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MU. CLU. C
I. EFFECTIVE STRUCTURES..........................................................................................3

II. LINKING WORDS..................................................................................................10

III. PARAPHRASES......................................................................................................................12

IV. WRITING TASK 19.0 SAMPLE.........................................................................17

1. Table..................................................................................................................................... 17

2. Pie chart................................................................................................................................19

3. Chart................................................................................................................................21

4. Line graph.............................................................................................................................23

5. Map....................................................................................................................................... 25

6. Process..................................................................................................................................27

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 I. EFFECTIVE STRUCTURES

1. 5 BASIC STRUCTURES:

Day la nhfrng d.u true ca ban bc;1n d.n ni m, dung trong m9i dc;1ng cua Task 1

Number Structures Examples

1 Subject+ Verb+ adverb+ number+ The number of tourists
time period increased significantly to
5000 in 2021
2 There+ be+ a/an + adjective+ noun The was a significant
+ number + in + the number/ the increase of 500 in the
quatity of sth + time period number of tourists
3 Subject + experienced/ saw/ The number of tourists
witnessed + a/an + adj + noun + witnessed a significant
number + time period increase of 500 in 2021
4 A/an+ adj +noun+ number+ was A significant increase of 500
seen+ in subject+ time period was seen in the number of
tourists in 2021
5 Time period + witnessed/saw + a/an The year 2021 witnessed a
+ adj +noun+ in+ the number/ the significant increase of 500 in
quatity of sth the number of tourists
 2. Trend language

Trend language dugc dung dS mo ta biSn d()ng cua biSu d6 giua cac khoang thai
gian v&i nhau (ngay/thang/nam)

Meaning Verb Noun Adj Adv

Go down Decline Decline
Decreas Decreas
e Drop e Drop Considerable Considerably
Significant Significantly

"
Fall Fall
Plummet Plummet Substantial Substantially
Plunge Plunge Moderate Gradually
Goup Climb Climb Gradual Moderately
Grow Growth Slight Slightly
Increase Increase Minimal Minimally
Rise Rise
Rocket

No change Remain

the same
Remain
unchanged
Remain
constant
Remain
stable
Stay table
Stay steady
 Constant Fluctuate Fluctuation
change (around) Variation
Vary (around)
NV\

Highest To reach a peak of A high of

Point To peak at

Lowest To bottom out at A low of

Point To hit a low point
of

Mvt s6 each dung cac tit Trend language thong d(lng:

• Fluctuation:

Dung khi mieu ta khi sf> li u dao d(mg len xu6ng quanh m(>t gia tri nh§.t dinh

Fluctuated significantly/ fluctuated wildly (thay d6i 16n)/ fluctuated slightly (thay
d6i nh6)

Ex: The number of car sale fluctuated wildly around 1500 cars between 2015
and 2020

• Reached a low/ reached a peak:

Dung khi mieu ta day ho c dinh cua sf> li u

Ex:

Car sales reached a low of 1500 m 2020

(lm,mg xe ban ra th§.p nh§.t la 1500 trong 2020)
 Car sales reached a peak of 3000 m 2021
(lm,mg xe ban ra cao nh§.t la 3000 trong 2021)

• Stood at:

Bc;1n c6 thS dung Stood at b§.t ki ch6 nao bc;1n mu6n trong bai viSt, thuang se dung
trong cau ghep, sau m(>t biSn d(>ng nao d6:

At the beginning it stood at/ then it stood at/ afte-rward it stood at

Ex:

- The number of people travelling to VietNam increases significantly in 2020,

then it stood at 500.000 people in 2021.

- At the beginning the car sale stood at 200 car per month, then it increased
considerably to 500 in the following year

• Started at/began at:

Dung khi n6i vS diSm khai d§.u cua sf> li u:

Ex:

- In 2020, the number of Facebook users started at/ began at I trillion.

• Ended at/ finished at:

Dung khi n6i vs diSm kSt thuc cua sf> li u:

Ex:

- The figure finished at/ ended at over 50%

• Experienced/ witnessed/ saw/ underwent:

- Laptop prices experienced a decrease/ an increase

- Laptop prices underwent a decrease/ an increase

- The price of laptop saw a decrease/ an increase

- The price of laptop witnessed a decrease/ an increase

2. Expressions for overview:

Dung nhfrng d.u true nay dS bit d§.u cho doc;1n overview, bc;1n cung c6 thS dung dS
chuySn gifra doc;1n 3 va 4:

- As the graph illustrates

- It is clear from the graph (that)

- As is illustrated by the graph

- From the graph, it is clear (that)...

- A brief assessment from the graph shows that...

- Overall it is immediately apparent that...

- It is important to note that...

- The most significant facts to emerge from the graph are that...

- It can be seen from the graph that...

Luu y la bc;1n chi c§.n h9c 1-2 cau trong nhfrng c1,1m tren, ch9n cho minh cau bc;1n
tam die nh§.t va ap d1,1ng m9i bai bc;1n viSt.

3. Time expression

- (In) the period from... to.../ between... and ...(in the period from 1950 to 1960)

- During (during the first year)

-In the first/ last......month of the year (in the first 3 month of the year)

- Over the period from... to...

- Over the following ... year (over the following 3 year)

- Over a.....year period (over a 5 year period)

-Throughout the year/ throughout the period

- at the beginning/ at the end of the year/ the period

4. Estimation

- Nearly

-About

-Around

- Approximately

- Just over

- More than/ Less than

- Almost

5. Giving data

1 2020 1 202 1
5% 20%

In 2021 the number increased to 20%

In 2021 the number increased by 15%

The number increased from 5% in 2020 to 20% in 2021

The number increased from 5% to 20% between 2020 and 2021

 6. Comparison and superlative language

Superlative (so sanh nhdt):

- Vinfast was the most popular car

- Vinfast was more popular than any other car

- Vinfast produced the most sold car

- The most popular means of transport was Vinfast

- Vinfast was the most popular means of transport

- Most people chose Vinfast as a mean of transport

Comparison (so sanh hon):

- Vinfast was more popular than Honda

- Vinfast was more popular among males than females

- Vinfast was less popular among females than males

- More males than females chose Vinfast

- Fewer females than males chose Vinfast

- Compared to/with the number of females, the number of males were

considerably higher.

- The number of males were considerably higher compared to/with the number
of females.
II. LINKING WORDS
1. Then, before, after

These words are very useful to vary the way you link sentences:

- Car sales increased steadily from 2015 until 2020, then fell slightly in the
following year.

- Car sales increased steadily from 2015 until 2020, before falling slightly in the
following year.

- After increasing steadily from 2015 until 2020, Car sales fell slightly in the
following year.

2. In contrast/ however/ on the other hand/ whereas/ white/ although:

These words can be used for transitions:

- Vietnam consumers nearrly 100 million tons of rice per year, however, it
produces more than 1 trilion tons.

- The USA produces large amounts of oil. In contrast, Taiwan produces none.
- Russia consumes 180 million tons of rice. On the other hand, England
consumes just 8 million per year.

- Spain produces 180 million tons of rice, while/ whereas Germany produces
none.

- While Germany consumes 80 million tons of rice per year, it produces none.

- Although Spain produced 180 tons of rice per year, Germany produced none
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3. Dicussing similarities:

- India consumes almost 100 million tons of rice per year, likewise/ similarly,
China consumes 110 million.

- Both India and China produce nearly the same amount of rice per year.

- India produced the same amount of rice as China

- Like India, Chine produces 100 million tons of rice.

4. Connectors

Day la cac tu dung dS chuySn y, chuySn do<;tn, dung a d§.u m6i do<;tn ho c khi
chuySn y mai:
- Moving to a more detailed analysis,....

- First of all,...

- To begin with,...

- Following that/this,...

- In terms of...

- It can be seen that...

- According to the chart,...

- Looking more closely at...

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 III. PARAPHRASES
1. Percentages:

80% four-fifths
75% three-quarters
70% seven in ten
65% :.I. • I

60% three-fifths

55% • •

50%
45% more than two fifths

40% two-fifths
more than a third
35%
less than a third
30% . .
• I
25%
one fifth (a fifth)
20%
less than a/one fifth
15%
10%
• •

one in twenty
5%
just over three quarters / approximately three quarters
77%
just under a half / nearly a half
49%
almost a third
32%
a very large majority
75% -85%
a significant proportion
65% -75%
a minority
10% -15%
a very small number
5%

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 2. Age group:
• Khi mieu tii m9t nhom tu6i tit 50-65, ta co cac each noi sau:

- The percentage of people aged from 50 to 65.

- People at/aged 50-65.

- The 50-65 age group.

- The group of 50-65 years old.

- People between the ages of 50 and 65

- Persons aged 50 though 65

- 50-65 year-olds

- The 50-65s

• Khi mieu tii nhom nguoi tren 65 tu6i:

- The percentage of people aged 65 or more.

- The proportion of elderly people were aged 65 or over

- The population aged 65 and over

- People 65 and older

- The oldest age group

- People in the 65 plus group

• Khi mieu tii nhom nguoi duoi 20 tu6i:

- People under age 20

- Young people who aged 20 or under

- The youngest age group

- Youth under 20 of age

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• M9t s6 tit theo nhom tu6i:

- An infant/ a newborn: a child under 1 year old

- A toddler: a child 1-3 years old

- An adolescence: 12-18 years old

- an adult/ a grown-up/ person of mature age: 18-55 years old

- an elder/ a senior/ an retiree: >65 years old

3. Country and land:

Tu dS paraphrase qu6c gia:

- Nation

- Territory

Tu dS paraphrase m(>t vung d§.t, m(>t h,ic dia:

-Land

- Continent

- Mainland

Tu dS paraphrase thanh ph6:

-Town

- Metropolis

- Metropolitan area

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 4. Spending:

Cach paraphrase S\l' chi tieu:

- spending on Sth

- expenditure on Sth

- The amount of money spent on Sth

- The expense of Sth

- The disbursement of Sth

5. Consumption:

Cach paraphrase S\l' tieu th1,1:

- The consumption of Sth

- The amouth of Sth consumed

- The number of Sth consumed

- Sth' consumption

- The use of Sth

- The usage of Sth

- The utilization of Sth

6. Production:

Cach paraphrase S\l' san xu§.t:

- The production of Sth

- The amouth of Sth produced

- The number of Sth produced

- Sth' production
- The manufacture of Sth

- The fabrication of Sth

7. Information:

Cach paraphrase thong tin:

- Data

- Statistics

- Details

- Particulars

8. Types:

Cach paraphrase lo<;1i:

Ex:

Film types = Film kinds = film genres

5 kinds of films = 5 genres of films = 5 types of films

9. Trasportation:

Cach paraphrase phuang ti n giao thong:

- Forms of transport

- Means of transport

- Modes of transport

Ex: There are 5 different forms/means/ modes of transport in the graph.

- Bus, train -> public transportation

- Bike, car, motorbike -> individual transportation

IV. WRITING TASK 19.0 SAMPLE

1. Table
The graph below shows the percentage of people unemployed in the total labour
workforce across 9 countries in 1994 and 2004.

Unemployed rate in labour force

COUNTRY
In 1994 In 2004
Ireland 14.8 % 4.4 %
Poland 1 1 2 .4 % 19 %
Italy 11.8 % 1 8.4 %
Canada 10.6 % 7.7 %
The UK I 9.s % 1 4. 7 %
Germany 7% 9.4%
The USA 1 7.2 % j s.4%
Australia 5% 5.4%
Japan =1_i7 % J 4.7 %

The table illustrates the changes and differences m the percentage of

unemployment in 9 countries over a decade from 1994 to 2004.

Overall, there were downward trends in 5 countries, contrary to the upward trends
in the rest 4 countries, with the most remarkable change that could be found in
Ireland. Besides, it is noteworthy that the gap between countries was widened
over the given decade.

In 1994, the percentage of joblessness in Ireland was at 14.8%, which was the
highest. Then, it experienced the most considerable fall to 4.4% which was the
lowest in 2004. Similarly, the research documented decreases in Italy, Canada,
the UK, and the USA (11.8%-8.4%; 10.6%-7.7%;

9.5%-4.7%; 7.2%-5.4% respectively). Despite these declines, numbers in Italy

and Canada constantly accounted for the third highest and the fourth highest
correspondingly.
In stark contrast, regarding Poland, it demonstrates the opposite trend, with figure
increasing significantly from 12.4% to 19%, exceeding Ireland to become the
country with highest percentage of unemployment. Likewise, the investigation
witnessed slight growths in Germany and Australia (7%-9.4% for the former and
from 5%-5.4% for the latter). Although a comparable rise from 2.7%-4.7% could
be seen in Japan, these figures were successively among the lowest percentages
in both years.
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2. Pie chart

The pie chart shows the proportion of students spending on entertainment,

clothing,food, and rent in a country from 1985 to 2015.

Entertainm , ent, ................

nt 20% Entertainment,
25% 28%

Clothes, 24%_/

Entertainment, Entertainment,
20% ent 40% Rent, 50%
18%

Clothes,
15%

Food. 25%

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The pie charts illustrate the changes and differences in the percentages of
student's expenditure spent on entertainment, renting, food over the period 1985
to 2015.

Overall, the given period witnessed a downward trend across the board, except
for Renting the only category that bucked the trend. Furthermore, the gap between
factors was widened considerably by the end of the research.

In particular, expenditure spent on renting experienced an upward trend, it stood

at the lowest number at 20% in 1985, then increasing consecutively to the peak
at 50% in 1025, exceeding other factors to become the highest number. Besides,
the most remarkable change could be found in this category in comparison with
the changes in other factors. In stark contrast, concerning spending on clothes,
the graph demonstrates an opposing trend, with number decreasing constantly
from 25% in 1985 to 11% in 2015, relatively continuously constituting the
smallest shares since 1995.

Similarly, there was a successive fall from 28% in 1995 to 18% in 2015 in
spending on entertainment, following a slight rise of 3% from 25% in the
beginning. Despite this change, it consistently accounted for the third highest
numbers over the research. Meanwhile, the figure for spending on food t to 25%
in 2005 and to 21% in 2015, after a stability at 30% in the first 10 years.

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3. Chart

The charts below show the average working hours of full-time workers and part
time workers in three countries and a comparison with the European average in
2002

Average working hours of Full Average working hours of

time workers Part-time workers
50
42 40
40 40
35
40
32 32 30

I_
30 25 22 22
20 20
20
20 15
10
10
5
0 0

Greece Netherland TheUK European

Greece Netherland The UK European
average
average

e]Women ■Men 121 Women ■Men

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The given tables illustrate the differences in working time of employees who
worked full-time and part-time jobs in three nations, compared to European
average number in 2002.

Overall, men in all countries, except Netherland, had more working hours than
women did. Additionally, the figures for full-time workers in Greece were
constantly the highest in both genders, and above the European average. In
contrast, regarding the Netherland and the UK, the graph shows an opposite trend
with numbers below the average. Meanwhile, the Netherland shows a domination
against other nations in terms of working hours for part-time employees.

Working hours of full-time male workers in Greece were 45 hours, compared to

42 hours of female counterparts. These figures were higher than that of European
average by 3 hours, and 2 hours respectively. By contrast, the corresponding
numbers in the UK were 40 hours and 37 hours, lower than European average
numbers. While, male and female workers in the Netherland had equal numbers
of 32 working hours, constituting the lowest numbers.

The figures for part-time employees in Netherland ranked the top, with figure of
32 hours for men and 34 hours for women, higher than European average by 8
hours and 9 hours respectively. Meanwhile, the graph shows no gap between 2
genders in Greece and the UK, with even numbers at 20 hours for the former and
22 hours for the latter, these were lower than the data for European average.
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4. Line graph

The line graph shows the percentage of people who used five different
communication methods between 1998 and 2008.

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Landline service Fi xed broadband + Cellula r phone service
M obile broadband ...,._ Int ernet service

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The line graph illustrates the changes in data about the number of users of 5
different services of communication over the period 1998 to 2008.

Overall, cellular phone service and Internet service experienced upward trends
with the most considerable growth for the former. Similarly, fixed broadband and
mobile broadband underwent gradual, slight growths. However, concerning
landline service, a reversed trend could be seen.

In particular, regarding the number of cellular phone service users, it stood at

about 7% in 1998, then increasing steadily and dramatically to the peak at 60% in
2008, exceeding other means to dominate the market. Due to this enormous rise,
since 2002, cellular phone service consecutively accounted for the highest
numbers. Likewise, the graph shows a constant rise in Internet service, starting
from approximately 5%, growing relatively gradually, approaching about 21% in
2008. In the first 4 years of the research, no data for Fixed broadband and Mobile
broadband was recorded. But since 2002, the numbers tended to go up slowly,
reaching roughly 8% and 7% respectively.

In stark contrast, the investigation witnessed a narrow fluctuation, ranging 15%-

18% in Landline service from 1998- 2004, followed by a rapid fall to 10% by the
end of the research. It is noteworthy that most communication services began t 2,
and the gap between them was visibly widened due to the growths at different
speeds.

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 5.Map
The maps below show the town of Langley in 1910 and 1950. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

Langley, 1910

Langley, 1950
Sherman Mansions Laundry

-Cl)
--
·.-- -i
·._ _ -.

rwrwi- JKrm
Sherman Street
cii Store
C
cu
0
'E
-, Cl)
-1
cC Store
u
• s ..J I:'
a I
z Store

I:'
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The two maps show the town of Langley in the years 1910 and 1950 and the
urban developments that took place. Overall, there were a number of notable
changes to the buildings and amenities of this area.

In 1910, the area had a combination of residential and industrial features, but by
1950 the industrial features had largely disappeared. Whereas in 1910 a railway
line ran through the neighbourhood, by 1950 this had been removed.
Furthermore, the townhouses which used to dominate the 1910 map had been
replaced by blocks of flats by 1950, and the areas of wasteland had gone.

Another major change to the area in 1950 was the development of more
commercial and recreational features. The demolition of a second row of houses
on Sherman Street and the removal of the railway line made room for a spacious
park and children's play area. On the commercial side, to the right of the park
some new stores were built on the aptly named New Lane, replacing the small
store of 1910, and the cafe and laundry were relocated.

To sum up, the area was renovated extensively, seeing fundamental changes to
its residential accommodation, and its commercial and recreational facilities were
developed.

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 6. Process
The chart clearly depicts a 7-step process for producing olive oil. This sequence
of production starts from handpicking and eventually ends in sale or storage.

3. Smashing
----.
Belt

Olive Olive
stones

7. Storage with
6. Separating .- 5. Pressing +- 4. Bag holes
and sale Water

The given diagram illustrates the process of producing olive oil. Overall, there
are seven consecutive stages involved in this process, starting from harvesting the
mature fruit from olive trees, ending with distributing finished products for sales
in the market. Except for the first stage, other subsequent stages are mostly done
by machines, which is matching the large scale of mass production.
Initially, ripe olive fruits are harvested from trees by farmers. Then, they are taken
to a rinsing machine where they are washed by high pressure of water splashes to
get rid of impurities. After being rinsed, the olives are transferred by conveyor
belts to a smashing machine which grinds the olives to separate the fruit from the
seeds. During this stage, the olives are ground into a paste, and the olive stones
are removed.
Following this, the olive paste is placed in a type of perforated bags before being
put through a pressing machine which separates the remained water from the oil.
And eventually, the olive oil is packaged and delivered to shops where it can be
sold.
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09i ngu giao vien 7.5-8.0 tifln tam

L9 tr1nh h9c ngan -giao tr1nh tr9ng tam

Thlf vi$n h9c v6 tif!n hoan toan mien phi

HU'6'ng dan viet nhif!t hanh tr1nh d 9t U'6'c mo

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Speaking Club- Nang cao tl! tin, cai thi$n kha nang n6i

Board Game Station - Nang cao kha nang Teamwork va tU' duy phan bi$n