Ordering in a fast-food restaurant (I

Oral Communication o
want…)
I. Functions of Communication o Asking for milk (Can I…?)
 Refers to how humans use language for o Making petitions
different purposes o Expressing a need (I need…)
 Communication as a human activity always Information
serves a function. With this idea in mind,
Jakobson, Halliday, and Malinowski  Communication can be used in giving and
categorized these uses or functions into getting information. Giving information
o Regulation/ Control usually comes in the form of statements of
o Social Interaction facts (declaratives)
o Motivation  Basic forms:
o Information o I have three sisters
o Emotional Expression o For every action, there is a reaction
o Did you know that some earphones can be
used as microphones?
Regulation/ Control o Where is Mrs. Ching?
o Did it rain last night?
 Communication can be used to control
o Is it windy outside?
behavior or regulate the nature and amount of
o Show me how to tie a knot
activities humans engage in
o I don’t know where to find the city hall
 It ranges from simple requests to laws
o Interviewing
governing countries and large territories
o Teaching
 Basic forms:
o Pointing the direction using hands or lips
o Doctor’s prescription
o Parent’s instruction to their children Emotional Expression
o Friends giving advice on what course of
action to take  This function refers to the use of language to
o Scolding express love, joy, fear, anger, hope, or any
o Employers’ orders to their employees other emotion
o Customers making orders  Humans always need to express their emotion
o Commanders or Imperatives verbally and nonverbally. We feel about
 Please come in people and ourselves and the expression of it is
 Get a chair natural and important
 Take your seat  Basic forms:
 Run o Yes!
o Rhetorical Question o Oh no!
 Why don’t we go to the lobby now? o Ouch!
 Can you pass the salt? o Expletives
 Can I have a moment of silence? o Really?
o That’s exciting!
Social Interaction
o I feel sad
 In this function, we use language to socialize o Pouting
or interact with other people o Comforting each other
 In their daily course of living, human beings o Expressing each other’s feelings
develop and maintain bonds, intimacy, o Eye contact
relations, and associations o Punching someone
 Basic forms: o Shutting the door hard
o Invitations
In communicating, we get to identify or exhibit the
o Greetings
functions effectively through nonverbal cues.
o Appreciations
o Encouragements
o Marriage Proposal Why do you think there’s a need to express oneself
o Hugging/cuddling authentically when communication?
o Saying Hi
 To avoid miscommunication
Motivation  To build connection to other people to make
them trust you that you have real intentions
 A function of communication to express
desires, wants, likes, and dislikes, inclinations,
choices, and aspirations
 Basic forms:
o Expressing one’s ambitions (I dream of…)
o Talking about preferences (This is better
that that)

II. Different Communicative
Communication situation
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal
2. Interpersonal
a. Dyad
b. Small Group
3. Public
4. Mass Communication
Intrapersonal
 Communication that centers on one person
where the speakers act both as the sender and
the receiver.
 Hybels and Weaver (2012, p.16)
o The message is made up of your own
thoughts and feelings. The channel is
your brain which processes what you
are thinking and feeling. There is
feedback in the sense that as you talk to
yourself, you discard certain ideas and
replace them with others.
 Example:
o Asking yourself
o Thinking
o Studying
o You spent the night thinking and
analyzing why a student from the other
class talked to you on the way home and
you decide it probably meant nothing
Interpersonal
 Communication between and among people
and establishes personal relationship between
and among them.
 According to Solomon and Theiss, (2013)
o “inter” – highlights how interpersonal
communication connects people
o “personal” – unique qualities as a
person matter during interpersonal
communication
 Dyad
o Occurs between two people
 Conversation with your gf/bf
 You offered feedback on the
speech performance of your
classmate
 You provided comfort who
was feeling down.
 Small Group
o Involves at least three but not more
than twelve people engaging in a face-
to-face interaction
 Group meeting
Public
 Refers to communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in front
of a group
 Direct personal communication / face-to-face
 Example:
o You deliver a graduation speech to your
batch
o You participate in a declamation,
oratorical, or debate contest watched by
several people
Mass communication
 Refers to a communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspaper,
magazines, books, internet, and other types of
media
 Indirect because it uses media to deliver the
message
 Examples:
o You are a student journalist articulating
your stand on current issues through the
school’s newspaper
o Online class
III. Speech Styles
 The form of language that the speaker uses
which is characterized by the degree of the
formality from the most formal to the least
formal style (Martin Joo, 1976)
 Are patterns of speaking characterized by
distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, intent,
participants, and grammatical structures
 5 types: Frozen, formal, consultative, casual,
and intimate style
Frozen Style
 Most highly formal style which uses the most
complex grammatical structure and vocabulary
known only to experts in a particular field.
 Being memorized or it has a script
 Utilized customary and ritualized expressions
 Examples:
o Marriage vow
o Reciting the Panatang Makabayan
o Praying the Holy Rosary
 It is FROZEN because
o Remains unchanged
o Revisions need careful development
of thoughts and other technical
writing considerations
Formal Style
 Inform and captivate audience
 Generally used in formal situations, where
there is the least amount of shared background
and the communication in this style is largely
one way or little to no feedback from the
audience
 Examples:
o Sermons
o Graduation speeches
o Announcements in school
 o Good morning, everyone Praised be
Jesus and Mary.

Consultative Style

 Used in a semi-formal communication

IV. Speech Acts
 A style that shows our norm for coming to
 When we speak a language, we are performing
term with strangers who speak our language
a speech act
but whose personal stock of information may
 Any of the acts that may be performed by a
be different
speaker in making an utterance, according to
 Giving or receiving a feedback
their intention/ purpose
 Examples:
 Considered in terms of the content of the
o Consultations
message (locution), the intention of the
o Communicating with your research
speaker (illocution), and the effect of the
adviser listener (perlocution)
o Having a check-up
 Happens in a two-way participation Utterances
 Used in negotiating with strangers or work
 Set of phrases
colleagues
 Intentional action (should be properly
 It is also used in small group discussions and
understood by the listeners)
in business-like situations
 We base our political preference according to
Casual/ Informal Style their intention

 Style is common among friends and peers

 Free and easy participation
 Of both speaker and listener
 Diction or vocabulary to use is informal or
colloquial
 Examples: 3 Types of Speech Act
o Hey guys
o Leggo By Austin
o It’s kinda…

Intimate Style

 Used in conversations between people who are

very close
 Also, free and easy participation
 Language used is not public
 Examples: Locution
o Using endearments
o Holding hands  Example:
o Hugging o When a teacher is asking a student
how are they doing

Illocution

 Example:
o The teacher want to know how her
students how they are doing

Perlocution

 Example:
o The feedback of the students
 The types of speech delivery may be varied according
to easiness, but one thing is for sure: the easiest
approach to speech delivery isn’t always the best.

Reading from a Manuscript

 Word-for-word iteration of a written message

 The speaker maintains his or her attention on
the printed page of his/her speech except when
V. Purposive Communication using visual aids
Types of Speeches  Advantage
o Exact repetition of original words

According to Purpose: Memorized Speech

 Expository/ informative Speech  Rote recitation of a written message that the

 Persuasive Speech
 Entertainment Speech
These are not mutually exclusive of one another; you
may have several purposes in mind while giving a
speech. However, the principle purpose of your speech
will generally fall under either of these basic types.
speaker has committed to memory
 Memorization can be useful when the message
needs to be exact but you don’t want to be
confined by notes
 Advantage:
o It enables the speaker to maintain eye
contact with the audience throughout
the speech

Expository/ Informative Speech
 Serves to provide interesting and useful
information to your audience.
 Examples:
o A teacher talking her students about
earthquakes
o A student talking about her research
o A travelogue about the tower of
London
Persuasive Speech
 Works to convince people to change in some
way: the way they think, the way they do
something, or to star doing something that they
are not currently doing
 Examples:
o Become an organ donor
o Improve your health better eating
o Television violence is a negative
influence
Entertainment Speech
 The speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment
that makes the audience laugh or identify with
anecdotal information
 Examples:
o The after-dinner speech
o Talks by stand-up comedians
o Spoken poetry
According to Delivery:
 Reading from a Manuscript
 Memorized Speech
 Impromptu Speech
 Extemporaneous Speech
Impromptu Speech
 Presentation of a short message without
advance preparation
 Often occur when someone is asked to say a
few words or give a toast for a special
occasion
 Advantage:
o It is spontaneous and responsive in an
animated group context
o Usually more genuine
 Disadvantage:
o The speaker is given little or no time
to contemplate the central theme of
his/her message
o Generally, most successful when
speech is brief and focus on a single
point
Extemporaneous Speech
 Presentation of a carefully planned and
rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational
manner using brief notes
 Uses notes instead of a full manuscript, thus,
speaker can establish and maintain eye contact
with the audience and assess how well they are
understanding the speech as it progresses
 Advantages
o Promotes the likelihood that the
speaker will be perceived as
knowledgeable and credible
o Also, your audience is likely to pay
better attention to the message
because it is engaging both verbally
and nonverbally
 Disadvantage:
o Requires a great deal of preparation
for both the verbal and nonverbal
components of the speech