Appendix A

Answers to Supplementary Problems

Problems from Chap. 2

2.13 Rod Loaded by a Single Force in its Middle

Case (a): Approach based on two sections

   
F0 L xI F0 L xII
u xI = , u xII = 1− , (A.1)
2E A L 2E A L
F0 F0
N xI = , N xII = − . (A.2)
2 2
Case (b): Approach based on discontinuous function

du X (X )
EA = N X (X ) = −F0 X − L0 + c1 , (A.3)
dX
E Au X (X ) = −F0 X − L1 + c1 X + c2 , (A.4)

or finally after the determination of the constants of integration:

 
F0 X
u X (X ) = − X − L +1
. (A.5)
EA 2

The displacement and normal force distributions are shown in Fig. A.1.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 209

A. Öchsner, A Project-Based Introduction to Computational Statics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69817-5
210 Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems

Fig. A.1 Rod loaded by a (a) 2

single force in its middle:
a displacement distribution,

uX (X/L)

2EA
b normal force

F0 L
Displacement
1

0
0 1 2
X
Normalized coordinate L

(b) 1.0
NX (X/L)

0.5
F0

0.0 F0
Normal force

−0.5

−1.0
0 1 2
X
Normalized coordinate L

2.14 Cantilever Beam Under the Influence of a Point or Distributed Load –

Rectangular Cross Section
Case (a):
x   2
uz =1 1 1 h
L
F0 L 3
= + (1 + ν) . (A.6)
3 5 L
EI

Case (b):
x  2
uz 1 1 h
L
q0 L 4
= + (1 + ν) . (A.7)
8 10 L
EI

2.16 Beam-like Structure: Energy Approach

Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems 211

F0 a 3
u x,D = , (A.8)
8E I
F0 a 3
u z,C = . (A.9)
3E I

Problems from Chap. 3

3.19 Rod Structure Under Dead Weight

The following force acts on a volume element: dFg = dmg =  Agdx. Thus, the
dF
distributed load is given by: pg = dxg =  Ag.

• Solution of the reduced system of equations:

   
u 2X gL 2 3
= . (A.10)
u 3X 8E 4

3.20 Truss Structure with Three Members

• Unknown displacements:
   √ √ 
u 2X a (3 + √3)F1 + (3 − √
3)F2
= √ . (A.11)
u 2Z 3E A(1 + 3) −(3 − 3)F1 − (9 + 3 3)F2

• Reaction forces:

1  √ √
R
F1X =− √ (3 + 3)F1 + (3 − 3)F2 , (A.12)
3(1 + 3)
R
F1Z = 0, (A.13)
1 √ √
R
F3X =− √ ( 3)F1 + (3 + 2 3)F2 , (A.14)
6(1 + 3)
1  √
R
F3Z =− √ F1 + (2 + 3)F2 , (A.15)
2(1 + 3)
1 √
R
F4X =− √ ( 3)F1 − (3)F2 , (A.16)
2(1 + 3)
1  √
R
F4Z =− √ F1 + (− 3)F2 . (A.17)
2(1 + 3)

• Global force equilibrium:

212 Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems

Fi X = 0 ⇔ (F1X
R
+ F3X
R
+ F4X
R
)+ (F1 ) = 0,  (A.18)
    
i external load
reaction force

Fi Z = 0 ⇔ (F1Z
R
+ F3Z
R
+ F4Z
R
) + (−F2 ) = 0 .  (A.19)
     
i external load
reaction force

• Elemental stress, strain and normal force:

1  √ √
σI = √ (3 + 3)F1 + (3 − 3)F2 , (A.20)
3A(1 + 3)
1 √ √
σII = √ ( 3)F1 + (3 + 2 3)F2 , (A.21)
3A(1 + 3)
√
3 √
σIII = √ ( 3)F1 + (−3)F2 . (A.22)
3A(1 + 3)

1  √ √
εI = √ (3 + 3)F1 + (3 − 3)F2 , (A.23)
3E A(1 + 3)
1 √ √
εII = √ ( 3)F1 + (3 + 2 3)F2 , (A.24)
3E A(1 + 3)
√
3 √
εIII = √ ( 3)F1 + (−3)F2 . (A.25)
3E A(1 + 3)

1  √ √
NI = √ (3 + 3)F1 + (3 − 3)F2 , (A.26)
3(1 + 3)
1 √ √
NII = √ ( 3)F1 + (3 + 2 3)F2 , (A.27)
3(1 + 3)
√
3 √
NIII = √ ( 3)F1 + (−3)F2 . (A.28)
3(1 + 3)

3.21 Simply Supported Beam Partially Loaded with Distributed Load

• Unknowns at the nodes:

L 3 q0 L 3 q0 L 3 q0
ϕ1Y = − , ϕ2Y = , ϕ3Y = − . (A.29)
96E IY 48E IY 32E IY
Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems 213

• Equation of the bending line:

⎛  3 ⎞
L 4 q0 xI xI
u eIZ = ⎝ − ⎠, (A.30)
96E IY L L
⎛  2  3 ⎞
4
L q0 x xII xII
u eIIZ =− ⎝2 II − − ⎠. (A.31)
96E IY L L L

• Reactions at the supports:

Lq0 R 5Lq0 R 7Lq0

R
F1Z =− , F2Z = , F3Z = . (A.32)
16 8 16
• Internal reactions in each element:

 
L 3 q0 6xI
MIY = , (A.33)
96 L2
 
L 3 q0 2(L + 3xII )
MIIY =− . (A.34)
96 L2

Lq0 Lq0
Q IZ = , Q IIZ = − . (A.35)
16 16
• Global force and moment equilibrium:


Fi Z = 0 ⇔ (F1Z
R
+ F2Z
R
+ F3Z
R
) + − q02L − q0 L
= 0,  (A.36)
    
2

i
reaction force
external load

 2
MiY (X = 0) = 0 ⇔ (−F2Z
R
L − F3Z
R
2L) + q0 L2 3 = 0 .  (A.37)
     
i
reaction
external load

• Graphical representations of the deflection, bending moment, and shear force dis-
tributions

The graphical representation is shown in Fig. A.2.

214 Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems

Fig. A.2 a Beam deflection (a) 0.02

along the major axis,
b bending moment
distribution and c shear force

q0 L4
EIY
u Z
distribution

Deflection
0.00

−0.02
0 1 2
X
Coordinate L

(b) 0.10
q0 L2
MY

0.05  
 q0 L2 
 12 
Bending moment

0.00

2
− q012
L
−0.05

−0.10
0 1 2
X
Coordinate L

(c) 0.15

q0 L
16
 
q0 L
QZ

 q0 L 
 8 
Shear force

0.00
− q16
0L

−0.15
0 1 2
X
Coordinate L
Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems 215

Fig. A.3 Beam elongation 2.0

along the major axis

p0 L2
3EA
uX
Elongation
1.0

0.0
0 1 2
X
Coordinate L

3.22 Cantilever Generalized Beam with Distributed Load and Displacement

Boundary Condition

• Nodal unknowns at the nodes:

   p L2 
u 2X 0
= 3E A . (A.38)
ϕ2Y 0

• Displacement distributions (see Figs. A.3 and A.4):

   
xI2 xI3 xII2 xII3
u eIZ (xI ) = 3 2 − 2 3 (−u 0 ) , u IIZ (xII ) = 1 − 3 2 + 2 3 (−u 0 ) , (A.39)
e
L L L L
 
xI p0 L 2 xII p0 L 2
u eIX (xI ) = × , u eIIX (xII ) = 1 − × . (A.40)
L 3E A L 3E A

• Reactions at the supports:

p0 L 12E I u 0 6E I u 0 24E I u 0
R
F1X =− , F1Z
R
= 3
, M1Y
R
=− 2
, F2Z
R
= , (A.41)
2 L L L3
p0 L 12E I u 0 6E I u 0
R
F3X =− , F3Z
R
= 3
, M3Y
R
= . (A.42)
2 L L2
• Internal reactions (normal force, shear force and bending moment) in each element:
216 Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems

Fig. A.4 Beam deflection 0.5

along the major axis

0.0

uZ
u0
Deflection
−0.5

−1.0

−1.5
0 1 2
X
Coordinate L

   
6 12xI 6 12xII
e
MIY (xI ) = EI − 3 u 0 , MIIY (xII ) = E I − 2 + 3 u 0 ,
e
(A.43)
L2 L L L
   
12 12
Q eIZ (xI ) = −E I u 0 , Q eIIZ (xII ) = E I u0 , (A.44)
L3 L3
p0 L p0 L
e
NIX (xI ) = , NIIX
e
(xII ) = − . (A.45)
3 3
3.23 Generalized Beam Supported by a Rod Element

The reduced system of equations reads:

⎡  ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
A A
⎢ + 0 0 ⎥ ⎢u 2X ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ L I L II ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢    ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 6I ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎥ ⎢u 2Z ⎥ = ⎢−F0 ⎥
12I 12I A 6I
E⎢
⎢ 0 + + − ⎥.
⎢ LI 3
L II 3 L III L 2I L 2II ⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢    ⎥⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 6I 6I 4I 4I ⎦ ⎣ϕ2Y ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
0 − 2 +
L 2I L II L I L II
(A.46)
The solution can be obtained as:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
u 2X 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 L 3 F0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢u 2Z ⎥ = ⎢− × ⎥. (A.47)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 E(AL 2 + 96I )⎦
ϕ2Y 0
Appendix A: Answers to Supplementary Problems 217

3.24 Generalized Beam Supported by a Rod Element: Revised

The generalized beams (E, I, A) can be replaced by pure thin beams (E, I ) since
there is no elongation of the horizontal structure.
References

1. Altenbach H (2016) Holzmann/Meyer/Schumpich technische mechanik festigkeitslehre.

Springer, Wiesbaden
2. Beer FP, Johnston ER Jr, DeWolf JT, Mazurek DF (2009) Mechanics of materials. McGraw-
Hill, New York
3. Blaauwendraad J (2010) Plates and FEM: surprises and pitfalls. Springer, Dordrecht
4. Boresi AP, Schmidt RJ (2003) Advanced mechanics of materials. Wiley, New York
5. Buchanan GR (1995) Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of finite element analysis.
McGraw-Hill, New York
6. Budynas RG (1999) Advanced strength and applied stress analysis. McGraw-Hill Book, Sin-
gapore
7. Chen WF, Saleeb AF (1982) Constitutive equations for engineering materials. Volume 1: Elas-
ticity and modelling. Wiley, New York
8. Cook RD, Malkus DS, Plesha ME, Witt RJ (2002) Concepts and applications of finite element
analysis. Wiley, New York
9. Cowper GR (1966) The shear coefficient in Timoshenko’s beam theory. J Appl Mech 33:335–
340
10. Gere JM, Timoshenko SP (1991) Mechanics of materials. PWS-KENT Publishing Company,
Boston
11. Gould PL (1988) Analysis of shells and plates. Springer, New York
12. Gross D, Hauger W, Schröder J, Wall WA, Bonet J (2011) Engineering mechanics 2: mechanics
of materials. Springer, Berlin
13. Gruttmann F, Wagner W (2001) Shear correction factors in Timoshenko’s beam theory for
arbitrary shaped cross-sections. Comput Mech 27:199–207
14. Hearn EJ (1997) Mechanics of materials 1. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
15. Heitmann G (1996) Project-oriented study and project-organized curricula: a brief review of
intentions and solutions. Eur J Eng Educ 21:121–131
16. Hibbeler RC (2008) Mechanics of materials. Prentice Hall, Singapore
17. Javanbakht Z, Öchsner A (2017) Advanced finite element simulation with MSC Marc: appli-
cation of user subroutines. Springer, Cham
18. Levinson M (1981) A new rectangular beam theory. J Sound Vib 74:81–87
19. Loughlin C (1993) Sensors for industrial inspection. Springer, Dordrecht
20. Melosh RJ (1961) A stiffness matrix for the analysis of thin plates in bending. J Aerosp Sci
1:34–64
21. Mindlin RD (1951) Influence of rotary inertia and shear on flexural motions isotropic, elastic
plates. J Appl Mech-T ASME 18:1031–1036
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 219
A. Öchsner, A Project-Based Introduction to Computational Statics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69817-5
220 References

22. Miner SM, Link RE (2000) A project based introduction to the finite element method. Paper
presented at 2000 ASEE Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri. Cited 10 June 2017. https://
peer.asee.org/8643
23. Öchsner A, Merkel M (2013) One-dimensional finite elements: an introduction to the FE
method. Springer, Berlin
24. Öchsner A (2014) Elasto-plasticity of frame structure elements: modelling and simulation of
rods and beams. Springer, Berlin
25. Öchsner A (2016) Continuum damage and fracture mechanics. Springer, Singapore
26. Öchsner A (2016) Computational statics and dynamics: an introduction based on the finite
element method. Springer, Singapore
27. Öchsner A, Öchsner M (2016) The finite element analysis program MSC Marc/Mentat.
Springer, Singapore
28. Reddy JN (1997) Mechanics of laminated composite plates: theory and analysis. CRC Press,
Boca Raton
29. Reddy JN (1997) On locking-free shear deformable beam finite elements. Comput Method
Appl M 149:113–132
30. Reddy JN (1999) On the dynamic behaviour of the Timoshenko beam finite elements. Sadhana-
Acad P Eng S 24:175–198
31. Reissner E (1945) The effect of transverse shear deformation on the bending of elastic plates.
J Appl Mech-T ASME 12:A68–A77
32. Sharpe WN (2008) Springer handbook of experimental solid mechanics. Springer, New York
33. Timoshenko SP (1921) On the correction for shear of the differential equation for transverse
vibrations of prismatic bars. Philos Mag 41:744–746
34. Timoshenko S (1940) Strength of materials - part I elementary theory and problems. D. Van
Nostrand Company, New York
35. Timoshenko S, Woinowsky-Krieger S (1959) Theory of plates and shells. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York
36. Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN (1970) Theory of elasticity. McGraw-Hill, New York
37. Ural A (2013) A Hands-on finite element modeling experience in a multidisciplinary project-
based freshman course. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21:294–299
38. Ventsel E, Krauthammer T (2001) Thin plates and shells: theory, analysis, and applications.
Marcel Dekker, New York
39. Wang CM (1995) Timoshenko beam-bending solutions in terms of Euler-Bernoulli solutions.
J Eng Mech-ASCE 121:763–765
40. Wang CM, Reddy JN, Lee KH (2000) Shear deformable beams and plates: relationships with
classical solution. Elsevier, Oxford
41. Weaver W Jr, Gere JM (1980) Matrix analysis of framed structures. Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company, New York
42. Zhuge Y, Mills JE (2009) Teaching finite element modelling at the undergraduate level: a PBL
approach. 20th Annual Conference of the Australian Association of Engineering Education,
6–9 December 2009, Adelaide, Australia. Cited 10 June 2017. https://eprints.usq.edu.au/6772/
Index

A Timoshenko beam, 125

Analytical solution Euler–Bernoulli beam, 105
Euler-Bernoulli beam, 20 FE sample problems, 106
rod, 10 Euler-Bernoulli beam, 19
Timoshenko beam, 34 analytical sample problems, 23
Extensometer, 2
analytical calculation, 55
B calibration curve, 59
Bar, see rod configuration, 3–5
Basic equations finite element calculation, 191
Euler-Bernoulli beam, 20 principle of operation, 3
rod, 10
Timoshenko beam, 35
Boundary conditions
consideration, 69 F
Euler-Bernoulli beam, 22 Finite Element
rod, 11 Euler–Bernoulli beam, 106
Timoshenko beam, 36 Generalized beam, 138
rod, 69
three-dimensional, 205
C Timoshenko beam, 124
Castigliano’s first theorem, 46 truss, 87
Castigliano’s second theorem, 47 two-dimensional, 205

D G
Design project Generalized beam, 137
flowchart, 5 FE sample problems, 139
marking criteria, 7
outline, 2
Dirichlet boundary condition, 69, 71
M
Macaulay bracket, 11
E
Equivalent nodal loads
Euler–Bernoulli beam, 107 N
rod, 70 Neumann boundary condition, 72
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 221
A. Öchsner, A Project-Based Introduction to Computational Statics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69817-5
222
P S
Post-processing
Euler–Bernoulli beam, 108, 109
rod, 72
Timoshenko beam, 126
Principal finite element equation
Euler–Bernoulli beam, 105
generalized beam, 138
Rod, 69
Timoshenko beam, 123
Project-based learning, 1
R
Rod, 9, 68
analytical sample problems, 12
FE sample problems, 73
Rotation
Euler–Bernoulli beam, 155
generalized beam, 157
rod, 86
Index
Shear-flexible beam, see Timoshenko beam
Shear-rigid beam, see Euler-Bernoulli beam
Simple beam, see Euler–Bernoulli beam
Steps for FE hand calculation, 73
Strain energy, 45
Strain gage, 2
Stress distribution
Euler-Bernoulli beam, 23
rod, 11
Timoshenko beam, 37
T
Thick beam, see Timoshenko beam
Thin beam, see Euler-Bernoulli beam
Timoshenko beam, 32, 123
analytical sample problems, 37
FE sample problems, 124