Template - Learning Module in GE 112 - Midterm (3 and 4)

MODULE III
Exile, Trial and Death
A detailed account of Rizal's arrest, exile in Dapitan, imprisonment at Fort Santiago and his trial
and execution are presented in this unit. The detailed account starts with the preliminaries of his
arrest and thereafter his trial and others.
Rizal's Arrest, Exile, Imprisonment Trial and Execution
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 analyze the cause of Rizal's arrest

 appraise Rizal's exile in Dapitan
 assess Rizal's imprisonment, trial and execution
The arrival of Rizal in Manila on June 26, 1892 had become very sensational among the
Filipinos. Because the Spaniards feared his popularity, they paid careful attention to his every
move. The houses where he had visited were searched and the Filipinos seen in his company were
suspected as collaborators.
His plan to put up the La Liga Filipina on July 3, 1892 was realized. The organization of this
secret society was held in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo Manila.
On June 27, 1892, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station in Tondo and visited his friends
in Malolos, Bulacan, San Fernando, Pampanga, Tarlac and Bacolor. He was lavishly welcomed
and entertained at the homes of his friends,
June 28, 1892 — Rizal returned by train to Manila. The homes he visited were also visited by the
Guardia Civil which seized some copies of the Noli and Fili and some "subversive" pamhplets.
June 29, 1892 — After his visits to his friend in Central Luzon, Rizal had his interview with
Governor General Despujol at &:30 in the morning and ended at 9:15 in the evening.
June 30, 1892 — Rizal came back to see again Governor General Despujol and talked about the
question of Borneo. The Governor General was opposed to it and told him to come back Sunday.
July 3, 1892 — Rizal and Governor General Despujol discussed many things. Rizal thanked the
Governor General for lifting the exile of his sisters. Rizal told Governor Despujol to return on
Wednesday, July 6, 1892.
On the evening of this date (following his interview with the Governor), Rizal attended a
meeting of the patriots on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila, at the home of Doroteo Ongjunco
GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
July 6, (Wed), 1892 — Rizal went to Malacanang Palace to resume his series of interviews with
the governor-general. During the interview, GovernorGeneral Despujol suddenly showed him
some printed copies of the Pobrés Frailes (Poor Friars) which were found in Lucia's pillow
cases. The incriminatory leaflets were under the authorship of P. Jacinto (Rizal's pen name) and
printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. These leaflets were a satire, against the
rich Dominican friars who enriched themselves contrary to their vow of poverty. Rizal denied
owning these leaflets. Despite such denial and insistent demand for investigation according to
law, he was arrested and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of the
Governor General.
July 7, 1892 — The Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal's arrest. Rizal's arrest caused
commotion among Filipinos, especially the newly organized La Liga Filipina. On the same day,
Governor Despujol issued a decree deporting Rizal to Dapitan. The decree mentioned the reasons
for deportation as follows: (1) the books and articles to Spain, anti- Catholic and anti-friars; (2) a
bundle of handbills found in one of his packages after his arrival in Manila entitled Pobres
Frailes satirized the Filipinos and antireligious order; (3) El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the
Gomburza which the Spanish authorities considered as traitors; (4) Rizal was pursuing the
salvation of the Filipinos through their separation from Mother country (Spain).
July 5-July 15, 1892 — Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago — before his exile to Dapitan.
July 15, 1892 — at 12:30 a.m. of July 15, Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer
Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. The steamer under Captain Delgras left Manila at 1:00 a.m.
under cover of darkness.
July 17, 1892 —After two days of sailing, the steamer Cebu reached Dapitan 7:00 p.m. of July
17. Captain Delgras handed Rizal to Captain Ricardo Carcinero, the Spanish Commandant of
Dapitan. That same night, Rizal was exiled in Dapitan for a period of four (4) years, from July 17,
1892 to July 31, 1896.
BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN
The steamer Cebu carried a letter of Father Pablo Pastells, e Jesuit Superior of the Jesuit
Society of the Philippines. The letter was given to Father Antonio Obach, Dapitan Jesiut parish
priest. It stated that Rizal could live at the parish convent on the conditions that Rizal publicly
retract his errors concerning religion, make his statement Pro-Spanish, perform church rites,
make a general confession of his past life, and to conduct himself like a Spanish subject and a
man of religion. Rizal did not agree to these conditions. Consequently, he lived in the house of
Captain Carcinero, Spanish Commandant at Dapitan. They later became good friends. Captain
Carcinero believed that Rizal had fine qualities and personality and was not a Filibuster. As a
result, the Captain gave Rizal complete freedom to go anywhere reporting only once a week to
him, On his part, Rizal wrote a poem on August 26, 1892 on the occasion of the Captain's
birthday.

September 21, 1892 — Rizal, Captain Carcinero and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of
Dipolog), the neighboring town of Dapitan, jointly owned the ticket that won the second prize of
Php 20,000 in a lottery. The ticket no. is 9736. Rizal's share is Php 6,200. He gave his father Php
2,000 and Php 200 to his friend Basa in Hongkong. The rest of the amount was invested in
purchasing agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay, one kilometer away from Dapitan.
Rizal Debated with Pastells on Religion — Rizal had a long and scholarly debate with Father
Pastells (Sept. 1, 1892 to April 1893) on religion. In his letter to Father Pastells Rizal revealed his
anti-Catholic ideas because of his bitterness of the Spanish friars who committed certain abuses.
Rizal believed that individual judgment is a gift from God and everybody should use it. He
further stressed that the pursuit of truth may be in different paths and this religion may vary but
they all lead to one light. Father Pastell refuted Rizal's attack on Catholic dogmas, but in spite of
their religious differences, they remained good friends. Although Rizal did not like Pastells'
interpretation of Catholic dogmas. he continued to be a Catholic by hearing mass at the Dapitan
Catholic Church and celebrating Christmas,
Rizal Challenged a Frenchman to a Duel — While Rizal was still debating with Father
Pastells by means of exchanging letters, he became involved in a quarrel with Mr. Juan Larder, a
French acquaintance and business man. Mr. Larder purchased many logs from the lands of Rizal
but these were logs of poor quality. Angered by the letter to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan
businessman, expressing his disgust over the business deal, Rizal became mad and challenged
Mr. Larder to a duel. Mr. Larder was persuaded by the Commandant to apologize rather than
accept the challenge. Heeding the Commander's advice, Larder wrote to Rizal on March 30, 1893
apologizing for the bad comments. Rizal, being a gentleman, accepted the apology.
Rizal could not be convinced by Father Sanchez — Father Francisco Paula Sanchez,
Rizal's favorite teacher at Ateneo, was sent by Father Pastells to convince Rizal to return to the
Catholic faith. Father Sanchez failed to convince Rizal to discard his unorthodox views on the
Catholic religion.
August 1893 — His mother and sister Maria arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for 1 1/2 year.
He likewise operated the right eye of his mother. Few days after the operation, his mother,
ignoring Rizal's advice, removed the bandages from her eye causing the wound to be infected.
Nevertheless, the wound was treated and the operation was successful.
November 3, 1893 — In the early part of November, 1893, Rizal was living peacefully and
happily at his house in Talisay, a kilometer away from Dapitan. His mother, sister Narcisa, and
Trinidad and some nephews came to see Rizal and decided to live with him. But on this date, a
certain "Pablo Mercado" (real name was Florencio Namaan), •single, 30 years old from Cagayan
de Misamis, pretended as a relative of Rizal. But it was found out later by Captain Juan Sitges
(who succeeded Captain Carcinero in May 4, 1893 as Commandant of Dapitan) that he was hired
by the Recollect Friars and was paid Php 75.00 and promised him more, to spy on Rizal's
activities, and was asked to steal letters and writings which will incriminate him in the
revolutionary movement.
RIZAL'S LIFE AND WORKS IN DAPITAN

Rizal's exile in Dapitan for 4 years and 13 days had been maximized by devoting much of his
time in improving his artistic and literary skills, doing agricultural and civic projects, engaging in

business activities and writing letters to his friends in Europe, particularly to Dr. Ferdinand
Blumentritt and Reinhold Rost.
CAREERS AND ACHIEVEMENTS WHILE IN EXILE IN DAPITAN

As a physician, Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of them were
underprivileged. However, he also had wealthy patients who paid him well enough for his
excellent surgical skill. Among them were Don Ignacio Tumarong who gave Rizal 3000 pesos for
restoring his sight, an Englishman who gave him 500 pesos, and Aklanon haciendero,
DonFrancisco Azcarraga, who paid him a cargo of sugar. His skill was put into test in August
1893 when his mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo, was placed under opthalmic surgery for the third
time. The operation was a success, however, Alonzo, ignored her son's instructions and removed
the bandages in her eyes which lead to irritation and infection.
As an engineer, Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks system he
constructed in Dapitan. Going back to his academic life, Rizal obtained the title of expert
surveyor (perito agrimensor) from the Ateneo Municipal. From his practical knowledge as
agrimensor, he widened his knowledge by reading engineering-related books. As a result, despite
the inadequacy of tools at hand, he successfully provided a good water system in the province.
As an educator, Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was attended by 16 young
boys from prominent families. Instead of charging them for the matriculation, he made the
students do community projects for him like maintaining his garden and field. He taught them
reading, writing in English and Spanish, geography, history, mathematics, industrial work, nature
study, morals and gymnastics. He encouraged his students to engage in sports activities to
strengthen their bodies tas well. There was no formal room, like the typical classroom nowadays.
Classes were conducted from 2 p.m to 4 p.m. with the teacher sitting on a hammock while the
students sat on a long bamboo bench.
As an agriculturist, Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruitbearing trees
in his 16-hectare land (later, reaching as large as 70 hectares). He planted cacao, coffee,
sugarcane, and coconuts, among many others. He even invested part of his earnings from being a
medical practitioner and his 6000peso winnings from a lottery on lands. From the United States,
he imported agricultural machinery and introduced to the native farmers of Dapitan the modern
agricultural methods. Rizal also visualized of having an agricultural colony in Sitio Ponot, within
the Sindañgan Bay. He believed that the area was suitable for cattle-raising and for cash-crops as
the area had abundant water. Unfortunately, this plan did not materialize.
As a businessman, the adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon, tried his luck
in the fishing, hemp and copra industries. In a letter to his brotherinlaw, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he
pointed out the potential of the fishing industry in the province (as the area was abundant with
fish and good beach). He also requested that two good Calamba fishermen be sent to Dapitan to
teach the fisher folks of the new fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan. But the industry
in which Rizal became more successful was in hemp, shipping the said product to a foreign firm
in Manila.

As an inventor, little was known of Rizal. In 1887, during his medical practice in
Calamba, he invented a special type of lighter called sulpukan which he sent to Blumentritt as a
gift. According to Rizal, the wooden lighter's mechanism was based on the principle of
compressed air. Another of his inventions was the wooden brick-maker can manufacture about
6,000 bricks a day.
As an artist, he had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity who were preparing for
the arrival of the image of the Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually the person who modeled the
image's right foot and other details. He also conceptualized its curtain, which was oil-painted by a
Sister under his instruction. He also made sketches of anything which attracted him in Dapitan.
Among his collections were the three rare fauna species that he discovered (dragon/lizard, frog
and beetle) and the fishes he caught. He also sculptured the statuette called "The Mother's
Revenge" which represented his dog, Syria, avenging her puppy to a crocodile which killed it.
As a linguist, Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan, thus, studied and
made comparisons of the Bisayan and Malayan languages existing in the region. In fact, Rizal
had knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek,
English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese,
Japanes, Portuguese, Swedish and Russian.
As a scientist, Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. With his boys, they
explored the jungles and searched for specimens which he sent to museums in Europe,
particularly in Dressed Museum. In return, scientific books and surgical instruments were
delivered to him from the European scientists. He also made a bulk of other researches and
studies in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, geology, anthropology and geography.
However, Rizal's most significant contribution in the scientific world was his discovery of three
species: Draco rizali (flying dragon), Apogonia rizali (small beetle), and Rhacophorus rizali (rare
frog).
Rizal also partook in civic works in Dapitan. Upon arriving in the province, he noticed its
poor condition. He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria carrying mosquitoes. He
also provided lighting system — coconut oil lamps posted in dark streets — in the province out of
what he earned from being a physician. He beautified Dapitan by remodelling the town plaza,
with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map of Mindanao
(footnote: using stones, soil and grass) right in front of the church.
ROMANTIC AFFAIR WITH JOSEPHINE BRACKEN

Rizal had always been missing his family and their happy moments together in Calamba
and his despair doubled upon the announcement of Leonor Rivera's death. Not soon, to his
surprise, an Irish girl enlightened his rather gloomy heart. This girl was the 18-year old Josephine
Bracken who, to Wenceslao Retana's words, was "slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes,
dressed with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light (gaiety)."
From Hongkong, she arrived in Dapitan in February, 1895 with his blind foster father,
George Taufer, and a Filipina named Manuela Orlac. Rizal's fame as an opthalmic surgeon
reached overseas, and one of Rizal's friends, Julio Llorente referred the group to Rizal. Rizal and
Bracken instantly fell in love with each other as "Love at First Sight" and in just one month, they

agreed to marry which appalled and disturbed Taufer, However, the parish priest of Dapitan,
Father Pedro Obach, refused to do so unless they be permitted by the Bishop of Cebu.
On the other hand, Taufer returned to Hongkong uncured. Because no priest was willing
to marry the two, the couple exchanged their vows before God in their own way, which
scandalized Fr. Obach. In 1896, their love bear its fruit — Josephine was pregnant.
Unfortunately, Bracken gave birth to a one-month premature baby boy who lived only for three
hours. The child was buried in Dapitan, bearing the name Francisco, after Rizal's father.
KATIPUNAN SEEKS RIZAL'S ADVICE

Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, the Katipunan leader, Andres Bonifacio, sought the
advice of Jose Rizal. In a secret meeting on May 2, 1896 at Bitukang Manok river in Pasig, the
group agreed to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who will inform Rizal of
their plan to launch a revolution against the Spaniards. On board the steamer Venus, Valenzuala
left Manila on June 15, 1892 and in 6 days (June 21, 1896), arrived at Dapitan with a blind
companion, Raymundo Mata. At night, Rizal and Valenzuela had a talk in the former's garden.
There, Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan's plan. Regarding this, Rizal outspokenly objected
Bonifacio's "premature" idea for two reasons:
1. the Filipinos were still unready for such bloody revolution; and
2. the Katipunan lacked machinery — before plotting a revolution, there must be sufficient
arms and funds collected.
Valenzuela also told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in Dapitan. Again, the exiled hero
disagreed because he had no plan of breaking his word of honor to the Spanish authorities.
• July 30, 1896 — Months before Rizal was contacted on the plan of Katipunar Rizal
offered his medical service in Cuba, which was then in the throes of revolution and there was an
outbreak of yellow fever epidemic. Rizal wrot Governor General Ramon Blanco, Despujol's
successor of his plan and sen as a military doctor in Cuba.
It was only in July 30, 1896 that he was given a go-signal to go to Cube through a letter from
Governor General Blanco.
RIZAL'S DEPARTURE FROM DAPITAN (AS A PRISONER)
Rizal's destination is Cuba, as a military doctor.
• July 31, 1896 — On the midnight of July 31, 1896, he bade goodbye to
Dapitan folks. He was accompanied to the shore by Josephine, Narci Angelica (Narcisa's
daughter), his three nephews, six pupils and some Dapitan residents. he embarked on board the
steamer España. Many wept as the steamer sailed away. The town brass band played the
dolorous farewe music "Funeral March" of Chopin.
As the ship pushed out farther into the sea, Rizal gazed for the last time on Dapitan
waving farewell salute to the kind and hospitable people wi tears of nostalgic memories. Rizal

stayed in Dapitan for 4 years and 13 da Rizal made some delightful stopovers in Dumaguete,
Cebu, Iloilo, Cap and Romblon.
• August 6, 1896 — The España arrived in Manila on a Thursday morning. he failed to

catch the mail ship Isla de Luzon because it had earlier departed midnight of the same day.
Governor-General Blanco, on orders, transferred Rizal to the Spanish cruiser Castilla. Captain
Enrique gave Rizal a go accommodation because Rizal was told that he was not a prisoner but a
guest on board in order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies. Rizal stay in the cruiser for
about a month (August 6 to September 3, 1896) pending the availability of a Spain-bound ship.
• August 19, 1896 — The Katipunan's plot to overthrow the Spanish rule me of revolution
was discovered by the Fray Mariano Gil, an Augustinian cura of Tondo.
• August 26, 1896 — The Cry of Balintawak was raised by Bonifacio and valiant
Katipuneros.
• August 30, 1896 — Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan (Battles of S Juan). In the
afternoon, Governor-General Blanco proclaimed a state of war the first eight provinces — Manila
(as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batang Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ejica, and Tarlac.
Rizal learned of the eruption and the raging battles in Manila through the newspapers he read
while on board the steamer Castilla. On this day also, Rizal received a letter absolving him all
blame for raging revolution.
• September 2, 1896 — At 6:00 p.m., Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay
which was to sail for Barcelona, Spain. This was his last trip to
Spain. Among his fellow passengers on board were Don Pedro Roxas (rich Manila industrialist)
and his son Periquin.
• September 7, 1896 — Rizal arrived in Singapore in the evening of September 7.
Together with other passengers, he went sightseeing and shopping. He was, however, placed
under arrest by the ship skipper Captain Alimany, upon
instruction from Manila government.
Rizal was unaware that since his departure from Manila Bay on his way to Spain,
Governor-General Blanco was secretly conspiring with the Minister of War and the Colonies for
his destruction. The two were exchanging coded telegrams and confidential messages for his
arrest. He was secretly being kept under surveillance.
• September 30, 1896 — The steamer anchored at Malta at about 6:25 in the evening.
Being a prisoner, he was confined in his cabin. He was not able to visit the famous island fortress
of the Christian crusaders.
• October 3, 1896 — The steamer Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona about 10:00 o'clock
in the evening. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted for 30 days. He was kept under guard in
the cabin for three (3) days by General Eulogio Despujol and his men. The General happened to
be the same person who ordered his banishment to Dapitan in July 1892.

• October 6, 1896 — At 3:00 a.m. of October 6, he was awakened and escorted to the
infamous prison-fortress MOnjuich. He spent the whole morning inside the cell. At 2:00 p.m. he
was taken out of the cell and brought to the headquarters of General Despujol. He was told that he
would be shipped back to Manila on board the ship Colon. At 8:00 p.m. Rizal was taken aboard
the ship which was full of soldiers, officers, and their families. The ship left Barcelona with Rizal
on board.
• October 11, 1896 — Rizal's diary was taken away before reaching Port Said. His diary
was critically scrutinized by the Spanish authorities but nothing dangerous was found in its
content. The cabin was also thoroughly searched but no subversive materials were found.
RIZAL WAS SHIPPED BACK TO THE PHILIPPINES TO UNDERGO TRIAL

• November 2, 1896 — Rizal's diary was returned to him. At this time, news reports on
Rizal's predicament reached his friends in Europe and Singapore. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and
Sixto Lopez requested Atty. Fort, an English lawyer inSingapore to institute a writ of habeas
corpus to the Supreme Court for the removal of Rizal from the steamer. Unfortunately, Chief
Justice Lornel Cox denied the writ on the grounds that the steamer Colon is a warship of a foreign
power and was carrying Spanish troops. Under International law, the Singapore authorities has no
jurisdiction over the steamer.
• November 3, 1896 — The steamer Colon reached Manila. Meanwhile, the Spanish
authorities who wanted to get evidence against Rizal arrested Deodato Arellano, Dr.
PioValenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo.
Rizal was brought to Fort Santiago where other patriots were incarcerated including his brother
Paciano to implicate Rizal. But Paciano refused to sign anything despite being his body broken
and his left hand crushed.
RIZAL'S TRIAL
• November 20, 1896 —On this day, a preliminary 5-day investigation began. He appeared
before the Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. Documentary and testimonial evidences
were presented against Rizal. The documentary evidences were:
1. Antonio Luna's letter to Mariano Ponce on October 16, 1888 which showed Rizal’s
connection with the Filipino reform campaign in Spain.
2. Rizal's letter to his family on August 20, 1890in which he stated that the deportations are
good for they will encourage the people to hate tyranny.
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar's letter to Deodato Arellano on January 7, 1889 implicating Rizal in
the Propaganda campaign in Spain.
4. A poem "Kundiman" allegedly written by Rizal in September 12, 1891 which mentioned
that "in a land of beauty, despot reigns and where the slaves are oppressed in the tyrant's grips"
5. Carlos Oliver's letter to an unidentified person on September 18, 1891 describing Rizal as
the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
6. A Masonic document dated February 9, 1892 which honored Rizal for his patriotic
services.

7. Dimasalang's letter (Rizal's pen name) to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta's name) dated May 24,
1892 which stated that Rizal was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted
by the Spanish authorities.
8. Dimasalang's (Rizal) letter to an unidentified committee on June 1, 1892 soliciting the aid
of the committee in his "Patriotic work".
9. Anonymous undated letter to the editor of the Hongkong Telegraph censoring the
banishment of Rizal to Dapitan.
10. Ildefonso Laurel's letter to Rizal on mentioning that Filipinos look up to Rizal as their
savior.
11. Ildefonso Laurel's letter to Rizal dated September 3, 1893 informing an unidentified
correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.
12. Marcelo H. Del Pilar's letter to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta) dated June 1, 1893
recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of masonry, to help
the cause of the Filipino people.
13. Transcript of speech of Pingkin (Emilio Jacinto) in a reunion of Katipunan on July 23,
1893 in which the following cry was uttered "Long Live the Philippines! Long Live Liberty!
Long Live Doctor Rizal's Unity!"
14. Transcript of speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago), in the same Katipunan reunion
wherein the Katipuneros uttered: Long Live the Philippines! Long Live the eminent Doctor
Rizal! Death to the oppressor of nation!"
15. Laong Laan's (Rizal) poem "Talisay" in which the author made the schoolboys of Dapitan
sing.
The restimonial evidence included the oral testimonies of Martin Constantino, Aguedo del
Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Sabado, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Ambrosio
Salvador, Pedro Laktaw, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo
Paez.
• November 26, 1896 — After the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted the
records of the case to Governor General Ramon Blanco, who was thereupon transmitted to
them to Don Nicolas de la Pena, Judge Advocate General. Among Pena's recommendation for
Rizal to be defended in court by an Army officer, not by civilian lawyer.
• December 8, 1896 — Rizal chose his defender from a list of 100 first and second
lieutenants in the Spanish Army. He chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1 st lieutenant of the
Artillery and brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, Rizal's bodyguard in Calamba in 1887.
• Decemberll, 1896 — The information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his prison
cell, with his counsel present. Rizal was accused of three (3) crimes: (1) rebellion, (2) sedition
(3) illegal association
• December 13 1896 — Ramon Blanco was replaced by Camilo Polavieja, a more ruthless
character, a governor general of the Philippines. Dominguez submitted the papers of the Rizal
case to Malacañan Palace.
• December 15, 1896 — Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop
shedding of blood and to achieve liberties by means of education and industry. The Judge

Advocate General recommended to the Governor General Polavieja that the manifesto be
suppressed and so Rizal's manifesto was not issued to the people.
• December 25, 1896 — It was the saddest Christmas for Jose Rizal because this was his
last Christmas. Rizal wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade that his case was a hopeless one.
 December 26, 1896 at 8 a.m. — The court-martial of Rizal was held in Cuartel de Espana,
a military building. Sealed behind a long table on an elevated dais were the seven members of
the military court in their respective uniforms — Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (president);
Capt. Rizardo Munoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguero, Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio; Capt.
Braulio Rodriguez Nunez, Capt. Manuel Escribano, and Capt. Fermin Perez Rodriguez.
Cuartel de España is used to be the present site of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila.
Present inside the courtroom were Dr. Rizal (accused), Lt. Taviel de Andrade (defense
counsel), Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate), Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting
Attorney), Josephine Bracken, some newspaper men, many Spaniards and other spectators.
Rizal sat on a bench between two soldiers. His arms were tied behind elbow to elbow. He
wore a black woolen suit with a white vest and black tie He was calm and dignified in
appearance.
TRIAL PROPER - The trial was opened by Judge Advocate Dominguez who explained the case
against Rizal. After him, Prosecuting Attorney Alcocer delivered a speech summarizing the
charges against Rizal and urged the court to give the verdict death. The Spanish spectators
applauded noisily.
After Alcocer finished his speech, Defense Counsel Taviel de Andrade took the floor and
read the eloquent defense of Rizal and admonished the members of the military. His admonition
fell on deaf ears. After the defense counsel took his seat, the court asked Rizal to say something.
Rizal read a supplement to his defense. But the military court remained indifferent to Rizal's
pleading.
Lt. Col. Togores Arjona, the president considered the trial over and ordered the hall
cleared. After a short deliberation, the military court unanimously voted for Rizal's sentence of
death. The Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pena — affirmed the death verdict.
December 28 1896 — Governor General Polavieja approved the decision of the court — martial
and ordered Rizal to be shot at the back by a firing squad on December 30, 1896 at 7:00 in the
morning in Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).
Rizal Received Visitors — Rizal was busy meeting visitors such as Jesuit priests, Josephine
Bracken, members of his family, and some newspapermen. His first visitors were Father Miguel
Sadero Mata (Rector of Ateneo Municipal) and Father Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher.

December 29, 1896
6:00 a.m. — Rizal was read his verdict by Captain Rafael Dominguez. To be shot the next day at
7:00 a.m. at the Luneta de Bagumbayan (Rizal Park)
29 December, 7:00 AM: Rizal was transferred to the chapel cell which were adorned by religious
images to convince him to go back to Catholic fold. His first visitors were Fathers Miguel Sadera
Mata and Luis Viza.
29 December, 7:15 AM: After Father Saderra left, Rizal asked Fr. Viza for the Sacred Heart
statuette which he carved when he was an Ateneo student. From his pocket the same statue
appeared.
29 December, 8:00 AM: Father Viza was relieved by Father Antonio Rosell who joined Rizal for
breakfast. Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade joined them.
29 December, 9:00 AM: Fr. Federico Faura, who once said that Rizal would lose his head for
writing Noli Me Tangere, arrived. Rizal told him, "Father, you are indeed a poet."
29 December, 10:00 AM: Fathers Jose Vilaclara and Estanislao March visited Rizal, followed by
a Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo Madrid, for an interview.
29 December, 12:00-3:30 PM: Rizal was alone in his cell. He had lunch, wrote letters and
probably wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas which he wrote in his flowing handwriting in a very
small piece of paper. He hid it inside his alcohol stove The untitled poem was later known as Mi
Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell). In its second stanza, he already praised the revolutionaries in
the battlefield in giving their lives "without doubt, without gloom."
First page of the "Mi Ultimo Adios" in Rizal's own handwriting

29 December, 3:00 PM: According to an account of the agent of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia
guarding Rizal's cell, Rizal signed what seems to be the document retracting his anti-Catholic
writings and his membership in masonry. This event is a contentious issue among Rizal experts.
29 December, 4:00 PM: Visit of Rizal's mother, Teodora Alonso. Then Rizal's sister Trinidad
entered to get her mother and Rizal whispered to her in English referring to the alcohol stove,
"There is something inside." They were also accompanied by Narcisa, Lucia, Josefa, Maria and
son Mauricio Cruz. Leoncio Lopez Rizal Narcisa's eleven-year-old son, was not allowed to enter
the cell. While leaving for their carriages, an official handed over the alcohol stove to Narcisa.
After their visit, Fathers Vilaclara and Estanislao March returned to the cell followed by Father
Rosell.
29 December, 6:00 PM: Rizal was visited by the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, Don Silvino Lopez
Tuñon. Father March left Father Vilaclara to be with the two.
29 December, 8:00 PM: Rizal's last supper where he informed Captain Dominguez that he already
forgave those who condemned him.

29 December, 9:30 PM: Rizal was visited by the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, Don
Caspar) Cestaño with whom Rizal offered the best chair of the cell. According to accounts, the
fiscal left with* 'La good impression of Rizal's intelligence and noble character.
The so-called Rizal retraction
• December 29, 1896 at 10:00 p.m. — The draft of the retraction sent by the antiFilipino
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda (1890-1903) was submitted b Father Balaguer to Rizal for
signature but Rizal rejected it at first because it was too long. Another shorter retraction was
prepared by Father Pio Pi, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippine, which was
åcceptable to Rizal. Rizal wrote his own retraction in which he abjured masonry and his
religious ideas which were anti-Catholic. The Rizal's retraction is now controversial
document. The Rizalist scholars were anti-Mason or anti-Catholic claimed it to be forgery.
• December 30, 1896 at 3:00 a.m. — Rizal heard a mass, confessed his sins and took Holy
communion. At 5:30 a.m., he took his last breakfast. Also, Josephine Bracken accompanied
by Josefa (Rizal's sister) arrived. Before Josephine Bracken left, Rizal gave her a religious
book "Imitation of Christ" by Thomas Kempis, which was autographed: "To my dear
unhappy wife, Josephine. December 30, 1896.
• 30 December, 5:00 AM: Teary-eyed Josephine Bracken and Josefa Rizal came. According
to the testimony of the agent of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia, Josephine and Rizal were married.
Josep ine was gifted by Rizal with the classic Thomas á Kempis book Imitations of Christ
in which he inscribed, "To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine, December 30th 1896, Jose
Rizal." They embraced for the last time.
• 30 December, 5:30 AM: Rizal took his last meal. According to stories told to Narcisa by
Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the corner of a cell for the "poor rats,"
"Let them have their fiesta too." Rizal also wrote to his family and to his brother.
Rizal’s Execution and Death

• 30 December, 6:00 AM: Rizal wrote his father, Francisco Mercado "My beloved Father,
Pardon me for the pain with which I repay you for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I did
not want nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, goodbye... Jose Rizal." To his mother, he had only
these words, "To my very dear Mother, Sra. Doña Teodora Alonso 6 0'clock in the morning,
December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal."
• 30 December, 1896 at 6:30 AM: A trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin the
death march to Bagumbayan. The four (4) soldiers who acted as
advanced guards with bayoneted rifles moved first. A few meters behind, Rizal walked calmly
with his defense counsel on one side and two Jesuit priests on the other. Behind them were the
soldiers. With the sounds of the drum, the cavalcade marched slowly, passing the narrow Postigo
Gate (one of the gates of the city wall), and reached the Malecon (now Bonifacio drive). Rizal
walked serenely to Bagümbayan field and was told to stand on a grassy lawn by the shore of the
Manila Bay, between two lamp posts.

Rizal bade farewell to Fathers March and Villaclara and to his defender Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade. One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix to kiss. Rizal requested that he
be shot facing the firing squad but his request was denied because the orders was to shot him in
the back. Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, the Spanish military physician who took his pulse was
amazed to find it normal.
Rizal's Death
30 December, 7:03 AM: With the captain shouting "Fuego!" Shouts rang out from the guns of
eight indio soldiers. Rizal, being a convicted criminal was not facing the firing squad. As he was
hit, he resists and turns himself to face his executors. He falls down and dies facing the sky.
But in two years after Rizal's death, the victorious Philippine revolutionaries will sealed the fate
of the Spanish Empire in the east. Three hundred thirty-three years of Spanish Colonialism ended
in 1898.
30 December 1896, afternoon: Narcisa, after a long search, discovered where her brother's body
was secretly buried, at the old unused Paco Cemetery. She asked the guards to place a marble
plaque designed by Doroteo Ongjungco containing Rizal's initials in reverse— "RPJ."
17 August 1898: Four days after the Mock Battle of Manila when the Americans took over the
city, the remains of Rizal were exhumed. They were brought to Narcisa's house, washed and
cleansed and were placed in an ivory urn designed by Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus. The urn
stayed there until 1912.
29 December 1912: From Estraude Street in Binondo, Manila, the urn was transferred in a
procession headed by the masons and the Knights of Rizal to the marble hall of the Ayuntamiento
de Manila, where it stayed overnight with the Knights on guard.
30 December 1912, morning: In a solemn procession, the urn began its last journey to Rizal's
final resting place the base of the soon-to-rise national monument to José Rizal.
30 December 1913: The Rizal National Monument at the Luneta was inaugurated. Its original
design name was "Motto Stella" (Guiding Star) and was made by Swiss sculptor Dr. Richard
Kissling who earlier also made the National Monument to William Tell, the National Hero of
Switzerland.
30 December 2012: The transfer of the remains of Rizal from Binondo to the site of the Rizal
Monument was recreated one hundred years later by the Order of the Knights of Rizal and the
National Historical Commission of the Philippines in commemoration of Rizal's 116 th Martyrdom
Anniversary.
(Source:https://xiaochua.net/2012/12/25/the-last-days-of-jose-fizal-a-timeline-of-hislastarrest-
incarceration-execution-and-the-journey-of-his-remains/)

RELATED EVENTS BEFORE AND AFTER RIZAL'S DEATH
Learning Outcomes:
 analyze the factors that led to Rizal's execution

 analyze the last two letters of Rizal to his brother Paciano, to his parents, and to
Blumentritt
 appraise the mother of Rizal pleading for help
 assess the search for Rizal's body, after his death
 analyze La Liga Filipina and its aims
 analyze the effects of Rizal's execution
Factors That Led to Rizal's Execution

The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal for three (3) crimes.
1. Illegal association — for founding La Liga Filipina

2. rebellion — for publication of Noli Me Tangere and and El Filibusterimo
3. sedition — for criticizing the Catholic religion aiming for exclusion from the Filipino
culture and dedicating El Filibusterismo to the three (3) "traitors" (Gomburza) and for
emphasizing on the novel's title that "the only salvation for the Philippines was the
separation from the mother colony (referring to Spain)
The penalty for those accusations is life imprisonment to death and correctional imprisonment and
a charge of 325 to 3,250 Pesetas.
Evidences
The prosecution drew information from the dossier on Rizal which detailed his "subversive
activities" some of which are the following:
1. The writing and publication of "Noli me Tangere", the Annotations to Morga's History
of the Philippines, El Filibusterismo, and the various articles which criticized the friars and
suggested their expulsion in order to win independence. The El Filibusterismo was
dedicated to the three martyr priests who were executed as traitors to the Fatherland in 1872
because they were the moving spirits of the uprising that year.
2. The establishment of masonic lodges which became the propaganda and fund raising
center to support subversive activities and the establishment of centers in Madrid,
Hongkong and Manila to propagate his ideas.

After finishing as much evidence as possible on November 20, 1896, the preliminary on
Rizal began. During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against him
before Judge advocate Colonel Francisco Olive.
Two Kinds of Evidences Endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor

Ramon Blanco:
1. Documentary
- fifteen exhibits
2. Testimonal
- Provided by Martin Constantino, Aguedo Del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador,
Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar,
Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.
The Judge Rafael Domingues advocate assigned with the task of deciding what
corresponding action should be done.
Review transmitted the record to Don Nicolas de la Pena.

Pena's recommendation as follows:
• Rizal must immediately sent to trial

• He must be held in prison under necessary security
• His properties must be issued with order of attachment and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay
one million pesos
• Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed to defend Rizal.
The lawyer of Rizal is Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade Brother pf Lt. Jose Traviel de Andrade
who worked as Rizal's Personal body guard in Calamba in 1887.1n the presence of h1S
Spanish Counsel on December 11, 1896, charges against Rizal were read in the presence of
his Spanish counsel.
When they asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that in his
defense.
• He does not question the jurisdiction of the court • He has nothing to amend except that
during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in any political matters.
• He has nothing to admit on the charges against him. • He had nothing to admit on the
declarations of the witnesses; he had not met nor knew, against them.
Rizal’s Last Letter to His Brother Paciano

To Paciano, he said:
"It has been four years and a half that we have not seen each other, addressed each other in writing
orally. I don't think it is due to the lack of affection on my part or yours, but, knowing each other
so well. we have no need of words to understand each other.

… I think of how hard you worked to enable me to have a career. I believe I have not tried to
waste my time. Brother, if the fruit has been bitter, it's not my fault, it is the fault of
circumstances. I know that you have suffered much because of me, I am so sorry.
I assure you that I am innocent of this crime of rebellion. If my former writings had contributed
to this, I should not deny it but then I believe I have clean myself of this with my exile.
Tell our father I remember him, but how? I remember my whole childhood, tenderness, his love.
Ask him to forgive me for the pain I caused him unwillingly.”
Rizal’s Letter to His Family: A Burial Wish

He said: "Dear parents, brothers, sisters: Give thanks to God who has kept me tranquil, before my
death. . . Bury me in the earth, put a stone on the top, and a cross. My name, the date of my birth,
and that of my death. Nothing more. later you wish to surround my grave with fence, you can do
it. No anniversary celebrations! I prefer Paang Bundok."
"Paang Bundok" was a cemetery North of Manila, now known as the North Cemetery. But the
Rizal family never received the letter.
Rizal’s Letter to Blumentritt

Rizal and Blumentritt met only once, but they had been sending each other tons of letters for
many years since 1886 (the last of this snail-mail correspondence was written from Rizal's Fort
Santiago cell on the eve of his execution); in an age when there was still no Internet and
electricity, we can say that the two, formed part of an earlier generation of social media users.
Even though they were miles apart, they had formed a kindred bond, like that of brothers. So,
when Blumentrit finished reading Rizal's first novel, alarm struck his heart for he realized
potential danger caused by his dear Filipino friend's pen. He advised Rizal to just stay in Madrid
for good and from there continue his Propaganda activities.
Rizal responded to Blumentritt. In a letter dated 19 June 1887, the patriot wrote:
Original text of Rizal's Letter (in Spanish)

Su consejo de quedarme en Madrid y escribir allá es muy benévolo; pero puedo ni debo aceptarlo.
No puedo soportar la Vida en Madrid; allá todos some"vox clamantis en deserto"; mis parientes
quieren verme y yo quiero verlŒ también; en ninguna parte la Vida me es tan agradable como en
mi patria, al lado de mi familia. Todavía no estoy europeizado como dicen los filipinos de
Madrici siempre quiero volver al país de mis aborígenes. "La cabra siempre tira al monte me
dijeron.
English Translation:
"Your advice for me to stay in Madrid and write from there is very kind of you, but I cannot even
accept it. Life is difficult in Madrid. All of us there are but "vox clamantis in deserto". * My
relatives preferred seeing me and I feel the same way. In no place is life as nice as the one in my
country, with my family right by my side. I'm still not Europeanized, as Filipinos say in Madrid.

I always want to return to my native country. As they say, "the goat always goes to the
mountain". **) (Source: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/554367/wererizals-burialwishes-
honored#ixzz54gpFFHDT@inquirerdotnetonTwitterlinquir erdotnetonFacebook)
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/554367/were-rizals-burial-wishes-honored#ixzz59u8XPx9W
Teodora Alonso's Pleading to the Covernor

Meanwhile at the house of Governor General Polavieja, Doña Teodora Alonso with teary eyes
and fear he approaches the guard and speaks...Teodora Alonso: Excuse me Señor, May I talk to
Gov þlavieja, I want to ask for help from him for my son Dr. Jose Rizal. Guard: The governor
has no time for that, leave! Teodora Alonso: Please, have mercy, he's the only chance we got to
save my son's life … Guard: Señora, por pabor! Narrator: Madame, Please ... (After hearing the
word pabor, the Governor General comes down and walks his way towards the door where Doña
Alonso was trying to plead for help from him. As he approaches halfway to the door, the guards
let her enter the place and quickly she approached the governor begging ... but no help was given.
Moreover, on December 28, 1896, Doña Teodora Alonso, the hero's mother, went to Malacañang
to plead with Governor General Camilo de Polavieja. She was refused admission.
There was no one else to turn to and there were no burial instructions to read. So, the family made
other preparations.
Doña Teodora sought from one official to another permission to take care of her son's body after
the execution. All refused except the mayor of Manila, Manuel Luengco, Hesitantly, he agreed
but only on his own account.
Search for Rizal's Body

A coffin and a hearse were ordered. On the day of the execution, the family stayed home, waiting
in silence and in prayer, until it was over.
To their disappointment and sorrow, they discovered that the body had been taken away from
Luneta shortly after the execution, with no one willing or able to say where it had been taken.
A long search in suburban graveyards, including Paang Bundok, yielded no burials that day.
Narcisa, Rizal's sister, finally came, late that afternoon, to the old and unused Paco Cemetery.
And there, from a distance and unnoticed, she saw Mayor Luengo and several army officers
inspecting a grave.
Narcisa was certain it contained her brother's body. When the authorities left, she approached and
found the freshly dug grave. It was unmarked. Requesting permission from the cemetery guard,
she asked that a small, simple marble slab be placed on the grave.
For close to two years, the grave remained in relative anonymity. But on Aug. 13, 1898, Spain
lost the mock battle for Manila and Commodore George Dewey of the United States took
command of the city.

Narcisa lost no time. Four days later, she had the grave in Paco Cemetery dug. She found that her
brother had been buried uncoffined, his clothes still recognizablè. But his shoes had already
disintegrated and whatever letter he said was inside was lost forever.
Cleaned and placed on an ivory urn, Rizal's remains stayed with the family in Narcisa's house in
Binondo. Only 14 years later, in 1912, were they interred in the base of the "Motto Stella." By
then, the parents of Rizal were dead.
La Liga Filipina
La Liga Filipina (lit. The Philippine League) was a progressive organization created by Dr. Jose
Rizal in the Philippines in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo Manila in 1892.
The organization derived from La Solidaridad and the Propaganda movement. The purpose of La
Liga Filipina is to build a new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform
movement.
The league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society dispensing scholarship funds and
legal aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives, the league became a threat to Spanish
authorities that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892 on Dapitan.
During the exile of Rizal, the organization became inactive, through the efforts of Domingo
Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was reorganized. The organization decided to declare its support
for La Solidaridad and the reforms it advocated, raise funds for the paper, and defray the
expenses of deputies advocating reforms for the country before the Spanish Cortes. Eventually
after some disarray in the leadership of the group the Supreme Council of the League dissolved
the society.
The Liga membership split into two groups when it is about to be revealed: the conservatives
formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad
while the radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the
Katipunan.
Aims
• To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogenous organization;
• Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
• Defense against all violence and injustice
• Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
• Study the application of reforms
Directors
• Domingo Franco, President and Supreme leader

• Deodato Arellano, Secretary-Treasurer
• Isidro Francisco, Fiscal
• Apolinario Mabini, Secretary
• Marcelo H. del Pilar, editor-in-chief

• Graciano Lopez Jaena, former editor-in-chief
• Domingo Franco, President and Supreme leader
• Deodato Arellano, Secretary-Treasurer
• Isidro Francisco, Fiscal
• Apolinario Mabini, Secretary
• Marcelo H. del Pilar, editor-in-chief
• Graciano Lopez Jaena, former editor-in-chief
Other members
• Andrés Bonifacio, Supreme leader of Katipunan and led the Cry of Pugad Lawin.
• Mamerto Natividad, One of the leaders of the revolution in Nueva Ecija.
• Moises Salvador, Master of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.
• Numeriano Adriano, Chief guard of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.
• José A. Dizon, Master of lodge of the mason in Taliba.
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War adviser during First Philippine Republic, Author of
Philippine Declaration of Independence.
• Timoteo Lanuza, Stated the depose to dispel the Spanish frail in the Philippine in 1889.
• Marcelino de Santos, Bidder and assistant of La Solidaridad.
• Paulino Zamora, Master of lodge of the mason in Lusong.
• Procopio Bonifacio
• Juan Zulueta, Member of lodge of the mason in Lusong, Member of Supreme Council.
• Doroteo Ongjunco, Member of lodge of the mason in Lusong
• Arcadio del Rosario,Publicist of lodge of the mason in Balagtas.
Timoteo Paez, Member of Supreme Council. (Source: http://www.msc.edu.ph/

centennial/liga.html)
Effects of Rizal's Execution in Spanish Colonial Rule
The effect is: Rebellion after Rizal's Execution. The Philippine independence struggle
turned more violent after Rizal's death. It was led first by Andres Bonifacio and later by Emilio
Aguinaldo. Emilio Aguinaldo was a peasant worker and an idealist young firebrand. Rizal's death
filled the rebels with new determination, but the Katipunan was becoming divided between
supporters of Bonifacio, who revealed himself to be an increasingly ineffective leader, and its
rising star, Aguinaldo. At a convention held at Tejeros, the Katipunan's headquarters in March
1897, delegates elected Aguinaldo president and demoted Bonifacio to the post of director of the
interior. Bonifacio withdrew with his supporters and formed his own government. After fighting
broke out between Bonifacio's and Aguinaldo's troops, Bonifacio was arrested, tried, and on May
10, 1897, executed by order of Aguinaldo. [Source: Library of Congress *]
Aguinaldo. He extracted some concessions from the Spaniards in 1897 and declared Philippines
independence on June, 12, 1898 from the balcony of his home in Cavite and established himself
as president of an ill-fated provisional Philippine Republic after Filipinos drove the Spanish from

most of the archipelago. Through their revolutionary proclamation, Filipinos claimed that the
Philippines was the first democratic republic in Asia. In one battle unarmed rebels on the island
of Negros tricked the Spanish into retreating by launching an attack with "cannons" made rolled-
up palm-leaf mats painted black and "bayonet rifles" constructed from bamboo.
As 1897 war on, Aguinaldo himself suffered reverses at the hands of Spanish troops, being forced
from Cavite in June and retreating to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan Province. The futility of the
struggle was becoming apparent on both sides. Although Spanish troops were able to defeat
insurgents on the battlefield, they could not suppress guerrilla activity. In August armistice
negotiations were opened between Aguinaldo and a new Spanish governor.
After three years of bloodshed, most of it Filipino, a Spanish-Filipino peace pact was
signed in Hong Kong in December, •1897. According to the agreement the Spanish governor of
the Philippines would pay Aguinaldo the equivalent of US$800,000, and the rebel leader and his
government would go into exile. Aguinaldo established himself in Hong Kong, and the Spanish
bought themselves time. Within the year, however, their more than three centuries of rule in the
islands would come to an abrupt and unexpected end. *
According to Lonely Planet: "Predictably, the pact's demands satisfied nobody. Promises
of reform by the Spanish were broken, as were promises by the Filipinos to stop their
revolutionary plotting. The Filipino cause attracted huge support from the Japanese, who tried
unsuccessfully to send money and two boatloads of weapons to the exiled revolutionaries in
Hong Kong.
When the Spanish-American War broke out in April 1898, Spain's fleet was easily
defeated at Manila. Aguinaldo returned, and his 12,000 troops kept the Spanish forces bottled up
in Manila until U.S. troops landed. The Spanish cause was doomed, but the Americans did
nothing to accommodate the inclusion of Aguinaldo in the succession. Fighting between
American and Filipino troops broke out almost as soon as the Spanish had been defeated.
Aguinaldo issued a declaration of independence on June 12, 1898. However, the Treaty of Paris,
signed on December 10, 1898, by the United States and Spain, ceded the Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico to the United States, recognized Cuban independence, and gave US$20 million to
Spain. A revolutionary congress convened at Malolos, north of Manila, promulgated a
constitution on January 21, 1899, and inaugurated Aguinaldo as president of the new republic two
days later. Hostilities broke out in February 1899, and by March 1901 Aguinaldo had been
captured and his forces defeated. Despite Aguinaldo's call to his compatriots to lay down their
arms, insurgent resistance continued until 1903. The Moros, suspicious of both the Christian
Filipino insurgents and the Americans, remained largely neutral, but eventually their own armed
resistance had to be subjugated, and Moro territory was placed under U.S. military rule until
1914. *
(Source: Websites and other publications)

Learning Activities
Name: Score:
Date: Time:
I. Image Posting
Post an image /photo in the following boxes:
1.
Photo of Rizal at Fort Santiago
2.
Photo of Paco Catholic Cemetery (Burial Place of Rizal)

3.
Photo of La Solidaridad newspaper
Photo of Governor Photo of Dr. Photo of Lt.

General Polavieja Blumentritt Taviel de Andrade

Photo of the 1896 Philippine Revolution Led by Andres Bonifacio

MODULE IV
The novels of Rizal
Jose Rizal wrote eight (8) novels: 6 unfinished and untitled novels and two (2)
finished novels. Noli Me Tangere was the first complete novel published by Rizal. Its
sequel is the El Filibusterismo.
Unfinished and Untitled Novels
1. Untitled and unsigned manuscriot novel consisting of 44 pages in Rizal's

handwriting. The manuscript form is preserved in the National Library. Some of the characters
include Prince Tagilima and Sultan Zaide. The hero of the novel was Kamandagan.
2. Makamisa, a novel in Tagalog. Only two chapters were finished. The manuscript
consisted of 20 pages.
3. Dapitan — written in ionic Spanish. It consists of eight (8) pages. It was written during
Rizal's exile in Dapitan.
4. Life in Pili, Laguna — a Spanish novel which was not finished. The manuscript consists
of 147 pages. Some of the characters of this novel are Pedro Agaton, a Spanish friar, Capitan
Panchoy and Capitana Barang, Cecilia their pretty girl and Isagani, the lover of Cecilia.
5. Cristobal — a novel without a title is about Cristobal, a youthful Filipino student who has
returned from Europe.
6. A novel that was contained/written in two notebooks — the first note contains 31 written
pages and the second one contains 12 written pages.
The Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe which portrays the
brutalities of American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro
slaves inspired Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of the Filipino under the
lash of Spanish tyrants. Rizal was then a medical student at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

NOLI ME TANGERE
(TOUCH ME NOT)
Learning Outcomes
 appreciate important characters in the novel and what they represent
 examine the present Philippine situation through the examples mentioned in the Noli
Background of the Publication of the Noli

Toward the end pf 1884, Rizal started to write Noli in Madrid and finished about one-half of it. In
Paris, 1885, while studying at the Universidad Central de Madrid, he finished one-half of the
second half. He finished the last fourth of Noli in Germany. The last few chapters were written at
Wilhelmsfeld in April — June 1886.
Viola Financed Printing. Sick and penniless, Rizal had no hope of having it published, he
received a telegram from Dr. Maximo Viola that he was coming to Berlin. Dr. Viola was a scion
of rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan. When Viola arrived before Christmas Day in 1887, he
was shocked to find Rizal in poverty and was sick due to lack of proper nourishment,
Viola gladly agreed to finance the printing cost of the Noli. He also loaned some cash money for
the living expenses. To save printing expenses, Rizal deleted certain passages in his manuscript,
including the whole chapter, Elias and Salome.
Printing of the Noli. Rizal with the help of Viola, supervised the printing of the Noli. Day by
day, they were at the printing shop proof-reading the printed pages. Noli came off the press on
March 21, 1887. First copies of the printed novel were sent to Rizal's intimate friends like
Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Felix R.
Hidalgo.
On March 29, 1887. Rizal gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli in token of his appreciation and
gratitude,
The Title of the Noli. Noli Me Tangere, which means "Touch Me Not", was taken from the
bible, particularly the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20, Verses 13 to 28). According to St. John, on
the first Easter Sunday, St. Mary Magdalene visited the Holy Sepulcher, and to her Our Lord
Jesus, just risen from the dead said:
"Touch Me Not", I am not yet ascended to my Father, but go to my brethren, and say unto them.
I ascend unto my Father and Your Father; and my God and your God.'

Attackers and Defenders of the Noli Attackers:
1. Fr. Jose Rodriguez, an Augustine priest who published a series of eight (8) pamphlets to
discredit Noli.
2. Father Font — printed and distributed copies to discredit the controversial novel.
3. General Jose de Salamanca
4. General Luis M. de Prado
5. Sr. Fernando Vida
6. Vicente Barrantes, the Spanish academician of Madrid who bitterly criticized the Noli in an
article published in La España Moderna (Madrid newspaper) in January 1890.
Defenders:
1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
2. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
3. Graciano Lopez Jaena
4. Mariano Ponce
5. Father Sanchez, Rizal's favorite teacher in the Ateneo
6. Don Segismundo Moret, former Minister of the Crown
7. Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and stateman
8. Professor Blumentritt, scholar and educator
9. Other Filipino reformists in foreign lands

10. Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino priest-scholar and a Tagalog
translator
11. Desiderio Magalong
Important Characters in the Noli

There are many characters that appear in the novel but have at least one role. Listed here are the
nine most important characters in the story.

1. Crisóstomo Ibarra
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly called Ibarra, is FilipinoSpanish and
the only descendant of the wealthy Spaniard Don Rafael Ibarra. He was born and grew up in the
Philippines, but during his adolescence, spent seven years studying in Europe. Those years
prevented him from knowing what was happening in his country. When he returned to the
Philippines, he found his father had died and the corpse was (supposedly) moved to a Chinese
cemetery (but the body ended up in a river). He heard tales of how helpful and kind his father had
been and decided to honor the memory of his father by doing as his father did.
2. Maria Clara
Maria Clara de los Santos y Alba is the most dominant yet weakest representation of
women in the setting. When thinking of Noli, the name of María Clara can be seen predominantly
as the image of the ideal Filipino woman. María Clara is the primary female character in the
novel. She is the daughter of Capitán Tiago and Doña Pía Alba. Doña Pía died while delivering
Maria Clara. The poor child grew under the guidance and supervision of Tíya Isabél, Capitán
Tiago's cousin.
María Clara is known to be Ibarra's lover since childhood. When Ibarra was away in Europe,
Capitán Tiago sent Maria Clara to the Beaterio de Santa Clara where she developed into a lovely
woman under the strict guidance of the religious nuns.
Later in the novel, María Clara discovers that her biological father is not Capitán Tiago, but San
Diego's former curate and her godfather Padre Dámaso.
3. Padre Damaso
Padre Damaso Verdolagas (commonly known as Padre Dámaso/Padre Damaso or

Father Damaso), of Franciscan order, was the former curate of the parish church of San Diego.
He was the curate for almost twenty years before he replaced by much younger Padre Salvi.
Padre Damaso was known to be friendly with the Ibarra family, so much that Crisóstomo was
surprised by what the former curate had done to Don Rafaél.
Padre Damaso is described to be snobbish, ruthless and judgemental extrovert. He does not
control his words when speaking and does not care if the person he is talking to feel embarrassed
or remorseful. He always berates or criticizes other people around him-- especially towards
Ibarra. Enraged, Ibarra once almost stabbed the priest after he embarrassed him in front of the
people in the sacristy. This made everyone think of him dead before Ibarra was being issued for
arrest.
There are also issues that he and Donya Pia had a relationship and also revealed that he is the
biological father of Maria Clara.
4. Kapitan Tiago
Don Santiago de los Santos commonly known as Kapitán Tiago, is the only son of a
wealthy trader in Malabon. Due to his mother's cruelty, Kapitán Tiago did not attain any formal
education. He became a servant of a Dominican priest. When the priest and his father died,
Kapitán Tiago decided to assist in the family business of trading before he met his wife Doña Pía
Alba, who came

from another wealthy family. Because of their consistent devotion to Santa Clara in Obando, they
were blessed with a daughter who shared the same features as Padre Dámaso, named Maria
Clara.
Kapitán Tiago owned numerous properties in Pampanga, Laguna and especially, in San Diego.
He also managed boarding houses along Daang Anloague and Santo Cristo (in San Diego too)
and had contracts for opening an opium business.
He is close to the priests because he had given numerous contributions of money during
ecclesiastical donations and always invited the parish curate to every formal dinner. He was also
entrenched with the government because he always supported tax increases whenever the local
officials wished. That was the reason he obtained the title of gobernadorcillo, the highest
government position that a non-Spaniard could have in the Philippines.
Later in the Noli sequel, El Filibusterismo, Kapitán Tiago loses all his properties and becomes
addicted to opium, which would eventually lead to his death.
5. Pilosopo Tasyo
Don Anastacio commonly known as Filósofo Tacio (Philosopher Tasyo) is one of the
most important characters in Noli. On the one hand, he is referred to as a philosopher/sage
(hence, Pilosopo Tasyo) because his ideas were accurate with the minds of the townspeople. On
the other hand, if his ideas were against the thinking of the majority, he was considered the
Imbecile Tacio (or Tasyong Sintu-sinto) or Lunatic Tacio (Tasyong Baliw),
Filósofo Tacio was born into a wealthy Filipino family. His mother let him be formally educated,
then abruptly ordered him to stop. She feared Tasyo would become "too educated" and lose his
faith and devotion to religion. His mother gave him two choices: either go into the priesthood or
stop his education. Tasyo chose the latter because he had a girlfriend that time. Soon enough,
they married and after a year, Tasyo widowed while his mother also died. Most of his time was
taken up in reading and buying books that all his properties were lost and he became poor.
6. Elias
Elias came from the family which the Ibarra clan had oppressed for generations. He grew
up in a wealthy family until he discovered something that changed his life forever. Despite that
Ibarra's family subjugated his family, he is entirely indebted towards him. Furthermore, Ibarra,
who in turn, saved Elías' life when they tried to kill a crocodile. Elias helped him again before
Ibarra gets arrested by burning his house. Elias and Ibarra continued supporting each other until
Elias sacrificed himself to help him one last time. He was shot by the guards (mistakenly took as
Ibarra trying to dive down the river and escape) and slowly died.
7. Doña Victorina
Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña is the one who pretended to be a meztisa (a
Spaniard born in the Phillipines) and always dreamed of finding a Spanish husband, in which she
married Don Tiburcio. She was feared by everyone in the town because of her odd appearance,
her ruthless personality, and her fierce rivalry against Donya Consolacion.

It actually came to pass but she did not like Don Tiburcio. She merely forced herself to marry him
despite having fallen in love with Kapitan Tiyago.
8. Sisa
Narcisa is married to the man named Pedro and the mother of Basilio and Crispín. She depicts
how Filipino mothers love their children unquestionably. After days when Crispin was held
captive by Mang Tasyo, the owner of the sacristy, she was arrested, locked up in the jail. One
day later, she was pardoned by the town Alferez and was released. However, when she returned
home, Basilio was also gone. When she found Crispin's clothes soaked with blood, she grew
lunatic as she continues to find her children.
At the end of the novel, Basilio grievously mourns for his mother as he found her lying dead under
the tree.
9. Doña Consolacíon
Doña Consolacíon, la musa de los guardias civiles y esposa del Alferez once a laundry
woman who worked for the town Alferez. She became wealthy after marrying a Spanish
husband. Despite that they are rivals with Donya Victorina, they are somewhat common.
What are the Characters of Noli represent:

(Reported by: Jenalyn Avila Rutsel Baguinang Katherine Guingab)
Rizal's portrayal of the characters in the novel Noli Me Tangere is relevant to the political
and social classes during his time.
1. Crisostomo Ibarra Elias Kapitan Tiago Maria Clara Doña Victorina Pia Alba Don
Tiburcio Gobernador Heneral Alfonso Linares Alferez Pilosopo Tasyo Padre Sibyla Padre
Salvi Padre Damaso Crispin Basilio Sisa Doña Consolacion. The Characters Crisostomo
Ibarra He has a liberal mind. Outspoken and idealistic Patient and serious man. He becomes
very violent and impulsive when he is provoked. Ibarra is Rizal's reflection of himself. He
symbolizes the idealism of the privileged youth.
2. Elias. He distrusts human judgment and prefers God's justice instead. He prefers a
revolution over the reforms. He represents the common Filipino. He is said to be the
personification of Andres Bonifacio.
3. Kapitan Tiago He is said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government. He
symbolizes the rich Filipinos who oppress their fellow countrymen.
4. Maria Clara, a religious woman. She was portrayed as a faithful sweetheart, a good friend
and an obedient daughter. She had childish simplicity. She gets easily nervous. Her character
is related to Rizal's childhood sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. She symbolizes the purity and
innocence of a sheltered native woman.
5. Doña Victorina an ambitious Filipina. She symbolizes those who have a distorted view of
their identity. Wife of Don Tiburcio.

6. Don Tiburcio de Espadaña Doña Victorina's husband. He is timid and rarely joins in
conversation. Makes living as a quack doctor. Represented the ignorant Spaniards whose
foolishness the other Spaniards tolerated, often resulting in disastrous consequences for the
natives.
7. Pia Alba a young, healthy and beautiful woman, a very spiritual woman. By nature, a very
merry woman but she became melancholic when she became pregnant. Pia Alba represents
the women who had been abused by the clergy and had been silenced by their shame.
8. Gobernador General he occupies the second most powerful rank in the colonial
government, second only to the king Supported Ibarra against Padre Damaso Represented the
typical Governor Generals of the Philippines who would often disdain the power that the
friars had.
9. A young and smart Spanish lawyer, Meek and shy Padre Damaso wanted Maria Clara to
marry him but she refused. Alfonso Linares represented the young Spaniards who came to the
Philippines hoping for a better life than in their motherland.
10. Alferez Dona Consolascion's husband Shares rivalry with the priest, particularly Padre
Salvi and frequently has violent fights with his wife Represented the officials of the state who
frequently had power struggles with Church officials.
11. Pilosopo Tasyo Known as " Filosopo Tasyo". He spent most of his money on books and
now lives in poverty Rizal can relate to his character as his oldest brother, Paciano Rizal. He
symbolizes the learned Filipinos. He is a pessimist.
12. Padre Hernando Sibyla He is often cool and intelligent, especially when correcting the
other friar, Padre Damaso, of the latter's ostentatiousness. a Dominican friar who is the curate
of Binondo and had been a former professor at San Juan de Letran college Symbolizes the
liberal friar but would rather stay in the background rather than incur the wrath of other priests
in power. He is aware of the injustices done to the natives but would not do anything to change
it, as all he cares about is getting his congregation in power.
13. Padre Bernardo Salvi Manipulates people to get what he wants. He is described to be very
thin and sickly. The Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust for María Clara.

14. Padre Damaso Talkative and cruel priest. He raped Doña Pia, Maria Clara's mother He
continually antagonizes Ibarra and prevents his marriage to Maria Clara He symbolizes the
Spanish friars of Rizal's time.
15. Sisa Is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín. Described as beautiful and young,
although she loves her children very much, she cannot protect them from the beatings of her
husband, Pedro. Personified the suffering of the motherland. Named after Rizal's older sister,
Narcisa.
16. Basilio He is 10 years old. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus
They represented the innocent who were wrongly accused of crimes they did not commit. Their
story was based on the true tale of the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy.
17. Crispin He is 7 years old, often talks about silly things and is Sisa fs favorite son. An
altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church.
18. Doña Consolacion Wife of the Alferez of San Diego Often has violent arguments with
her husband pretends not to know Tagalog and often uses Spanish words even if she does not
the meaning Symbolizes the Filipinos in our society who are ashamed of their own race and
nationality.
Conditions and Problems of Philippine Society in the 19th Century as Portrayed Through the
Noli Me Tangere
The novel conveyed the plight of the vanquished and the pathetic suffering of the Filipinos from
the hands of the abusive colonizers.
The Noli was perceived by Rizal as a reflective of the spirit of the social, moral, and political
life of his time because it clearly showed mankind under severe ordeal. mankind unredeemed
and reason and aspiration in an open country to be redeemed from bondage and repression.

EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Learning Outcomes
 compare contrast the characters, plot, and themes of the Noli and the El
Fili
 value the role of the youth in the development and future of society
Background of the Publication of Fili
Elias and Salome, the Missing Chapters. This is missing in the original chapter Noli Me
Tangere. This chapter follows chapter XXIV — "In the Woods The particular chapter on Elias
and Salome was deleted by Rizal. His reason for doing so was definitely economic.
El Filibusterismo
After Rizal arrived in Ghent, Belgium, he searched for printing press with the lowest cost for
the publication of his Fili. The F. Meyer Van Loo Press charged the lowest fee and was willing
to print book on installment basis. To pay the down payment, Rizal pawned his jewels. While
the printing was ongoing, Rizal was desperate because his funds were running low. The money
he received from Basa and Php 200.00 from Rodriguez Arias were also used up and much
more was needed to pay the printing press.
The printing had to be suspended because he could no longer give the needed amount, in a
moment of despair, he almost hurled the manuscript into flames, just as he almost did to Noli in
Berlin.
When everything seemed lost, an unexpected help came from Valentin Ventura in Paris who
learned of Rizal's predicament. When Ventura sent him the necessary funds, the printing of the
book was resumed.
Printing of the Fili was completed. On September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo came off the
press. Now, Rizal was a happy man. Immediately he sent two (2) printed copies to Basa and
Sixto Lopez who were in Hongkong. He also sent complimentary copies to Blumentritt,
Mariano Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Pardo de Tavera, Antonio and Juan Luna and other
friends.
Likewise, he gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed printed copy.
El Nueva Regimen, a liberal Madrid newspaper, serialized the novel in the issues of October
1891.
Rizal dedicated the novel to Gom-Bur-Za because of their martyrdom.

The Manuscript and the Book. The original manuscript in Rizal's handwriting has been
preserved in the National Library. It was acquired from Valentin Ventura by the Philippine
Government for a fee of Php 10,000.00. The manuscript consists of 279 pages of long sheets of
paper. Two features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed book (Foreword and
Warning) perhaps to save foinrr the printing cost. The title page contains an inscription written
by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
Characters of El Filibusterismo
Below are some of the major and minor characters in the novel.
1. Simoun — Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise, left for dead at the end of Noli me tangere.
Ibarra has resurfaced as the wealthy jeweler, Simoun, sporting a beard, blue-tinted glasses, and
a revolver. Fueled by his mistreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and his fury at Maria
Clara's fate, Simoun secretly plans a revolution to seek revenge against those who wronged
him.
2. Basilio — Son of Sisa and another character from Noli Me Tangere. After his mother's
death, he became a vagabond until Captain Tiago took him in out of pity and hired him as a
houseboy in exchange for sending him to school. In the events of the book, he is a graduating
medical student who discovered Simoun's true identity and befriended him. His girlfriend is
Juli.
3. Isagani — Basilio's friend and one of the students who planned to set up a new school.
He is very idealistic and hopes for a better future for the Philippines. His girlfriend was the
rich and beautiful Paulita Gomez, but they broke up once he was arrested. Despite this, his love
for her still endured. He sabotaged Simoun's plans by removing the lamp that contained
explosives and threw it in the waters.
4. Kabesang Tales — Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay

(barangay head) of Sagpang, a barangay in San Diego's neighboring town Tiani, who
resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin. He is the son of Tandang Selo, and father
of Juli and Tano.
5. Don Custodio — Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a famous "journalist"
who was asked by the students about his decision for the Academia de Castellano. In reality, he
is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila's high
society.
6. Paulita Gómez — The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina, the old Indio
who passes herself off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de
Espadaña. In the end, she and Juanito Peláez are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that
she will have no future if she marries him.
Tiburcio de Espadana. In the end she had Juanito Pelaez are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing
that she will have no future if she marries him.
Macaraig — One of Isagani's classmates at the University of Santo Tomas. He is a rich
student and serves as the leader of the student yearning to build the Academia de Castellano.

Father Florentino — Isagani's god father, and a secular priest; was engaged to be married
but chose to be a priest after being pressured by his mother, the story hinting at ambivalence
of his decision as he chooses an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the sea.
Florentino also harbors great hatred for the corrupt Spanish friars. He offered shelter to Don
Tiburcio de Espada when the latter was hiding from his wife, Donya Victorina.
Huli — Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of Kabesang
Tales. To claim her father from the bandits, she had to work as a maid under the supervision of
Hermana Penchang. Eventually, she was freed but committed suicide after Father Camorra
attempted to rape her.
Juanito Pelaez — A favorite student of the professors. They belong to the noble Spanish
ancestry. After failing in his grades, he became Paulita's new boyfriend and they eventually
wed.
Doña Matutinay — Victorina delos Reyes de Espadaña, known in Noli Me Tangere as

Tiburcio de Espadaña's cruel wife. She is the aunt of Paulita Gomez and favors Juanito Pelaez
over Isagani. She is searching for her husband, who has left her and is in hiding. Although of
Indio heritage, she considers herself as one of the Peninsular.
Father Camorra — The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San Diego's adjacent town who has
longtime desires for young women. He nearly raped Juli causing the
latter to commit suicide.
Ben-Zayb — The pseudonym of Abraham Ibañez, a journalist who believes he is the "only"
one thinking in the Philippines. Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, an alternate spelling of
his name.
Placido Penitente — A student of the University of Santo Tomas who was very intelligent and
wise but did not want, if not only by his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls
his temper against Padre Millon, his physics teacher.
During his High School days, he was an honor student hailing from Batangas.
Hermana Penchang — Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers Juli to be her maid so the
latter can obtain money to free Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and her close friends, she
considers herself as an ally of the friars.
Tiburcio de Espadaña — Don Tiburcio is Victorina de Espadaña's lame husband. He is currently
in hiding at Father Florentino's.
Father Irene — Captain Tiago's spiritual adviser. Although reluctant, he helped the students to
establish the Academia de Castellano after being convinced by giving him a chestnut. The only
witness to Captain Tiago's death, he forged the last will and testament of the latter so Basilio
will obtain nothing. from the inheritance.
Quiroga — A Chinese businessman who dreamed of being a consul for his country in the
Philippines. He hid Simoun's weapons inside his house.
Don Timoteo Pelaez — Juanito's father. He is a rich businessman and arranges a wedding for
his son and Paulita. He and Simoun became business partners.

Tandang Selo — Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of Tano and Juli. He raised the sick
and young Basilio after he left their house in Noli me tangere. He
died in an encounter on the mountains with his son Tales, when he was killed by a battalion that
included his own grandson, Tano.
Father Fernández — The priest-friend of Isagani. He promised to Isagani that he and the other
priests will give in to the students' demands.
Sandoval — The vice-leader of Macaraig's gang. A Spanish classmate of Isagani, he coerces

his classmates to lead alongside him the opening of the Spanish language academy.
Hermana Báli — Another wealthy gambler in Tiani. She became Juli's mother figure and
counselor; helped to release Kabesang Tales from the hands of bandits.
Father Millon — A Dominican friar who serves as the Physics professor of the University of
Santo Tomas. He always becomes vindictive with Placido and always taunts him during class.
Millon is based on/inspired by an ill-mannered Dominican friar who was Rizal's anatomy
professor in Santo Tomas.
Tadeo — Macaraig's classmate. He, along with the other three members of their gang,
supposedly posted the posters that "thanked" Don Custodio and Father Irene for the opening of
the Academia de Castellano.
Leeds — An American who holds stage plays starring severed heads; he is good friends with
Simoun.
Tano — Kabesang Tales's elder son after his older sister, Lucia died in childhood. He took up
the pseudonym "Carolina" after returning from exile in the Caroline Islands, and became a civil
guard. He was among the battalion killed his grandfather, Selo, who was part of a group of an
attacking rebels.
Pepay — Don Custodiots supposed "girlfriend". A dancer, she is always agitated of her
"boyfriend's" plans. She seems to be a close friend of Macaraig.
Gobernador General — The highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish
colonial period, this unnamed character pretends that what he is doing is for the good of the
Indios, the local citizens of the country, but in reality, he
prioritizes the needs of his fellow Spaniards living in the country.
Father Hernando de la Sibyla — A Dominican friar introduced in Noli Me Tangere, now the
vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas.
Pecson — classmate who had no idea on the happenings occurring around him. He suggested that
they held the mock celebration at the pancitería.
Father Bernardo Salvi — Former parish priest of San Diego in Noli Me Tangere, now the
director and chaplain of the Santa Clara convent.
Captain Tiago - Santiago delos Santos, Captain Tiago is Maria Clara's stepfather and the
foster-father to Basilio. His health disintegrates gradually because of his frequent smoking of
opium, which Father Irene unscrupulously encourages despite Basilio's attempts to wean his
guardian off the addiction. Eventually, he died because Father Irene scared him about the revolt
of the Filipinos.
Major Theme of Fili
El Filibusterismo is a sequel to the Noli. It has little humor, less idealism, and less romance
than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary, more tragic than the Noli.
As in the Noli the characters in El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life. For
instance, Padre Florentino was Father Leoncio Lopez, Rizal's friend and priest of Calamba;
Isagani, the poet was Vicente Ilustre, Batangueño friend of Rizal in Madrid and Paulita Gomez,
the girl who loved Isagani but married to Juanito Palaez, was Leonor Rivera.
Comparison of Noli and Fili
1. The Noli is a romantic novel. It has freshness, color, humor, lightness, and wit.
2. The Fili is a political novel. It contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow.
In short, Noli is a "book of the heart" while Fili is a "book of the head".
3. Originally, Rizal intended to make the Fili longer than the Noli but it became shorter than
the Noli because there were parts that were drastically cut due to lack of printing funds. Fili
consists only of 38 chapters as against the Noli's 64 chapters.
4. Marcelo H. del Pilar and Rizal himself considered the Noli as superior to the Fili as a
novel.
5. Retana, Rizal's first biographer believed that that the Noli is superior to Fili whereas
Blumentritt, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Dr. Rafael Palma claimed that the Fili is superior to
Noli.
In fact, Jaena wrote Rizal in October 2, 1891 to write another novel which would give a
definite solution to the country's problem.
Noli and Fili are purely academic. From the point of view of history, both novels are
good as they are purely academic in nature. Both novels depict the actual and real conditions of
the Philippines and the sufferings of the Filipinos during the Spanish rule.
Both novels are instrumental in awakening the spirit of Filipino nationalism. Both novels also
paved the way for the Philippine revolution that brought about the downfall of the Spanish rule
in the Philippines.
Rizal's Dedication of the Fili to COMBURZA
Here is the full text of Rizal's dedication:
"To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years
old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in the Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of
February, 1872."

"The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed
to you; the Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows causes the belief
that there was some error, committed in fatal moments; and all the Philippines, by
worshipping your memory and calling you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your culpability. In
so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite Mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or
may not
have been patriots, and as you may or may not cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty,
I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat.
And while we await expectantly upon Spain someday to restore your good name and cease to
be answerable for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over one
who without clear proofs attacks your memory stains his hands in your blood."

Name: Date:
Section:
Answer the following questions:
1. What does filibuster mean?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Why did Rizal dedicate El Filibusterismo to Gomburza?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. What were the struggles that Rizal went through to publish El Fili?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________


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MODULE III

Exile, Trial and Death

Rizal's Arrest, Exile, Imprisonment Trial and Execution

 analyze the cause of Rizal's arrest

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

RIZAL'S LIFE AND WORKS IN DAPITAN

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

CAREERS AND ACHIEVEMENTS WHILE IN EXILE IN DAPITAN

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

ROMANTIC AFFAIR WITH JOSEPHINE BRACKEN

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

KATIPUNAN SEEKS RIZAL'S ADVICE

RIZAL'S DEPARTURE FROM DAPITAN (AS A PRISONER)

Rizal's destination is Cuba, as a military doctor.

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

• August 6, 1896 — The España arrived in Manila on a Thursday morning. he failed to

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

RIZAL WAS SHIPPED BACK TO THE PHILIPPINES TO UNDERGO TRIAL

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Cuartel de España is used to be the present site of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila.

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

First page of the "Mi Ultimo Adios" in Rizal's own handwriting

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

The so-called Rizal retraction

Rizal’s Execution and Death

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

 analyze the factors that led to Rizal's execution

Factors That Led to Rizal's Execution

1. Illegal association — for founding La Liga Filipina

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Two Kinds of Evidences Endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor

Review transmitted the record to Don Nicolas de la Pena.

• Rizal must immediately sent to trial

Rizal’s Last Letter to His Brother Paciano

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Rizal’s Letter to His Family: A Burial Wish

Rizal’s Letter to Blumentritt

Original text of Rizal's Letter (in Spanish)

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Teodora Alonso's Pleading to the Covernor

Search for Rizal's Body

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

• Domingo Franco, President and Supreme leader

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Timoteo Paez, Member of Supreme Council. (Source: http://www.msc.edu.ph/

Effects of Rizal's Execution in Spanish Colonial Rule

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

(Source: Websites and other publications)

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Photo of Rizal at Fort Santiago

Photo of Paco Catholic Cemetery (Burial Place of Rizal)

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Photo of La Solidaridad newspaper

Photo of Governor Photo of Dr. Photo of Lt.

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

GE 112 (The Life and Works of Rizal)

Unfinished and Untitled Novels

1. Untitled and unsigned manuscriot novel consisting of 44 pages in Rizal's