1. Make a distinction between open-class items and closed-system items.
Give examples
Open-class items
- have the same grammatical properties
and structural possibilities as other
members of the class
Feature
s - indefinitely extendable
Includes notional/ lexical/ content words
such as:
- Nouns: pen, book, house…
- Adjectives: sad, excited, happy…
Includes - Verbs: eat, play, study…
- Adverbs: carefully, beautifully…
Closed-system items
- cannot normally be extended by the
creation of additional members
- reciprocally exclusive (we say: the
picture / a picture, but not "a the picture")
Includes functional words such as:
- Articles: a, an, the
- Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
- Pronouns: he, she, you, they...
- Prepositions: of, in, on, above...
- Conjunctions: and, that, when, although
- Interjections: oh, ah, ugh, phew
 2. Structurally, what is the difference between a finite and a non-finite clause? Give
examples.
Finite clause
- Finite clause is a clause whose verbal
element is a finite verb, which shows the
tense and the mood of the verb
Eg: . I spoke to Linda last night
I buy food
Non-finite clause
- Non-Finite clause is a clause whose verbal element is a non-
finite verb, which does not show the tense and the mood of the
verb.
- There are four types of non-finite clause:
• Infinitive with to
Eg: She left the building to find her friends.
He wanted to make sure it was the correct answer.
He gave up his job to travel the world
• Infinitive without to
Eg: She made us wait for half an hour.
I will go buy some food
• -ing participle
Eg : He was proud of himself solving the problem they were set
Finding nothing in the box, he went back to the shop to complain
You are the only one capable of solving the problem
• -ed participle
Eg: When notified, he would leave the airport immediately.
Those are the apples bought by my friends
The police, unless notified, will not carry out an investigation.
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 Finite and non-finite clauses: so sánh
1.1. Finite clause:
Finite clause is a clause whose verbal element/ˈel.ɪ.mənt/ is a finite verb, which shows the tense
and the mood of the verb
VD. I spoke to Linda last night
1.2. Non-finite clause:
Non-Finite clause is a clause whose verbal element is a non-finite verb, which does not show the
tense and the mood of the verb.
There are four types of non-finite clause:
• Infinitive with to
VD: I want to speak to you.
- Without subject: The best thing would be to tell everybody.
- With subject: The best thing would be (for you) to tell everybody.
It would be better (for you) to tell everybody.
• Infinitive without to
VD: She made us wait for half an hour.
- With subject: Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to give the job to Mary.
I help (her) do her homework.
• -ing participle
VD: Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again
- Without subject: Leaving the room, he went straight to the kitchen.
All I did was telling him the truth.
- With subject: Her aunt having left the room, I declared my passionate love for Celia.
• -ed participle
 - Without subject: Covered with confusion, I left the room.
- With subject: We left the room and went home, the job finished.
When the subject of adverbial participial clauses is expressed, it is often introduced by with:
With the tree growing tall, we get more shade.