EC2700 LAB

EXPERIMENTS III-V
120CH0057
SIDDHARTH GAUTAM
08/10/2021
EXPERIMENT III
Aim: To understand the V-I characteristics of semiconductor diode and Zener
diode

Equipment Required: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Power Supply Unit, and Breadboard

Components Required: Si-Ge Diode, Zener Diode, 1kΩ resistor, 470Ω resistor.

Theory: A diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts current in

only one direction. The term semiconductor diode refers to semiconductor crystals
connected between two terminals.
𝑉
( 𝑛𝑉𝑑 )
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑡
−1
Where,
𝐾𝑇
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑞
𝐼𝑠 − 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑉𝑡 − 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁 − 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in forward direction
like normal diode but also in reverse direction when voltage is greater than
breakdown voltage. When it is in reverse bias, the current increases rapidly
opposite to the applied positive region voltage.

Procedure:

For Silicon diode:

1. Connect the circuit as shown.

2. Increase voltage as shown from 1V to 5V, slowly, taking measurements.
3. Plot and note down data as shown.
For Zener Diode

1. Connect the circuit as shown.

2. The supply voltage is increased in intervals of 0.1V and then by 1V.
3. The voltage and current across the zener diode is taken down by ammeter
and voltmeter.

Observation Tables and Graphs:

For Silicon Diode:

Observation N Supply Voltage (V) Voltage (mV) Current (mA)

1. 0.1 0 0
2. 0.2 0.2 0
3. 0.3 0.4
4. 0.4 0.4
5. 0.5 0.453 0.065
6. 0.6 0.496 0.168
7. 0.7 0.504 0.195
8. 0.8 0.524 0.299
9. 0.9 0.539 0.397
10. 1 0.547 0.473
11. 2 0.604 1.463
12. 3 0.628 2.937
13. 4 0.645 3.415
For Zener Diode:

Observation N Supply voltage (V) V (mV) 𝐼𝑑 (mA)

1. 0.1 0 0
2. 0.2 0.238 0
3. 0.3 0.32 0
4. 0.4 0.428 0.001
5. 0.5 0.508 0.007
6. 0.6 0.590 0.039
7. 0.7 0.64 0.130
8. 0.8 0.673 0.258
9. 0.9 0.708 0.485
10. 1 0.742 0.681
11. 1.5 0.755 1.669
12. 2 0.775 2.586
EXPERIMENT IV
Aim: Study of half wave and full wave rectifier.

Equipment required: Bread board, Voltmeter, DSO.

Components required: 4 1N4002 diodes, 1 1kOhm resistor, 1 100mF capacitor

Theory: A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to

direct current (DC). In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half
of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. A full-wave rectifier
converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output while half-wave and full-wave rectifiers deliver a form of
DC output. In order to produce steady DC from a rectified AC supply, a filter
circuit is required. In its simplest form this is achieved by shunting the resistor with
a capacitor.There will still remain an amount of AC ripple voltage where the ripple
voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its average or dc value.

Procedure:

1. The circuit should be constructed on the breadboard as shown in the figure.

2. 5 V RMS sinusoidal supply with 50 Hz frequency should be taken from
CDS.
3. DSO probes should be connected at input and input waveform should be
recorded.
4. DSO probes should be connected across the resistor and output waveform
should be recorded.
5. Capacitor should be connected across the resistor and filtered output voltage
should be measured. Ripple voltage should be recorded as well.
Half Wave Rectifier

Full Wave Recitifer

Observation Table:

Type of rectifier Half wave Full wave rectifier

rectifier
Input AC voltages
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 5.4 V 5.4 V
𝑉𝑝𝑝 15.4 V 15.4 V
7.8 V 7.8 V
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥

Rectifier Output
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 3.41 V 4.05 V
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 7.00 V 6.00 V
2.15 V 3.45 V
𝑉𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

Form Factor 1.586 1.174

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
( 𝑉𝑑𝑐
)

Ripple factor 1.231 0.615

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
( 𝑉𝑑𝑐
)

DC Voltage Measured 6.00 5.65

with Filter Multimeter
in AC mode

Ripple Output Voltage 0.335 0.142

with Filter Multimeter
in ac mode
Expected DC value 6.450 5.754
(theoretical):
∆
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 − 2
EXPERIMENT V
Aim: Study of diodes as Clipper and Clamper.

Components required: 2 1N4007 diodes, 1 1mF capacitor, 1 1kΩ resistor, 1 680k

Ω resistor.

Equipment required: Power supply, Function generator, DSO, Multimeter,

Universal workstation.

Theory:

Diodes as a Clipper
For a clipping circuit at least two components—an ideal diode and resistor are
required and sometimes a dc battery is also employed for fixing the clipping level.
The diode acts as a closed switch when forward biased and an open switch when
reverse biased. Depending on the orientation of the diode, the positive or negative
region of the input signal is “clipped” off and accordingly the diode clippers may
be positive or negative clippers. Half wave rectifier circuits can also be called the
basic clippers.

Biased clipper: The level to which an ac voltage is limited can be adjusted by

adding a bias voltage V2, in series with the diode. Biased clippers are employed for
this purpose. The circuit diagram for a biased positive clipper (that is for removing
a small portion of positive half cycle) is illustrated in figure. When the input signal
voltage is positive but does not exceed DC voltage V2, the diode D remains
reverse biased and most of the input voltage appears across the output. When
during the positive half cycle of the input signal, the signal voltage exceeds the DC
voltage V2, the diode D is forward biased ,i.e. conducts heavily.

Diodes as a Clamper
Clamper is a circuit that "clamps" a signal to a different DC level. The different
types of clampers are positive and negative clampers.A clamping network must
have a capacitor, a diode and a resistive element. The magnitude of R and C must
be chosen such that the time constant RC is large enough to ensure that the voltage
across the capacitor does not discharge significantly during the interval the diode is
non- conducting.

Shape Positive Clamper: The circuit for a positive clamper is shown in the figure.
During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the diode conducts and acts like
a short circuit. The output voltage V0 =0V.The capacitor is charged to the peak
value of input voltage Vm. and it behaves like a battery. During the positive half of
the input signal, the diode does not conduct and acts as an open circuit. Hence the
output voltage V0 =Vm + Vm. This gives a positively clamped voltage.

Procedure:

1. Components should be connected according to the circuit diagram given.

Take 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑉 , 𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 = 2. 5𝑉
2. CRO should be connected across the load R and input source.
3. Simultaneously measure both the input and output waveform in CRO CH-1
and CH-2 respectively.

Circuit Diagrams:

Positive Bias Diode Clipping

 Negative Bias Diode Clipping

Both Positive and Negative Bias Diode Clipping

Positive Clamper
Negative Clamper