Chapter 1: Functions and Models

Lecture 2

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Inverse Functions
2. Logarithmic Functions
3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4. Parametric Curves

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 1. Inverse Functions
Definition: A function f is
called a one-to-one function if
it never takes on the same
value twice; that is
f ( x)  f ( y) for x  y

Example: a) f ( x) = 2 x + 1
b) f ( x ) = a x , a  0, a  1
c) f ( x ) = x , x  [1, 2]
2

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Example 2
Functions that are not 1-to-1:

a) f ( x) = x 2 , x 
f ( −1) = f (1) = 1
b) f ( x ) = sin x
f (0) = f ( ) = 0
10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Horizontal Line Test: A function is one-to-one
if no horizontal line intersects its graph twice

One-to-one function NOT one-to-one function

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Inverse Functions
Definition. Let f : A → B be a one-to-one function with
domain A and range B. Then its inverse function f –1
has domain B and range A and is defined by
−1
f ( y) = x  f ( x) = y

Example:
The letter x is traditionally used as the independent variable. So,
when we concentrate on f –1 rather than on f, we usually reverse
the roles of x and y and write
−1
f ( x) = y  f ( y ) = x
Calcellation Equations:
f −1 ( f ( x)) = x for every x in A
f ( f −1 ( x)) = x for every x in B

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 How to Find Inverse Functions
1. Write y=f(x)
2. Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if
possible)
3. To express f -1 as a function of x,
interchange x and y. The resulting equation
is y = f -1(x)

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Example. Find the inverse of the function
f(x) = x3 + 2
Solution:
1. We first write y=x3 + 2
2. Then, we solve this equation for x:
x3 = y − 2
−1
x= 3 y − 2 = f ( y)
3. Finally, we interchange x and y:
y = f −1 ( x) = 3 x − 2
10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Graphs of Inverse Functions

• Let a point (a, b) be on the graph of f

• Then b=f(a) and so a=f-1(b)
• This means that the point (b, a) is on the graph of f -1
• The points (a, b) and (b, a) are symmetric about the line
y=x
• The graph of f -1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f
about the line y=x.
10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Exercises
Find an explicit formula for f -1 and graph f -1
and f, and the line y=x in the same coordinates

1) f ( x) = 1 − 2 / x ,
2
x0
2) f ( x ) = x + 2 x,
2
x0

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 2. Logarithmic Functions
• If a>0 and a≠1, the exponential function f ( x ) = a x
is either increasing or decreasing. So, it is one-to-
one by Horizontal Line Test
• It therefore has an inverse function, called
logarithmic function with base a, denoted by
loga
−1
f ( x) = log a x = y  f ( y) = a = x y

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Logarithmic Functions
• Logarithmic functions have the form
f ( x) = log a x, a  0 is constant
The domain is (0,) and the range is (-, )

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14
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Properties
• Cancellation Equations: log a (a ) = x, x 
x

a loga x = x, x  0
• Laws of Logarithms: if x and y > 0, then

1. l og a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y
4. log a 1 = 0
x
2. log a   = log a x − log a y 5. log a a = 1
 y
3. log a ( x r ) = r log a x
10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Common and Natural Logarithms

Base 10 log x = log10 x Common Logarithm

Base e ln x = log e x Natural Logarithm

ln x = y  x = e y
ln(e x ) = x, x 
eln x = x, x  0
ln x
ln e = 1, log a x =
10/11/2021 ln a Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Example
Suppose that the temperature T, in degrees Fahrenheit,
of an object after t minutes can be modeled using the
following equation: −0.3t
T (t ) = 200 − 150e
1. Find the temperature after 5 minutes.
−0.3(5)
T (5) = 200 − 150e  166.5
2. Find the time it takes to reach 190°.
190 = 200 − 150e−0.3t
1/15 = e−0.3t
ln (1/15 )
t=  9 min.
10/11/2021 −0.3 Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 3. Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Inverse sine function

• f(x)=sin x is not one-to-one

• But the function f(x)=sin x , - π/2 ≤ x ≤ π/2 is one-to-
one to [-1, 1]. The restricted sine function has an
inverse function which is denoted by sin-1 or arcsin
and is called inverse sine function.
−1
sin x = y  sin y = x
 Inverse sine function

• Example: sin-1(1/2) = π/6 .

• Cancellation equations for sin and sin-1:

sin −1 (sin x) = x for −  / 2  x   / 2

sin(sin −1 x) = x for − 1  x  1
 Inverse cosine function
• f(x)=cos x is not one-to-one
• But the function f(x)=cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π is one-to-one to
[-1, 1]. The restricted cosine function has an inverse
function which is denoted by cos-1 or arccos and is called
inverse cosine function. −1
cos x = y  cos y = x
 Inverse tangent function
• f(x)=tan x is not one-to-one
• But the function f(x)=tan x , -π/2 < x < π/2 is one-to-one to
(- ∞ ,∞). The restricted tangent function has an inverse
function which is denoted by tan-1 or arctan and is called
inverse tangent function.

tan −1 x = y  tan y = x - / 2  y   / 2
• Example: tan-1(1) = π/4 .
Inverse cotangent function:
y = cot −1 x ( x  )  cot y = x 0 y 

23
 4. Parametric Curves
• A parametric curve C is the set of points
(x,y), given by the parametric equations:
x = f (t ), y = g (t ), t  [ a, b]

t: parameter
P=(f(a),g(a)): initial point
Q=(f(b),g(b)): terminal point

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Example 1: Sketch and identify the parametric curve
x = 2t , y = 4t; t  0 The t values we pick must
be greater than or equal to
0. Let's start with 0.
t x y (x, y )
4(0) = 0 (0,0)
0 2(0) = 0
( 6 ,12 )
1 2(1)  1.4 4(1) = 4 ( 2 ,4 )
2(2) = 2 4(2) = 8 (2,8) (2,8)
2
3 2(3)  2.4 4(3) = 12 ( 6 ,12 ) ( 2 ,4 )
(0,0)
We'll make a chart and
choose some t values We see the "path" of the
and find the particle. The orientation is the
corresponding x and y direction it would be moving
values. over time (shown by the arrows)
We could take these parametric equations and find an
equivalent rectangular equation with substitution. This
is called "eliminating the parameter."
Solve for the parameter t in one
x = 2t , y = 4t; t  0 of equations (whichever one is
easier).
y ( 6 ,12 )
t= Substitute for t in the other
4 equation.
(2,8)
y
x =
2
2  y 2
x = 2  2 ( 2 ,4 )
4 2x2 = y (0,0)
We recognize this as a
parabola opening up. Since
our domain for t started at 0,
it is only the right half.