Inorganic Chemistry

P-Block

OM PANDEY
JRF : AIR 13
M.S. : IIT DELHI
B.S. : Gold Medalist
 P-Block Elements
Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation
properties and uses; compounds of Nitrogen: preparation and properties of
Ammonia and Nitric Acid.
Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: preparation,
properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms;
compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide,
Sulphuric Acid: properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens,
Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen
compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
 P-Block Elements
Electronic configuration
Atomic Size
Ionisation Energy
Electron Affinity

Electronegativity
Oxidation Number
Oxides
Oxoacids of halogens (structures only)
Oxoacids of Sulphur (structures only)
Allotropes of Sulphur
Boiling Points of Hydrides
Alkali metal Periodic Table Halogens
Inert gas
Chalcogens
Alkaline earth metal
Pnicogens 2
B 10
Transition metals 18
36
54
84
118

Inner 58 71
transition
metals 90 103
 P-Block

1 He

2 B C N O F Ne

3 Al Si P S Cl Ar

4 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

5 In Sn Sb Te I Xe

6 Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
 Electronic Configuration
n

1 He

2 N O F Ne

3 P S Cl Ar

4 As Se Br Kr

5 Sb Te I Xe

6 Bi Po At Rn
 Atomic radius

Variation in a period : Left Right

N O F

Shell no. is same but number of protons increases Radius

 Atomic radius
Variation in a Group
Top
He

N O F Ne
Bottom
P S Cl Ar

Due to addition of new shell As Se Br Kr

Sb Te I Xe
Radius
Bi Po At Rn
 Isoelectronic species

N3– O2– F–
 Ionisation Energy

Minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom.

 Factors affecting I.E.
Left Right I.E.

N O F Ne
 Factors affecting I.E.
Size I.E.
He

N O F Ne

P S Cl Ar

As Se Br Kr

Sb Te I Xe

Bi Po At Rn
 Electron Affinity
The energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom to
produce an anion is known as E.A. & enthalpy change of this process is known as
electron gain enthalpy.

M(g) E.A. = ( ) ve

H = ( ) ve
 Factors affecting E.A.
Left Right E.A.

N O F Ne
Comparison b/w Electron affinity of 2nd & 3rd Period Elements

N O F

P S Cl
 Factors affecting E.A.
Size E.A.

N O F

P S Cl

As Se Br

Sb Te I

Bi Po At
Non Metallic Character

N O F

P S Cl

As Se Br

Sb Te I

Bi Po At
 Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons from a covalent bond.

A B

1. Left Right

2. Top Bottom

(Size)A (Size)B
Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Cl

K Ca Br

Rb Sr I

Cs Ba

Most electronegative element :

Second most electronegative element :
 Pauling Scale

N O F

P S Cl

Br

I
 Oxides

Basic Oxides

Amphoteric Oxides

Acidic Oxides

Neutral Oxides
 Oxides

Amphoteric Oxides As Fe Sb Cr V Te

Zn Sn Be Al Pb Ga
 Practice Time

ZnO

BeO As2O3

Al2O3 Fe2O3 Red lead : Pb3O4

Ga2O3
Sb2O3 Pb3O2
SnO CdO
Cr2O3
SnO2

PbO V2O5

PbO2 TeO2
Neutral Oxides CO NO N2O
Basic Oxides Metals

Amphoteric
Basic Oxides Acidic Oxides
Oxides
 Practice Time
Li2O MnO2

CaO TiO2

MgO ZrO2

Oxidation state Acidity

FeO Fe2O3 FeO3

CrO Cr2O3 CrO3

MnO Mn2O3 MnO2 MnO3 Mn2O7

Acidic Oxides Non – metal oxides & Metalloid oxides

As

Sb

Se

Te

Ge
 Practice Time

B2 O 3 Non-metal

Acidic Neutral
CO2
CO
NO
N2O5
N2O

P2 O 5

Cl2O7
 Periodicity

Left Right : Acidic nature of oxides

Top Li2O BeO B2O3 CO2 N2O5

MgO
CaO

Bottom SrO

BaO
 P-Block

N O F

P S Cl

As Se Br

Sb Te I

Bi Po At
 The Common Oxidation

–3, +3 & +5 +4, +6 –1

–3, +1 to +5 N – 2, +2 O –1 F

P S Cl +1, +3, +5, +7

As Se Br

Sb Te I

Bi Po At
 Oxoacids
Group-15 Group-16 Group-17

HNO3 H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4

HNO2 H3PO3 H2SO3 HClO3

HClO2
H2N2O2 H3PO2
HClO
 Oxo-acids of Nitrogen
No of OH = No of H

HNO3

HNO2

H2N2O2
 Oxo-acids of Sulphur

H2SO4 H2SO5

H2SO3 H2S2O7

H2S2O5 H2S2O8
 Oxo-acids of Chlorine

HClO4

HClO3

HClO2

HClO
 Anions
ic acid : ate ion
ous acid : ite ion

HClO4 HNO3

HClO3 HNO2

HClO2 H2SO4

HClO H2SO3
 Anhydride Mixed Anhydride

HNO3
NO2
HNO2

H2N2O2

HClO4

HClO3
ClO3
HClO2

HClO
 Structures of Oxides of Nitrogen

N2O5 NO2

N2O4
N2O3

NO

N2O
 Structures of Oxides / Fluorides of Xenon

XeO4

XeO3

XeF2

XeF4

XeF6
 First Atom of Group

n=2 N O F

No, d orbital

Small in size : IE

EN

Form multiple bond easily

Hybridisation : sp sp2 sp3
Existence : NCl5 PCl5

PF6– NF6–

N2 P2

Nitrogen is restricted to a maximum covalency of 4 since only four (one s and

three p) orbitals are available for bonding.

The heavier elements have vacant d orbitals in the outermost shell which
can be used for bonding (covalency) and hence, expand their covalence
as in PF6–.
 Nitrogen cannot form d – p bond as the heavier elements can.

O O O

N N P
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3

Nitrogen has unique ability to form pπ-pπ multiple bonds with itself and with
other elements having small size and high electronegativity ( C , O ).

Heavier elements of this group do not form pπ-pπ bonds as their atomic
orbitals are so large and diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping.
 Inter Pair Effect

As

Sb

Bi Bi+3 Bi+5

The only well characterised Bi (V) compound is BiF5

 Bond Dissociation Energy

Min. energy required to break a bond

C C Si Si

N N P P

O O S S

F F Cl Cl
 Catenation Property

C C Si Si Self linking property of an element

Single bond formation tendency

N N P P

O O S S

The single N – N bond is weaker than the single P – P bond because of high
interelectronic repulsion of the non-bonding electrons, owing to the small bond
length. As a result the catenation tendency is weaker in nitrogen
 O2 Vs S8 N2 Vs P4

O O S S N N P P
 Allotropes
Different forms of an element within the same physical phase
N O F

P S Cl

As Se Br

Sb Te I

Bi Po At

Except nitrogen, all the elements show allotropy.

Form single bonds as P–P, As–As and Sb–Sb.
Bismuth forms metallic bonds in elemental state.
 Allotropes of Sulphur

Rhombic Sulphur Monoclinic Sulphur

-Sulphur -Sulphur
S8 S8

Transition (at 369 K) :

Solubility (in water) :
Solubility (in CS2) :
Stability (at RT) :

The S8 ring in both the forms is puckered and has a crown shape.
 Boiling Point
Boiling Point Attractive force b/w molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Vander waal force of attraction Molecular weight

Order of B.P. :

CH4 NH3 H2O HF

SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl

GeH4 AsH3 H2Se H Br

SnH4 SbH3 H2Te HI

 H2O
100

HF
H2Te
H2Se
0 NH3
H2S AsH3
SbH3
HI
T(°C) HCl HBr SnH4
PH3
–100 GeH4
CH4 SiH4

–200
2 3 4 5
Period
(i) H2O is liquid but H2S is gas ? Boiling Point : H2O H2S
(ii) HF is liquid but HCl is gas ? Boiling Point : HF HCl
 Hydrogen containing compounds

H—F H — Cl H — Br H—I

Bond length :

Bond strength :

B.D.E. :

Acidic strength :

Boiling point :
 NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3

Bond length :

Bond strength :

B.D.E. :

Basic strength :

Reducing power :

Boiling point :
 H2O H2S H2Se H2Te

Bond length :

Bond strength :

B.D.E. :

Acidic strength :

Reducing power :

Boiling point :