Group 4 Pressure Washer DP

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY LIPA

Marawoy, Lipa City, Philippines 4217
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
PRESSURE WASHER:
A Product Innovation providing
High-Pressure Water Supply in
Cleaning Livestock Manure
Members:
RAS, Rhealyn M.
REMO, Elisha Sheik Khara M.
SIBUNGA, Rico Jay C.
TORINO, Mariel L.
TUMAMBING, Erika C.
TUMBAGA, Lyka Mae D.
VELASCO, Gjhovy F.
VIOLA, Justine S.
BSIE-2202
BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Front Page……………………………………………………………………..………….1
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………..…………….2
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF DESIGN PROPOSAL
 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..…3
 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………….....3
 Purpose of the Design Proposal……………………………………...……………4
CHAPTER II: INVESTIGATION AND RELATED DESIGN PROPOSAL
 Design Criteria ………………………………………………………………….5-7
 Existing and Similar Designs………………………………………………...…7-9
 Manufacturing Processes……………………………………………….....……..10
 Design Fundamentals, Structural and Workability Properties…………….…11-13
CHAPTER III: DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE
 Materials of the Design Proposal……………………………………………..14-20
 Different Available Finishes of the Design Proposal………………………...20-23
CHAPTER IV: CONCEPTS AND DESIGN GRAPHICS
 Concept-Design Sketches.................................................................................24-26
CHAPTER V: FINAL OUTPUT OF DESIGN PROPOSAL
 Rendered Sketch of Final Design.....................................................................27-28
References……………………………………………………………………………29-30

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF DESIGN PROPOSAL
Introduction
Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and
raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to
use and their distribution to markets. Additionally, it provides most of the world’s food
and fabrics. It is also the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization,
whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to
live in cities.
Livestock farming means raising animals for use or pleasure. Efficient and
prosperous animal agriculture historically has been the mark of a strong, well-developed
nation such as agriculture permits nation to store large quantities of grains and other
foodstuffs in concentrated form to be utilized to raise animals for human consumption
during such emergencies as war or natural calamity. Furthermore, meat has long been
known for its high nutritive value, producing stronger, healthier people.
Ras Family has a livestock raising business wherein they raise pigs. The business
highly requires them to ensure the health and condition of their pigs by maintaining the
cleanliness of every fence or pigsties. In the cleaning process, they are using a normal
type of hose for water supply and manually sweep the pigsties’ floor. Aside from it is a
slow and time-consuming process, it also causes high water consumption. In addition,
their materials for cleaning are not that helpful as it needs a lot of effort and energy to
use. From using a hose and sweeping the floor, they have decided to use equipment that
releases a high amount of water pressure. This material was a big help for them because
they don’t need to manually clean the pigsties. Although they already have better
equipment, they are still encountering some problems which are also considered
challenges in their business wherein there's a lot of water wasted and generally, the
cleaning process still takes too much time. Due to this, new processes that will save time
in cleaning pigsties together with a unique improvement in water pressure are necessary
for Ras Family’s business.
Statement of the Problem
This design proposal aims to provide an innovation of pressure washer that can be
used in farming especially in livestock raising. This will be a big help and the best
solution to those who are struggling in the business of raising pigs specifically the Ras
Family. This will also provide an easier and faster way of cleaning pigsties while
reducing water consumption. We intend to answer the following questions:
1. What are the effects of innovated design proposal of pressure washer?

2. What are the advantages and intended uses of innovated design proposal of
pressure washer?
3. Is the design proposal can be a functional product in improving livestock cleaning
operations?

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Purpose of the Design Proposal
In this design proposal, we aim to improve the old designed pressure washer to
reduce water usage in livestock farming when used in cleaning processes. The old
designed pressure washer will be innovated by adding a nozzle hose for a faster water
supply in removing animal manure. Aside from adding a nozzle hose, there is also a
switch wherein the user can choose his/her preferred pressure of water supply in the
cleaning process. Additionally, a hose extension will be added to adjust its length for the
user to move well. The last improvement is a stand which is also a big help for the users.
The nozzle hose will be attached to the stand which will serve as the handle of the hose
for an easier way of cleaning fence or pigsties. These improvements intend to give the
best solution and make the product more convenient and helpful in everyday living not
only for Ras Family’s livestock raising business but also for the areas and communities
who also raise livestock at the same time. This newly designed pressure washer will
surely help users in cleaning animal manure while saving not only their time and energy
but also preventing high water consumption.

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CHAPTER II: INVESTIGATION AND RELATED DESIGN PROPOSAL
Design Criteria
The Design Proposal of Pressure Washer should pass the design criteria to be able
to attain its purpose of maximing pressure washer’s performance in cleaning operations
while minimizing water consumption. The design criteria for pressure washer applicable
to design needs are as follows:
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE WASHER
- A medium-duty pressure washer that generates

between 2000- and 2800- pounds per square inch (PSI) at 2-
to 3- gallons per minute (GPM). This PSI is moderate
strength.
- Cold-Water Pressure Washer that is easier to operate which

PERFORMANCE
is great for cleaning and removing dirt buildup.
- Convenient and light-duty machine making it ideal for

residential jobs such as cleaning fencing and removing stains
and dirt from concrete. It is more practical in the sense it is
smaller and effortless to move around in most cases.
- It tends to be cheaper and quieter and more portable than

gas powered machines.
-It is less expensive initially, because it is designed to be

COST lightweight and aimed at the occasional user.
- In this design, materials needed should cost below ₱10,000
- While in use, the pressure washer will have an electricity

cost somewhere between 15 and 30 cents per hour.
- The motor size must be correctly sized to match the pump

to ensure optimum performance.
SIZE AND WEIGHT - It should be slower revving motor with a larger pump so it
can be used for longer periods without overheating.
- It can weigh from 9- 20 pounds.
AESTHETICS - The pressure washer is less sophisticated than it sounds. It

is just a water pump powered by an electric motor. The

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washer takes in ordinary water from a faucet, the pump

accelerates the water to high pressure and then squirts it from
a hose at speed through a trigger gun.
- Various other attachments can be fitted to the end of the

hose for cleaning different things.
- It should come with the resources that will help in handling

and working the pressure washer machine properly which
includes:
 Pump
 Chemical Tank
 Agitator
 Air Chamber
RESOURCES
 Pressure Gauge
 Valves
 Strainer
 Nozzle
 Spray Gun
 Water Hose
 Handler/Stand Holder
- It is also a clear winner when it comes to indoor use since it

does not produce any harmful fumes.
- Safety goggles and shoes while pressure washing must be

used as the force of the spray can be dangerous.
SAFETY
- Care must be taken not to trip over the cable or get the
electrical connections wet.
- Electric shock can occur if the pressure washer is not used

properly and if safety instructions are not followed.
- It must be ideal for most cleaning because they have

the power to clean even the dirtiest areas without causing
damage.
DURABILITY AND - It is a very low maintenance machine and has low

MAINTENANCE maintenance requirements of an electric motor.
- There is no need to purchase gas or oil. There are no major

parts that may need to be replaced.
- The life expectancy of pressure washer pumps is 100 to 150

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hours of use. On average, households can use their

water pressure washer for less than 50 hours per year.
Existing and Similar Designs
In 1926, Frank Woldert II accidentally invented the first pressure washer. He was
working in a garage when he needed to get grease and grime off his garage floor. Since
he was a maker of gas-fired hot water heaters by trade, he used steam to force hot water
through a hose. He realized that the grease and grime cut lose better than ever before. His
invention, however, remained largely unrecognized. It was not until Alfred Kärcher
invented the first high-pressure washer in 1950 that they became a popular tool. Today,
businesses and homeowners can find a variety of types of pressure washers.
ELECTRIC PRESSURE WASHER
Electric pressure washers usually start with the flip of a switch and typically cost less,
run quieter and cleaner, and weigh less than gas models. While they are less portable and
often less powerful than gas-powered models, electric power washers are ideal for light-
and medium-duty jobs, such as cleaning patio furniture, grills, vehicles, siding and decks.
1. POWERSMART 1300 PSI Electric Pressure Washer Model # PS22
1 - Gun 6 - Wheel
2 - Carrying handle 7 - Water outlet
3 - Detergent kit 8 - Adjustable spray wand
4 - Power cord 9 - ON/OFF switch
5 - Water hose 10 - Water inlet
OPERATIONS
Automatic ON/OFF
 The motor on this pressure washer does not run continuously. It only runs when
the trigger of the spray gun is squeezed.
Bleeding the Gun
 It is very important to bleed the gun before using the pressure washer. Squeeze
the trigger to allow any air that is trapped inside of the unit and hose to escape.
Continue to squeeze trigger until a steady stream of water comes from the nozzle.
(This process may take up to 2 minutes).

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Using the Spray Gun
 Flip the lock tab behind the trigger up or down until it clicks to apply or remove
the safety. Pull back on the trigger to begin operating pressure washer. To stop
water flow, release trigger.
Using the adjustable Wand
 The washer is equipped with an adjustable nozzle.

 It can be adjusted from low pressure (–) to high pressure (+) by turning the
pressure adjustment knob. The nozzle tip can be adjusted from pencil spray (wide
open tip) to fan spray (narrow tip) by turning the nozzle tip adjustment knob.
Working with Detergent Kit
 When cleaning with the pressure washer, some cleaning tasks can be solved with
water alone, but for most tasks cleaning with detergent allows for more effective
dirt removal.
 Rinse with clean water under high pressure. When working on a vertical surface,
rinse from the bottom up, then rinse from the top down to avoid streaking. Hold
the nozzle 6-8 inches away from the work surface at a 45° angle. 2. When you
have finished using the detergent injection system, refill it into fresh water.
Siphon water at low pressure for one minute so that all the detergent is flushed
through the system.
Shutting Down
 Turn the switch to the OFF position and unplug the power cord from the outlet.
 Turn off the water source.
 Hold the trigger to release water pressure.
 Disconnect the garden hose from the water inlet on the unit.
 Disconnect the high-pressure hose connection on the trigger gun handle.
 Release the trigger and engage the gun safety lock.
2. ARKSEN Electric Pressure Washer with Hose Reel Model # 014-HG-14141-HR

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1 - Trigger 12 - Cord holder

2 - Trigger gun 13 - Trigger gun holder
3 - High-pressure hose 14 - Removable detergent tank
4 - Spray wand 15 - Wheels
5 - Water inlet 16 - Garden hose adaptor (female coupler)
6 - Transportation handle 17 - Needle clean out tool
7 - Onboard storage for 18 - 0º Quick-Connect nozzle (Red)
Quick-Connect nozzles 19 - 15º Quick-Connect nozzle (yellow)
8 - Hose reel 20 - 25º Quick-Connect nozzle (green)
9 - Hand crank 21 - 40º Quick-Connect nozzle (white)
10 - On/Off switch 22 - Soap Quick-Connect nozzle (black)
11 - High-pressure hose connection
OPERATIONS
Connection of garden hose
 Screw the water inlet coupling (3) tight on to the water inlet Note: The inlet filter
(A) must always be fitted in the water inlet pipe to filter out sand, lime stone.
Mounting of high pressure hose
 Attach the high pressure hose to the trigger gun and machine. Detach the high
pressure hose by pressing the pawl (A) or button (B).
Water connection
 Connecting the water supply pipe .Use a reinforced hose (not supplied) with a
standard connection (ext. diameter: 16mm/int. 12mm, maximum length: 25m).
Start/stop of the machine
 The trigger gun (1) and lance is affected by a thrust during operation - therefore
always hold it firmly with both hands.
 Check that the machine is in upright position
 Activate the trigger of the trigger gun (1) and let the water run until all air has
escaped from the water hose.
 Press the Start/stop switch (7).
 Push lock Push unlock 6 Activate the trigger of the trigger gun (1). Always adjust
the distance and thus the pressure of the nozzle to the surface, which is to be
cleaned.
Source of Information:
 https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/B1ZvlT8RjIS.pdf
 https://images.homedepot-static.com/catalog/pdfImages/b7/b7dc7b06-8c1c-446a-
b089-8547407c2911.pdf

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Manufacturing Processes
In manufacturing pressure washer, different materials including pump, chemical

tank, pressure gauge, valves, nozzle, spray gun and hose undergo different manufacturing
processes. These materials are assembled in order to form the pressure washer. These
manufacturing techniques are broad heading and include some aspects that affect the
useful life and ability of materials. For pump and chemical tank, the method of
manufacturing process is started from fondry section by the raw metal casting, mold
making and pattern making. After that, it will come to the machining section, turning,
facing, knurling and boring all kinds machining work done by separate machine. Rest of
the work done by the assembly and painting shop then it is test for final checking and
quality control.
For pressure gauge, the Bourdon tube is the most important part of the instrument.
The tube may be made from solid bar stock by drilling the length to the desired inside
diameter and turning the outside diameter on a lathe to achieve the appropriate wall
thickness. Most manufacturers have closely guarded proprietary rolling methods for
rolling the tubing into the "C" shape which generally formed in an automatic rolling
machine. The case, dial, and pointer may be sheet metal stampings, plastic moldings, or
castings. Stampings and moldings require little further processing, but castings will
require some machining—trimming off excess material, for instance—to meet the final
requirements. After the Bourdon tube is made, its closed end is attached to the socket by
soldering, brazing, or welding.
For valves, metals are melted into a molten liquid and poured into various molds
by casting process. Once the liquid cools and solidifies, it’s broken out of or ejected from
the mold. One of the biggest benefits of casting is that it can create valves with complex
shapes, patterns, and sizes. Using a mold to manufacture these devices gives more
freedom to make different types valves with more intricate parts. For spray gun, the raw
material is drop forged into spray gun molder and getting out of in process known as
deburring.
A method of forming a spray nozzle includes the steps of etching a swirl chamber
and a spray orifice in a thin sheet of material. The swirl chamber is etched in a first side
of the disk and the spray orifice is etched through a second side to the center of the swirl
chamber. Feed slots are etched in the first side of the disk extending non-radially to the
swirl chamber such that liquid can be conveyed to the swirl chamber so as to create and
sustain the swirling motion.
When it comes to manufacturing, rubber hoses can be produced in several

methods, including extrusion, spiral wrapping, calendaring, hand layup and molding. In
general, small diameter hoses are primarily produced through extrusion, while larger
diameter rubber hoses are typically created through spiral wrapping. These manufactured
materials are assembled building the pressure washer.

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Design Fundamentals, Structural and Workability Properties
DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS Structural and Workability Properties
 Pump parts in contact with the pumped media

and addition additives (cleaners, thinning solutions)
are made of chemically compatible materials that
will not result in excessive corrosion or
Pump contamination.
A pump moves or flows liquid,  Non-sparking materials are required for

but it does not create friction. It operating environments or media with particular
generates the flow needed for the susceptibility to catching fire or explosion.
production of pressure, which is a

function of the system's resistance Pumps which handle abrasives have materials
to fluid flow. with good wearing capabilities. Hard surfaces and
chemically resistant materials are often
incompatible. The base and housing materials are of
adequate strength and also be able to hold up
against the conditions of its operating environment.
Polyethylene tanks are created in a mold which

eliminates the potential for human error. They also
come in a variety of options that help protect your
chemical, your storage environment and your
employees.
 Its robust material created with catalysts built

Chemical Tank
into the polyethylene that bond polymers, creating
Its sole function is to store the unmatched tear-resistant strength for high
chemical that will be used in the performance chemical storage. It has the same
cleaning process. molecular formula as other PE, so the same
chemical compatability. The difference is only that
XLPE bonds the PE chains together and
significantly increases strength, longevity, and other
engineering properties. These are quantified
through many technical papers throughout the
industry.
Agitator Since it is made from cast iron, mottled iron is

the medium stage cast iron which properties are in
It is the unit that stirs the
between grey cast iron and white cast iron. It has
solution and ensures that the
small amount of graphite in its composition. So,
contents are homogeneous.
mottled type fractures are developed in its micro

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structure.
In percentage of constituents, it has 2.5-4.0% of

carbon, 1.0-3.0% of silca, 0.2-1.0% manganese,
0.01-0.03% sulphur and 0.01-1.0% of phosphorus.
It has good corrosion resistance, so it can be

used for water carrying pipes etc. Specific gravity is
7.5. Melting point is about 1250oC. Tensile strength
is about 150 N/mm2 and compressive strength is
about 600 N/mm2.so, it is good in compression.
Pressure gauge tubes are made of many

materials, but the common design factor for these
materials is the suitability for spring
tempering. This tempering is a form of heat
treating. It causes the metal to closely retain its
original shape while allowing flexing or "elasticity"
Pressure Gauge
under load. Nearly all metals have some degree of
The pressure gauge is provided elasticity, but spring tempering reinforces those
on the discharge line to guide the desirable characteristics.
operator regarding spray pressure.
To protect the Bourdon tube and movement, the
The spray pressure should be
assembly is enclosed within a case and viewing
under specified limit.
lens. A dial and pointer, which are used to provide
the viewer with the pressure indication, are made
from nearly all basic metals, glass, and plastics.
Aluminum, brass, and steel as well as
polycarbonate and polypropylene make excellent
gauge cases and dials.
The wear behavior of nozzles made from

ceramics was compared by determining the
cumulative volume loss and the erosion rates.
Nozzle Ceramic nozzle exhibited the polishing action in the
It is to control flow rate and hole and thermal shock damage with chipping at the
convert the spray liquid into bore exit.
droplets (via atomization) that are Nozzle structure in the reactor has a large effect
of a suitable size for depositing on on the growth rate, surface flat, crystal quality, and
the intended target. the uniformity of the growth.
Mass flow ratios of 0.2 to 0.4, depending on

nozzle size, are required for proper operation of
internal-mix atomizing nozzles. For large-scale
calciners (drying capacity greater than 300 L/h),

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nozzle flow conditions that produce 100-median-

volume-diameter or smaller spray droplets are
required.
The spray nozzle operates by impinging high-

Spray Gun
velocity turbulent air on the surface of filaments or
The basic function of an air films of liquid, causing them to collapse to droplets
atomizing spray gun is to use with a wide range of sizes.
compressed air to break up
With cermet spray materials, consisting of hard
material into small droplets and
give these droplets direction. The ceramic particles and metallic binder, effort is
spray gun itself provides two generally made to retain the hard phase in the
convenient valves to start and stop powder to deposit so that the compositions and
the flow of compressed air and microstructure of the composite deposit can be
designed through powder design.
fluid
It consists of a minimum of three layers: a

seamless synthetic rubber tube; one or more
reinforcing layers of braided or spiraled cotton,
wire, or synthetic fiber; and an outer cover. The
inner tube is designed to withstand the attack of the
fluid that passes through it. The braided or spiraled
Water Hose
layers determine the strength of the hose. The more
Hoses are used to carry fluids layers there are, the greater the pressure rating is.
through air or fluid environments,
Its particular properties also make it ideal for use
and they are typically used with
clamps, spigots, flanges, and in systems where the material being conveyed may
be friable, abrasive, or cohesive. Its natural
nozzles to control fluid flow.
flexibility makes it ideal for use in vacuum off-
loading applications, mobile conveying systems,
and for joining pipeline sections in situations where
standard pipeline bends will not match the
geometry required.

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CHAPTER III: DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE
Materials of the Design Proposal
a) Pump
 Design, Characteristics and Properties

A pump is a system that moves liquids or slurries, as well as gases, from one
location to another. A pump uses physical or mechanical motion to move a volume.
Positive displacement pumps, which are needed for many spraying jobs, are standard
equipment on most hydraulic sprayers. These pumps’ discharge capacity is roughly
proportional to their rpm. When the discharge line is closed, a pressure relief valve or
by-pass valve is necessary to protect these positive acting pumps from damage and
for the operator’s convenience.
 Materials
 Cast iron: When looking for electric pumps, the most popular housing
material you'll come across is cast iron. This is frequently due to the fact that
cast iron is a relatively low-cost metal in terms of processing.
 Stainless steel: Stainless steel is corrosion resistant, making it a popular choice
for pumps that must handle a variety of non-flammable liquids. When it
comes to garbage, waste, solids, or non-flammable chemicals pumping,
stainless steel housings and driver hardware are commonly used in electrically
driven sump pumps, high capacity centrifugal pumps, and submersible pumps.
 Bronze: Bronze (a copper-tin alloy) can offer the best combination of
cavitation resistance, cost, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance for
most non-corrosive pumping jobs, including water, garbage, solids, and other
non-corrosive liquids. Bronze pumps are ideal for use in seawater and warm
water conditions. Brass (a copper and zinc alloy) pumps can be more
corrosive rsistant in some conditions.
 Aluminum: Aluminum is a lightweight metal (roughly a third the weight of
steel) that is simple to cast and has good longevity and corrosion resistance.
Aluminum pumps are often useful in applications requiring a highly portable
pump for difficult tasks..
 Cost
₱ 2,500
 Safety
 Pressure washers are dangerous because they require the mixing of water and
electricity. These devices also have power cables, which makes them
vulnerable to breakage. Water must not seep through the cords while you are
dealing with water, as this can cause electric shock and burn. You can also
have a grounded power source because it reduces the risks.
 Electric pressure washers can cause an electric shock if you don't follow the
safety instructions.

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b) Chemical Tank

It's the jar in which the chemical solution will be held. It's made of PVC, brass,
and other materials. It's normally made of metal sheet, synthetic rubber, or plastic
with strong corrosion, degradation, and other resistance properties. The tank's size is
determined by the pump's capacity and the specifications.
 Materials
 Polyethylene: Polyethylene tanks are solid, durable, and inexpensive, and they
provide value in terms of their longevity and the peace of mind that comes
with knowing that the tank is built specifically for your chemical. Tanks made
of polyethylene are made in a mold, which reduces the possibility of human
error. They also come with a range of options to help protect your chemical,
the atmosphere in which it is stored, and your employees.
 Cost
₱ 1000
 Safety
 These substances can cause health problems if they seep into a puncture,
crack, or wound. The chemicals can also trigger bacterial infections as well as
other health risks if they enter your bloodstream.
c) Agitator

Positive agitation of spray material in the tank is required to allow for the use of a
wide variety of spray materials, such as powdery emulsions, fungicides, cold water
paints, and other spray materials. Mechanical agitators with propellers or paddles, as
well as hydraulic agitators, are very popular.
 Materials
 Mild steel: Mild steel is commonly used in the production of machinery and
automobiles. It is inexpensive, versatile in terms of cutting and coating
methods, and has reasonable weldability while maintaining adequate physical
properties.
 Cast iron: Cast iron is a general term for silicon-containing high-carbon iron
alloys. These irons are highly fragile and strong.
 Cost
₱ 1,099
 Safety
 If agitation fails, the reaction will slow or stop, resulting in an accumulation of
unreacted chemicals. For exothermic reactions, this is a serious danger. The
accumulated unreacted material can react very quickly once the agitator is

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restarted, and the cooling system may not be able to extract the heat quickly
enough to keep the reactor temperature under control.
 Ascertain that operators recognize that if reactor agitation is lost, they should
obtain technical assistance before resuming operation. Inquire about the length
of time the agitator was turned off, what was applied to the vessel when it was
turned off, the vessel's temperature and pressure history, and so on.
d) Air Chamber

An air chamber is a pulsation-damping device. It reduces the pulsation of a
reciprocating pump and contributes to stable liquid flow by utilizing the
compressibility of the air in the chamber.It can mitigate the various problems caused
by pulsation, such as pipe vibration and the overfeed phenomenon. An air chamber is
provided on the discharge line of the pump to level out the pulsations of the pump
thereby providing a constant nozzle pressure.
 Materials
 Vulcanized rubber is used in higher-quality air chambers, which are covered
in canvas or polyurethane and have a cloth shell or tick (ing).
 Cost
₱ 464
 Safety
 Make sure to install a relief valve close to the pump. Particularly when a cut-
off valve is established on the pipe, absolutely open it earlier than turning at
the pump. Be careful no longer to exceed the most working pressure. Do not
place pipes at once on the floor in cold areas. Maintain pipes, pumps, and air
chambers warm in places in which they are in all likelihood to freeze,
including the outdoors. Do not use an air chamber in direct daylight. This is
necessary to prevent extraordinary temperature rise (in metal products) and to
keep away from the impact of ultraviolet rays (on PVC products).
e) Pressure Gauge

The cross section of the tubing shifts with increasing strain, which is an essential
feature to remember. The shape of the cross section of the tube's design would
generally change from an oval to a circular shape as the working pressure of the
gauge increases. The suitability for spring tempering is a standard design element for
pressure gauge tubes made of a variety of materials. This is a form of heat treatment
known as tempering. It allows the metal to maintain its original shape when flexing or
"elasticizing" under pressure. While nearly all metals have some elasticity, spring
tempering enhances those desirable properties. Bourdon tubes can be made out of
beryllium copper, phosphor bronze, and other steel and stainless steel alloys. The type
of material chosen is determined by its corrosion resistance to the process media

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(water, air, oil, etc). The tubing wall thickness and radius of curvature define the
pressure range of the tubes. Since exceeding the elastic limit will destroy the tube and
cause precision to be lost, instrument designers must use precise design and material
selection. The assembly is enclosed in a case and viewing lens to shield the Bourdon
tube and movement. Nearly all simple metals, glass, and plastics are used to make a
dial and pointer, which are used to provide the viewer with the pressure indication.
 Materials
 Gauge cases and dials are made of aluminum, brass, and steel, as well as
polycarbonate and polypropylene.
 The majority of lenses are made of polycarbonate or acrylic, which is
preferred over glass for obvious reasons of protection.
 The case is sealed and packed with glycerine or silicone fluid for extreme
service applications. This fluid protects the tube and the movement from
damage caused by impact and vibration.
 Cost
₱ 549.56
 Safety
 Extreme Temperatures: Hot processes and high ambient temperatures can
damage the pressure gauge if temperature limits are exceeded. Alternatively,
very cold environments can cause process fluids to freeze within the Bourdon
tube and glass screens to crack or break.
 Corrosion: Harsh processes may lead to corrosion of the Bourdon tube,
causing leakage which would result in dangerous process fluid escaping into
the environment.
 Vibration and Pulsation: Pipeline vibration is one of the most common causes
of mechanical gauge failure and can make it difficult to correctly read a
pressure gauge. Additionally, process pulsations can degrade gauge
components, resulting in device malfunction.
 Overpressure: Overpressure events can permanently damage mechanical
pressure gauges and pose serious safety risks. Often the first indication of
overpressure is that a gauge reads inaccurately due to a warped Bourdon tube.
If pressures continue to rise, the Bourdon tube may rupture, resulting in a leak
point, which can expose personnel to hazardous process fluids.
f) Valves
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized
solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.
Cut-off valve is provided in the delivery line to control the flow from the pump. By-
pass valve is provided in the delivery line to by-pass the flow from pump to tank
when flow in delivery line is reduced than the pump capacity. Relief valve is an

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
automatic device to control the pressure of fluid or gas within a range a

predetermined pressure.
The materials of valve construction do not necessarily have to be totally corrosion

resistant to the process fluid, provided the fluid can be contaminated. If process
fluid purity is essential then all materials in contact must be corrosion resistant. If
some contamination is acceptable then the valve materials may be allowed to be
attacked. The corrosion rate(s) will determine the useful life of the valve. In order to
extend the valve life it may be possible to allocate a corrosion or erosion allowance of
sacrificial material. This will be possible when the operating pressure/temperature is
below the rated pressure/temperature. Once the corrosion allowance has been used the
valve must be replaced or refurbished. Extreme operating environments may also
warrant an external corrosion/erosion allowance.
 Materials
 Valve materials are selected for both durability (long-term operation) and
compatibility with the gas being handled. Valve plates are available in various
types of stainless steels and thermoplastics. Other super alloys, such as
Elgiloy and Haynes 25, are being used to avoid hydrogen embrittlement for
springs.
 Cost
₱ 450
 Safety
 Since all gate, globe, and check valves are pressure devices, the proper safety
precautions must be taken.
 Any changes to the valves and documents without prior approval from
Modentic and formal documentation are not allowed and could pose a
significant risk.
 All valves are intended to be used within the parameters set forth herein and
on the valve body. Excessive use of these limitations is considered abuse and
can result in severe injury as well as harm to the installation and the
environment.
 Proper eye, head, and whole-body safety, as well as protective clothing,
should always be worn while staff are maintaining a valve. The most
important thing is to avoid injuring staff or causing harm to facilities.
 At the installation site, all of the valves should be in the open place.
 If a (dangerous) pressurized fluid or gas becomes stuck in the cavity of the
valve, ensure that it is safely released by partially opening the valve.
 When operating the valves at low or high temperatures, operating staff must
exercise extreme caution to prevent injury.
 The valve body may have a higher rating than the seat. The ambient or
operating conditions may cause the valve surface temperature to become
extremely hot or cold. Avoid any direct interaction with the valve that may
endanger the staff.

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 Valves and attachments should not be used to carry piping or human weight
on their own.
 The machine designer is responsible for safety accessories such as safety
relief (overpressure) valves.
 In high-temperature systems, it is the user's/system designer's duty to use
insulation.
 Do not disassemble the actuator when it is under pressure; otherwise, the
warranty would be voided due to improper disassembly.
g) Strainer
A pipe fitting through which liquid is passed for purification, filtering or

separation from solid matter; it is any device functioning as a sieve or filter used to
prevent solid bodies from mixing in a liquid stream or flowline. It uses a perforated
plate or screen mesh to remove larger particles from a process stream. The major
advantage of a Strainer is that it is reusable. There are three levels of straining coarse,
medium, and fine.
 Materials
 stainless steel
 Cost
₱ 185
 Safety
 The strainer is not designed to bear any kind of external load. Never stand on
or place anything heavy on the strainer at any time. The strainer should be
installed at place where space for periodic inspection and maintenance is
sufficient.
h) Nozzle

Spray angle: it is the angle of spray near the nozzle orifice, measured at the top of
the pattern. (120 degrees)
Spray capacity: it is the amount of liquid sprayed at a defined pressure. (Flat/cone
spray and solid stream) (2 L/min) Spray pattern: It is the figure seen on the cross-
sectional shape of the spray. (Flat spray, Hollow cone spray, Full cone spray, Solid
stream jet)
Spray distribution: It means the distribution of spray flow in the direction of spray
width. (Ring-shaped distribution, mountain shaped distribution and Even spray
distribution)
 Materials
 Brass

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
 Cost
₱ 549
 Safety
 Always begin with a lower pressure nozzle such as the 40 or 25-degree. Begin
spraying at least 18 – 24 inches from the surface, and test on a small,
inconspicuous area. If it’s not removing dirt, gradually move closer, and if it’s
still not removing dirt at 6 inches from the surface, then choose a smaller
angle nozzle, such as the 25 or 15-degree. To minimize surface damage,
always use the lowest-pressure nozzle that will do the job. If you need a
stronger spray, adjust distance first, then switch nozzles if needed.
i) Spray gun

Spray gun is with 7 functions like mist, center, full, flat, cone, and jet, this spray
gun comes with a slide knob that permits you to adjust the water pressure as per
requirement.
 Materials
 brass, plastics
 Cost
₱ 599
 Safety
 Repair any obvious defects before using it again. Keep the gun clean.
Correspondingly, if a spray gun begins to function erratically or in any way
out of the norm, stop using it until the source of the problem can be identified
and corrected. If the spray gun should ever leak, stop using it immediately and
locate the source of the leak. Usually the cause is a damaged O-ring. Never
use your hand to stop any leaks as the high pressure water can cause a serious
injury.
Different Available Finishes of the Design Proposal
a) Eductor Nozzle (Nozzle)
 Materials
 SS Brass PP/PVC/PTFE
 Characteristics
The Eductor nozzle's spray angle is 0° - 110°, thread type are Male and female,
(NPT or BSPT), thread size is 1/8'' - 2'' and the orifice diameter is 0.66mm - 6.4mm A
high impact solid stream provides the highest impact per unite area. And unobstructed
flow passages minimize clogging.

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
 Advantages
Metal Eductors nozzles reduce suspended solids settling, it improve circulation,
maintain uniformed characteristics, mix chemicals, and also it help move solids along
the bottom of the tank.
b) Handler/Stand Holder
 Materials
 Alluminum Alloy
 Characteristics
 Available in four (4) convenient sizes – 15, 42, 70 & 230 US gallons.
 Capable of handling liquid, dry and bulk product.
 Built-in bulk handling capability.
 Fills your sprayer fast, safely and effectively.
 Patented knife system to maximize mixing speed and minimize
 Ensures safe disposal of chemicals and minimizes exposure.
 Fresh water rinse line for equipment cleanup and line rinsing.
 Weatherproof and UV resistant black hose throughout.
 Dedicated, venturi powered bulk suction line.
 Exclusive double venturi for easy emptying of bulk containers.
 3” seamless Handler bypass offers the highest volume bypass flow yet.
 Advantages
The Handler has been proven to reduce the time it takes to properly mix and load
a sprayer on tens of thousands of farms around the world. Spending less time loading
and more time spraying is the key to a successful spraying operation, all while
maintaining safety. The Handler is a spraying unit that combines safety, speed, and
efficiency into one unit that will become the lifeblood of any spraying operation.
c) Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose (Water Hose)
 Materials
 304 Stainless Steel
 Characteristics
The Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose is one of the toughest hoses on the market,
capable of withstanding 500 psi of pressure. It's also long-lasting and solid.
 Advantages
 Lightweight and Compact design: The Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose is overly
lightweight and compact, despite its rugged stainless steel construction. The
largest size weighs just less than 7 pounds, making it ideal for all gardening
activities. Gardening activities are often accessible to homeowners with
limited physical ability, the elderly, and children. It is very convenient to store
it after use due to its compact size.

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 Tough and Sturdy: The Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose is constructed of 304-
stainless steel and is designed to last. It can be pulled through barbed wire,
rolled over a vehicle, and subjected to other abrasive treatment without
sustaining damage. It is appropriate for both basic and complicated gardening
activities. Still, the hose has crush-resistant solid brass fittings and a stabilizer
collar that is designed to withstand intense forces.
 Heat Resistant - One of the most significant benefits of metal garden hoses is
their heat resistance. The Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose can be used even
when fully engulfed by fire. The heat resistance of this garden hose is ideal for
homeowners who live in hot climates and are tired of using rubber hoses that
melt or overheat when left in the sun.
 Ice-resistant - The Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose is also ice-resistant, allowing
it to survive being encased in a block of ice. Even after being exposed to
freezing temperatures, it remains completely functional and unharmed. This
makes it ideal for use in places where winters are harsh, and it removes the
worry of leaving your garden hose outdoors in such conditions.
d) Cross-Linked Polyethylene (Tank)
 Materials
 polyethylene, resin
 Characteristics
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is a high-density polyethylene made by
converting a thermoplastic resin into a thermoset by adding a catalyst. A covalent
bond is formed between the molecules as a result of the catalyst. Consider a chain-
link fence, where the metal is actually linked. The result is a plastic with improved
impact resistance, tensile strength, and crack resistance, making cross-linked
polyethylene an excellent option when tank integrity is critical. Chemical and heat
resistance, as well as dimensional stability, are unrivaled.
 Advantages
 Strength in safety: They are much safer and more strong. The tank system
would not break or unzip catastrophically as high-density linear polyethylene
tanks do due to the molecular bonding of the polymers inside it. XLPE tanks
are designed to provide the highest level of employee safety and
environmental protection currently available.
 Cost: XLPE tanks are one of the most cost-effective options available.
Although the initial cost is marginally higher than linear polyethylene tanks,
the life cycle costs are significantly lower. Cross-linked tanks are less costly
than other types of tanks because they have a longer operational life and need
less maintenance.
 Durability: XLPE storage tanks are leak-proof because they are molded in one
piece (monolithic) and have no seams. The cross-linked resin can withstand
even the most aggressive chemicals.
 Longevity: Cross-linked polyethylene storage tanks have a longer useful life
than linear and fiberglass tanks, often reaching two decades.

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 Ease of Handling and Installation: Transporting poly tanks is simple since

they are light in weight and highly robust. Basic freight methods such as
typical carriers and flatbed tractor trailers are used to transport cross-linked
polyethylene tanks. Fiberglass tanks require special handling, and since poly
tanks are lighter than steel tanks, shipping is less expensive.
 Ease of Maintenance: Poly storage tanks, unlike tanks made of other
materials, need only regular maintenance. External preventive maintenance,
such as painting and internal inspection to assess weld integrity, is needed for
steel tanks. Fiberglass has its own set of problems, such as multiple layer
construction and vulnerability to micro-cracking.
e) Laminet Garden Hose Storage Bag (Accessories)
 Materials
 Polyester & Polyester Blend
 Characteristics
The LAMINET Garden Hose Storage Bag is just 5.3 ounces in weight. It
measures 18.5 x 18.5 x 6.5 inches in size. Eventually, it has a ventilated window that
allows you to air-dry your hose for summer use.
 Advantages
 Cost: It is budget friendly.
 Improves Efficiency: You can easily access your hose since it is placed in a
hose reel in a very structured manner. It can also put anywhere so that, it is
easily accessible.
 Ensure the Safety of the Garden: it helps to avoid being slipped on hose in a
garden or in any outward area if it is disorganized.
 Reduce Leakage and Damage: Nothing is more critical than being able to
profit from using a commodity. It will help in saving money by preventing
damage and leakage to the hose.
 Protect the Hose: Allows to shield hose from both extreme weather and UV
light. Even on the hottest summer days and the coldest winter days, hose will
be covered. Furthermore, rats and rabbits are unable to eat or harm the hose.

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
CHAPTER IV: CONCEPTS AND DESIGN GRAPHICS
Concept-Design Sketches
The innovated design of pressure washer will have better usage and functions
making it more efficient, easier, and faster in the process that will satisfy and fulfill our
main objective which is to minimize or reduce water consumption while maximizing the
performance in cleaning livestock manure. In this product improvement, we came up
with changing some of its structures and materials considering the properties, function,
and characteristics.
High-power with multi-spray nozzle vers. 2.0 is the improved part in the pressure
washer providing a high-pressure water supply for an easier and faster way of cleaning
livestock manure. We came up with this improvement as we noticed that the process of
cleaning livestock manure takes too much time and has high water consumption.
Furthermore, the materials used which is a normal type of hose having a standard water
supply waste a lot of water. This high-technological new version of hose has better
performance and is made from high-quality materials making it more convenient to use in
cleaning processes. With the help of this, cleaning livestock manure can be done in a
short period of time supplying the right amount of water depending on preferred pressure.
We designed our chosen product which is a pressure washer in step-by-step

procedures. Different suggestions, concepts, and ideas of each member are considered
through brainstorming that contributes to design of improved product. We sketch and list
down all the possible design suggestions for us to determine the design suitable for
innovated parts of the pressure washer including its hose, water sprayer, water
containers/tanks, and nozzle.
The basis of its design structure is a typical mop and vacuum cleaner; these
materials/objects serve as our guide in improving water hose and nozzle in the pressure
washer. The stand and head were changed. The structure of a vacuum cleaner is the first
one we considered wherein a water sprayer can be installed inside it. Unfortunately,
installation could be difficult due to its horizontal alignment. Due to this, we changed the
head into a circle one to be more accurate and convenient. The circle-shaped head allows
it to easily attach to different types of water sprayer which can be used for different
purposes and it can be easily removed or change by rotating the head. The way the nozzle
attached to the stand also changed.

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We also include additional unique materials to be used in order for it to bend or

adjust horizontally or vertically depending on the preferred angle of the user. Through
this, the water sprayer becomes more functional in different livestock areas or locations.
It also has a stand with an extension and hose at each end. Unlike the vacuum cleaner,
wherein it needs to be press first in order for it to work, there is no need for the stand to
press in order for the water to come out and flow up to the nozzle. It is plugged into the
end and activated through the main switch or the faucet so that it will be easier for the
user to clean the fence or pigsties; thus, the water will flow directly. The last part is when
the hose is too short for the area to be cleaned, there is no need to replace the hose with
the longest one, but rather attach another hose to the end of the existing hose with a lock
and to avoid leakage of water when the pressure washer is in use.
The high-power with multi-spray nozzle vers. 2.0 consist of different parts: nozzle,
handle/stand holder and hose.
Nozzle
There is a water spray with different holes that can be utilized for its purpose. It can
be bent according to the designated angle. The nozzle can be rotated according to its
usage and distance.
Handle/Stand Holder
There are three layers of length. It can be extended according to the distance of the
area where water spray will be used. The extension is locked to tighten the adjusted
handle.
Water hose and Tanks
There is an adequate measurement of how close and far the hose can reach. A new
hose can be attached to provide an extension if the main or existing hose connected to the
water containers/tanks has insufficient length. There is sufficient width, thickness, and
suitable materials to prevent damages and convenient to use for daily cleaning of the
fence or pigsties.

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
For additional purposes and uses:
Accessories
There is a container to for an easier way of removing the hose. There are different
hoses available to use based on the distance and length. It can be connected to the main
hose to the water sprayer, and different colors are applicable to use. There is a bag for
carrying a set of design products that we innovated. It can be used not only for cleaning
the pigsties but also for gardening and other house cleaning operations in agriculture,
especially for plants and animals.

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
CHAPTER V: FINAL OUTPUT OF DESIGN PROPOSAL
Rendered Sketch of Final Design
High-Power with Multi-spray Nozzle vers. 2.0
 Newly improved nozzle with different usageof water sprayer

 Having bend and rotational axis in head of nozzle water sprayer
 Improved handle/stand holder with extension measurement
 Having switch for high power pressure of water sprayer
 Attachment of improved hose with extension
For Accessories:
 Solid rectangular and decorative supporting holder of water hose set

 Durable and portable storage bag of water hose tools and sets
 Providing water hose set with suitable colors and sizes extension of pressure
washer

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526

Tel. No. (043) 774 - 2526
REFERENCES
Adamson, A. (2015). Know your water pump materials. Retrieved from Absolute
WATER PUMPS: https://www.absolutewaterpumps.com/blog/know-your-water-
pump-materials/
Hansen, A. (2020). Prevent 4 Common Pressure Gauge Failures and Safety Risks.
Retrieved from EMERSON:
https://www.emersonautomationexperts.com/2020/measurement-
instrumentation/pressure/prevent-4-common-pressure-gauge-failures-safety-risks/
Hydraulic Pressure Gauge. (n.d.). Retrieved from indiamart:

https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/hydraulic-pressure-gauge.html
Metal Eductor Nozzle. (n.d.). Retrieved from Seal Pump:

https://www.sealpump.com/product/metal-eductor/
Monceaux, N. (2019). The ABC of the spray nozzle’s characteristics. Retrieved from
IKEUCHI EUROPE B.V.: https://www.ikeuchi.eu/news/the-spray-nozzles-
characteristics/
Pressure Gauge. (n.d.). Retrieved from How Products are Made:

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Pressure-Gauge.html
Pressure Washer Safety Tips. (2018, 08 08). Retrieved from VORTEXX PRESSURE
WASHERs: https://vortexxpressurewashers.com/pressure-washer-safety-tips/
Spray Equipment and Calibration. (n.d.). Retrieved from NDSU:

https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/spray-equipment-and-calibration
Steel Industry Nozzles. (n.d.). Retrieved from BY SPRAY:

https://www.byspray.com/product/steel-industry-nozzles.html
The Advantages of Cross Linked Polyethylene Tanks. (2013, 02 05). Retrieved from
POLY PROCESSING: https://blog.polyprocessing.com/blog/advantages-of-cross-
linked-polyethylene-tanks
The Handler . (n.d.). Retrieved from POLYWEST: http://www.polywest.ca/the-handler/
Types of Pressure Washers. (n.d.) Retrieved fromUNITED PRESSURE SYSTEMS:

https://www.unitedpressuresystems.com/blog/2019/types-of-pressure-
washers.html
User, G. (2016, 01 24). LECTURE – 12 SPRAYERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS,

CLASSIFICATION ... Retrieved from FLIPHTML5:
https://fliphtml5.com/xpnq/daxo/basic#:~:text=BASIC%20COMPONENTS%20
OF%20A%20SPRAYERComponents,slurries%2C%20or%20gases%20from%20
one
(2007). Vales materials. In B. Nesbitt, Handbook of Valves and Actuators (pp. 311-336).
Elsevier Ltd.

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Valves Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from EXPLORE the WORLD of PIPING:

http://www.wermac.org/valves/valves_general.html
Vinkip38. (n.d.). Bionic Steel Pro Garden Hose Review. Retrieved from GARDENAXIS:
https://gardenaxis.com/bionic-steel-pro-garden-hose-review/
What Material Should I Choose for My Chemical Tank Application? (n.d.). Retrieved
from EASTERN reliability: https://www.easternreliability.com/chemical-and-
industrial-tank-products/chemical-tank-application.html

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY LIPA

REMO, Elisha Sheik Khara M.

SIBUNGA, Rico Jay C.

TUMBAGA, Lyka Mae D.

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 1

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF DESIGN PROPOSAL

 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………….....3

 Purpose of the Design Proposal……………………………………...……………4

CHAPTER II: INVESTIGATION AND RELATED DESIGN PROPOSAL

 Design Criteria ………………………………………………………………….5-7

 Existing and Similar Designs………………………………………………...…7-9

 Design Fundamentals, Structural and Workability Properties…………….…11-13

CHAPTER III: DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE

 Materials of the Design Proposal……………………………………………..14-20

 Different Available Finishes of the Design Proposal………………………...20-23

CHAPTER IV: CONCEPTS AND DESIGN GRAPHICS

CHAPTER V: FINAL OUTPUT OF DESIGN PROPOSAL

 Rendered Sketch of Final Design.....................................................................27-28

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 2

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF DESIGN PROPOSAL

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the effects of innovated design proposal of pressure washer?

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 3

Purpose of the Design Proposal

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 4

CHAPTER II: INVESTIGATION AND RELATED DESIGN PROPOSAL

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE WASHER

- A medium-duty pressure washer that generates

- Cold-Water Pressure Washer that is easier to operate which

- Convenient and light-duty machine making it ideal for

- It tends to be cheaper and quieter and more portable than

-It is less expensive initially, because it is designed to be

- In this design, materials needed should cost below ₱10,000

- While in use, the pressure washer will have an electricity

- The motor size must be correctly sized to match the pump

- It can weigh from 9- 20 pounds.

AESTHETICS - The pressure washer is less sophisticated than it sounds. It

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 5

washer takes in ordinary water from a faucet, the pump

- Various other attachments can be fitted to the end of the

- It should come with the resources that will help in handling

- It is also a clear winner when it comes to indoor use since it

- Safety goggles and shoes while pressure washing must be

- Electric shock can occur if the pressure washer is not used

- It must be ideal for most cleaning because they have

DURABILITY AND - It is a very low maintenance machine and has low

- There is no need to purchase gas or oil. There are no major

- The life expectancy of pressure washer pumps is 100 to 150

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 6

hours of use. On average, households can use their

Existing and Similar Designs

ELECTRIC PRESSURE WASHER

1. POWERSMART 1300 PSI Electric Pressure Washer Model # PS22

Bleeding the Gun

BatStateU-Lipa City IE 406 Page 7

Using the Spray Gun