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Low Cost Battery Equalizer Using Buck-Boost and Series
Low Cost Battery Equalizer Using Buck-Boost and Series
Low Cost Battery Equalizer Using Buck-Boost and Series
Abstract—This paper presents a buck-boost and series LC most of them do not offer a loop to bypass the open-circuit
converter (BBSLCC) with synchronous phase-shift control cells, and their costs are the significant drawbacks because of
(SPSC) for series battery equalizer. Traditionally, to equalize n the count of switch [3-20, 22-31].
series battery cells, buck-boost converter uses 2n-1 switches, but
this BBSLCC can reduce half switch count. Closed-loop In order to offer a loop to bypass the open-circuit faulty
phase-shift controller based on a feed-forward method is cells, buck-boost + Cuk converter referred to Fig. 1 was
extremely hard to implemented, but this proposed SPSC method proposed to save 50% switch count [21]. It has minimum
is much easier to be achieved by just sensing the zero current switch count with one switch per cell, so the cost is
through series LC circuit. A theoretical analysis shows that it competitive. And it is suitable for high voltage battery pack
take much shorter time to equalize batteries using this BBSLCC due to lower device voltage stress and its modularization
with SPSC compared with a single BBSLCC without SPSC. It advantage which is convenient to add or remove cells from the
also offers a solution to bypass the open circuit faulty cell. The string. In fact, the capacitor in Fig. 1 acts as a switching
simulation and experimental results verify the operating capacitor, so the capacitor charged/discharged current is much
characteristics of this proposed topology and method, and show larger, then higher current stress switch is needed.
that it features straightforward and low cost implementation.
To overcome larger capacitor current, BBSLCC with
I. INTRODUCTION SPSC is proposed in this paper for series battery equalizer.
In these years, series battery string is widely used in power The proposed converter not only inherits all the benefits from
tool, such as uninterruptible power supply (UPS), hybrid buck-boost + cuk converter, but also it has other distinctive
electric vehicle (HEV). As we all know, each battery cell is features:
different from others because batteries have inevitable • It can achieve smaller switching current for higher
chemical and electrical characteristics. This mismatch efficiency and better electromagnetic interference
problem will become worse and worse after several charge (EMI) performances.
and discharge cycles. In the worst case, batteries will explode
or on fire, so battery equalizer is indispensable to protect • The phase-shift time is determined by zero current,
battery and prolong battery lifetime[1]. Many balance which is easier to be implemented compared with
topologies have been proposed and well summarized [2-31]. other complicated methods [24, 27].
All the balance topologies can be divided into two • Equalization is very fast because of SPSC.
methods: dissipative [18] and nondissipative [3-17, 19-31]. II. PROPOSED BUCK-BOOST AND SERIES
Dissipative method will take more power dissipation,
RESONANCE CONVERTER
compared to nondissipative method. In the same way, thermal
issue and low efficiency are its drawbacks, so most researches A. Circuit Description
are focusing on nondissipative methods now. Isolated DC-DC To analysis the operation principles of BBSLCC, a 4-cell
converter was proposed to shunt current around lower voltage battery pack is taken as an example in this paper. The 4 cells
cells [5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 17, 28, 32]. Switched-capacitor [3, 8, 9, are divided into 2 groups, which are upper group and lower
12, 13, 23, 24, 27, 31, 33], switching buck-boost [25, 28] and group. The upper group includes C1 and C2, and the lower
cuk [15] converters were proposed to reduce switching loss group includes C3 and C4. Fig. 1 shows the circuit
for high efficiency performance. Zero voltage switching configuration of buck-boost +cuk converter, and the duty
(ZVS) or zero current switching(ZCS) are widely used in cycle of all the switches is 50% [21]. To overcome its
these converters, and they provide ultra low switching losses shortcomings, BBSLCC is proposed in Fig. 2. Only one series
[7, 26, 30]. Then higher switching frequency can be used to inductor is added; this inductor will result in a great
minimize the dimension and cost of converters. However, suppression of transferring current, power losses, and EMI
S1 S1
V1 B1 D1 V1 D1
L1 L1
V2 B2 S2 D2 Lr V2 S2 D2 Lr
Cr Cr
V3 B3 S3 D3 V3 S3 D3
L2 L2
V4 B4 S4 D4 V4 S4 D4
V2 S2 D2 Lr V2 S2 D2 Lr
V3 S3 D3 Cr V3 S3 D3 Cr
L2 L2
V4 S4 D4 V4 S4 D4
State Ⅲ State Ⅳ
Fig. 3 Operating stages of Buck-Boost and Series LC
Converter
III. DERIVATION OF THE PHASE-SHIFT TIME AND
Fig. 2 Buck-Boost and Series LC Converter TRANSFER ENERGY
B. Phase-shift control A. Derivation of the synchronous phase-shift time
The operation of the BBSLCC can be described into 4 ir is the current through Lr, VC is the voltage of Cr and Vr is
states in Fig3, with different switches turned on or off. S1 and the voltage of SLCC. Then the equations are as follows:
S2, or S3 and S4 are controlled by a pair of complementary dVc
signals. Fig4 shows the switching sequence and waveforms of Cr = ir (2)
SPSC. dt
Series LC circuit (SLCC) is connected to B1 and B2. So dir
Cr is charged by B1 and B2, and ir increases from zero. In this Lr = Vr − Vc (3)
period, energy is transferred from B1 and B2 to Lr and Cr. dt
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⎛T ⎞
Vc ⎜⎜ SW − TS ⎟⎟ = Vc (0 ) −
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛T ⎞ ⎤
[ ]
Lr C r V1 + V2 − Vc (0 ) ⎢cos ω r ⎜⎜ SW − TS ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ (7)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
(V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 )
Vc ( 0 ) = (8)
2
In state , to simplify the calculation, ir is approximately
linear because the ripple of Vc(t) is very small, and Vr(t) is 0,
so
dir ⎛T ⎞
Lr = Vr (t ) − Vc (t ) = −Vc (t ) = −Vc ⎜ SW − TS ⎟ (9)
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠
dir
ΔI L = *TS (10)
dt
⎛T ⎞
Vc ⎜ SW − TS ⎟
2
Then ΔI L = − ⎝ ⎠ *T
S (11)
Lr
T T
ir ( SW ) = ir ( SW − TS ) + ΔI L (12)
2 2
Fig. 4 Switching sequence and waveforms of SPSC Substituting (6) and (11) into (12), then
⎛T ⎞ ⎛T ⎞
This is second order differential equation. In state I, [ ]
ir ⎜⎜ SW ⎟⎟ = ωr C r V1 +V 2−Vc (0 ) sin ωr ⎜⎜ SW − TS ⎟⎟
assuming the initial values ir =0 and Vc=Vc(0) at t =0, then ir ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
and Vc are given by
⎛T ⎞
ir (t ) = ωr Cr [Vr − Vc (0)]sin ωr t (4) Vc ⎜⎜ SW − TS ⎟⎟
−
⎝ 2 ⎠ *T (13)
Vc ( t ) = Vc ( 0 ) − Lr Cr ⎡⎣Vr (t ) − Vc ( 0 ) ⎤⎦ [cos ωr t − 1] (5) Lr S
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V12 + V34 International Rectifier). All the initial conditions are the same
>1 (18) with simulation. Fig8 shows the experimental waveforms.
V12 − V34
Obviously, the proposed BBSLCC runs in 4 states, which is
Then Ts can be derived as analytical expression in terms of the same as the analysis in paragraph Ⅱ . The initial
Kapteyn series [34]. experimental phase-shift time is 240ns, showed in Fig9. About
the equalization performance, please refer to Fig10. The initial
+∞ upper battery group voltage (V1+V2) is 8.2V, initial lower
−2π (−1)n ⎛ n(V12 − V34 ) ⎞ ⎛ nωrTSW ⎞
TS =
ωr ∑ n
Jn ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜
⎝ V12 + V34 ⎠ ⎝ 2
⎟ (19)
⎠
battery group voltage (V3+V4) is 7.63V, and it takes 70minutes
n=1
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to bring the voltage difference of the two battery groups to Fig. 9 Experimental waveforms related to the initial
zero. At the end, both voltages change to 7.9V. Larger phase-shift time
capacitor Cr and smaller inductor Lr can increase the speed of
energy transfer. However, the equalization time is longer for 4.3
two larger capacity battery groups. 4.2
4.1
4
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
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