Effect of prying action forces on design method of rigid bolted

connections with circular end plate

*Mohammad Reza Farajpour 1

1
Department of civil engineering, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
1
Stu.farajpour@iaut.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an exact way for computation prying action forces in bolted
rigid connections with circular end plate by studying the behavior of this type of
connections. Besides, finite element models of bolted connections with circular end
plate is made in various geometry. Prying action effect in these models is regarded and
collapse mechanism of T connections is used to computation stiffness. Also,
deformation and distribution of surface press which result from prying action
phenomena is used. With using the result from parametric analyses of connections, an
improved method is presented to computation prying action. Then, an improved
method is proposed to design bolted rigid connections with circular end plate in regard
with prying action effect. Accuracy assessment of proposed method, will display
efficiency and favor accuracy in designing bolted connections with circular end plate.
Keywords: bolted rigid connections, circular end plate, finite element model, prying
action forces, design method, failure models, and collapse mechanism.

1. INTRODUCTION

Well-designed connections can participate in non-linear behavior of structures and

improve its seismic behavior. Beam-column joint is the most talented point to form a
plastic hinge. Suitable rotational capacity of Bolted connections allow them to prevent
more lateral frame dislocation and reduce the need for ductility in beams and columns
with non-elastic deformation and energy absorption, instead of merely cracking. This
highlights the need for an analytical approach and detailed design of connections.
Before 1994 Northridge earthquake, it was assumed that the frame with welded
connections is the best system to bear gravity and lateral loads. It was expected that
the failure of these frames would be limited to local submission and buckling in beams
and also persistent small relative displacement between levels. Northridge earthquake
caused devastation in weld joints and cracks in the heated steel section of connection
parts. Since then, due to the possibility of building bolted connections factory, high
safety and low cost of implementation, this type of connection is increasingly drawing
the attention of the designers. (Krishnamurti 1980), heading research group of AISC
Institute along with Metal Buildings Manufacturers Association MBMA, have conducted

1)
PhD candidate
the first studies done on the behavior and design of bolted connections. His research
progressed in both theoretical and experimental areas, resulting in dozens of reports,
essays and thesis. The results of this research were inserted in the (AISC Regulations
1980) as design criteria of bolted connections. With the increasing ability of computers,
(Sherbourne and Bahaari 2000) designed a flat two-dimensional tension model for
bolted connections using ANSYS Software and then created its 3D model. Using
ABAQUS software, Willer modeled beam-to-column connections to find designing
formulas (Wheeler 2000). (Daniunas and Urbonas 2006) conducted some research in
the area of bolted connections at the University of Salkotekia in Lithuania. Their
research was based on Europe component model and they evaluated their modeling
accuracy based on experimental results of da Silva of the University of Prague (Dasilva
2001). Due to the fact that designing methods of Bolted connections are based on
(Krishnamurti 1980) flat two-dimensional model, Recent advances in finite element
software and accurate measurement tools have made it possible to improve analysis
and designing methods providing a better understanding of the distribution of tension,
strain and joint behavior.
This paper studies the behavior of endplate bolted rigid connections in two cases of
skimmers and elbow (Huihuan 2016). Finite element models of the connections made
by classification of Europe Regulations (EC3), have been considered full rigid (Huu Tai
2016). After checking and evaluating the accuracy of finite element models, with
parametric analysis of rigid connections and T, important factors have been identified in
connection behavior (Chakhari 2007). Then finite element models of T Connections
with circle plate were created in different states and compared to simple T connections.
One of the important parameters influencing the behavior of connections is prying
action phenomenon. Designing regulations haven’t offered any exact method for
calculating prying action power, and only tried to reduce its effects with increasing the
reliability of design methods. In some cases this causes uneconomical design, unreal
predicted behavior and a change of behavior of the structure (Smitha 2013). This paper
studies the impact of prying action forces on the behavior of circular endplate rigid
connections and the laws governing were developed as a mathematical model. The
result of this survey is presenting an improved method for applying the effect of these
forces on the behavior of this type of connections. Afterwards, methods of analysis and
designing connections were studied and accuracy of each was evaluated by finite
element analysis results (ANSI/AISC 2010, AISC 2005). Finally, a modified proposal for
the designing bolted rigid connections was offered and the accuracy of the method was
evaluated using finite element models.

2. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

To determine the behavior of bolted connections, three groups of finite element
model were developed using ABAQUS software (Abaqus element reference 2016). In
order to identify factors contributing to the phenomenon of prying action, parametric
analysis and calculation of the prying action forces, a group of finite element models of
T connections has been created with variable endplate thickness. To compare the
behavior of connections with circulated endplate, some models of T connections with
circulated endplate were created and compared with simple T connections. Tables 1
and 2 show the geometry of models created. The simple connection models were used
to convergence analysis of member and evaluate the accuracy of finite element models
compared with experimental results (Da silva 2001). Between finite element models,
nonlinear geometric behavior, nonlinear materials and large deformations have been
considered. The structure used for modeling connectivity components is solid and
mechanical properties of bolt materials are of high strength A490 in three linear form
with pre stressing force 150 KN and steel tip beams, columns and plates have been
introduced in the software in seven linear form (Crocetti 2016). Welding in finite
element models has been defined as continuous connection with TIE and reliance
between connecting plate and column flange (HARD) with the separating property after
unloading. In order to mesh connectivity components, the low-order tetrahedral mesh is
used in three-dimensional stress state. Suitable dimensions of elements have been
defined using analysis of convergence among components. Each connectivity
component has been loaded and analyzed independently under different mesh and
assessing the accuracy of the results of the analysis, the mesh size has been set
properly. The results of bolt convergence analysis are provided in Table 3 and beam in
Table 4. Fig.1 shows typical beam to beam connection models with circular endplate,
Fig.2 shows circular endplate T connections and Fig.3 shows T connections with simple
rectangular endplate. Fig.4 shows the finite element mesh model of samples. Tensional
loading is applied in 18 stages. In model analysis stage, the non-linear geometric
properties of models have been considered. To evaluate the accuracy of finite element
models, Da Silva experimental data has been used (Da silva 2001).

L S S L

cl
10.9 2
r

2
R

B 2
r
cl
10.9

2
R
Fig. 1 Bolted connection model with circular endplate
The comparison between experimental results and finite element of simple T
connection shows accurate modeling connections. Comparing dislocation of a
particular node caused by tension loading of finite element model of connection with Da
Silva experimental results has shown the error of about 8%.(Da silva 2001)
 P
2
r

L S S L cl
10.9
50
0
t

2
R
50
0
Fig. 2 T connection model with circular plate

D
X X
L S S L
B 500

D
Sec x-x

500

Fig. 3 Simple T Model connection

Fig. 4 Typical finite element model of sample coupling connection with circular
endplate and T connection with circular
 Table 1. The geometry of finite element models of simple T Connection
Connection
Base plate Hole Bolt Bolt
Model plate thickness λ
dimension diameter diameter type
(t)
P20M20 20mm 500X500mm 22mm 20mm A490 1.67
P35.2M20 35.2mm 500X500mm 22mm 20mm A490 0.3
P2M20 2mm 500X500mm 22mm 20mm A490 5

Table2. The geometry of finite element models of circular plate

Model Connection Base plate Hole Bolt Bolt λ
plate dimension diameter diameter type
thickness (t)
G20M20 20mm R=250mm 22mm 20m A490 1.67
m
G35.2M20 35.2mm R=250mm 22mm 20m A490 0.3
m
G2M20 2mm R=250mm 22mm 20m A490 5
m

Table 3. The results of bolted convergence

Change the Maximum
Bolt in Node Length
Model length of bolt misses stress
tension (N) number difference
(mm) (pa) in bolt
Model no 1 P=5000 Sp1-65 1.72 10 9 9.173 103 -
seed : 0.03
P=1000 Sp1-65 344  10 12 1.825 103 -
size
Model no 2 P=5000 Sp1-65 1.99 10 9 9.586  103 16%
seed : 0.01
P=1000 Sp1-65 413 10 12 1.91103 16.7%
size
Model no 3 P= 5000 Sp1-65 2.10 10 9 9.47  10 3 5.6%
chosen (
)model
P=1000 Sp1-65 4.36  10 12 1.89 103 5.7%
seed : 0.005
size

3. PRYING ACTION FORCES

In the design of bolted connections, regardless of lever forces causes errors in the
design. In this study, to understand the behavior of lever forces, the inter planar
pressure caused by the distribution of the forces in T connections, in both simple and
circular, have been checked. Factors affecting the prying action phenomenon include
thickness and rigidity of the connection plate, diameter and length of the bolt, position
and geometry of the hole, the mechanical properties of materials and the type of
connection load. This paper studies the effect of rigidity of connection plate. λ
coefficient is used to determine rigidity of connecting plate. In foundation engineering
this coefficient is used to calculate foundation rigidity on elastic foundation.
 Table 4. The results of convergence analysis of the beam tube connected to a
circular plate
model Beam in Node Maximum shift in the Shift
N.m bending number end of beam(mm) difference
Model no 1 M=1000 F1.1 1/527 109 -
seed :0/05 M=5000 F1.1 7/6310 9 -
size
Model no 1 M=1000 F1.1 1/65109 %8
seed :0/02 M=5000 F1.1 8/24109 %8
size
Model no 1 M=1000 F1.1 1/71 109 %6
(chosen M=5000 F1.1 8.7310  9 %6
model)
seed :0/01
size
(1)

Ks
4
4EI
(2)
Ks  K s  B
(3)
E
Ks 
2 .4 t
In the above equation, λ is the rigidity factor of connecting plate, B is the
connecting plate width along the incoming anchor, t is the thickness of connecting plate
and E is elasticity modulus of plate materials. To determine the forces of prying action,
the analysis of finite element models of T connection has been done with variable
thickness of connecting plate. Simple T connection failure mechanism is shown as
figure 5-A for simple T connections and 5-B for circular endplate T connections.
Studying curve 6-A and 6-B that show changes of prying action forces and the shift of
maximum gusset plate on the external force of T connection with semi-rigid plate in
both simple and round form, four distinct phases can be detected in the load-prying
action curve and load-displacement curve. In these curves, the first elastic parts have
been formed on the web plate connection. Section A-O shows the diagram of linear
deformation and elastic gusset plate. In A-B and B-C phase, a sharp change in slope of
the curve can be seen. This section of loading is indicator of mechanism of connecting.
At point B of the curve, plastic hinge of web connection is expanded and a sharp rise in
tension of bolt line (F line of gusset plate) can be seen. At point C, plastic hinges are
formed in line of bolt on gusset plate and limited points of bolt web are yielded but the
plastic hinge is not formed completely. When the tension in the bolt increases, relative
bolt deformation will be also added and separation of gusset plate of rigid foundation
increases and the section related to the impact of forces resultant of prying action will
be transmitted to the outer edge of the plate and the ratio of the slope of load-prying
action diagram will be duly added. This connection is broken because of plate yield at
the point of web T profile. Studying finite element models indicates that the failure
mechanism of most T connections with semi-rigid endplate (2> λ> 1.5) looks like figure
5-C. Studying 7-A and 7-B curves related to rigid plate T connections (0.5> λ> 0.3),
three distinct phases are recognizable in the load-displacement and Load-prying action
curves. In O-A1 phase, the curve is linear and elastic and at the point of A1 the first
plastic hinges are created on gusset plate at web T. At the point of B1 the plastic hinge
of the web is complete and a steep slope can be observed in order to increase the
tension in the bolt axis. Also at this stage due to the formation of plastic T profile base
and reduction of prying axis and the external load transmission to the web center, the
slope of the load-prying action will change. At the point of C1 the gusset plate is
separated from web base and limited points of the bolt axis become plastic but a
complete plastic hinge is not formed there. Studying the finite element models and
load-displacement and load-prying action curves of rigid plate connection of which is
(0.5> λ> 0.3), this result is that figure 5 (a) is the form of failure of most of these
connections and system failure is originated from web base connection.
In the connections that are high in rigidity plate (λ <0.3) the failure is originated from
the bolt base and no failure happens in the gusset plate. By examining 8-A and 8-B
curves which are related to the soft plate connection (4 <λ), three distinct phases in
load-prying action and two phases in load-displacement diagram have been observed.
In these diagrams, the O-A2 phase is linear and elastic stage while A2-B2 and B2-C2
are the connection mechanization stage. The connection failure happens at the gusset
plate bolt line. Due to the softness and high ductility of the upper side of the plate,
connection deformation caused by loading in the non-elastic phase, is in the form of
second level curve. Examining the finite element models, figure 5-B is the form of most
connection failure mechanisms with soft plates.
By examining the results of parametric T connections, it is considered that the
amount of prying action forces created in the connections has direct relationship with
the rigidity of gusset plate. In connection with rigid plates of (0.5> λ) the amount of
prying action forces is tiny and negligible. By reducing the rigidity of gusset plates,
prying action forces increase. (λ - P / Q) Curve shows that the slope of the curve of
connections with super soft gusset plates (4 <λ) leans toward zero and prying action
forces created in these connections are constant coefficient of external loads applied to
the connection. Also (1.67 = λ) is turning point of this graph and can be considered as
soft and rigid plate boundary (Fig. 8).

Table 5. Comparison between models

rectangula
C B A
r
P P P

G G G G G G
O F F O F O O
F
Fracture W W W W
W W

mechanism
Q Q Q Q Q Q
P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+ P/2+Q
Q
 D D D
F G G F F G G F G G
Connection
plate yield
B B B
lines

P P P
Q Q Q Q Q Q
Plastic
hinges P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q
P/2+Q P/2+Q
Connection M2 M2 M2
G G G G G G
plate W O F F O W W O F F O W W O F F O W
moment M1 M1 M1 M1
distribution
Circular C B A
P P P
2 2r 2r
r

O G G O G G
W W G G
t W W t W W
Fracture F F F F
t

mechanism Q Q Q Q Q Q
P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q
P/2+Q P/2+Q

F F
Connection G G F G G F G G

plate yield cl 10.9 cl 10.9 cl 10.9

lines

P P P
Plastic Q Q Q Q Q Q
hinges
P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q P/2+Q
P/2+Q P/2+Q

Connection M2 M2
G G
G G M2
plate W O F F O W
G G
W O F F O W W O F F O W
moment M1
distribution M1 M1 M1
 P (KN)
P (KN)
250 D 250
C D
C
B B
200 200
A A

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 U3(mm) 20 40 60 80 Q(KN)
A-CURVE OF Q-P
B-CURVE OF P-U
MODEL P20M20 MODEL P20M20

Fig. 5 Failure mechanism of T connections (at simple and circular endplate mode)

P(KN)
P(KN)
D
250 250
C D
C
B B
200 200
A A

150 150

100

50 50

0 0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 U3(mm) 20 40 60 80 Q(KN)
A-CURVE OF Q-P
B-CURVE OF P-U
MODEL G20M20 MODEL G20M20

Fig. 6 The results of parametric analysis of semi-rigid T connection

Also changes in prying action forces are proportional with failure mechanism of
gusset plate. In connections with rigid plate, reduction of λ value and prying action
forces caused A type failure mechanism, in soft plate connections, B type failure
mechanism and in connections with semi rigid plate C type failure mechanism have
occurred (Fig. 5). Examining circular endplate T connections it was observed that all
the results of the studying simple T connection is true for this type of the connections.
The results of examining circular endplate T connection failure mechanisms are
provided in Fig.5 (b). Also the failure mechanism of circular endplate beam to beam
connections was quite consistent with the foregoing and one way connection to the
rigid foundation or another endplate beam has no impact on the process of failure
mechanism of connection point and endplate. Fig.10 shows the stress distribution in
the endplate connections and also deformation of bolt and endplate in finite element
models created. Sharp focus of tension in created yield line of endplates is quite
evident. Fig.11 shows the distribution of tension and deformations of connections of
two circular endplate beams.

P(KN) P(KN)
500 500 C1
C1

B1
B1
400 400

A1 A1
300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 U3(mm) 0 Q(KN)

0.5 1 1.5 2
B-CURVE OF P-U A-CURVE OF Q-P
MODEL P35.2M20 MODEL P35.2M20
P(KN) P(KN)
500 500
C1 C1

B1
400 400 B1

A1
A1
300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 U3(mm) 0 Q(KN)

0.5 1 1.5 2
B-CURVE OF P-U
A-CURVE OF Q-P
MODEL G35.2M20 MODEL G35.2M20
Fig. 7 The results of parametric analysis of rigid T connection
 P/Q
1
0

λ=1.67
6

0 0. 0.8 1. 1. 2 2. 2. 3.2 3. 4 4.4 λ

4 2 6 4 8 6
CURVE OF P/Q - λ (P=2000N)
Fig. 8 The impact of gusset plate rigidity on the prying action forces curve
- Simple T connection ….. Circular plate T connection
P(KN) P(KN)
2.5 2.5
C2 C2

B2
2 2

A2
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0 0.3 0.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 U3(mm) 0.6 Q(KN)
B-CURVE OF P-U A-CURVE OF Q-P
MODEL P2M20 MODEL P2M20
P(KN) P(KN)
2.5 2.5
C2 C2
B2
2 2

A2
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0 0.3 0.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 U3(mm) 0.6 Q(KN)
B-CURVE OF P-U A-CURVE OF Q-P
MODEL G2M20 MODEL G2M20
Fig. 9 the results of parametric analysis of super soft T connection
 A B
C
Fig.10 A: Circular endplate T connections finite element model failure B: Endplate
deformation under loading C: Deformation and failure mechanism of the bolt under
loading

Fig. 11 Finite element model failure of circular endplate couple T connections

4. THE CALCULATION OF THE PRYING ACTION FORCE ON SIMPLE T

CONNECTIONS
(Faella, 1999) conducted extensive studies in the field of calculation of the prying
action forces resulted in providing approximation methods in a certain type of T
connections (Cavdar 2009). Smith et al., provided and approximation formula to
calculate prying action force (Smith 1991). In this formula that is presented to calculate
prying action forces in T connections under tensile loading, the connection plates are
assumed quite rigid. The applied bolts are type A490 and the connection loading is
pure tensile and in the web of the profile T. Eq. 4 presents the Smith approximation
formula.

(4)
100.b.D2  14.L.t f 2
Q  F[ ]
62.a.D2  21.L.t f 2
 In the above equation D is the nominal diameter of the bolt, F is the external
tension of a bolt, tf is the connection plate thickness, b is the distance of the bolt axis to
the center of the profile T web, a is the distance between the bolt axis to the edge of
the plate and L is the length of the connection plate height that includes a bolt (L= h/n).
By evaluating the accuracy of this formula on finite element models of connection T an
error about 80-160% is resulted in the calculation of the prying action force. Due to the
high error of this formula, the use of this method to calculate the prying action forces in
T connections. In the Code AISC-LRFD an approximation methods is presented for the
calculation of prying action forces (AISI 2010). In this method the prying action forces in
T connections are calculated by the Eq.5.

(5)
t
Q   .. ..( )2
tc

In this equation, Q is the prying action forces of a bolt, β is the design tension of the
bolt, ρ is the bolt axis distance from the web edge to bolt axis distance from the plate
edge ratio, δ is the plate width coefficient or the plate net width to its nominal width ratio
in the rows of bolt holes, α is the connection plate moment in bolt row (M1) to plate
t
moment in bolt row (M2) ratio in the unit width, t is the plate thickness and c is the
thickness needed to withstand the anchor of the external loading (Fig.12). This
computational method is provided for certain scenarios of the T-shaped connections
and its error in the connections with semi-rigid plate (λ= 1.67) is about 40% and by
reducing the thickness and rigidity of the connection plate and increasing the prying
action forces, its error is increased. This error has increased to 80 percent in the quite
soft connections.

Q T+Q Q
T+Q
a b b a

M1

M2

2
T
Fig. 12 The geometry of AISC computational method
 Fig. 13 The inter planar pressure caused by prying action forces

5. THE CALCULATION OF PRYING ACTION FORCE IN T CONNECTIONS WITH

CIRCULAR ENDPLATE
For the accurate calculation of prying action force in T connections with circular
endplate, the geometric factors that affect the empirical relation 4 should be modified.
Prying action forces are calculated by inter planar compressive stress caused by these
forces based on Figure 13.Based on the difference in the stress distribution in circular
plates with triangular plates due to the border cleaning of the bolts on the four sides of
the connection plate and by its fitting the numerical information of the models with rent
geometric conditions, the geometric factors of the plates in which the bolt hole is at the
center of the distance between the edge of the beam connected to the endplate and
the free end of the plate is defined as follows (Farajpour 2013).
(6)
a  0.886 b
In this equation b  is the distance between the bolt edge and the tensile flange wing
and a is the distance between the bolt edge and the inter planar pressure area. a is
the maximum possible length to extend the contact pressure by the prying action
phenomenon in the tensile bolts of the connections with the circular endplate. Fig.13
shows the stress distribution in these connections. By calculating the geometric factor
the following process is recommended for calculating the prying action forces at each
bolt.
(6)

M 1
rut  
h n
(8)
b

a
(9)
d
 1
p
 (10)
1 
  ( rn  1)
 rut
(11)
1 rut t
  [( )  ( c ) 2  1]
 rn t
(12)
tc  4.44  rn .b
p.Fy
(13)
t
Q  rn [ . . .( ) 2 ]
tc

In the above equations, rut is the external tension of the bolt, M is the external
moment, h is the height of the beam, n is the number of tensile bolts,  is the ratio of
the geometric coefficients that have been obtained from the Eq.6,  is the factor that is
determined by Eq.9, d  is the hole diameter, P is the share of each bolt in the width of

the connection obtained by dividing the width of the plate by the number of bolts, rn is
the nominal tension of the bolt design,  is the contact stress distribution coefficient of
connection prying action with the circular endplate, t is the thickness of the connection
plate, tc is the initial thickness of the connection plate obtained by the Eq.12, Fy is the
yield stress of the plate materials and Q is the prying action force of a bolt at the end of
the connection.

6. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the behavior of bolted connections with circular endplate is examined.
After creating finite element models of the connections the accuracy of the computer
models is assessed. The maximum error of finite element models is about 8 percent.
With parametric analysis of these connections the important factors affecting the
connections’ behavior are detected. One of the most important parameters in
connections’ behavior is prying action phenomenon, the ignorance of that in design
stage could causes errors in calculations. To calculate the prying action forces in T
connections there are two experimental methods. By studying computational
approaches of Smith and AISC the computational error in Smith method in comparison
with finite element method is 80 to 160% that depends on the rigidity of the connection
plate. In the second method in the connections with semi-rigid plates the error is
estimated40 percent. To find out how to adjust the AISC formulation models of T
connections with variable thicknesses are created and analyzed parametrically. By
analyzing the failure mechanism of these connections and the effect of prying action
forces, it is concluded that the prying action forces’ is directly related with the rigidity of
the connection and prying action is increased by reducing rigidity. Also in connections
with very soft plates, the prying action force is a constant coefficient of the external
 forces applied to the connection. In rigid connections, it is possible to ignore prying
action forces under certain conditions. By comparing the distribution of contact stress
obtained by prying action phenomenon in connections with simple and circular endplate
and the fitting of the numerical data obtained from finite element models, the geometric
factor of 0.886 is proposed for the connections with circular endplate if the bolt hole is
in the middle of the beam edge and the free edge of the plate. In calculating the prying
action forces with the improved method, the maximum error is estimated to be 5% in
the anticipation of these forces at connections. Also using the improved method it is
possible to anticipate the need to calculate prying action force in semi-rigid connections.
By calculating the prying action forces and their inclusion in the process of designing, it
is possible to reduce this computational and design error significantly.

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