Structures 33 (2021) 971–985

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Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/structures

Permeation, corrosion, and drying shrinkage assessment of self-compacting

high strength concrete comprising waste marble slurry and fly ash, with
silica fume
Rakesh Choudhary a, Rajesh Gupta a, *, Thamer Alomayri b, Abhishek Jain c, Ravindra Nagar a
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
b
Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Civil Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur 302017, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Production of self-compacting high-strength concrete (SCHSC) needs a colossal quantity of cement, which is
Self-compacting high strength concrete perilous for the environment and economy. Researchers are intended to lower down the dependency on this
Waste marble slurry cement and seeking for alternate green materials. The incorporation of industrial by-products together with
Fly ash
mineral admixtures has been found suitable to minimize aforesaid problems. This investigation is, therefore,
Silica fume
Durability
aimed to study the durability performance of SCHSC by comprising silica fume and fly ash (mineral admixture),
XRD and waste marble slurry (WMS) as an alternative to cement. The durability of such SCHSC mixes was evaluated
by performing water permeability, chloride penetration, carbonation, corrosion, and drying shrinkage tests. X-
Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out for the microstructural formation of SCHSC mixes. The results
revealed that the incorporation of mineral admixture and WMS improved the durability performance of the
mixes. The durability parameters confirm the optimal performance of the SCHSC made with 10% of WMS and
15% of fly ash, with 5% of silica fume.

1. Introduction
The relaxed and easygoing production of structural concrete makes it
the most demanding product in the construction field. However, it
consumes a huge quantity of natural and artificial resources [1]. Thus,
the researchers are involved in developing new techniques, modern
approaches, and finding alternate ingredients for the production of low-
cost, sustainable, and durable structural concrete. As a result of the new
evolution of conventional vibrated concrete (CVC), an advanced form of
structural concrete named “self-compacting concrete” (SCC) was
conceived in 1988. This product was invented to overcome the shortage
of skilled labor during the concreting process and to provide a long
service life by the structural members [2]. SCC has very special char­
acteristics that allow constructing complex structures, concreting in
heavily reinforced sections, reduction in construction noise, elimination
of vibrators, fast construction, and smooth external finishing [3].
In addition, the use of SCC makes the concept of colored concrete
also come true. However, the mix design of SCC requires a huge content
of cement (400–600 kg/m3) [4], fine aggregates, and superplasticizer.
This ultimately leads the higher cement production and cement pro­
duction is accountable for the exudation of carbon dioxide to the envi­
ronment which involves the diminution of the ozone layer [5]. Higher
demand for cement and superplasticizer is challenging for civil and
environmental engineers. Thus, the researchers are involved in finding
the new and green alternatives of conventional resources for sustainable
development which is also beneficial for the environment [6,7]. Many
industrial by-products and stone wastes have the potential to serve as
the partial substitute of the cement productively and beneficially [8].
Currently, many potential substitutes of cement such as, waste
marble slurry (WMS), silica fume (SF), granite waste, rice husk ash, fly
ash (FA), metakaolin, etc. are there [9–12]. These materials have many
adverse effects on the environment also, and utilization of these mate­
rials as a partial cement substitute in SCC could lead to cleaner pro­
duction. However, the utilization of waste materials in SCC always
encompasses an ambiguity in their virtue and could lead to mechanical
and durability concerns. Therefore, performance evaluation in terms of
fresh, hardened, and durability is always needed and the thorough
investigation of these waste materials and their behavior would lead to

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rgupta.ce@mnit.ac.in (R. Gupta).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.008
Received 29 January 2021; Received in revised form 15 April 2021; Accepted 4 May 2021
Available online 14 May 2021
2352-0124/© 2021 Institution of Structural Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R. Choudhary et al.
enduring in the construction field. In this study, the durability perfor­
mance of SCC comprising mineral admixture (i.e., SF and FA) and WMS
was assessed.
1.1. Literature review
Marble is a globally used ornamental stone that is being used in
floors, interiors, sculptures, etc. The cutting and polishing process of
dimensional marble stone involves generating WMS. Rajasthan (India)
alone responsible for generating around six million tonnes of WMS every
year [13]. Such a bulk augmentation of WMS has plagued with disposal
and environmental problems [14]. The safe disposal of WMS is also
responsible for the extra financial burden on the marble cutting and
processing industries [15]. Thus, the researchers are inclined towards
the sustainable utilization of WMS in a lucrative manner. In order to
endorse the utilization of WMS in concrete Vardhan et al. [16]
substituted the WMS in CVC as fine aggregate and investigated the in­
fluence on drying shrinkage. They reported a positive effect on drying
shrinkage up to 60% replacement level. However, Kabeer and Vyas [14]
also replaced fine aggregate with WMS in the mortar and reported an
increment in drying shrinkage. Singh et al. [17] studied the consequence
of WMS on compressive strength and drying shrinkage of the cement-
based mortar and concrete mixes. They adumbrated that increasing
the WMS replacement in mortar as a cement substitute resulted in
decreased drying shrinkage values. However, the carbonation depth got
increased.
Moreover, many studies are also available based on the durability
performance of SCC and CVC incorporating WMS. Alyousef et al. [18]
studied the durability performance of SCC, incorporating WMS and
limestone powder (20% of total powder) as a filler (cementitious ma­
trix). They observed higher resistance against carbonation depth as well
as water penetration depth by incorporation of WMS. However, it was in
contradiction with the results adumbrated by Singh et al. [17] with
mortar mixes. Ghorbani et al. [19] studied the corrosion behavior of
WMS incorporated SCC mixes. They concluded that up to 10% cement
replacement with WMS accelerated the corrosion resistance of the SCC
mix. Li et al. [20] investigated the durability performance of the WMS
confluent mortar mixes. They incorporated WMS in mortar at the level
of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% as cement substitute. The authors re­
ported a higher percentage of carbonation depth reduction at a 20%
replacement level. They also reported that the incorporation of WMS
resulted in decreased drying shrinkage. Taji et al. [21] also studied the
corrosion behavior of WMS and granite waste incorporated CVC. They
reported that up to 20% replacement of cement with WMS improved the
corrosion resistance of the CVC mix.
Numerous authors have reported the influence of FA on the dura­
bility of CVC and SCC [1,22–29]. Esquinas et al. [1] investigated the
durability of SCC after the replacement of cement with FA (non-con­
firming FA). They found a positive impact of FA on drying shrinkage of
SCC. However, the carbonation depth of the SCC mix having non-
confirming FA got enlarged as compared to the reference mix. Also,
the water penetration depth got amplified. Z. Yu et al. [30] investigated
the water permeability of FA blended cement pastes. The authors
replaced the cement with FA at 30% and 50% and found inferior water
permeability than the reference mix. Kristiawan and Aditya [22] studied
the consequence of high-volume FA on drying shrinkage of SCC. They
observed that the drying shrinkage got decreased as FA substitution
increased. They found the lowest drying shrinkage after the 65% sub­
stitution of FA in SCC.
Earlier, a similar finding was also reported for SCC by J.M. Katib
[23]. He replaced cement with FA at the level of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%,
and 80%. The author reported the lowest drying shrinkage at the sub­
stitution level of 80%. Abdalhmid et al. [24] also replaced the cement
with up to 60% of FA. The authors investigated the influence of FA on
the drying shrinkage strain of SCC. They concluded that the substitution
of FA in SCC resulted in a lower shrinkage strain. They also reported that
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Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
at similar water to binder ratio (w/b) SCC revealed higher shrinkage
strain than the normal CVC. Herrera et al [25] investigated the influence
of FA and limestone powder on the drying shrinkage of SCC. They also
reported lower drying shrinkage at a higher FA level (60%). Islam and
Islam [26] investigated the water permeability and chloride perme­
ability characteristics of FA blended concrete mixes. The authors
concluded the optimum results at a 30% replacement level of FA. Ismail
et al. [27] also investigated the water permeability and chloride
permeability of FA and slag blended concrete mixes. The authors
concluded that FA blended mixes were more durable than OPC-based
mixes.
Dehwah [28] studied the behavior of SCC against corrosion by
introducing fly ash, silica fume, and quarry dust. The author concluded
that the SCC mix having 30% of SF had revealed the highest corrosion.
While the SCC mix having 5% SF revealed the lowest corrosion in steel
bars. Singh and Singh [29] studied the carbonation resistance of the FA-
based SCC. The authors have reported a tremendous drop in carbonation
resistance at high volume (60%) FA replacement in SCC as compared to
low volume (30%) replacement. Ashish [31] conducted a pioneered
study on durability evaluation of WMS and SF incorporated CVC. The
author reported that the incorporation of 10% SF in CVC as a cement
substitute resulted in higher resistance against carbonation. The
carbonation resistance of the CVC mix having 10% WMS as a cement
substitute was also found to be better. Massana et al. [32] studied the
impact of nano and micro silica as an additive on the carbonation depth
of high-performance SCC. The authors reported that there was no
carbonation penetration up to a CO2 exposure of 60 days.
The studies available in the literature provide detailed information
about various durability properties of SCC, CVC, and mortar, made with
WMS as a cement or a sand substitute. Many of them reported the
durability properties of SCC and CVC, made with FA or SF as a cement
substitute. However, the use of WMS or FA in SCC as a cement substitute
revealed improved results but the durability performance for the com­
bined use of WMS, FA, and SF are negligible. WMS is generally
considered an inert material due to a lack of pozzolan. The improve­
ments in concrete performance by WMS, as reported by many studies are
due to the filler effect only. Therefore, in the present study, supple­
mentary cementitious materials (FA and SF) are also incorporated with
WMS, to investigate the behavior of SCC in the durability aspect.
2. Research significance
The objective of this study is to evaluate the durability performance
of the self-compacting high-strength concrete made with green materials
(WMS, FA, and SF). Earlier, the fresh and mechanical properties of
similar SCHSC mixes have been evaluated [8,33]. All the SCC mixes
fulfilled the standards in the fresh state as given in The European
Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete [3]. The durability of SCC
mixes (in the present investigation) was evaluated by performing the
water penetration, chloride penetration, carbonation, corrosion, and
drying shrinkage. The test outcomes will ensure the reliability of such
green materials as SCC ingredients. It is very important to minimize the
uncertainties associated with their stagnation over time. This could lead
to mitigate the environmental impact of SCC by descending the cement
consumption.
3. Materials and methodology
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. Cement
Binder used in this experimental study was nearby obtainable Or­
dinary Portland Cement (OPC), grade-53 complying with BIS: 12269-
1987 [34]. The physical properties of OPC-53 are tabulated in
Table 1. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test was carried out on the dry cement
powder and the spectrum of XRD is depicted in Fig. 1. The important
R. Choudhary et al. Structures 33 (2021) 971–985

Table 1 3.1.2. Silica fume

Properties of cement (OPC-53). In order to develop a SCHSC and to use supplementary cementitious
Test Test Permissible limit Result material as an ingredient of SCC, SF of class-densified-n complying with
reference [34] ASTM C1240 [41] was used. The SF used in this study was procured
Consistency (%) [35] – 28 from a local material supplier. The value of percentage retained on 45-
Initial setting time (minutes) [36] >30 96 µm sieve (No. 325) was 0.8%. Care was taken during the sieve analysis to
Final setting time (minutes) [36] <600 222 avoid retaining agglomerations of fine particles. The chemical compo­
Fineness (% retained on 90-µm [37] >10 1.0 sition and physical properties of SF are tabulated in Table 2. The SiO2
sieve)
Fineness by Blaine air (m2/kg) [38] >225 286
content in SF is 95.58% and present in the form of quartz (Fig. 2). Total
Soundness (mm) [39] <10 1.5 alkalis present in SF was limited to 0.17%.
Compressive strength (N/mm2) [40]
3 Days >27 33.8 3.1.3. Fly ash
7 Days 44.5
>37
In order to use supplementary cementitious material as an ingredient
28 Days >53 55.8
of SCC, fly ash of class-F complying with BIS: 3812-1987 [42] was used
in this experimental study. This fly ash was procured from a local ma­
terial supplier in Jaipur (India). FA used here has 0.90% CaO content
and the total of Fe2O3, SiO2, and Al2O3 compounds is 89.39% (Table 2).
Therefore, the FA used in this study has pozzolanic property instead of
cementitious and falls in F-class. The XRD spectrum of FA is depicted in
Fig. 3. Quartz and mullite are the main constituents of FA.

3.1.4. Waste marble slurry (WMS)

Fig. 1. XRD Spectrum of cement (OPC-53).
compounds of cement are alite (C3S), belite (C2S), tricalcium aluminate
(C3A), and tetra-calcium alumino-ferrite (C4AF) and those were found in
the majority in the XRD analysis (using X-pert HighScore software).
Also, peaks for the gypsum compound were identified. The chemical
analysis of the OPC-53 was also carried out using X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analysis and the results are tabulated in Table 2.
WMS used in this experimental study was collected from a nearby
marble stone slab cutting industry, situated in Jaipur city (India). The
raw marble stone in the industry, being supplied from the Makrana re­
gion (India). Disposal of WMS from the industry to keep their space
empty is tedious work and it is thrown out by the vehicles or tankers.
Thus, it is available free of cost. The WMS was collected in a moist state.
The moist WMS was allowed to dry in the sunlight. After completely
drying, when the WMS turned into the dry powder state, it was used in
the experimental program. The chemical composition and physical
properties of WMS in dry powder state are tabulated in Table 2. The XRD
spectrum of WMS is depicted in Fig. 4. From the XRD analysis, it was
found that the majority of the elements in WMS are calcite and dolomite.
The XRF analysis also revealed that the WMS has 46.09% of calcium
oxide (CaO).
3.1.5. Aggregate
The coarse and fine aggregates used in this experimental study are in
compliance with BIS:383 [43]. The basalt type of rock stones was
crushed using a cone crusher to produce coarse aggregate. The coarse
aggregate was procured directly from the crusher plant. The maximum
size of the coarse aggregates used was 10 mm. River sand (collected from
Banas River) was used in this experimental study as fine aggregate. The

Table 2
Chemical composition and physical properties of OPC53, SF, WMS, and FA.
Properties OPC-53 SF FA WMS

Compounds
SiO2 (%) 31.81 95.58 58.19 5.98
CaO (%) 47.18 0.90 0.90 46.09
Al2O3 (%) 3.55 0.71 26.93 0.98
Fe2O3 (%) 3.85 0.81 4.27 0.82
K2O (%) 0.54 0.32 1.10 0.26
MgO (%) 0.96 0.60 0.69 7.06
Na2O (%) 0.06 0.17 0.07 –
P2O5 (%) 0.20 0.45 0.21 0.10
TiO2 (%) 0.38 0.11 1.75 0.09
NiO (%) Traces – Traces –
MnO (%) 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.09

Physical Property
Specific gravity 3.14 2.22 2.1 2.71
Loose bulk density (kg/m3) 1331 600 1115 1375
Blaine air fineness (m2/kg) 286 – 353 492
Loss on ignition % 3.11 0.5 0.45 38.33
Particle shape Irregular Rounded Spherical Rounded
Fig. 2. XRD Spectrum of SF.

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gradation curves of the coarse and fine aggregates are depicted in Fig. 5.
The maximum size and gradation of river sand were 4.75 mm and of
Zone-II [43], respectively. The particle shape of both coarse and fine
aggregates was irregular. The physical properties of aggregates are
tabulated in Table 3.

3.1.6. Superplasticizer and water

In order to achieve the desired workability, a second-generation
polycarboxylic ether-based superplasticizer (SP) was used and it was
in compliance with BIS: 9103: 1999 [44]. The normal tap water was
used in the preparation of SCC mixes. The TDS (total dissolved solids)
value of tap water was 358 mg/L.

3.2. Mix proportioning

To develop a SCHSC, several trials were performed. Thereafter, a

control mix was adopted which had compressive strength higher than
55 MPa to term a SCC as high strength concrete as defined by BIS: 456:
Fig. 3. XRD Spectrum of FA.
2000 [45]. This mix is labeled as Ref-1 (OPC) as it was OPC based first
reference mix. The Ref-1 (OPC) was prepared using 550 kg/m3 OPC-53
cement as a binder, adopting 0.33 water to binder ratio. Moreover, as
per the recommendation of BIS: 456: 2000 [45], 5% of the total binder
was replaced with SF to improve the SCHSC mix. This mix was labeled as
Ref-2 (SF5) as this 5% SF was maintained in the whole experimental
drive. However, the impact of 5% SF was also assessed by comparing
both the mixes.
The impact of WMS at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, and 30%,
of the total binder content, was assessed. The WMS was replaced alone
and with different levels of FA also. Similarly, the impact of FA at the
replacement level of 15%, 25%, and 35%, of the total binder content,
was assessed. In quaternary type mixes, all four ingredients (OPC-53, SF,
FA, and WMS) were used in place of the solo binder. The mixes were

Table 3
Physical properties of aggregates.
Aggregate Specific Water Fineness Crushing Loose
type gravity absorption modulus value (%) bulk
(%) density
(kg/m3)

Fig. 4. XRD Spectrum of waste marble slurry. Fine 2.67 1.0 2.5 – 1545
Coarse 2.74 0.4 5.98 24.5 1395

Fig. 5. Sieve analysis (gradation curves) of aggregates.

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Ag(+) + OH (–) → AgOH → Ag2O ↓ (brown colour → no chloride penetration)

labeled according to their mix composition such as ingredients and then
its percentage of replacement (i.e., mix labeled as FA35WMS20 contains
40% OPC-53, 5% SF, 35% FA, and 20% WMS). However, 5SF is not
included in labeling as it was common in all mixes except Ref-1 (OPC).
The detailed mix proportions of all SCC mixes are tabulated in Table 4.
The weight basis replacement methodology was adopted here. However,
the issue of not yielding exact one cubic meter concrete due to weight
basis replacement was snubbed [17,46,47]. The target slump flow was
725 ± 25 mm (SF-2 class [3]). Thus, the dosage of SP was adjusted
consequently to keep the slump flow in a target range.
3.3. Experimental methodology
3.3.1. Compressive strength
In order to find the long duration compressive strength of SCC mixes
at up to 365 days of curing periods, three cubes of size 100 mm for each
curing duration were cast and evaluated as per BIS: 516–1959 [48].
3.3.2. Water permeability
Moreover, in order to durability assessment of SCC mixes, the water
permeability test was conducted by referring to DIN 1048-1991 [49].
Three cubes of size 150 mm (28 days water cured), were used for this
test after oven drying them at 60 ⁰C for 5 days. To find the water
penetration resistance, the stationary water pressure of 5 Bar was
applied on the surface of the cube for 72 h. After that, specimens were
broken into two halves and the maximum depth of penetrated water was
recorded.
3.3.3. Chloride penetration
The chloride penetration test was conducted as per the method of
ponding described in ASTM C1543-10a [50] to find the susceptibility of
SCC mixes by chloride attack. To find the chloride penetration at 7, 28,
56, 90, and 180 days of ponding periods, three cubes of size 100 mm
after 28 days of water curing were selected for each ponding duration.
The specimens were kept submerged for the desired duration in the
solution of 3% NaCl. After every ponding period, the specimens were
taken out and wiped with a piece of cloth. The specimen was then
divided into two halves and a silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution of 0.1 N
was then sprayed over the inner surface of the halves. The silver nitrate
reacts with the free chlorine present on the surface and a differentiating
precipitate (AgCl) of silver-white color (as shown in Fig. 11) appeared
there for chloride penetration level. The chemical phenomena involved
are explained by Eqs. (1) and (2) [27].
Ag(+) + Cl(–) → AgCl ↓ (silver-white colour → Indicating chloride penetration)
(1)
(2)
The chloride penetration was measured from all four directions as
shown by yellow arrows in Fig. 11. An average value was selected for
that particular specimen. Thereafter, the average penetration value of
three specimens is reported.
3.3.4. Accelerated carbonation
An accelerated carbonation test was carried out as per RILEM TC 56-
MH [51]. For carbonation assessment beams of size 50 mm × 50 mm ×
100 mm were prepared by cutting the 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm
cube into four prisms after 28 days of water curing. After cutting, an
epoxy coating was applied to the prisms keeping both the 50 mm × 50
mm surfaces exposed. After the epoxy coating dried, the samples were
placed in a carbonation chamber. The sealed chamber was equipped
with 25 ± 2 ⁰C temperature, 50 ± 5% relative humidity, and 5 ± 0.5%
CO2 concentration. The test was carried out for the exposure periods of
7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. After the desired exposure time, the specimen
was then cut into two halves along the length. A pH indicator having 1%
phenolphthalein with ethanol was sprayed on the inner surface of the
halves. The uncarbonated area turned into pink color and the carbon­
ation depth was recorded. The average value of three specimens was
reported here.
3.3.5. Corrosion
Corrosion assessment of SCC specimens was carried out using Macro-
cell current method as per ASTM G109 [52] and Half-cell potential
measurements as per ASTM C876 [53]. Three specimens for corrosion
tests were prepared which had the length, width, and height of 275 mm,
115 mm, 225 mm respectively, including the ponding facility. There was
an arrangement for placing three reinforcement bars of 12 mm diameter
(with stainless steel bolt arrangement for wire connections) as described
in ASTM G109 [52]. The bars in concrete were embedded in such a way
that bars were preserved by shrinking tubes to avoid corrosion due to
curing. After 28 days of water curing, the specimens were allowed to dry
for one month. A double coating of epoxy paint was applied on all the
vertical sides of the corrosion specimens to avoid corrosion from side
surfaces.
A register of 100 Ω resistance, was connected between the stainless-
steel terminal of the top reinforcement bar and the common terminal of
the bottom reinforcement bars. At the beginning of the test, a solution of
3% NaCl mixes with distilled water was filled in the pond of the spec­
imen as shown in Fig. 6. Thereafter, for the accelerated corrosion pro­
cess, the specimens were subjected to alternate ponding and drying. The
initial reading of Half-cell potential was recorded using a high imped­
ance voltmeter after seven days of first ponding and then after every four
weeks. Also, the potential difference over the 100 Ω resistance between

Table 4
Proportions of ingredients in SCC mixes.
Mix id* Water (kg/m3) OPC-53 (kg/m3) SF (kg/m3) FA (kg/m3) WMS (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate (kg/m3) SP (% of total binder)

Ref-1 (OPC) 181.5 550 – – – 970 722 1.40

Ref-2 (SF5) 181.5 522.5 27.5 – – 970 722 1.50
WMS10 181.5 467.5 27.5 – 55 970 722 1.10
WMS20 181.5 412.5 27.5 – 110 970 722 0.90
WMS30 181.5 357.5 27.5 – 165 970 722 0.65
FA15 181.5 440 27.5 82.5 – 970 722 0.60
FA15WMS10 181.5 385 27.5 82.5 55 970 722 0.35
FA15WMS20 181.5 330 27.5 82.5 110 970 722 0.30
FA15WMS30 181.5 275 27.5 82.5 165 970 722 0.33
FA25 181.5 385 27.5 137.5 – 970 722 0.30
FA25WMS10 181.5 330 27.5 137.5 55 970 722 0.25
FA25WMS20 181.5 275 27.5 137.5 110 970 722 0.20
FA25WMS30 181.5 220 27.5 137.5 165 970 722 0.25
FA35 181.5 330 27.5 192.5 – 970 722 0.22
FA35WMS10 181.5 275 27.5 192.5 55 970 722 0.20
FA35WMS20 181.5 220 27.5 192.5 110 970 722 0.19

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R. Choudhary et al.
Fig. 6. Corrosion specimen with connections.
the top bar and the common terminal of the bottom bars was recorded.
Using this potential difference, the macro-cell current was calculated as
per ASTM G109 [52].
3.3.6. Drying shrinkage
In order to find the drying shrinkage of SCC mixes, three beams of
size 75 mm × 75 mm × 300 mm for each mix were prepared and cured
with water for 28 days. After 28 days, the samples were taken out of the
water and two bits made of copper had glued onto each sample at 200
mm away from each other. A standard gauge was used to maintain a
distance of 200 mm. The specimens were placed in a temperature-
controlled chamber having a maintained humidity between 60 ± 5
percent. A demec gauge was used to measure the length between the
shrinkage bits. The change in length of the beams was recorded up to
180 days by following the procedure given in ASTM C157 [54].
3.3.7. XRD measurements
In order to measure the available mineral phases, XRD measurements
were carried out using a PANalytical Xpert PRO diffractometer. The
powder XRD analysis was carried out by keeping the diffraction angle
(2θ) in the range of 10⁰ to 90⁰ and step size 0.02⁰. The samples used for
XRD analysis were collected from the 100 mm cubes by dry crushing of
the mortar phase. The crushed materials were sieved by a 90-µm sieve.
Approximately 5 g sample was utilized in XRD scanning. The XRD
spectra of the SCC mixes were analyzed by X’pert HighScore with an
open database ICDD 2003 for cement-based materials.
Fig. 7. Long time compressive strength test results of SCC mixes.
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Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Fresh properties
Fresh properties of the freshly prepared SCC mixes were evaluated as
per the EFNARC [4] and The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting
Concrete [3]. Consequently, the necessary tests required for SCC were
conducted on all the concrete mixes. The assimilation of SF in SCC
demanded a higher SP dose as compared to the Ref-1(OPC) mix. How­
ever, the assimilation of WMS and FA demanded a lower percentage of
SP dose, which was the indication of the higher workability. Those re­
sults were in line with other researchers [55–58]. The results of T500
time, V-funnel time, J-ring flow, and L-box height ratio were found
within the acceptable range. A detailed discussion of the influence of
WMS and mineral admixtures on fresh properties has been reported in
Choudhary et al. [8].
4.2. Compressive strength
The long-time compressive strength test results are depicted in Fig. 7.
The compressive strength results have revealed that the assimilation of
SF in OPC-based SCC mix resulted in boosted compressive strength at 7
days to up to 365 days of water curing. This boost-up in compressive
strength was due to the filler effect and pozzolanic activity of SF, which
enhanced the process of C-S-H formation in the cement matrix (verified
by XRD analysis). The results were in agreement with Khodabakhshian
et al. [59]. Further, the assimilation of WMS in SCC mixes at a 10%
substitution level had shown enhanced compressive strength than both
the reference mixes. This enhancement in compressive strength was
mainly due to the filler effect. Moreover, the minerals (dolomite and
calcite) available in WMS could be responsible for the heterogeneous
nucleation which helps in the formation of calcium hydroxide [Ca
(OH)2] [58]. However, the higher assimilation of WMS (i.e. 20% and
30%) in SCC mixes revealed decreased compressive strength. The
declination in strength was found due to the dilution of C3S and C2S
compounds. Similar results were also shown by Uysal and Sumer [58].
Moreover, the assimilation of FA at 15% and 25% (mixes FA15 and
FA25) as a cement substitute, raised the compressive strength at all
curing ages. The FA particles having quartz and mullite were responsible
for secondary hydration as well as filler phenomena and resulted in
raised compressive strength. The secondary hydration process was in
continuation until 365 days of curing. Thus, the strength got improved
up to a long duration. Also, the compressive strength of the FA35 mix at
365 days of water curing was comparable with the Ref-2 (5SF) mix. The
results were in agreement with Uysal and Sumer [58].
The combined assimilation of FA and WMS showed varied
R. Choudhary et al.
compressive strength at different assimilation levels. The best result for
the compressive strength was revealed by the FA15WMS10 mix (having
15% FA and 10% WMS). This mix resulted in the highest compressive
strength at all curing periods. It was due to the combined effect of filler
and secondary hydration showed by WMS and FA, respectively. How­
ever, no quaternary mix (OPC + SF + FA + WMA) except FA15WMS10,
was able to reach the compressive strength level of the Ref-2 (SF5) mix.
The higher substitution of cement with FA and WMS after the optimum
level was responsible for the declined compressive strength.
As per BIS 456:2000 [45], the definition of high strength concrete is,
concrete may be classified as a high strength concrete if the 28 days
compressive strength is 55 MPa or higher. Therefore, after Ref-1 (OPC)
and Ref-2 (SF5), only mixes WMS10, FA15, and FA15WMS10 may be
categorized as SCHSC.
4.3. Water permeability test
In order to assess the susceptibility of SCC mixes against the
permeation of water, a pressurized water permeability test was carried
out. The test results of the water permeability test are depicted in Fig. 8.
The outcomes of the test revealed that assimilation of 5% SF as a cement
substitute resulted in better resistance against water penetration. The
average water penetration depth in the Ref-1(OPC) mix was 95 mm
which got reduced to 85 mm in Ref-2 (SF5) mix (Fig. 9). This
improvement was attributed to the filler effect of SF, which reduced the
percentage of permeable voids as observed by the authors in earlier
studies [8].
Moreover, the incorporation of 10% WMS in SCC as a cement sub­
stitute also enhanced the water permeability resistance. The average
water penetration depth of the mix WMS10 was 54 mm, which was
36.47% lesser than the Ref-2 (SF5) mix. The higher replacement of WMS
in SCC resulted in increased water permeability depths. The increment
in the percentage of the interconnected permeable voids was attributed
to the enhancement of water permeability depth [8]. However, the
water permeability depths of the WMS20 and WMS30 mixes were less
than the Ref-2 (SF5) mix. The results of the water permeability test by
incorporating WMS were in line with the results produced by Alyousef
et al. [18].
The deployment of FA in SCC as a cement substitute revealed the
astonishing outcomes of the water permeability test. The incorporation
of FA in SCC mixes showed a systematic increment in water permeability
resistance as FA content increased. The lowest value of the water
permeability test was 11 mm which was revealed by the mix FA35. The
decreased percentage of permeable voids was attributed to the resis­
tance developed by the deployment of FA [8]. The results revealed by
the water permeability test were in agreement with the results produced
Fig. 8. Variation in water penetration depth of SCC mixes after 28 days of water curing.
977
Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
by Islam and Islam [26] and Yu et al. [30]. However, the results were in
contradiction with Esquinas et al. [1] which might be due to dissimi­
larities in materials.
The water permeability results of the combined replacement of
cement with FA and WMS had shown a very positive impact on the water
permeability characteristics of the SCC. All the quaternary SCC mixes
(except FA15WMS30) fall in the category of low permeability whereas,
both the reference mixes were in the high permeability range [60]. The
simultaneous filler accomplishment by WMS and pore alteration by
pozzolanic action of FA attributed to the improvement in water
permeability resistance.
4.4. Chloride permeability test
The outcomes of the chloride permeability test are depicted graph­
ically in Fig. 10. The chloride permeability of the SCC mixes at 180 days
ponding period was ranged from 5.25 mm to 25 mm (shown in Fig. 11).
The chloride penetration values of Ref-1(OPC) mix and Ref-2(SF5) were
22.25 mm and 19 mm, respectively. The assimilation of SF in SCC mixes
improved the resistance against the chloride permeability by 17.10%.
The deployment of 30% WMS as a cement substitute was attributed to
the highest value (25 mm) of the chloride penetration depth, while the
lowest value (6 mm) of chloride penetration depth was found with 35%
deployment of FA in the SCC mix.
The chloride penetration values revealed that deployment of WMS in
SCC initially increases the chloride penetration resistance but the higher
deployment (20% and 30%) led to the decrement in chloride penetration
resistance. The chloride penetration depth at 10% substitution of WMS
was slightly lesser (by 0.5 mm) than the Ref-2(SF5) mix. But the pene­
tration depths of the mix WMS20 and WMS30 were higher by 2.75 mm
and 6 mm, respectively than the Ref-2(SF5) mix. The results of chloride
penetration were influenced by the percentage of permeable voids as
both results had a similar pattern [8].
The deployment of FA in SCC showed a continuous increment in
chloride penetration resistance as an increment in FA content in SCC
mixes. The lowest value of chloride penetration depth was found in the
FA35 mix. The value of chloride penetration depth was 72.37% lower
than the Ref-2(SF5) mix. The pore refinement action of FA was attrib­
uted to this developed chloride penetration resistance. Similar results
were also reported by Islam and Islam [26] and Ismail et al. [27].
The combined behavior of WMS and FA was similar to their indi­
vidual behavior. In quaternary mixes, WMS tends to increase the
penetration depth after its optimum level, whereas FA tends to decrease
the penetration depth after increasing its substitution level. However, all
the quaternary mixes showed higher resistance to chloride attack than
the Ref-2(SF5) mix. The chloride penetration depth of the mix which had
R. Choudhary et al. Structures 33 (2021) 971–985

Fig. 9. Water penetration pattern of mix Ref-1(OPC), mix Ref-2 (SF5), mix WMS10, mix FA35 and mix FA15WMS10.

Fig. 10. Variation in chloride penetration depth of SCC mixes.

Fig. 11. Chloride penetration of the mix WMS30 and mix FA35.

978
R. Choudhary et al.
the highest compressive strength value (FA15WMS10), was 42.1% less
than the Ref-2(SF5) mix. Thus, it can be stated confidently that optimum
combined use of WMS and FA could produce a highly durable SCHSC.
The outcomes of the chloride penetration test and water perme­
ability test were found correlated to each other. Thus, a regression
analysis was carried out to find the relationship between the water
permeability and chloride penetration test outcomes and shown in
Fig. 12. A linear relationship is observed and expressed by the Eqs. (3)–
(7) for the chloride penetration using water permeability at 7, 28, 56,
90, and 180 days ponding, respectively. Here CP(i) represented the
chloride penetration depth in mm on ith day of ponding and wp is water
penetration depth in mm.
CP(7) = 0.0678wp + 3.6917 (R2 = 0.5288) (3)
CP(28) = 0.1024wp + 3.5305 (R2 = 0.7162) (4)
CP(56) = 0.1171wp + 3.9998 (R2 = 0.7251) (5)
CP(90) = 0.1563wp + 3.9524 (R2 = 0.7615) (6)
CP(1 8 0) = 0.2203wp + 4.6444 (R2 = 0.8311) (7)
4.5. Accelerated carbonation test
The test outcomes of the accelerated carbonation test for the expo­
sure periods up to 90 days are depicted in Fig. 13. The accelerated
carbonation test outcomes revealed that there was no carbonation up to
56 days of exposure in the mix Ref-1 (OPC) and Ref-2 (SF). However, a
slight carbonation penetration took place in both SCC mixes after 90
days of exposure. A positive impact of the SF was noticeable here as the
carbonation depth in the Ref-2 (SF5) was lesser than the mix Ref-1
(OPC). Similar outcomes were also reported by Massana et al. [32]
and Ashish [31].
Further, the results revealed that the deployment of WMS in the SCC
resulted in an increase in carbonation penetration depth with an
increment in WMS content. However, no carbonation effect was visible
up to the 28 days exposure. The initial carbonation was visible in the test
duration of 56 days exposure. After 90 days exposure period the
Fig. 12. Relationship between water permeability and chloride penetration.
979
Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
carbonation depth in the mixes WMS10, WMS20, and WMS30 were 0.5
mm, 0.8 mm, and 1.7 mm, respectively. This decrement in the carbon­
ation resistance offered by the WMS blended mixes was due to the
higher availability of (CaCO3). The WMS blended mixes had a rich
content of CaCO3 which was attributed to the accelerated carbonation.
The carbonation mechanisms in WMS blended mixes are explained by
the chemical Eqs. (8) [29], (9) and (10) [31].
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ↔ CaCO3 + H2O (8)
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ↔ 2HCO(–)
3 + Ca
(+2)
(9)
CaCO3 + H(+) ↔ HCO3 (–)
+ Ca(+2) (10)
The calcium carbonate present in the WMS blended mixes consumes
CO2 and forms bicarbonate (alkaline in nature). Both phenomena are
responsible for decreased carbonation resistance as it involves higher
CO2 consumption as well as the development of higher alkalinity [31].
The secondary reason for the increased carbonation depth might be a
higher percentage of permeable voids (for 20% and 30% replacement
level of WMS) than the Ref-2(SF5) mix [8] which allows CO2 to pene­
trate up to a higher depth. The results of accelerated carbonation were in
line with Singh et al. [17], Li et al. [20], and Ashish [31].
The FA substitution in SCC mixes showed a tremendous decrement in
carbonation resistance. The FA blended mixes started to reveal the
carbonation penetration depth at the first exposure period (7 days).
However, the mix containing 15% FA revealed a carbonation effect at
56 days exposure period. The carbonation depths shown by FA15, FA25,
and FA35 were 1.0 mm, 7.0 mm, and 9.3 mm, respectively, after 90 days
of exposure. This increment in carbonation depth by assimilation of FA
was occurred due to the formation of a greater amount of portlandite (Ca
(OH)2) during the hardening of concrete [1]. The portlandite reacts with
CO2 and forms bicarbonate, as shown in Eq. (8), which results in greater
carbonation depth. The results were in agreement with Esquinas et al.
[1] and Singh and Sing [29].
The collective use of FA and WMS in SF blended SCC revealed a
similar effect against carbonation, as shown by solo use. The combined
highest substitution level of WMS and FA showed the highest carbon­
ation depth. The carbonation pattern of the lowest and highest depth is
depicted in Fig. 14. The highest carbonation depth found was 17 mm
and shown by the mix FA35WMS20. The SCC mix FA15WMS10 showed
a carbonation depth of 1 mm at 90 days exposure period. Although, the
R. Choudhary et al.
Fig. 13. Variation in carbonation depth of SCC mixes.
Fig. 14. Lowest and highest carbonation depth pattern of SCC mixes.
carbonation depth was slightly higher than the Ref-2(SF5) mix it was
insignificant.
The minimum reinforcement cover provided as per BIS 456:2000
[45] is 20 mm and 30 mm for mild and moderate exposure, respectively.
Although, the highest value of carbonation depth is 17 mm, which is less
than the minimum cover provided to the reinforcement. The CO2 con­
centration in the atmosphere is around 0.04%, while the concentration
in the carbonation chamber was maintained at 5% which was 125 times
higher than the atmospheric level [1]. Thus, all the SCC mixes could be
considered safe against corrosion caused by carbonation.
4.6. Accelerated corrosion test
The specimen used in the corrosion test is depicted in Fig. 6. The
observations of the accelerated corrosion test; in terms of half-cell po­
tential and macro-cell current values are depicted in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16,
respectively. The half-cell potentials (mV, C-CSE) were recorded using a
high impedance voltmeter, where C-CSE represented the copper–copper
sulfate electrode. The half-cell potentials values are categorized into
three categories. The half-cell potential values ranging from 0 to − 200
mV represent the 90% probability of no corrosion. The values ranging
from − 200 mV to − 350 mV represent uncertain corrosion. Whereas, the
half-cell potentials having values more negative than − 350 mV
980
Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
represents the 90% probability of corrosion. However, this is a quali­
tative test method and cannot provide a decisive result.
The results depicted in Fig. 15 revealed that up to 60 days after the
commencement of the test there was no corrosion in any SCC mix. The
incorporation of 5% SF in SCC mixes showed a positive effect against the
corrosion. The half-cell values of the mix Ref-2 (SF5) were higher than
the mix Ref-1 (OPC). It indicated the lower corrosion in the mix Ref-2
(SF5). The results were in agreement with the results shown by Deh­
wah [28]. Further, the incorporation of WMS in SCC mixes also revealed
a positive impact on corrosion characteristics of SCC. The WMS blended
SCC mixes showed a higher corrosion resistance. The half-cell potential
values of the mixes WMS10 and WMS20 were higher than the Ref-2(SF5)
mix. The SCC mix containing 10% WMS was in the category of 90%
probability of no corrosion even after 180 days. However, higher con­
tent of WMS revealed higher negative half-cell potential values. In
ternary mixes, the mix WMS30 had the highest negative value of half-
cell potential. The mix underwent corrosion after 180 days of expo­
sure as the half-cell values were higher than − 350 mV. The results were
in line with the results produced by Ghorbani et al. [19]. Moreover, the
incorporation of FA in SCC mixes also showed good resistance against
corrosion. The half-cell potential values of all FA blended ternary mixes
were higher than the Ref-2(SF5) mix. The higher resistance offered by
the FA blended ternary SCC mixes against chloride penetration (Fig. 8)
R. Choudhary et al. Structures 33 (2021) 971–985

Fig. 15. Variation in half-cell potentials (mV, C-CSE) of SCC mixes with exposure time.

Fig. 16. Variation in the macro-cell current of SCC mixes with exposure time.

was responsible for higher corrosion resistance. The results were in
agreement with Dehwah [28].
The combined use of WMS and FA in quaternary SCC mixes revealed
a better resistance against corrosion. All the quaternary SCC mixes
(except FA35WMS20) showed higher half-cell potential values than the
Ref-2(SF5) mix. However, the quaternary mix FA35WMS20 moved to­
wards more negative values and fall in the category of 90% probability
of corrosion after 180 days of exposure. The pattern shown by the half-
cell potential was almost similar to the pattern of chloride penetration
depth. The quaternary mix FA15WMS10 also showed a superior
performance against corrosion.
The outcomes of another corrosion test method (macro-cell current)
are depicted in Fig. 16. The results of the macro-cell current were in
agreement with the outcomes of half-cell potential. However, the values
of macro-cell current were less than positive 10 µA, which denotes the
probability of no corrosion. While the half-cell potential values cate­
gorized two mixes as a 90% probability of corrosion.

981
R. Choudhary et al.
4.7. Drying shrinkage test
The variation in drying shrinkage of SCC mixes over time has been
depicted in Fig. 17. The drying shrinkage values of the SCC were ranged
from 260 × 10-6 to 560 × 10-6 after 180 days. The incorporation of SF in
SCC resulted in higher drying shrinkage values. The drying shrinkage
value of the Ref-2 (SF5) mix was 8.33% higher than the mix Ref-1 (OPC)
after 180 days. The quick pozzolanic action of SF due to higher fineness
might be responsible for higher drying shrinkage [1]. The incorporation
of WMS in SCC, initially (by 10% substitution) decreased the drying
shrinkage and at higher replacement (by 20% and 30% substitution) the
drying shrinkage values were higher. The drying shrinkage value of the
mix WMS10 was 17.95% lower than the mix Ref-2 (SF5) after 180 days.
However, the drying shrinkage value of the mix WMS30 was 35.9%
higher than the mix Ref-2 (SF5) after 180 days. The drying shrinkage
values initially decreased up to an optimum percentage of replacement
(up to 10%) due to optimum particle packing [16]. After that due to an
increment in the percentage of permeable voids, higher water content
was being stored and resulted in higher shrinkage after drying.
Higher the substitution of FA in SCC as a cement substitute lowered
the drying shrinkage values. The lowest value of drying shrinkage was
shown by the mix FA35 among all SCC mixes (except FA15WMS10 mix).
The drying shrinkage values of all FA blended ternary mixes after 180
days were lower than the Ref-1(OPC) mix. The drying shrinkage values
of mixes FA15, FA25, and FA35 were found lowered by 8.33%, 13.89%,
and 22.22%, respectively than the Ref-1 (OPC) mix. This improvement
in the performance of SCC mixes was attributed to lower CaO (Table 2)
content in FA blended mixes which resulted in slower hydration of
cement in SCC mixes [24]. The higher content of cement is also
responsible for higher shrinkage strain. Thus, the substitution of FA in
SCC as a cement replacement lowered the cement content which was
also responsible for the reduced drying shrinkage [22]. The percentage
of interconnected permeable voids also influences the drying shrinkage
of the concrete. Higher substitution of FA showed a lower percentage of
permeable voids and resulted in lower drying shrinkage values [8].
The drying shrinkage values by collective use of WMS and FA were
influenced by the substitution level of WMS and FA. Higher content of
WMS (20% and 30%) with any level of FA resulted in higher drying
Fig. 17. Variation in the percentage of shrinkage of SCC mixes with time.
982
Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
shrinkage. The highest drying shrinkage values were shown by the mix
FA35WMS20. The drying shrinkage value of FA35WMS20 was higher by
55.55% than the Ref-1 (OPC) mix. The higher CaO content in WMS
(Table 2) and a higher percentage of permeable voids [8], were attrib­
uted to higher drying shrinkage values. However, the highest value of
the drying shrinkage was limited to 560 × 10-6, which was under the
permissible value of drying shrinkage for structural concrete as per ACI
224R-01 R08 [61]. Moreover, the lowest value of the drying shrinkage at
180 days measurement was shown by the mix FA15WMS10. The drying
shrinkage value of the mix FA15WMS10 was lower by 27.78% than the
Ref-1 (OPC) mix. The lowest drying shrinkage shown by this mix was
due to a 25% decrement in cement content as well as optimum particle
packing (also showed the highest compressive strength value). The
percentage of permeable voids prevents water loss from the concrete and
offers lower drying shrinkage. The mix had the lowest permeable voids
[8], thus showed an excellent performance against drying shrinkage.
4.8. XRD results
The variation in XRD patterns and analysis results are depicted in
Fig. 18. The major influenced compounds were selected in this analysis.
The variation in the peaks of quartz (SiO2), portlandite (Ca(OH)2), cal­
cium aluminate silicate hydrates (CASH), calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-
H), calcite (CaCO3), dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] and ettringite [Ca6Al2(­
SO4)3(OH)12⋅26H2O] were observed.
The peaks for the quartz in SCC mix Ref-1(OPC) were primarily
detected at the 2-theta angle of 20.860◦ , 26.640◦ , and 50.139◦ . Whereas,
the values of 2-theta in Ref-2(SF5) were 20.850◦ , 26.652◦ , 36.542◦ ,
39.456◦ , 50.141◦ , 59.949◦ , and 68.323◦ . The higher number of peaks for
quartz in the mix Ref-2(SF5) was due to the incorporation of SF in SCC
mixes. The plenty availability of quartz in SF (as shown in Table 2) was
also responsible for the enhanced strength. The peaks for the portlandite
in the mixes Ref-1(OPC) and Ref-2(SF5) were found at 18.008◦ , 28.672◦ ,
34.102◦ , 47.121◦ , 50.813◦ , and 54.358◦ . The peaks for the CSH were
found at 29.356◦ , 32.054◦ , and 50.079◦ in all the selected mixes. The
peaks for the calcite, dolomite, and ettringite in both the reference mixes
were found in traces.
The XRD result of the WMS incorporated SCC mix revealed peaks for
R. Choudhary et al.
Fig. 18. XRD spectra of mixes Ref-1 (OPC), Ref- 2 (SF5), WMS10, FA15, and FA15WMS10.
the calcite and dolomite at 29.476◦ and 30.939◦ , respectively. It was due
to the presence of these compounds in the raw WMS (as shown in Fig. 4).
The XRD results didn’t reveal any major changes in the phase compo­
sition (i.e. CSH, CASH, portlandite, quartz), which confirms the inert
behavior of WMS. A similar finding was also found by Fourier transform
infrared radiation analysis [8]. The XRD results were also in line with
Ashish et al. [62]. Moreover, the XRD result of the FA blended SCC mix
(FA15) showed higher peaks for CASH. The FA had an Al2O3 compound
in plenty amount, which formed higher CASH and resulted in extended
compressive strength.
The XRD result of the mix FA15WMS10 revealed the combined effect
of WMS and FA. The XRD pattern showed peaks for calcite, dolomite,
and CASH in the majority. Thus, it clarifies that both physical (for WMS)
983
Structures 33 (2021) 971–985
and chemical (for FA) phenomena were attributed to the higher strength
shown by the mix FA15WMS10.
5. Conclusions
The objective of this experimental program was the durability
assessment of self-compacting high-strength concrete comprising waste
marble slurry and fly ash, with silica fume. The compressive strength
results shown that the combined use of WMS, FA, and SF at an optimum
level (15% of FA, 10% of WMS, with 5% of SF) can be useful in the
development of self-compacting high strength concrete. However, the
lowest water penetration depth (11 mm) and chloride penetration were
shown by a 35% FA blended ternary mix (FA35). The best outcomes for
R. Choudhary et al.
carbonation, corrosion resistance, and drying shrinkage were offered by
the mix FA15.
The water permeability results of the optimum mix (FA15WMS10)
revealed an average water penetration of 15 mm which was 84.21%
lesser than OPC based control mix. The chloride permeability test also
revealed the higher resistance against chloride penetration depth by the
optimum mix (FA15WMS10). The average chloride penetration depth of
the mix FA15WMS10 after 180 days exposure was 64.04% lesser than
the OPC-based control mix. The carbonation test results showed signif­
icant resistance against CO2 for the optimum mix FA15WMS10. The
corrosion test results also showed significant resistance against corro­
sion by the optimum mix FA15WMS10. The mix was subjected to
accelerated corrosion for a period of 180 days and still, the half-cell
potential values were under the limit of 90% probability of no corro­
sion. The excellent performance against drying shrinkage was shown by
the optimum mix FA15WMS10. The above durability test parameters
confirm the higher durability of the self-compacting high-strength
concrete made with 10% of waste marble slurry and 15% of fly ash, with
5% of silica fume. Moreover, if the compressive strength is not a prime
requirement, other mixes might be useful according to in situ re­
quirements. For the structures subjected to pressurized water and highly
chloride prone areas SCC mix containing 35% of FA and 5% of SF (FA35)
might be more useful.
This study can be further extended by conducting the other dura­
bility tests such as an acid attack, sulphate attack, freezing and thawing,
alternate wetting and drying, etc.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Center for
Advanced Scientific Equipment, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
for the accomplishment of XRD scanning.
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