mass is released at a point. Which of the following statements
(c) charge (d) gaussian surface area are correct?
Gauss’s law is true only if force due to a charge varies as I. Velocity increases with time.
(a) r–1 (b) r–2 II. A force acts on it in the direction of electric field.
(c) r –3 (d) r–4 III. Its momentum changes with time.
What about Gauss’s theorem is not incorrect? (a) I and II (b) II and III
(a) It can be derived by using Coulomb's Law (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
(b) It is valid for conservative field obeys inverse square Field due to multiple charges at a point is found by using
root law I. superposition principle.
(c) Gauss’s theorem is not applicable in gravitation II. Coulomb’s law.
(d) Both (a) & (b) III. law of conservation of charges.
(a) I and II (b) II and III
STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
Study of charges, by scientists, concludes that Select the incorrect statements about electric field lines.
I. there are two kinds of electric charges. I. Two electric field lines can never cross each other.
II. bodies like plastic, fur acquire elecrtic charge on II. They start from positive charge and end at negative
rubbing. charge.
III. like charges attract, unlike charges repel each other. III. Electric field lines form closed loops.
IV. the property which differentiates two kinds of (a) I and II (b) I and III
charges is called the polarity of the charge. (c) II and III (c) I, II and III
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 251

An electric dipole of moment p is placed in a uniform (a) (A) (3), (B) (2), (C) (4), (D) (1)
(b) (A) (1), (B) (3), (C) (4), (D) (2)
electric field E. Then (c) (A) (3), (B) (4), (C) (2), (D) (1)
I. the torque on the dipole is p E. (d) (A) (1), (B) (2), (C) (3), (D) (4)

II. the potential energy of the system is p E.

Charge
III. the resultant force on the dipole is zero. (A) Linear charge density (1)
Volume
Which of the above statements is/are correct
(a) I, II and III (b) I and III Charge
(c) Only I (d) I and II (B) Surface charge density (2) Length
Select the incorrect statements from the following.
I. Polar molecules have permanent electric dipole moment. Charge
II. CO2 molecule is a polar molecule. (C) Volume charge density (3)
Area
III. H2O is a non-polar molecule.
(D) Discrete charge (4) System consisting of
(a) II and III (b) I and II
distribution ultimate individual
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III
charges
Select the correct statements from the following.
(a) A (2), B (3), C (1), D (4)
I. The electric field due to a charge outside the Gaussian (b) A (1), B (3), C (1), D (4)
surface contributes zero net flux through the surface.
(c) A (3), B (1), C (2), D (4)
II. Total flux linked with a closed body, not enclosing any
(d) A (3), B (2), C (1), D (4)
charge will be zero.
Column II describe graph for charge distribution given in
III. Total electric flux, if a dipole is enclosed by a surface is
column-I. Match the description.
zero.
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III E

MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS (A) Uniformly charged ring (1) r

Match Column I and Column II.
V
1 235 144
(A) Additivity of charge (1) 0 n 92 U 56 Ba +89
36 Kr (B) Infinitely large charge (2)
conducting sheet r
+ 310 n
(B) Conservation of charge (2) –5 C + 15 C = 10 C (C) Infinite non conducting (3) E
(C) Quantisation of charge (3) Gold nucleus repels
alpha particle.
(D) Attraction and (4) q = ne
repulsion r
(a) (A) (3), (B) (2), (C) (4), (D) (1)
(b) (A) (2), (B) (4), (C) (1), (D) (3)
(c) (A) (2), (B) (1), (C) (4), (D) (3) V
(D) Hollow non conducting (4)
(d) (A) (1), (B) (2), (C) (3), (D) (4)
Match the physical quantities in column I and the information sphere
related to them in Column II.
r
(A) Electric dipole moment (1) Vector product
(B) Electric field (2) Scalar product
(C) Electric flux (3) Points towards positive (a) A (1, 2), B (3), C (3), D (4)
charge (b) A (3, 4), B (2), C (3, 1), D (4)
(D) Torque (4) Points away from (c) A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4)
positive charge (d) A (2), B (3), C (4), D (1)
 EBD_7208
252 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Match the entries of column I with that of Column II. Match the source of charge given in Column I with
expressions of electric field produced by them in Column II.
(A) Coulomb’s law (1) Total electric flux
through a closed
surface. (A) Point charge (1)
2 0 r
(B) Gauss’s law (2) Vector sum of forces.
(C) Principle of (3) Force is inversely
superposition proportional to square (B) Infinitely long straight (2) 2
0
of distance uniformly charged wire
(D) Quantisation of charge (4) Discrete nature of (C) Uniformly charged (3) 0
charge infinite plane sheet
(a) (A) (2), (B) (3), (C) (1), (D) (4)
q
(b) (A) (3), (B) (1), (C) (2), (D) (4) (D) At a point inside a (4) 4 r2
(c) (A) (1), (B) (4), (C) (3), (D) (2) uniformly charged thin
0

(d) (A) (1), (B) (2), (C) (3), (D) (4) spherical shell.
The curves in the graph show the variation of electric field E
with distance r for various kinds of charge distributions given (a) (A) (1), (B) (3), (C) (4), (D) (2)
in Column I. Match them with their correct curves in Column II. (b) (A) (4), (B) (3), (C) (2), (D) (1)
(c) (A) (4), (B) (1), (C) (2), (D) (3)
(d) (A) (2), (B) (4), (C) (1), (D) (3)
Q
R DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS
P The figure shows a charge + q at point P held in equilibrium
E S in air with the help of four + q charges situated at the vertices
of a square. The net electrostatic force on q is given by

+q

1 Distance r
+q +q

P
+q
(A) Electric field of a point (1) P +q
sized dipole.
(a) Gauss’s law
(B) Electric field due to an (2) Q
(b) Coulomb’s law
infinitely long straight (c) Principle of superposition
uniformly charged wire. (d) net electric flux out the position of +q.
(C) Electric field due to a (3) R Which of the following graphs shows the correct variation
of force when the distance r between two charges varies ?
uniformly charged
plane sheet. (a) (b)
(D) Electric field due to a (4) S F F
point charge.
(a) (A) (2), (B) (4), (C) - (3), (D) (1)
(b) (A) (4), (B) (3), (C) (2), (D) (1)
(c) (A) (1), (B) (2), (C) (3), (D) (4)
Distance r Distance r
(d) (A) (3), (B) (1), (C) (4), (D) (2)
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 253

(a) y (b) y
(c) (d)
E E
F F

O x O x
a 2a a 2a

Distance r Distance r

A large nonconducting sheet M is given a uniform charge

density. Two uncharged small metal rods A and B are placed
y
near the sheet as shown in figure. Then (c) y (d)
M E
E
A B
O x O x
a 2a a 2a

(a) M attracts A (b) M attracts B

(c) A attracts B (d) All of the above
A metal sphere is being charged by induction using a In the figure, charge q is placed at origin O. When the charge
q is displaced from its position the electric field at point P
charged rod, but the sequence of diagrams showing the
changes
process misplaced.
y

I. II.
Charged x
rod Ground O q
(a) at the same time when q is displaced.
OP
(b) at a time after where c is the speed of light.
c
III. IV. V.. OP cos
(c) at a time after .
c
Correct order of charging is OP sin
(d) at a time after
(a) I II III IV V c
(b) V II III I IV Figure shows some of the electric field lines corresponding
(c) V II I III IV to an electric field. The figure suggests that
(d) IV II III I V
Figure shows two charges of equal magnitude separated by
A B C
a distance 2a. As we move away from the charge situated at
x = 0 to the charge situated at x = 2a, which of the following
graphs shows the correct behaviour of electric field ?
+q +q (a) EA > EB > EC (b) EA = EB = EC
(c) EA = EC > EB (d) EA = EC < EB
x=0 x=a x = 2a

254
The spatial distribution of electric field due to charges
(A, B) is shown in figure. Which one of the following
statements is correct ?
EBD_7208
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Which of the following graphs correctly show the change of
electric flux with time t through the surface S when the
charge +Q is moved away from the surface?

A B
+Q

(a) A is +ve and B –ve, |A| > |B|

(b) A is –ve and B +ve, |A| = |B|
(c) Both are +ve but A > B
(d) Both are –ve but A > B
In the figure the net electric flux through the area A is
E A S
when the system is in air. On immersing the system in water
the net electric flux through the area
(a) (b)

Time t Time t
A

(c) (d)

(a) becomes zero (b) remains same

(c) increases (d) decreases
Which of the following graphs shows the correct behaviour
of electric flux through the surface S when it is rotated by an
angle 90° clockwise in a uniform electric field?
Time t Time t
S
Which of the following graphs shows the correct variation in
45º E magnitude of torque on an electric dipole rotated in a uniform
S electric field from stable equillibrium to unstable equillibrium?

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

Angle rotated Angle rotated

Angle rotated ( ) Angle rotated ( )

(c) (d)
(c) (d)

Angle rotated ( ) Angle rotated ( )

Angle rotated Angle rotated
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 255
Figure shows the part of an infinite plane sheet of charge. When bodies are charged through friction,
there is a transfer of electric charge from one body to
another, but no creation or destruction of charge.
This follows from conservation of electric charges.
The tyres of aircraft are slightly conducting.
O A If a conductor is connected to ground, the extra
charge induced on conductor will flow to ground.
Some charge is put at the centre of a conducting
sphere. It will move to the surface of the sphere.
Conducting sphere has no free electrons at the
centre.
Coulomb force and gravitational force follow
the same inverse-square law.
Which of the following graphs correctly shows the behaviour
Both laws are same in all aspects.
of electric field intensity as we move from point O to A.
The coulomb force is the dominating force in
the universe.
(a) (b) The coulomb force is weaker than the gravitational
E force.
E
If there exists coulomb attraction between two
bodies, both of them may not be charged.
O Distance A O Distance A In coulomb attraction two bodies are oppositely
charged.
A deuteron and an -particle are placed in an
(c) (d) electric field. If F1 and F2 be the forces acting on them and
a1 and a2 be their accelerations respectively then, a1 = a2.
E E Forces will be same in electric field.
The property that the force with which two
charges attract or repel each other are not affected by the
O Distance A O Distance A presence of a third charge.
A charge q is placed at the centre of the open end of a Force on any charge due to a number of other
cylindrical vessel. The flux of the electric field through the charge is the vector sum of all the forces on that charge
surface of the vessel is due to other charges, taken one at a time.
A metallic shield in form of a hollow shell may be
q built to block an electric field.
In a hollow spherical shield, the electric field inside
it is zero at every point.
A point charge is brought in an electric field, the
field at a nearby point will increase or decrease, depending
(a) zero (b) q/ o
on the nature of charge.
(c) q/2 o (d) 2q/ o
The electric field is independent of the nature of
ASSERTION- REASON TYPE QUESTIONS charge.
Consider two identical charges placed distance
: Each of these questions contain two statements, 2d apart, along x-axis.
Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct
explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a
correct explanation for assertion The equilibrium of a positive test charge placed at the point
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect O midway between them is stable for displacements along
the x-axis.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Force on test charge is zero.
 EBD_7208
256 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
When a conductor is placed in an external CRITICAL THINKING TYPE QUESTIONS
electrostatic field, the net electric field inside the conductor
becomes zero after a small instant of time. The metal knob of a gold leaf electroscope is touched with a
It is not possible to set up an electric field inside a positively charged rod. When it is taken away the leaves
conductor. stay separated. Now the metal knob is touched by negatively
A uniformly charged disc has a pin hole at its charged rod. The separation between the leaves
centre. The electric field at the centre of the disc is zero. (a) increases
(b) decreases
Disc can be supposed to be made up of many
(c) remains same
rings. Also electric field at the centre of uniformly charged (d) first increases then decreases.
ring is zero. Two identical metal spheres A and B are supported on
Electric lines of field cross each other. insulating stands and placed in contact. What kind of charges
Electric field at a point superimpose to give one will A and B develop when a negatively charged ebonite rod
resultant electric field. is brought near A?
On bringing a positively charged rod near the (a) A will have a positive charge and B will have a negative
uncharged conductor, the conductor gets attracted towards charge
the rod. (b) A will have a negative charge and B will have a positive
The electric field lines of the charged rod are charge
perpendicular to the surface of conductor. (c) Both A and B will have positive charges
Four point charges q1, q2, q3 and q4 are as (d) Both A and B will have negative charges
shown in figure. The flux over the shown Gaussian surface The force of repulsion between two electrons at a certain
depends only on charges q1 and q2. distance is F. The force between two protons separated by
thesame distanceis (mp = 1836 me)
q4 (a) 2 F (b) F
F
q1 (c) 1836 F (d)
1836
q2 The force between two small charged spheres having
Gaussian charges of 1 × 10–7 C and 2 × 10–7 C placed 20 cm apart
surface in air is
q3 (a) 4.5 × 10–2 N (b) 4.5 × 10–3 N
(c) 5.4 × 10 N –2 (d) 5.4 × 10–3 N
Electric field at all points on Gaussian surface Two charge q and –3q are placed fixed on x–axis separated
depends only on charges q1 and q2. by distance d. Where should a third charge 2q be placed
On disturbing an electric dipole in stable such that it will not experience any force ?
equillibrium in an electric field, it returns back to its stable q –3q
equillibrium orientation.
A restoring torque acts on the dipole on being A d B
disturbed from its stable equillibrium.
d 3d d 3d
On going away from a point charge or a small (a) (b)
2 2
electric dipole, electric field decreases at the same rate in
both the cases. d 3d d 3d
Electric field is inversely proportional to square (c) (d)
2 2
of distance from the charge or an electric dipole. Two insulated charged metalic sphere P and Q have their
The electric flux of the electric field E dA is centres separated by a distance of 60 cm. The radii of P
and Q are negligible compared to the distance of
zero. The electric field is zero everywhere on the surface. separation. The mutual force of electrostatic repulsion if
The charge inside the surface is zero. the charge on each is 3.2 × 10–7 C is
On moving a distance two times the initial (a) 5.2 × 10–4 N (b) 2.5 × 10–3 N
distance away from an infinitely long straight uniformly (c) 1.5 × 10 N–3 (d) 3.5 × 10–4 N
charged wire the electric field reduces to one third of the If a charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two
initial value. equal charges Q such that the system is in equilibrium then
The electric field is inversely proportional to the the value of q is
distance from an infinitely long straight uniformly charged (a) Q/2 (b) –Q/2
wire. (c) Q/4 (d) –Q/4
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 257
Two positive ions, each carrying a charge q, are separated A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 4.4 m diameter
by a distance d. If F is the force of repulsion between the has a surface charge density of 60 C m–2. The charge on
ions, the number of electrons missing from each ion will be the sphere is
(e being the charge of an electron) (a) 7.3 × 10–3C (b) 3.7 × 10–6 C
(c) 7.3 × 10–6 C (d) 3.7 × 10–3 C
4 0 Fd 2 4 0 Fe 2
(a) (b) A rod of length 2.4 m and radius 4.6 mm carries a negative
e2 d2 charge of 4.2 × 10–7 C spread uniformly over it surface.
The electric field near the mid–point of the rod, at a point
4 0 Fd 2 4 0 Fd 2 on its surface is
(c) (d)
e2 q2 (a) –8.6 × 105 N C–1 (b) 8.6 × 104 N C–1
(c) –6.7 × 10 N C 5 –1 (d) 6.7 × 104 N C–1
Three charge q, Q and 4q are placed in a straight line of
If electric field in a region is radially outward with magnitude
1 E = Ar, the charge contained in a sphere of radius r centred at
length l at points distant 0, and l respectively from one
2 the origin is
end. In order to make the net froce on q zero, the charge Q
must be equal to 1
(a) A r3 (b) 4 oAr
3
(a) –q (b) – 2q 4 o
q
(c) (d) q 4
2 1 A oA
(c) 3 (d) 3
Force between two identical charges placed at a distance of 4 o r r
r in vacuum is F. Now a slab of dielectric of dielectric contrant The electric field intensity just sufficient to balance the earth’s
4 is inserted between these two charges. If the thickness of gravitational attraction on an electron will be: (given mass
the slab is r/2, then the force between the charges will
31
become and charge of an electron respectively are 9.1 10 kg and
3
(a) F (b) F 1.6 10 19 C .)
5 (a) –5.6 × 10–11 N/C (b) –4.8 × 10–15 N / C
4 F (c) –1.6 × 10 N/C–19 (d) –3.2 × 10–19 N / C
(c) F (d)
9 2 The insulation property of air breaks down when the electric
Two particle of equal mass m and charge q are placed at a field is 3 × 106 Vm–1. The maximum charge that can be given
distance of 16 cm. They do not experience any force. The to a sphere of diameter 5 m is approximately
q (a) 2 × 10–2 C (b) 2 × 10–3 C
value of is –4
m (c) 2 × 10 C (d) 2 × 10–5 C
ABC is an equilateral triangle. Charges +q are placed at
0 each corner as shown in fig. The electric intensity at centre
(a) l (b)
G O will be
G +q A
(c) 4 (d) 4 0G
0
A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R1 and outer r
radius R2. A charge is placed at the centre of the shperical
cavity. The surface charge density on the inner surface is O
r r
+q +q
R2 B C
R1
+q
1 q 1 q
(a) (b)
4 o r 4 o r2

1 3q
(c) (d) zero
q q 4 r2o
(a) (b)
4 R12 4 R12 A hollow insulated conduction sphere is given a positive
charge of 10 C. What will be the electric field at the centre
q2 q of the sphere if its radius is 2 m?
(c) (d) (a) Zero (b) 5 Cm–2
4 R22 4 R22
(c) 20 Cm –2 (d) 8 Cm–2
 EBD_7208
258 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
The number of electric lines of force that radiate outwards Intensity of an electric field (E) depends on distance r, due to
from one coulomb of charge in vacuum is a dipole, is related as
(a) 1.13 × 1011 (b) 1.13 × 1010 1 1
(c) 0.61 × 10 11 (d) 0.61 × 109 (a) E (b) E
r r2
A square surface of side L meter in the plane of the paper is
placed in a uniform electric field E (volt/m) acting along the 1 1
(c) E (d) E
same plane at an angle with the horizontal side of the r3 r4
square as shown in Figure. The electric flux linked to the An electric dipole has the magnitude of its charge as q and
surface is its dipole moment is p. It is placed in uniform electric field E.
If its dipole moment is along the direction of the field, the
E force on it and its potential energy are respectively.
(a) q.E and max. (b) 2 q.E and min.
(c) q.E and min (d) zero and min.
An electric dipole of moment ´p´ is placed in an electric field
of intensity ´E´. The dipole acquires a position such that
the axis of the dipole makes an angle with the direction of
the field. Assuming that the potential energy of the dipole to
be zero when = 90°, the torque and the potential energy of
(a) EL2 (b) EL2 cos
the dipole will respectively be
2
(c) EL sin (d) zero (a) p E sin , – p E cos (b) p E sin , –2 p E cos
A charged particle q is placed at the centre O of cube of (c) p E sin , 2 p E cos (d) p E cos , – p E cos
length L (A B C D E F G H). Another same charge q is placed If the dipole of moment 2.57 × 10–17 cm is placed into an
at a distance L from O. Then the electric flux through ABCD electric field of magnitude 3.0 × 104 N/C such that the fields
is lines are aligned at 30° with the line joining P to the dipole,
E F what torque acts on the dipole?
D
C (a) 7.7 × 10–13 Nm (b) 3.855 × 10–13 Nm
O (c) 3.855 × 10 Nm –15 (d) 7.7 × 10–15 Nm
q q
H An electric dipole is placed at an angle of 30° with an electric
G
field of intensity 2 × 105 NC–1, It experiences a torque of 4
A
B Nm. Calculate the charge on the dipole if the dipole length is
L
(a) q /4 0L (b) zero 2 cm.
(c) q/2 0L (d) q/3 0L (a) 8 mC (b) 4 mC
If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface (c) 8 C (d) 2 mC
respectively is 1 and 2, the electric charge inside the surface On decreasing the distance between the two charges of a
will be dipole which is perpendicular to electric field and decreasing
(a) ( 2 + 2) × o (b) ( 2 – 2) × o the angle between the dipole and electric field, the torque on
(c) ( 1 + 2) × o (d) ( 2 – 1) × o the dipole
In a region of space having a uniform electric field E, a (a) increases (b) decreases
hemispherical bowl of radius r is placed. The electric flux (c) remains same (d) cannot be predicted.
through the bowl is An electric dipole is put in north-south direction in a
(a) 2 RE (b) 4 R2E sphere filled with water. Which statement is correct?
(c) 2 R E 2 (d) R2E (a) Electric flux is coming towards sphere
A cylinder of radius R and length is placed in a uniform (b) Electric flux is coming out of sphere
electric field E parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The total (c) Electric flux entering into sphere and leaving the
flux over the curved surface of the cylinder is sphere are same
(a) zero (b) R2E (d) Water does not permit electric flux to enter into
(c) 2 R E 2 (d) E / R2 sphere
At the centre of a cubical box + Q charge is placed. The The surface density on the copper sphere is . The electric
value of total flux that is coming out a wall is field strength on the surface of the sphere is
(a) Q / o (b) Q / 3 o (a) (b) /2
(c) Q / 4 o (d) Q / 6 o (c) Q / 2 o (d) Q / o
The electric intensity due to a dipole of length 10 cm and A charge Q is enclosed by a Gaussian spherical surface of
having a charge of 500 C, at a point on the axis at a distance radius R. If the radius is doubled, then the outward electric
20 cm from one of the charges in air, is flux will
(a) 6.25 × 107 N/C (b) 9.28 × 107 N/C (a) increase four times (b) be reduced to half
11
(c) 13.1 × 10 N/C (d) 20.5 × 107 N/C (c) remain the same (d) be doubled
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 259

FACT / DEFINITION TYPE QUESTIONS

For distances far away from centre of dipole
1 2p
When we say that a body is charged, we always mean E axis Ea
that the body is having excess of electrons (negatively 4 0 r3
charged) or is of deficient of electrons (positively
1 p
charged). Eequa = E e
Valence electrons are outermost electrons these can 4 0 r3
get transferred on rubbing.
d 1 d 3
Ea 2p r
(a) A body with charge is called charged body. A body dr 4 0 dr
without charge is called neutral body.When we say
that a body is charged, either it has excess electrons 1 p
6 ... (i)
or it has lesser elctrons as compared to number of 4 0 r4
protons inside body.
d 1 d 3
Ee p r
Comb induces charge on paper due to which paper is dr 4 0 dr
attracted towards the comb.
When some charge is given to conductor it spreads 1 p
3 ... (ii)
on its surface. When some charge is given to 4 0 r4
insulator, it remains there, it do not spread, Free From equation (i) and (ii) the magnitude of change in
charges in conductor interact with added charge, so electric field w.r.t. distance is more in case of axis of
added charge spreads on surface to be in equilibrium. dipole as compared to equatorial plane.
Electron having a charge of –1.6 × 10–19C undergoes
The direction of electric field at equatorial point A or
annihilation with it’s antiparticle positron having a
B will be in opposite direction, as that of direction of
charge of +1.6 × 10–19C as
dipole moment.
e e
Net charge before annihilation A
19 19
= 1.6 10 C 1.6 10 C 0
Net charge after annihilation = 0 + 0 = 0
i.e., net charge remains same.

Electric field is directly proportional to the magnitude B

of charge and inversely proportional to the square of
P
the distance from the charge. Therefore charge +Q
produce a comparatively stronger electric field than +q
which get at cancelled with each other at a point closer Dipole is formed when two equal and unlike charges
to +q. are placed at a short distance.
Dipole moment of the dipole = p and uniform
If charge particle is put at rest in electric field, then it
will move along line of force. electric field = E . We know that dipole moment (p) = q.a
For linear isotropic dielectric, (where q is the charge and a is dipole length). And when
polarization P = eE,
a dipole of dipole moment p is placed in uniform electric
P E,
By Gauss Law field E , then Torque ( ) = Either force × perpendicular
distance between the two forces = qaEsin or
N m2 J m pE sin or p E (vector form)
S.I. unit of electric flux is =
C C
2kp kp
= Volt × m. We have Ea = and Ee = ; Ea = 2Ee
r 3 r3
 EBD_7208
260 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Electric field near the conductor surface is given by
+q and it is perpendicular to surface.
F1 0
E1
STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS
F2
E2 Like charges repel
–q
The electric field will be different at the location of force Unlike charges attract
on the two charges. Therefore the two charges will be To specify particular charge on body, term used is
unequal. This will result in a force as well as torque. polarity.
On rubbing, plastic rod acquires negative charge,
cat’s fur acquires positive charge. There are only two
Dipole moment of the dipole = p and uniform kinds of charges: +, –.
electric field = E . We know that dipole moment (p) = q.a Milikan demonstrated the quantisation of charge
(where q is the charge and a is dipole length). And when experimentally. Charge on electron = – e = –1.6 × 100–
19C. Addition of charge can occur in integral
a dipole of dipole moment p is placed in uniform electric multiples of e.
Nuclear force binds the protons and neutrons in the
field E , then Torque ( ) = Either force × perpendicular nucleus of an atom.
distance between the two forces = qaEsin or (i) Electrostatic field is zero inside a charged
pE sin or p E (vector form) conductor or neutral conductor.
(ii) Electrostatic field at the surface of a charged
Gauss’s law is applicable only for closed surface and conductor must be normal to the surface at every
for the charge placed inside it not near it. point.
1 (iii) There is no net charge at any point inside the
Total electric flux, Q conductor and any excess charge must reside at
0
the surface.
Gaussian surface cannot pass through any discrete
charge because electric field due to a system of discrete Consider a system of charges q1,q2, ..., qn with
charges is not well defined at the location of the charges. position vectors r1,r2 ...,rn relative to some origin O.
But the Gaussian surface can pass through a Like the field due to a single charage, electric field at
continuous charge distribution. a point in space due to the system of charges is
Gauss's law is valid for any closed surface, no matter defined to be the force experienced by a unit test
what its shape or size. charge placed at that point,, without disturbing the
According to Gauss’s law total electric flux through a original position of charges q1, q2, ..., qn. We can use
1 Coulomb’s law and the superposition principale to
closed surface is times the total charge inside that determine this field.
0
surface. Electric field lines start from positive charge and end at
q negative charge so they do not form closed loops.
Electric flux, E= In a uniform electric field E, dipole experiences a torque
0
Charge on -particle = 2e given by
2e p E
E= And potential energy of the dipole is
0
The electric field due to an infinitely straight uniformly U – p.E
charged wire at any distance r Polar molecules have permanent electric dipole moment.

E 1
2 E MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
0r r
E .dA 0, represents charge inside close surface is (A) (2); (B) (1) because total charge on L.H.S. is
zero. Electric field as any point on the surface may be equal to total charge on R.H.S. (C) (4) charge q is
zero. integer times the charge on an electron (D) (3) because
Electric charge resides only on the surface of a both are positively charged.
spherical shell. According to Gauss's theorem the Electric dipole moment points from negative charge to
total electric flux over a closed surface is equal to the positive charge. Electric field points away from positive
1 charge. Electric flux is the scalar product of electric
times the total charge enclosed by the closed field and area vector and torque is vector product of
0 electric dipole moment and electric field.
surface.
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 261
charge The flux through the surface S is given by = ES cos .
Linear charge density, = Length When surface is rotated takes values 45° 0° – 45°
cos has maximum value at 0° therefore. The flux first
charge
Surface charge density, = increases, attain a maximum value and then decreases.
Area
Since electric field due to a point charge is inversely
charge proportional to the square of distance therefore the
Volume charge density, =
volume field decreases at the place of surface S as the charge
+ Q moves away. Therefore the flux given by E S
1 also decreases.
For a point sized dipole E , for an infinitely long
r3 Torque is given by t = pE sin q. When the dipole is
straight uniformly charged wire E 1 and for a point rotated from stable equillibrium to unstable equillibrium,
r takes values as 0° 90° 180° and sin takes
1 corresponding values as 0 1 0. Therefore torque
charge E .
r2 increases from 0, attains maximum value and then again
Therefore as distance decreases the increase in electric decreases to zero.
field is maximum for dipole [curve(c)], then for point The electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite
charge [curve (b)] and then for charged wire (curve
(a)). The electric field is constant for a uniformly charged plan e sh eet is given by E nˆ which is
2 0
plane sheet.
independent of distance from the sheet. Therefore field
remains constant.
DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS The flux is zero according to Gauss’ Law because it is a
open surface which enclosed a charge q.
The weight mg of the charge hold in air is in equillibrium
with net electrostatic force exerted by the four charges ASSERTION- REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
situated at the corners. The net electrostatic force is
given by the vector sum of the individual forces exerted Conservation of electric charge states that the total
by the charges at the corners. This is principle of charge of an isolated system remains unchanged with
superposition. time
Kq1q 2 Both the statements are independently correct.
From Coulomb’s law F = i.e., F 1 which is Because of repulsion, the free electrons will mole to the
r2 r2
correctly shown by graph (d). outer surface.
Coulomb force and gravitational force follow the
When charged rod is brought near uncharged same inverse-square law. But gravitational force has
conductor near end of conductor has opposite only one sign which is always attractive, while
charge.When for end of this conductor is connected coulomb force can be of both signs which are
is ground (i.e., earthed), charge of far end flows down attractive and repulasive.
to ground when for end connection and rod are Gravitational force is the dominating force in nature
removed charge on conductor spreads uniformly on and not coulomb's force. Gravitational force is the
surface. weakest force. Also, Coulomb's force > > gravitational
For the distances close to the charge at x = 0 the field is force.
very high and is in positive direction of x-axis. As we Coulomb attraction exists even when one body is
move towards the other charge the net electric field charged, and the other is uncharged.
becomes zero at x = a thereafter the influence of charge qd = e, md = 2mp = 2m
at x = 2a dominates and net field increases in negative q = 2e, m = 4mp = 4m
direction of x-axis and grows unboundedly as we come F1 = F = eE, F2 = F = 2eE F1
closer and closer to the charge at x = 2a.
The electric field around a charge propagates with the F1 eE
Further, a1
speed of light away from the charge. Therefore the 2m 2m
distance OP F2 2eE eE
required time = .
speed c and a 2 a1 s
2m 4m 2m
Force on any charge due to a number of other
Since lines of force starts from A and ends at B, so A is
+ve and B is –ve. Lines of forces are more crowded charges is the vector sum of all the forces on that
near A, so A > B. charge due to the other charges, taken one at a time.
The individual force are unaffected due to the
Since electric field E decreases inside water, therefore presence of other charges. This is the principle of
flux .A also decreases. superposition of charges.
 EBD_7208
262 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
The electrostatic shielding is possible by metallic Here, q1 = 1 × 10–7C, q2 and 2 × 10–7 C,
conductor. r = 20 cm = 20 × 10–2 m
The electric field will increase if positive charge is
q1 q2
brought in an electric field.
As F = 2
If +ve charge is displaced along x-axis, then net force 4 0r
will always act in a direction opposite to that of
displacement and the test charge will always come back 9 109 1 10 7
2 10 7
to its original position. = = 4.5 × 10–3 N
(20 10 2 )2
Statement-1 is correct. The induced field cancels the
external field. Statement-2 is false. When a current is
set up in a conductor, there exists an electric field 2q q –3q
inside it. P A B
The electric field due to disc is superposition of electric d
field due to its constituent ring as given in Reason. Let a charge 2q be placed at P, at a distance I from
Two field lines never intersect. A where charge q is placed, as shown in figure.
Though the net charge on the conductor is still zero The charge 2q will not experience any force, when
but due to induction negatively charged region is nearer force, when force of repulsion on it due to q is
to the rod as compared to the positively charged region. balanced by force of attraction on it due to –3q at B
That is why the conductor gets attracted towards the where AB = d
rod.
Electric field at any point depends on presence of all (2q)( q) (2q )( 3q)
or 2
charges. 4 0 4 0( d )2
The restoring torque brings it back to its stable
( + d)2 = 3 2
equillibrium.
or 2 2 – 2 d – d2 = 0
The rate of decrease of electric field is different in the
two cases. In case of a point charge, it decreases as
2d 4d 2 2d 2 d 3d
1/r2 but in the case of electric dipole it decreases =
more rapidly, as E 1/r3. 4 2 2

E.A EA cos , this value can be zero, if either E is 3d d

=
zero or = 90°. But it must show that net charge inside 2
close surface is zero. Here q1 = q2 = 3.2 × 10–7 C, r = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Since for an infinitely long straight uniformly charged 1 q1q2
Electrostatic force, F = 4
wire, E on moving a distance two times the 0 r2
2 0 r
initial distance away from wire, the distance from wire 9 109 (3.2 10 7 ) 2
= = 2.56 × 10–3 N
becomes 3r. Therefore final value of electric field (0.6) 2
E Let q charge is situated at the mid position of the line
E . AB. The distance between AB is x. A and B be the
2 0 3r 3
positions of charges Q and Q respectively.
CRITICALTHINKING TYPE QUESTIONS A C B
Q x x Q
q
On touching the metal knob with a positively charged
2 2
rod some electrons from the gold leaves get transferred x
to the rod making gold leaves positively charged and
they get separated. When a negatively charged rod is x x
Let AC , BC
touched with metal knob some negative charge flows 2 2
to the gold leaves lessening the positive charge there The force on A due to charge q at C,
and the separation between the leaves decreases.
1 Q.q
F CA . along AC
Electrostatic force is given by 4 0 ( x / 2) 2
1 q1q 2 The force on A due to charge Q at B
F
4 0 r2 1 Q2
F AB . along BA
Here, charge and distance are same. So, force between 4 0 x2
two protons will be same
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 263
The system is in equilibrium, then two oppositely When a charge + q is placed at the centre of spherical
directed force must be equal, i.e., total force on A is as shown in figure.
equal to zero. +q
R2
F CA F AB 0 F CA F AB
–q
1 4Q.q –1 Q2
. . R1
+q
4 0 x2 4 0 x2

Q
q
4
Charge induced on the inner surface of shell
Let n be the number of electrons missing.
=–q ... (i)
1 q2 Charge induced on the outer surface of shell
F q 4 2
0d F ne =+q ... (ii)
4 0 d2
q
2 Surface charge density on the inner surface = 4 R 2
4 0 Fd
n 1
e2
Here, D = 2r = 4.4 m, or = r = 2.2 m
(Fnet )q 0 = 60 C m–2
Charge on the sphere, q = × 4 r2
Qq 4q 2 22
k k 0
2 2 = 60 × 10–6 × 4 × × (2.2)2 = 3.7 × 10–3 C
7
2 Here, = 2.4 m, r = 4.6 mm = 4.6 × 10–3 m
q = – 4.2 × 10–7 C
/2 /2
q
q Q 4q Linear charge density,

where k
1 4.2 10 7
4 = = –1.75 ×10–7 C m–1
0 2.4
4Qq + 4q2 = 0
Q=–q Electric field, E = 2
0r
2 7
1 q 1.75 10
In vacuum, F …(i) = 12 3
r2 4 0 2 3.14 8.854 10 4.6 10
Suppose, force between the chrages is same when = –6.7 × 105 N C–1
charges are r distance apart in dielectric. q q 3
E Ar q 4 o Ar
2
4 or 4 r2
1 q2 0
F' …(ii) – eE = mg
4 2
0 kr '
31
From (i) and (ii), kr'2 = r 2 or, r 9.1 10 10 11
kr ' E = 5.6 10 N/C
19
In the given situation, force between the charges would 1.6 10
be
kQ E r2 3 106 (2.5)2
2 2 E Q
F'
1 q 4 q 4F r2 k 9 109
4 2 9 4 0r 2 9
0 r r
4 2 10 3 C
2 2
Unit positive charge at O will be repelled equally by
They will not experience any force if | FG | | Fe | three charges at the three corners of triangle. By
symmetry, resultant E at O would be zero.
m2 1 q2 q Charge resides on the outer surface of a conducting
G . 4 0G
(16 10 2 )2 4 0 (16 10 2 2
) m hollow sphere of radius R. We consider a spherical
surface of radius r < R.
 EBD_7208
264 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
By Gauss theorem
Intensity of electric field due to a Dipole

p 1
R E= E
4 0r
3 3cos 2 1 r3
O S
r When the dipole is in the direction of field then net
E
force is qE + (–qE) = 0
E
–q a q
1 1
E.ds charge enclosed or E 4 r 2 0
s 0 0 and its potential energy is minimum = – p.E.
E 0 = – qaE
i.e electric field inside a hollow sphere is zero. The torque on the dipole is given as
Here, q = 1 C, 8.85 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2 = PE sin
Number of lines of force = Electric force The potential energy of the dipole in the electric field is
given as
q 1 U = – PE cos
= = 1.13 × 1011
0 8.85 10 12
17 N 1
2.57 10 Cm 3.0 10 4
Electric flux, = EA cos , where C 2
= angle between E and normal to the surface.
13
3.855 10 Nm.
Here Torque, p E pE sin
2
0 4 = p × 2 × 105 × sin 30°
The flux for both the charges exactly cancels the effect 4
or, p = 4 10 5 Cm
of each other. 2 10 sin 30 5

Dipole moment, p = q × l
E (ds) cos E (2 r 2 ) cos 0º 2 r 2 E .
p 4 10 5
For the curved surface, = 90º q 2 10 3 C 2mC
l 0.02
E ds cos90º 0 . Since = pE sin on decreasing the distance between
According to Gauss’ Law the two charges, and on decreasing angle between
Q enclosed by closed surface the dipole and electric field, sin decreases therefore
E.ds flux torque decreases.
o If electric dipole, the flux coming out from positive
so total flux = Q/ o charge is equal to the flux coming in at negative
Since cube has six face, so flux coming out through one charge i.e. total charge on sphere = 0. From Gauss
wall or one face is Q/6 o. law, total flux passing through the sphere = 0.
Length of the dipole (2l) = 10cm = 0.1m or l = According to Gauss's theorem,
0.05 m
q
Charge on the dipole (q) = 500 C = 500 × 10–6 C and E ds Here ds 4 R2
distance of the point on the axis from the mid-point of 0
the dipole (r) = 20 + 5 = 25 cm = 0.25 m.
q / 4 R2
We know that the electric field intensity due to dipole E [ q / 4 R2 ]
on the given point (E) 0

1 2(q.2l )r or E / o
= 2 2 2
4 0 (r l ) Q in
By Gauss’s theorem, =
6 0
2(500 10 0.1) 0.25
9 109 Thus, the net flux depends only on the charge enclosed
[(0.25) 2 (0.05) 2 ]2 by the surface. Hence, there will be no effect on the net
flux if the radius of the surface is doubled.
225 103
= 6.25 107 N / C (k = 1 for air)
3
3.6 10