09/09/2021

CENGR 3140:
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO CE PROBLEMS
Solving System of Non-Linear Equations

ENGR.MJCPEREZ

SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

NEWTON’S METHOD
• Also called the Newton-Raphson method

• Is a scheme for finding a numerical solution of an equation of the form

f(x) = 0 where f(x) is continuous and differentiable and the equation is
known to have a solution near a given point.

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SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

For the 1st iteration, the slope of the tangent at point (x1, f(x1)) is given by:

Solving for x2: General equation:

ENGR.MJCPEREZ

SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

ALGORITHM FOR THE NEWTON’S METHOD

1. Choose a point x1 as an initial guess of the solution.

2. For i = 1, 2, …., until the error is smaller than a specified value, calculate
xi+1 by using the equation below.

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SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

WHEN THE ITERATION BE STOPPED?
“Exact Solution is obtained”

Estimated Relative Error: Tolerance in f(x):

Note: Note:
Iterations are stopped when the Iterations are stopped when the
estimated relative error is absolute value of f(xi) is smaller
smaller than a specified value ε. than some number δ.

ENGR.MJCPEREZ

SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Find the solution of the equation 8 – 4.5(x – sin x) = 0
by using Newton’s method in the following two ways:

1. Manual calculations: calculate the first two iterations.

2. Use MATLAB software with the function “NewtonRoot”. Use 0.0001

for the maximum relative error and 10 for the maximum number of
iterations.

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SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

Manual Calc.:
f(x) = 8 – 4.5(x – sin x)

f’(x) = -4.5(1-cos x)

1st iteration:

i=1

x1 = 2

2nd iteration:

i=2

x1 = 2.48517

ENGR.MJCPEREZ

SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

SECANT METHOD
• Is a scheme for finding a numerical solution of an equation of the from
f (x) = 0.

• The method uses two points in the neighborhood of the solution to

determine a new estimate for the solution.

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SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

Slope of a secant line:

Solving for x3: General equation:

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