UCSAP QTR 1 Week12

0
Department of Education
Region IV – MIMAROPA
ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Jose J. Leido, Jr. Memorial National High School) J. P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City
Division of Calapan City Telefax No. (043) 288 – 8811
www.jjleidocalapan.com.ph
Understanding Culture Society and Politics

WEEK 1
MELC – Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of anthropology, sociology and political science
Sociology – is the study of human societies. It is a branch of social science that uses various methods of
empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social
structure and activity. Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of face – to – face interaction to the macro
level of societies at large. It is a broad discipline in terms of both methodology and subject matter.
– It studies human social behavior. Social Interaction is how people relate to one another and influence each
other’s behavior.
– Its traditional focuses have included social stratification, social relations, social interaction, religion, culture
and deviance.
The Nature of Sociology

A perspective is a particular point of view. We all see what is happening around us through our own perspective.
The Discipline of the Social Sciences

Social Science is a branch of learning that deals with human society.
Sociological Perspective
The sociological perspective helps you see that all people are social beings. It tells you that your behavior is
influenced by social factors and that they have learned from your behavior.
ACTIVITY/TO DO/NOTE: In your paper/notebook;

1. Research/Explore the Origins of Sociology during the 1700s up to 1800s.
2. Write down the names of The European Scholars from 1700s up to 1900s.
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Theoretical Perspective
Three broad theoretical perspective form the basis of modern sociology. These are the functionalist
perspective, the conflict perspective and the interactionalist perspective. Essentially, each one is a lens that
presents a slightly different image of society or focuses on different aspect of social life.
1. Functionalist Perspective focuses heavily on the structure of society, it is also called structural
functionalism. According to functionalists, society is held together through consensus. Most people agree
on what is best for the society and work together to ensure that the social system runs smoothly. Topics of
interest to functionalist sociologists include the functions that family, religion, education, and the economy
serve in society.
According to Robert Merton (1996), there are two kinds of functions:

a. Manifest Function is the intended and recognized consequence of some elements of society. For
example, the manifest function of the automobile is to provide speed and transportation from one place
to another.
b. Latent Function is unintended and unrecognized consequences of an element society. A latent
function of the automobile is to gain social standing through the display of wealth.
c. Dysfunction is the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.
Dysfunctional elements such as crime, disrupt the working society as a whole and create social
problem. Dysfunction can lead to social change, because to re-establish social stability, the various
elements of the society must adopt and adjust.
Assumptions of Functionalism
a. A society is a relatively integrated whole.
b. A society tends to seek relative stability.
c. Most aspect of the society contribute to the society’s well-being and survival.
d. A society rest on the consensus of its members.
2. Conflict Perspective focuses on the force in the society that emphasizes conflict, competition, change, and
constraint within the society (Giddens, 1987, 2005) Conflict theorist s are interested in the how those who
possess more power in the society exercise control over those with less power in the society. Conflict theorists
do not limit their intention to acts of violent conflict. They are also interested in the nonviolent competition
between various groups in the society, men and women of different ages, or people of different racial or
national backgrounds. Some of the topics that conflict sociologists research include decision making in the
family, relationships among racial groups and disputes between workers and employees.
Assumptions of the Conflict perfective
a. A society experiences inconsistency and conflict everywhere.
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b. A society is continually suspected to change.

c. A society involves the constraint and coercion of some members of the society.
3. Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective focus on how the people use symbols when interacting. This involves
imagining how others see things. Interactionist see social interaction, as more individuals reacting to each
other’s action. Rather, it involves individuals constantly defining and interpreting each other’s action.
Essential Elements:
a. Meaning -The individual respond to people and things based on the meanings he or she gives to those
people or things.
b. Language- Meanings arise out of the social interaction through the vehicle of language that the
individual has with others.
c. Thought – The individual adjusts and modifies meaning through thought - a kind of internal
conversation.
Assumptions in the Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective

a. People’s interpretations of symbols are based on the meaning they learn from others
b. People base their interaction on their interpretation of symbols
c. Symbols permit people to have internal conversation. Thus, they can gear their interaction to the
behavior that they think others expect of them and the behavior they expect from others.
ANTHROPOLOGY The etymology or origin of the term anthropology can be traced back to two Greek
words, ‘anthropos’ and ‘logos’. When translated into English,
‘anthropos’ means human’ while ‘logos’ refers to ‘knowledge’. In this sense, anthropology can be
understood as the ‘knowledge about humans’ (Ibid.). It has its intellectual origins in both natural
sciences and the humanities.
Its basic questions concern, “What defines homo sapiens? Who are the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens?
“What are our physical traits?” “How do we behave?” “Why are there variations and differences among
different group of humans?” ”How has the evolutionary past of homo sapiens influenced its social
organizations and culture?”, etc.
POLITICAL SCIENCE is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics and the
description and the analysis of political system and political behavior. It is often described as the study of
politics defined as “who gets what, when and how.” Political Science has several subfields including
political theory, public policy, national politics, international relations and comparative politics.
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It is methodologically diverse, to the discipline include classical political philosophy. interpretivism,

structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism and institutionalism. It uses methods and techniques
that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical document and official
records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case
studies and model building.
It is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of
political systems and political behavior.
As one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought.
Sociological Approaches to the Study of Society

Sociologists use three theoretical approaches: the structural-functional approach, the social-conflict
approach, and the symbolic-interaction approach. A theoretical approach is a basic image of society that
guides thinking and research (Macionis 2012: 12)
Structural-Functional Approach
Structural-functionalists view society as a “complex system whose parts work together to promote
solidarity and stability” (Macionis 2012: 12). It involves an analysis of social structure, “any relatively
stable pattern of social behavior. Social structure gives our lives shape—in families, the workplace, the
classroom, the community.” The approach seeks to identify a structure’s social functions, or “the
consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole” (Ibid). It is an approach that is
influenced by the ideas of Auguste Comte (1798–1857) who coined the term sociology in 1838, and Emile
Durkheim (18581917).
Robert K. Merton (1910–2003) also made significant contributions by distinguishing between “manifest
functions, the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern and latent functions, the
unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern. He also recognized social dysfunction,
any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society” (Macionis 2012:13).
Social-Conflict Approach
The social-conflict approach sees society as an “arena of inequality that generates conflict and change”
(Macionis 2012: 13). It therefore highlights inequality and change. In contrast to the structural-functionalist
approach, it does not see the social structure as promoting the smooth operation of society. Instead, it
focuses on how social patterns benefit the dominant groups in society. Typically, “people on top try to
protect their privileges while the disadvantaged try to gain more for themselves”(Ibid).
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Symbolic-Interaction Approach
The symbolic-interaction approach sees society as the “product of the everyday interactions of
individuals” (Macionis 2012: 16). Human beings live in a world of symbols. In the process of social
interaction, they attach meaning to everything.
Macro and micro levels of analysis
- It should be noted that the Structural-Functional and Social-Conflict Approaches Have a macro-level
orientation, or a broad focus on social structures that shape. Society as a whole. In contrast, the Symbolic-
Interaction Approach uses a micro level orientation a close-up focus on social interaction in specific
situations (Macionis 2012: 16).
Table: Compare and contrast

Sociology Anthropology
Focuses on social process Focuses on culture

Recent social science Recent social science
Understands way of life, society culture Understand way of life, society culture
Complimented by anthropological research Complimented by sociological

research
Originated from Western civilization Originated from primitive groups
(historical) ( pre historic)
Method: particular ( sampling) Methods: generic (holistic)
ACTIVITY/TO DO/ NOTE RESEARCH ? EXPLORE.

Read available materials for the following. You may use dictionary or research on the internet.
Write your answer in your paper/notebook.
Other Areas of Sociology:
1. Social Organization
2. Social Psychology
3. Social Change and Social Disorganization
4. Human Ecology
5. Population and Demography
6. Sociological Theory and Method 7. Applied Sociology
Branches of Anthropology
1. Physical - Racial history - Paleontology -Human Genetics
2. Cultural - Ethnography – Ethnology- Social Anthropology
3. Archaeology
4. Linguistic
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References:
Sociology
https://www.google.com/search?q=sociology&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=Sociology&aqs=chrome.0.0i433i5
12j0i131i433i512j0i131i433i457i512j0i512l2j0i131i433i512j0i512l4.1192j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Famous Philosophers
https://www.google.com/search?q=1.+Research%2FExplore+the+Origins+of+Sociology+during+the+1700s+up+to+1800s.
&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=1.%09Research%2FExplore+the+Origins+of+Sociology+during+the+1700s+up+to
+1800s.&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.1533j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Branches of Sociology
https://www.google.com/search?q=branches+of+anthropology&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=Branches+of+Anthro
pology&aqs=chrome.0.0i512l8j0i22i30l2.2676j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Anthropology
https://www.google.com/search?q=anthropology&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=ANTHROPOLOGY&aqs=chrome.
0.0i67i433l2j0i67j0i67i131i433i457j0i67l6.1511j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
6
Understanding Culture Society and Politics

WEEK 2
MELC – Analyse the concept, aspect and changes in/ of culture and society.
Culture-the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
Human Cultural variation- refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit
around the world, ex. Good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad in another. Ex. Smiling in
the Philippines is a good etiquette while in Japan smiling is showing shyness.
Subculture – is a part of the dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects.
Example: Residents of Manila Chinatown in Binondo, Manila have many broad Phil. Cultural traits,
such as going to public school, playing with toys and working at similar jobs, it also includes the
Chinese language and specific foods and celebrations that are not shared by most Filipinos.
Counterculture – is a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central belief

or attitudes of the dominant culture.
• Examples of primary teenage counter cultures include the “goth” and the “punk”
scenes.
Cultural Change-is a term used in public policy making that emphasizes the influences of
cultural capital on individual and the community behavior.
• All cultures around the world are constantly changing
• Reasons for change
1. Discovery – the process of finding something that already exist
2. Invention – the creation of something new
3. Diffusion- the borrowing aspects of culture from other cultures
➢
ACTIVITY 1 /TO DO /Note:
INQUIRY:
Observe from your surroundings. Ask your parents or older adult on the changes that
occurred in the past years or decades that changed the culture. Have your answers
written in your paper/notebook.
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Society-a community, nation, or broad grouping of people having common traditions,

institution and collective activities and interests
Social Differences - are the situations where people are discriminated against on the basis
of social, economic, and racial inequality.
Social Change- refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural
values and norms, the transformation of culture and social organization/ structure over time.
Characteristic of Social Change

• It happens everywhere, but the rate of change varies from place to place.
• It is sometimes intentional but often unplanned.
• Social change often generates controversy.
• Some changes matter more than others do.
Causes of Social Change

1. Cultural change – a system that constantly loses and gains components.
✓
Invention – produce new products, ideas and social patterns
✓
Discovery –finding something that has been found before or finding something new in
something that already exist.
✓
Diffusion – spreading of ideas and objects to other societies, involve trading, migration,
and mass communication
2. Conflict- to come into collision or disagreement; be contradictory, at variance, or in opposition;
clash
3. Idealistic Factors – include values, beliefs and ideologies

Ex: Freedom and Self – determination, Material growth and security
Nationalism, Capitalism, Marxism
4. The Need For Adaptation

a. Ex: the development of efficient bureaucracies is an adaptive response of firms to
competitive economic environment.
5. Environmental Factors-(ecological factors) is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences the
living organisms Ex. Drought and famine external elements
e.g. Economy, politics, regulations, climate, geography, technology, cultural trends, etc.
6. Economic & Political Advantage – international shifts in economic and political gain (ASEAN
SUMMIT)
7. Demographic Change – occurs from an increase in the population or human migration between
the areas.
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8. Social Movements and Change – type of group action; defined as organizational structures and
strategies that may empower oppressed population to mount effective challenges and resist the
more powerful and advantaged elites
9. Consumerism- is a social and economic order and ideology that encourages the acquisition of
goods and services in ever-increasing amounts
10. The Role of Values and Ethics

✓
Values – are central organising principles or ideas that govern and determine human
behaviour.
✓
Ethics-a system of moral principles; the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a
particular class of human actions or a particular group culture, etc.
11. Religion- a cause, a principle, or a system of beliefs held to with ardour (passion) and faith
12. Technology and Information-involves the development, maintenance, and the use of computer
systems, software, and networks for the processing and distribution data.
➢
ACTIVITY 2 /TO DO /Note:
Choose 5 Causes of social change. Analyse how it affect the society.
Write your answer in your paper/notebook.
References:
Culture
https://www.google.com/search?q=Culture&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=Culture&aqs=chro
me..69i57j0i433i512l2j0i512j0i131i433i512j0i433i512j0i512l2j0i433i512j0i512.1407j0j7&sourceid=ch
rome&ie=UTF-8
Human Cultural Variation https://www.google.com/search?q=Human+Cultural+variation-

&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=Human+Cultural+variation-
&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30l9.1225j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Causes of Social Change

https://www.google.com/search?q=causes+of+social+change&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH924PH926&oq=Causes+of+Social+
Change&aqs=chrome.0.0i512l10.1132j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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Understanding Culture Society and Politics

The Nature of Sociology

The Discipline of the Social Sciences

ACTIVITY/TO DO/NOTE: In your paper/notebook;

According to Robert Merton (1996), there are two kinds of functions:

b. A society is continually suspected to change.

Assumptions in the Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective

It is methodologically diverse, to the discipline include classical political philosophy. interpretivism,

Sociological Approaches to the Study of Society

Table: Compare and contrast

Focuses on social process Focuses on culture

Complimented by anthropological research Complimented by sociological

ACTIVITY/TO DO/ NOTE RESEARCH ? EXPLORE.

Understanding Culture Society and Politics

Counterculture – is a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central belief

Society-a community, nation, or broad grouping of people having common traditions,

Characteristic of Social Change

Causes of Social Change

3. Idealistic Factors – include values, beliefs and ideologies

4. The Need For Adaptation

10. The Role of Values and Ethics

Human Cultural Variation https://www.google.com/search?q=Human+Cultural+variation-

Causes of Social Change

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