WEEK 6

PAST PERFECT. AFFIRMATIVE PRACTICE

1. Functions of the past perfect
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that
one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is
mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first. (Compara dos
tiempos en el pasado, uno má s lejano o pasado remoto y otro má s reciente o pasado
simple)

In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or
more recent event:

Event A (Sucedió primero) Event B (Es má s reciente)

Este va siempre en pasado perfecto.

John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

John HABÍA SALIDO cuando yo LLEGUÉ a la oficina

Event A Event B

I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Yo HABÍA GUARDADO mi documento antes de que la computadora se ROMPIERA.

Event B Event A

When they arrived we had already started cooking.

Cuando ellos llegaron nosotros ya HABÍAMOS EMPEZADO a cocinar.

Event B Event A

He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

É l estaba muy cansado porque él NO HABÍA DORMIDO bien.

 2. Forming the past perfect
The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to
have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Subject+ had+ past participle (Sujeto+había+pasado participio)

A. Affirmative

She had given

Ella había dado

B. Negative

She hadn't asked.

Ella no había preguntado.

C. Interrogative

Had they arrived?

Habían ellos llegado?

D. Interrogative Negative

Hadn't you finished?

¿No habías tú terminado?

To decide, past perfect (El verbo decidir en pasado perfecto)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I had decided I hadn't decided Had I decided?

You had decided You hadn't decided Had you decided?

She had decided She hadn't decided Had she decided?

We had decided We hadn't decided Had we decided?

They had decided They hadn't decided Had they decided?

3. Past perfect + just

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier
than before now, e.g.
  The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
El tren JUSTO HABÍA PARTIDO cuando yo LLEGUÉ a la estació n.

 She had just left the room when the police arrived.
Ella JUSTO HABÍA DEJADO la habitació n cuando la policía LLEGÓ .

 I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.

Yo JUSTO HABÍA TENDIDO la ropa cuando COMENZÓ a llover.

VIDEO CLASS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyKVlbdM6Co

JUNE 25, 2021

EXERCISE 1 PRACTICE THE AFFIRMATIVE

1. He (NOTICE) that Peter (.PAINT) the old chair.

HE NOTICED THAT PETER HAD PAINTED THE OLD CHAIR
2. Before Emma (.LAY) the table, she (HAVE) a talk with her mother.
BEFORE EMMA HAD LAID THE TABLE, SHE TALKED A TALK WITH
HER MOTHER
3. She (ASK) me if I (.LEARN) the new words.
SHE ASKED ME IF I HAD LEARNED THE NEW WORDS
4. There were no sausages left when I (COME) back. The dog (.EAT)
them.
THERE WERE NO SAUSAGES LEFT WHEN I CAME BACK. THE DOG HAD
EATEN THEM.
5. It (.RAIN) for three weeks, so the land (IS) wet.
It had not rained for three weeks, so the land was dry.
6. I (WAIT) for my brother because I (.READ) his text message.
I did not wait for my brother because I had read his text message.
7. Linda (ARRIVE) to the airport but the airplane (.LEAVE)
Linda had never been to a magic show before yesterday evening.
8. She (TELL) me that Frank (.TIDY) his room this morning.
She told me that Frank had not tidied his room.
9. Jack (.FEED) his hamster before he (LEAVE) his house.
Had Jack fed his hamster before he left his house?
Week 7 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE
PART 1
The past perfect continuous (also called past perfect progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show that an action
started in the past and continued up to another point in the past.

(Muestra una acción comenzada en el pasado remoto y que continuó en otro punto también del pasado pero más
cercano al presente)

Past Perfect Continuous Forms

The past perfect continuous is formed using had + been + present participle.

Statement: Peter had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Peter había estado esperando allí por más de dos horas cuando ella finalmente llegó.

Pasado remoto: Él había esperado por más de dos horas. (de 4 a 6pm aproximadamente)

Pasado cercano: Ella llegó (6 pm)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS USES

USE 1 : Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the past perfect continuous to show that something started

in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both
durations which can be used with the past perfect continuous. Notice that this is related to the present perfect
continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

 They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
Ellos habían estado hablando por cerca de una hora antes de que Tony llegara.

 She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
Ella había estado trabajando en esa compañía por tres años cuando ésta cerró.
  How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
¿Cuánto tiempo habías tu estado esperando por el ómnibus?

 Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
Mike quiso sentarse porque él había estado parado todo el día en el trabajo.

 James had been teaching at the university for more than a year
before he left for Asia.
James había estado enseñando en la Universidad por más de un año antes de irse a Asia.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past (Causa de algo en el pasado)

Using the past perfect continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:

Jason was tired because he had been running.

Jason estaba cansado porque él había estado corriendo

Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

Sam había engordado porque él había estado sobre alimentándose

Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

Betty jaló el examen final porque ella no había estado asistiendo a clases.

EXERCISES

JULY 2 2021

Past Perfect Continuous Positive

Make the past perfect continuous

1) I HAD BEEN WORKING all day, so I didn't want to go out.

2) She HAD BEEN SLEEPING for ten hours when I woke her.

3) They HAD BEEN LIVING in Beijing for three years when he lost his job.

4) When we met, you HAD BEEN WORKING at that company for six months.
5) We HAD BEEN EATING all day, so we felt a bit ill.

6) He was red in the face because he HAD BEEN RUNNING.

7) It HAD BEEN RAINING and the road was covered in water.

8) I was really tired because I HAD BEEN STUDYING (study).

9) We HAD BEEN GOING out for three years when we got married.
 10) It HAD BEEN SNOWING (snow) for three days.

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

1) [ had been working ]

2) [ had been sleeping ]

3) [ had been living ]

4) [ had been working ]

5) [ had been eating ]

6) [ had been running ]

7) [ had been raining ]

8) [ had been studying ]

9) [ had been going ]

10) [ had been snowing ]

Past Perfect Continuous Interrogative

PART 2

It’s very simple:

Statement: You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Question: Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
Make the interrogative form:

1. HAD PETER been drinking milk when Mom walked into the kitchen?

2. HAD JOHN been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion?

3. HAD MARTHA been walking three miles a day before she broke her leg?

4. had the terminated program been working well since 1965? had

5. HAD CATHY been playing the piano for 35 years when she
was finally asked to do a solo with the local orchestra?

6. HAD HE BEEN throwing rocks at her window for five minutes

before she finally came out on the balcony and said, “Hey, Romeo.”
7. HAD MARK BEEN studying English for 2 years when I went to
London.

8. HAD LINDSAY BEEN working at the store since 2005 when it

closed.

9. HAD ADAM BEEN TRAVELING FOR WEEKS WITHOUT A

PROBLEM

10. HAD NICHOLAS BEEN working too much.

Past Perfect Continuous Negative
PART 3
This is the negative form:

SUBJECT+HAD NOT(HADN’T) +BEEN+VERB+ING

 I had not been trying (I hadn't been..)

 You had not been working (you hadn't been..)
 She had not been crying (she hadn't been..)
 He had not been shopping (he hadn't been..)
 It had not been snowing (it hadn't been..)
 We had not been reading (we hadn't been..)
 They had not been running (they hadn't been..)

VIDEO CLASS:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmQb9tQ9Kg0

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE – EXERCISES

1) I HADN’T BEEN WORKING there long when she quit.

2) SHE HADN’T BEEN WORKING but she was tired anyway.

3) It HADN’T BEEN RAINING long when I got home.

4) He was in trouble with the teacher because he hadn’t been

going to classes.
5) We hadn’t been living in London for three years when we got married! It was
more like five years.

6) Although it was hot in the kitchen, Julie hadn’t been

cooking.

7) I hadn’t been sleeping long when there was a knock at

the door.

8) He didn’t feel healthy, because he hadn’t been going to the gym.

9) I caught a cold because I hadn’t been eating properly.

10) . She looked tired, but she hadn’t been studying.