Composites Communications 24 (2021) 100656

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Composites Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/coco

The effect of styrene-butadiene rubber and ethylene vinyl acetate polymers

on the mechanical properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites
Hadi Azadmanesh, Seyed Amir Hossein Hashemi *, Seyed Hooman Ghasemi
Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Nowadays, the application of the Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) is increasing. An alternative way to
Engineered cementitious composites use un-oiled fibers in ECC is the coating fibers with hydrophobic oil. Coating of fibers with hydrophobic oil in
Styrene-butadiene rubber high volumes of concrete is not practical and is almost impossible. In this study, to increase the mechanical
Ethylene vinyl acetate
properties of ECC with the use of unoiled fibers, the polymers of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene
Poly vinyl alcohol fibers
vinyl acetate (EVA) were used. The cement was replaced by the polymers in order to strengthen the tensile and
flexural properties. In sum, 7 mix proportions were prepared for the intended tests. The ECC for compressive
strength, the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending were examined and tested. The results of the present
research indicated that the use of polymers boosts the tensile and flexural properties of the ECC with unoiled
fibers. The tensile strain in this study increased by more than 3% after the application of the polymers.
Furthermore, the compressive strength increased by more than 47 MPa, and the deflection at the mid-span
reached more than 9 mm in the bending test. On the other hand, these results also proved that the SBR latex
is more compatible with the use of ECC in comparison of EVA powder.

1. Introduction combined performance in combination with such materials as FRP

In the recent days, concrete is used in many types of infrastructures.
Protecting the infrastructures is essential for economic development [1].
But weakness in the ductility and low tensile strength of concrete has
caused concern over its performance [2]. The Engineered Cementitious
Composite (ECC) is a reinforced cementitious composite containing fiber
with a high performance which has been given more attention in the
recent years known as the flexible concrete [3,4]. The ECC has been
known due to its flexibility against bending [5]. This material consists of
cement, mineral admixtures, fine aggregates, water, super plasticizer
and up to 2 vol% of fibers [6,7]. The use of materials such as silica fume
and fly ash at Nano and micro scale amounts has enhanced the perfor­
mance and durability of the ECC [8]. Also the lower ratio of water to
cement causes the better performance of bonding between the cement,
fine grain material and chemical admixtures in the ECC [9]. The mix
design of ECC has been performed based on the micromechanics prin­
ciple which reduces the brittle behavior of the concrete [10]. The ca­
pacity of this type of composite in terms of tensile strain even reaches 8%
[11]. The ECC has been investigated in terms of various environmental
conditions [12–16], various types of fibers and admixtures [17–23],
covers [24], protection of masonry structures [25], performance in
bonding on steel structures [3], performance against high temperatures
[13,26], self-healing performance [27,28] and the results of this inves­
tigation indicated a good functionality and performance. The fibers such
as polyethylene (PE), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), steel fibers and even
hybrid fibers have been used in making of the ECC [29]. The use of PVA
fibers is more common than other fibers types [40]. PVA fibers have
improved many properties of cementitious composite [41]. PVA fibers
can improve ductility and reduce stress concentration on internal defect
[42]. In order to make the ECC, the oiled fibers have been used to pre­
vent bonding between the cement matrix and fibers [44]. An alternative
way to use un-oiled fibers in ECC is the coating fibers with hydrophobic
oil. Coating of fibers with hydrophobic oil in high volumes of concrete is
not practical and is almost impossible. However, the use of un-oiled PVA
fibers without oil coating reduces the ductility and tensile strength of the
ECC [30].
On the other hand, the use of polymers by replacing a percentage of
cement increases the tensile strength and ductility of the concrete
[31–33]. The polymers are divided into the solid and liquid types.
Various types of latex and resins are good examples for fluid polymers

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Hashemi@qiau.ac.ir (S.A.H. Hashemi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100656
Received 28 November 2020; Received in revised form 14 January 2021; Accepted 20 January 2021
Available online 24 January 2021
2452-2139/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Azadmanesh et al. Composites Communications 24 (2021) 100656

Fig. 1. Particle size distribution curve of silica sand.

2.2. Preparation of the specimens

Table 1
Chemical composition and physical properties of PC and FA.
Totally 7 mix proportions were respectively prepared by replacing
Component (%) Cement Fly Ash cement with EVA and SBR polymers at 0, 1, 3 and 5 wt% of cement. The
SiO₂ 20.76 57.06 other variables were kept constant to investigate the changes. A mixer
Al₂O₃ 5.54 20.96 with a capacity of 20 L was used to produce the newly ECC composition.
Fe₂O₃ 3.35 4.15 At first, the cement, sand and EVA polymer were mixed for 90 s.
MnO – 0.033
CaO 61.4 9.79
Thereafter, water and high-range amount of water-reducing admixture
MgO 2.48 1.75 were added to the mixture and they were mixed for about 3 min. Finally,
Na₂O 0.19 2.23 PVA fiber was added to the mixture and this process was continued
kO₂ 0.78 1.53 about 3 other minutes. Totally, it took approximately 10 min for making
TiO₂ 0.68
the mixture. The prepared mixture was poured into the moulds, and a
–
Loss on ignition 2.2 1.25
Specific gravity 3.15 2.3 vibrating table was implemented to reach an appropriate rate of
Surface area (m2/kg) 325 290 compaction [23]. After pouring the mixture into the moulds, the spec­
imens were covered with tight plastic sheets for 24 h thereupon,
demoulding was performed. After demoulding, the specimens were kept
and the solid polymers include polymeric powders and monomers [34]. for 7 other days within the sealed plastic bags at 25 ± 2 ◦ C temperature
In the recent years, a plethora of research has been conducted on the free of external moisture. Then, they were kept at temperature of 25 ± 2
mortars and concretes modified by polymers. But the use of polymers in ◦
C. and in a condition of relative humidity of 5 ± 50% up to the time of
the ECCs is a novel research. In the present article, the materials such as testing. This processing method was previously implemented in the
EVA polymer powder and latex of SBR polymer have been incorporated research works [37].
in order to enhance the mechanical properties of unoiled PVA-ECC.

2. Experimental program 2.3. Test method

2.1. Materials and the mix design In order to determine the compressive strength of the PVA-ECC the
cubical mould with 50 × 50 × 50mm dimensions was used according to
Portland cement (PC) type 2 produced by Tehran Cement Factory ASTM C39 [38]. For measuring the compressive strength, a jack
(According to ASTMC150 [35]) and F-Class fly ash (FA) (according to
ASTMC618 [36]) were used to make ECC with high volume of fly ash.
Table 3
The chemical and physical properties of cement and fly ash have been Chemical and physical properties of SBR.
presented in Table (1). Fine grained silica sand with aggregate size of
Appearance Polymer Solid Viscosity at Particle PH
1.18 mm and specific gravity of 2.7 was used. The particle size distri­
type content 25 ◦ C (mPa- size (nm)
bution curve of the used silica sand is illustrated in Fig. 1. (%) s)
The carboxylate-based water-reducing super-plasticizer admixture,
White-low Styrene- 50 40–100 175 8.5–9.5
specific gravity of 1.07 Gr per cubic centimeter was added to the fresh viscosity butadin
ECC mixture, to improve the workability. The PVA fibers were used for emulsion
the ductility of ECC mixture. The mechanical properties of the PVA fi­
bers are given in Table 2. To enhance the ductility and tensile strength of
the unoiled PVA ECC, materials such as SBR latex and EVA powder were Table 4
incorporated. The chemical and physical properties of the SBR and EVA Chemical and physical properties of EVA.
polymers are given in Tables 3 and 4.
Appearance Solid content Mean particle Minimum film-forming
The ratio of fly ash to cement 1.2 was used in the ECC mixture. The (%) size (μm) temperature (◦ C)
ratio of water to cementitious material 0.3 were taken into consideration
White 98–100 1–7 4
in this research. The mix proportion ratios of the ECC modified by the powder
polymer have been specified in Table 5.

Table 2
Mechanical properties of the PVA fibers.
Length Diameter Elongation (%) Density (g/cm3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Melting Temperature (◦ C) Tensile Strength (MPa)
(mm) (μm)

8 39 6.5 1.3 40 225 1600

2
H. Azadmanesh et al. Composites Communications 24 (2021) 100656

Table 5
Mix proportion of PVA-ECC (mass ratio).
Mixture ID Cement Fly ash Water-binder Sand-binder HRWR- binder ratio PVA Fiber (by EVA-cement ratio SBR-cement ratio
ratio ratio (%) volume) (%) (%)

M1 1.0 1.20 0.30 0.34 0.82 2.0 – –

M2 1.0 1.21 0.30 0.34 0.78 2.0 1.0 –
M3 1.0 1.23 0.30 0.34 0.81 2.0 3.0 –
M4 1.0 1.26 0.30 0.35 0.82 2.0 5.0 –
M5 1.0 1.21 0.30 0.34 0.73 2.0 – 1.0
M6 1.0 1.23 0.30 0.34 0.73 2.0 – 3.0
M7 1.0 1.26 0.30 0.35 0.73 2.0 – 5.0

Fig. 2. Performed tests on PVA-ECC.

machine with 2000 KN capacity was implemented. The prismatic
specimens with 350 × 50 × 15mm (length*width*height) dimensions
were used for the bending test. These dimensions of the prismatic beam
section were used in the previous research [30]. The prismatic speci­
mens were loaded using the three-point bending test machine. The
loading speed of the bending machine was set to 0.5 mm per minute. The
span length of the bending test was 300 mm and it reached 150 mm at
the middle of the span. The images of performed tests have been shown
in Fig. 2.
The dog-bone shaped specimens were used for the tensile test. These
specimens were used based on the previous studies [39] for uniaxial
tensile tests. The SANTAM tensile machine with 300 kN capacity was
used for this purpose. The dimensions of dog-bone shaped and beam
specimen has been shown in Fig. 3. The loading rate of the test machine
was set to 0.2 mm per minute.
3. The result and discussion
3.1. Compressive strength test
The compressive strength test was performed for 7-day and 28-day
specimens. Three specimens were prepared for each mix proportion
and their average value was presented as the results. Fig. 4 indicates the
results of the compressive strength test. The increase of the compressive
strength is considerable with the increase of the ECC age. This conclu­
sion also has been observed in the previous studies [37]. The compres­
sive strength of M1 mix proportion has increased by 34% in 28 days
compared to 7 days which is approximately equal to mix proportions
containing EVA polymer (M2,M3,M4). Increasing compressive strength
in 28 days compared to 7 days in mix proportions containing SBR
polymer (M5,M6,M7) is more than 50% which indicates more compat­
ibility of SBR polymer with cementitious material.
Additionally, the increase in the compressive strength is remarkable
with the use of the SBR polymers. In the mix proportion containing SBR
latex, the compressive strength rate was more than in proportionate
with the mix proportion containing EVA polymer. The SBR polymer with
1% cement replacement ratio, showed the best results in the compres­
sive strength test. In the mix proportions, containing EVA polymer with
3% and 5% cement replacement ratios, the compressive strength was
reduced with respect to the control specimen (without polymer). M3 and
M4 mix proportion had a 6% and 11% reduction in compressive strength
compared to M1 mix proportion. Taking into account this feature, one
could state that, by the increase of the replacement ratio of EVA poly­
mer, the compressive strength of the specimen is reduced. The
compressive strength of M5 mix proportion (1% cement replacement)
increased by 32% with respect to that of M1 mix proportion (without
polymer). The compressive strength of 28-day specimen with M5 mix
proportion (containing 1% SBR) was about 23% higher with respect to
that of M2 mix design (containing 1% EVA). This matter shows a higher
compatibility between SBR polymer and the PVA-ECC in compressive
strength.

3
H. Azadmanesh et al. Composites Communications 24 (2021) 100656

Fig. 3. The dimensions of PVA-ECC (a) dog-bone specimen (b) beam specimen (Note: All dimensions in mm.).

results are in fact the average of the results of three specimens. The
50
obtained stress is calculated based on the applied load divided by the
Comprssive Strenght (MPa)

40
cross section under tension and the strain is obtained from the elonga­
30 tion ratio over a gauge length of 80 mm. By increase in the amount of
20 polymers, the tensile strain was also increased. The highest rate of
10
tensile strain corresponded to the specimen contained SBR polymer with
5% cement replacement. Thus by adding SBR and EVA polymers the
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 tensile strain capacity is increased more than 3% and the behavior of
Mixture ID multiple cracks can be achieved. The strain corresponding to M4 and M7
mix proportions were respectively increased by 2.86 and 3 times with
7days 28 days
respect to M1 mix proportion (without polymer). After the first crack,
Fig. 4. The compressive strength of PVA-ECC. the stress increased with the formation of multiple cracks, which led to
increase inelastic strain. The tensile strain changes observed in M1 mix
proportion could be due to random matrix flaws and random distribu­
Table 6 tion of fibers [43]. Also in M1 mix proportion, after the fibers began to
Tensile properties of unoiled PVA-ECC. break the strain hardening trend stopped. In mix proportion containing
Mixture Number of Ave of tensile Ave of tensile Ave of Crack EVA and SBR polymers, the effect of strain hardening at the beginning of
ID specimen Stress (MPa) Strain (%) number cracking was not very distinct, but with increasing displacement, strain
M1 3 2.69 1.12 12 hardening properties became apparent. Addition of polymers makes it
M2 3 2.83 1.48 21 easier for micro-cracks to start and increase strain capacity. After
M3 3 2.95 2.86 30 reaching the maximum stress, localized crack occur and leads to the
M4 3 3.29 3.21 33
failure of the composite. The cracks number over the 80 mm length
M5 3 2.72 1.66 19
M6 3 3.10 3.05 32 under tension was determined after the test. The number of multiple
M7 3 3.37 3.43 36 cracks increased after using of polymers. This phenomenon indicated
the increase of the tensile behavior in the ECC only by using polymers
without oiled PVA-fibers. The average number of cracks showed that in
3.2. Uniaxial tensile test M1 mix proportion the average distance between the cracks has been
reduced from 6.5 mm to 3.8 mm in M2 mix proportion. This number for
The uniaxial tensile test was performed in order to determine the mix proportion of M3 to M7 was respectively 2.7, 2.4, 4.2, 2.5 and 2.2
tensile strength and tensile stress-strain. In order to conduct the uniaxial mm.
tensile test three dog-bone specimens with 28-day age were used. The
result of the uniaxial tensile test has been shown in Table 6. The depicted

4
H. Azadmanesh et al. Composites Communications 24 (2021) 100656

Table 7 3.3. Three-point bending tests

Three-point bending test result for unoiled PVA-ECC.
Mixture ID Specimen Load (N) Deflection at midspan (mm) Table 7 shows the average result of three beam shaped specimens.
The three-point bending test was performed based on the change in
M1 1 236.15 4.48
2 224.18 4.29 deflection at the middle of beam span corresponding to the maximum
3 223.91 4.27 load. Fig. 5 illustrates the behavior of the specimens of the ECC under
Average 228.08 4.35 bending. The results show that the specimen containing polymer has a
M2 1 267.39 5.20 better behavior in comparison with the specimens without polymer. This
2 241.81 4.64
3 257.02 4.93
fact indicates the positive performance of polymers in bending. At the
Average 255.41 4.92 initial stage of loading, the ECC specimen is in the elastic state. With
M3 1 256 5.78 increasing external load, a tiny crack is created with flaw in the constant
2 248.75 5.07 moment region. After the end of loading, cracks appeared and propa­
3 250.88 5.38
gated at the middle of the specimen span. For M1 mix proportion, first
Average 251.87 5.41
M4 1 258.6 7.66 the initial cracks then a small number of multiple cracks are formed and
2 232.8 6.93 initial crack spread upward quickly and specimen is failed. The multiple
3 241.92 7.17 cracks phenomenon was also observed in this test. The multiple cracks in
Average 244.44 7.25 M7 and M4 specimens, having the highest deformation at the middle of
M5 1 256.23 5.56
2 266.4 5.21
span, are shown in Fig. 6. For the mix proportion containing polymer
3 247.91 5.32 such as M4 and M7 after cracking, the initial crack began to expand
Average 256.85 5.36 upward increasing the width of the crack, which was accompanied by
M6 1 276.49 7.34 tiny sub-parallel cracks in the specimens. During the loading process,
2 249.8 6.02
tiny multiple cracks propagates from the middle to the both supports
3 253.99 6.18
Average 251.49 6.51 and indicating a difference in performance with specimens without
M7 1 270.16 9.27 polymer. Fig. 6 shows that the number of multiple cracks in mix pro­
2 256.15 8.17 portions containing SBR latex has increased in comparison with the mix
3 240.18 7.59 proportions which contained EVA polymer and distances between
Average 255.50 8.34
cracks decreased. In some of the specimens, the multiple cracks

300 m1-1
m1-2
250
m1-3
200 m2-1
Load (N)

m2-2
150
m2-3

100 m3-1
m3-2
50 m3-3
m4-1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m4-2

Deflec�on at midspan (mm) m4-3

(a)

300 m7-3
250 m7-2

200 m7-1
Load (N)

m6-1
150
m6-2
100
m6-3
50 m5-1

0 m5-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 m5-3
Deflec�on at midspan (mm) m1-1

(b)
Fig. 5. Results of load-displacement of un-oiled PVA-ECC (a) Mix proportion m1-m4 (b) Mix proportion m5-m7.

5
H. Azadmanesh et al.
Fig. 6. Phenomenon of multiple cracks of specimens under bending.
phenomenon was not observed and the bearing capacity was not
changed after cracking. Ultimately, by breaking the fibers under the
bending loading the specimen faced with failure.
According to Table 7, in addition to increase in the bending state, the
borne and corresponding force of the load, the tensile strength also
increased by adding the polymers to the specimens. The highest ductility
on average belonged to M7 mix proportion (with 5% SBR polymer). The
mix proportions with 1, 3 and 5% EVA polymer respectively indicated
on average 13%, 24% and 66% higher deflection in comparison with the
average of specimens without polymers. This percentage of deflection in
the specimens with 1, 3 and 5% SBR showed on average 23%, 49% and
92% higher ductility in comparison with the average of the specimens
without polymer. Comparing M4 and M7, it is observed that the mix
proportion containing 5% SBR latex has 15% higher ductility in com­
parison with the mix proportion containing 5% EVA polymer. Also the
averaged applied load in M7 mix proportion is higher in comparison
with M4 mix proportion. This fact indicates the higher tensile strength of
the specimen containing SBR latex.
4. Conclusion
In order to produce the un-oiled PVA-ECC, there is need for an
alternative method. In this research, the polymers both in the solid and
fluid states have been used in producing the PVA-ECC. According to the
behavior of ECC with un-oiled PVA-fibers and by addition of polymeric
admixtures and considering their mechanical properties the following
results were obtained:
(1) The compressive strength of un-oiled PVA-ECC at replacement
ratios of 1% EVA polymer and 1%, 3% and 5% SBR polymer had
increased in comparison with that of the specimen without
polymer, and at 3% and 5% EVA polymer replacement, the
strength was reduced at 7-day and 28-day ages. The highest
compressive strength germane to 1% replacement of cement with
SBR polymer which showed greater strength by 45 MPa at 28-day
age.
(2) The results of uniaxial tensile test indicate the increase in the
stress-strain capacity with increasing the polymer amounts. The
highest capacity of tensile stress-strain germane to 5% replace­
ment of cement with SBR polymer with an average tensile strain
capacity of 3.43%.
(3) The ductile behavior of the ECC with un-oiled fibers under the
bending tests increased with increase in the amount of polymer.
The deflection at the middle of the span in specimens with 5%
replacement of cement with SBR polymer was greater than 9 mm.
(4) The multiple cracks increased with increase in the amount of
polymers in the uniaxial tensile test. The average number of
multiple cracks after addition of polymers increases significantly.
The highest average value of the cracks germane to the specimens
with SBR polymer.
6
Composites Communications 24 (2021) 100656
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Hadi Azadmanesh: Conceptualization, Experiment, Data Process­
ing, Writing - original draft. Seyed Amir Hossein Hashemi: Experi­
ment, Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Seyed Hooman
Ghasemi: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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